初中英语语法大全

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初中英语语法大全

一．名词 I.

名词的种类：

II. 名词的数：

1. 规则名词的复数形式：名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下：

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III. 名词的所有格：

名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种：一是名词词尾加’s构成，二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西。

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3. of所有格的用法：

用于无生命的东西：the legs of the chair, the cover of the book

用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语时：the classrooms of the first-year students 用于名词化的词：the struggle of the oppressed 二．冠词

冠词分为不定冠词（a, an），定冠词（the），和零冠词。 I.

不定冠词的用法：

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三．代词： I.

代词可以分为以下七大类：

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II. 不定代词用法注意点： 1. one, some与any:

1) one可以泛指任何人，也可特指，复数为ones。some多用于肯定句，any多用于疑问句和否定句。

One should learn to think of others.

Have you any bookmarks? No, I don’t have any bookmarks. I have some questions to ask.

2) some可用于疑问句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答复，或者表示建议，请求等。 Would you like some bananas? Could you give me some money?

3) some 和any修饰可数名词单数时，some表示某个，any表示任何一个。 I have read this article in some magazine. Please correct the mistakes, if any.

4) some和数词连用表示“大约”，any可与比较级连用表示程度。 There are some 3,000 students in this school. Do you feel any better today? 2. each和every:

each强调个别，代表的数可以是两个或两个以上，而every强调整体，所指的数必须是三个或三个以上。

Each student has a pocket dictionary. / Each (of us) has a dictionary. / We each have a dictionary. Every student has strong and weak points. / Every one of us has strong and weak points. 3. none和no：

no等于not any，作定语。none作主语或宾语，代替不可数名词，谓语用单数，代替可数名词，谓语单复数皆可以。 There is no water in the bottle.

How much water is there in the bottle? None. None of the students are (is) afraid of difficulties. 4. other和another:

1) other泛指“另外的，别的”常与其他词连用，如：the other day, every other week, some other reason, no other way,

the other特指两者中的另外一个，复数为the others。如： He held a book in one hand and his notes in the other.

Two students in our class failed, but all the others passed the exam.

2) another指“又一个，另一个”无所指，复数形式是others，泛指“别的人或事”如： I don’t like this shirt, please show me another (one).

The trousers are too long, please give me another pair / some others. Some like football, while others like basketball. 5. all和both, neither和either

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all表示不可数名词时，其谓语动词用单数。both和all加否定词表示部分否定，全部否定用neither和none.

All of the books are not written in English. / Not all of the books are written in English.

Both of us are not teachers. / Not both of us are teachers. / Either of us is a teacher.

四．形容词和副词 I.

形容词：

1. 形容词的位置：

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II. 副词

副词的分类：

III. 形容词和副词比较等级：

形容词和副词的比较等级分为原级，比较级和最高级。比较级和最高级的构成一般是在形容词和副词后加-er和-est，多音节和一些双音节词前加more 和most。

1. 同级比较时常常用 as…as…以及not so(as)…as…如：I am not so good a player as you are. 2. 可以修饰比较级的词有：much, many, a lot, even, far, a bit, a little, still, yet, by far, any, a great deal。

3. 表示一方随另一方变化时用“the more…the more…”句型。如：The harder you work, the more progress you will make.

4. 用比较级来表达最高级的意思。如：I have never spent a more worrying day. 5. 表示倍数的比较级有如下几种句型：

Our school is three times larger than yours./Our school is four times as large as yours./Our school is four times the size of yours.

6. 表示“最高程度“的形容词没有最高级和比较级。如：favourite, excellent, extreme, perfect。

五．介词 I.

介词分类：

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六．动词 I.

动词的时态：

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2. 现在完成时与一般过去时的区别：

1) 现在完成时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状况，但和现在有联系，强调的是对现在造成的影响或结果，它不能同表示过去的时间状语连用，汉译英时可加“已经”等词。简言之，利用过去，说明现在。如：

I have already read the novel written by the world-famous writer. (已经看过，且了解这本书的内容)

2) 一般过去时只表示过去发生的动作或状态，和现在无关，它可和表示过去的时间状语连用，汉译英时可加“过”，“了”等词。简言之，仅谈过去，不关现在。如： I read the novel last month. (只说明上个月看了，不涉及现在是否记住) I lived in Beijing for ten years.（只说明在北京住过十年，与现在无关） 3. 现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别：

两者都可以表示“从过去开始一直持续到现在”，在含义上如着重表示动作的结果时，多用现在完成时，如着重表示动作一直在进行，即动作的延续性时，则多用现在完成进行时。一般不能用于进行时的动词也不能用于现在完成进行时。 I have read that book.我读过那本书了。

I have been reading that book all the morning. 我早上一直在读那本书。

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七．情态动词 I.

情态动词基本用法：

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II. 情态动词must, may, might, could, can表示推测： 以must为例。must + do(be)是推测现在存在的一般状态进行；must + be doing 推测可能正在进行的事情；must +have done是推测可能已经发生过的事情。 1. must“肯定，一定”语气强，只用于肯定句中。

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He must be a man from America. / He must be talking with his friend. / He must have already arrived there.

