英汉汉英翻译理论与实践英语专业论文

本科生毕业论文（设计）册

学院外国语学院

专业英语翻译

班级 2009级机器翻译班

学生 XXX

指导教师 XXX

XXXX大学本科毕业论文（设计）任务书

3

编号：

论文（设计）题目：词块理论视角下英文商务合同的翻译

学院：外国语学院专业：机器翻译班级： 2009级机器翻译

学生姓名： XXX 学号： XXXX 指导教师： XXX 职称：讲师

1、论文（设计）研究目标及主要任务

本论文的研究目标是研究词块翻译法在商务英语合同翻译过程中的优点和作用。其主要任务是研究词块现象及其在商务英语合同中翻译过程中的应用。

2、论文（设计）的主要内容

本论文分为五章，第一章介绍论文的写作目的及意义，第二章介绍词块理论，第三章介绍商务英语合同的翻译，第四章研究词块理论在商务英语合同的翻译中的应用，最后一章总结本研究的主要发现。

3、论文（设计）的基础条件及研究路线

本论文的基础条件是不同学者在词块理论和商务英语合同翻译方面的研究结果。

研究路线是在在词块理论视角下研究商务英语合同的翻译。

4、主要参考文献

Lewis, M. 1993. The lexical approach, [M].Hove England: Language Teaching Publication

Wray. 2002. A Formulaic Language and the Lexicon[M].Cambridge University Press.

原萍. 2010. 语块与二语口语流利性的相关性研究[J].《外语界》.

杨玉晨. 1995. 英语表达选词错误分析［J］.外语教学（2）：82-86.

5、计划进度

阶段起止日期

1 确定初步论文题目3月9日前

2 与导师见面，确定大致范围，填开题报告和

任务书，导师签字

3月9日-3月16日

3 提交论文提纲3月16日-3月27日

4 交初稿和文献综述3月27日-4月20日