2. may和might“也许”，后者语气弱，更没有把握。可用于肯定句和否定句。 He may not be at home. / They might have finished their task.

3. can和could“可能”，could表示可疑的可能性，不及can’t语气强，用于肯定、否定、疑问句中。

The weather in that city could be cold now.

We could have walked there; it was so near.（推测某事本来可能发生，但实际上没有发生） Can he be in the office now? No, he can’t be there, for I saw him in the library just now.(语气很强，常用于疑问句和否定句中) III. 情态动词注意点：

1. can和be able to: 都可以表示能力。但be able to可以表达“某事终于成功”，而can无法表达此意。Be able to有更多的时态。另外，两者不能重叠使用。 2. used to和would:

used to表示过去常常做现在已经不再有的习惯，而would只表示过去的习惯或喜好，不涉及现在。

3. need和dare作情态动词和实义动词的区别：

两者作情态动词时常用于否定句和疑问句。其形式为：needn’t/daren’t do；Need/dare…do…? 做实义动词时可用于肯定句，否定句和疑问句。其形式为：need(needs/needed)/dare(dares/dared) to do, don’t(doesn’t/didn’t) need/dare to do

八．非谓语动词 I.

非谓语动词的分类、意义及构成：

II. 做宾语的非谓语动词比较：

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情况

常用动词

只接不定式做宾 hope, want, offer, long, fail, expect, wish, ask, decide, pretend, manage, agree, afford, determine, promise, happen 语的动词 mind, miss, enjoy, imagine, practise, suggest, finish, escape, excuse, appreciate, admit, prevent, keep, dislike, avoid, risk, resist, consider 只接动名词做宾 can’t help, feel like, succeed in, be fond of, object to, get down to, be engaged 语的动词或短语 in, insist on, think of, be proud of, take pride in, set about, be afraid of, be tired of, look forward to, devote oneself to, be worth, be busy, pay attention to, stick to begin, start, like, love, hate, prefer, continue(接不定式多指具体的动作，接 意义基本相 动名词多指一般或习惯行为) 同 need, want, require(接动名词主动形式表示被动意义，若接不定式则应用 被动形式) 两 者 都 可 以 意义相反 stop to do 停止手中事，去做另一件事 stop doing 停止正在做的事 remember/forget/regret to do(指动作尚未 go on to do(接着做另外一件 发生) 事) remember/forget/regret doing (指动作已经 go on doing(接着做同一件事) 发生) try to do(设法，努力去做，尽力) try doing(试试去做，看有何结果) mean to do(打算做，企图做) mean doing (意识是，意味着)

意义不同

can’t help to do(不能帮忙做) can’t help doing(忍不住要做) III.非谓语动词做宾语补足语的区别： 常见动词 与宾语的逻辑关系及时间 概念 例句

不定式

ask, beg, expect, get, order, tell, want, wish, encourage 主谓关系。 强调动作将发生 I heard him call me several times. 或已经完成 have, notice, see, watch, hear, feel, let, make 主谓关系。 强调动作正在进 I found her listening to the radio. 行，尚未完成 动宾关系。动作已经完成， We found the village greatly changed. 多强调状态

现在分词 notice, see, watch, hear, 过去分词 find, keep, have, feel IV. 非谓语动词做定语的区别： 区别 不定式

举例

与被修饰词往往有动宾关系，一般式表示将 I have a lot of papers to type. 来，进行式表示与谓语动作同时发生，完成式 I have a lot of papers to be typed.

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九．定语从句 I.

定语从句起了形容词的作用，在句中修饰一个名词或代词。被修饰的词叫做先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词，他的作用一是放在先行词与定语从句中间起了连接作用，二是在从句

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history. The boy whose father works abroad is my deskmate. 人，物 A plane is a machine that can fly. 主语，宾 She is the pop star (that) I want to see 语 very much. The book (which) I gave you was worth 主语，宾 $10. The picture which was about the accident 语 was terrible.

不可以用 that

that

which

物

as

人，物

He is such a person as is respected by all 主语，宾 as 做宾语一般 of us. 语 不省略 This is the same pen as I lost yesterday. 时间状语 I will never forget the day when we met there. 可用 on which 可用 in which

when 关系 where 副词 why

时间 地点 原因

地点状语 This is the house where I was born. 原因状语

I can’t imagine the reason why he turned 可用 for which do

wn my offer.

II. that 与 which, who, whom 的用法区别： 情况 用法说明 例句

1. 先行词为 all, everything, anything, nothing, little, much,等不定代词时。 2. 先行词被 all, any, every, each, much, little, no, some, few 等修饰时 3. 只用 that 的情 先行词有形容词最高级和序数词修饰时 况 4. 先行词既指人又指物时 5. 先行词被 the only, the very 修饰时 6. 句中已经有 who 或 which 时，为了避免重 复时 1. 只用 which, 在非限制性定语从句中，只能用 which 指 who, whom 的 代物，用 who/whom 指人 情况 2.

1.He told me everything that he knows. 2.All the books that you offered has been given out. 3.This is the best film that I have ever read. 4.We talked about the persons and things that we remembered. 5.He is the only man that I want to see. 6.Who is the man that is making a speech?

He has a son, who has gone abroad for further study. I like the person to whom the teacher is talking.

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在由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句 Those who respect others are usually respected by others. 中，只能用 which 指物，whom 指人。 3. 先行词本身是 that 时，关系词用 which, 先 行词为 those, one, he 时多用 who。 III. as 与 which 的区别： 定语从 句 限制性 定语从 句中 区别 例句

He is not such a fool as he looks. 名词前有 such 和 the same 修饰时，关系 Don’t read such books as you can’t 代词用 as,不能用 which understand. as 和 which 都可以指代前面整个主句。 如 果有“正如，象”的含义，并可以放在主 句前，也可以放在后面，那么用 as;而 which 引导的从句只能放主句后，并无 “正如”的意思。 They won the game, as we had expected. They won the game, which we hadn’t expected. As is well known, he is a famous film star in the 1980s.

非限制 性定语 从句中

IV. 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别： 类别 语法意义及特征 例句

对先行词起修饰限制作用，如果去掉，主句意 The accident happened at the 限制性定语 思就不完整明确，这种从句与主句的关系十分 time when I left. 从句 密切，写时不用逗号分开。 对先行词作附加的说明，与主句的关系不十分 非限制性定 密切，较松散。从句和主句之间用逗号分开， His mother, whom he loved 语从句 相当于一个插入语，不能用 that 引导，关系代 deeply, died ten years ago. 词做宾语时也不能省略。 十.名词性从句 种类 作用 常用关联词 例句 Whether he will come or not doesn’t matter much. Whoever comes here will be welcome. It looks as if it is going to snow. He asked me which team could win the game. You have no idea how worried we are.

在复合句中做主语，相当于名 主语从 词，一般置谓语之前，也可用 that, whether, if, 句 it 作形式主语，主语从句放主 as if,

as though, 句之后 who, whose, 表语从 在复合句中做表语，相当于名 which, how, when, where, 句 词，位于系动词之后 why, what, 宾语从 在复合句中做宾语，相当于名 whatever, 句 词 whoever, 同位语 放在名词之后(news, problem, wherever 从句 idea, suggestion, advice,

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十一。状语从句

十二。倒装句

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十三。虚拟语气

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十四。重要句型 1.

It was not until midnight that he finished his task. 2.

Not until he came back from abroad was I able to see him again. 3.

The harder you work, the greater progress you will make. 4.

He walked around the house, gun in hand. 5.

May you be in good health! 6.

Wish you a pleasant journey back home! 7.

The professor was a humorous man with big nose and deep-set eyes. 8.

What surprised me most was his imagination and patience. 9.

He lay on the grass, with his eyes looking at the sky and his hands under his head. 10.

Sitting under the tree are Mr. Green and his first teacher. 11.

On the wall hang two pictures of famous scientists. 12.

Looking back upon those past years, he couldn’t help feeling very proud. 13.

No sooner(Hardly) had he arrived at the theatre than(when) the play started. 14.

Young as he is, he has learned advanced mathematics. 15.

How I regret the hours wasted in the woods and fields!

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16.

There stands a beautiful vase in the corner of the room. 17.

Ten miles north of the town lies a paper factory. 18.

There goes the bell. 19.

Nowhere has the world ever seen such a bird as here. 20.

It is no use crying for help. 21.

If only I had been your student in the middle school! 22.

It is believed that such a thing will not happen again. 23.

Only when he explained did I realize the reason for this. 24.

“He works particularly hard.” “So he does, and so do you.” 25.

Not only Alice but also Jane and Mary are tired of having one examination after another. 26.

Such was Albert Einstein, a simple person of great achievements.

十五。动词搭配

1. add to增加，增进

add … to把…加进…

add up相加

add up to总计，所有这一切说明

1) I don't think these facts will ________ anything.

2) Fifty new books have been ________ the library.

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3) The music _________ our enjoyment of the film.

4) You must have made a mistake when you _______ the bill ________.

( add up to, added to, add to, added…up )

2. break away from打破，脱离，挣脱，改掉

break down出毛病，身体(精神)衰弱，分解，拆开

break off暂停，中断

break in强行进入，插话

break into闯入

break into pieces成为碎片

break out爆发

break up捣碎，驱散，瓦解，学期结束，拆散

break through突破

1) The criminal managed to break _______ ______ the police and ran into the woods.

2) When he heard the news, he broke _______ and cried.

3) Don't break ________ while others are speaking.

4) Why don't you break ________ for a few minutes and have some coffee?

5) When does school break ________?

6) After harvest we break _________ the soil with a tool pulled by two oxen.

( away from, down, in, off, up, up ) 3. bring up抚养，呕吐，提出

bring about造成

bring out拿出，出版

bring in引入，引进，挣钱

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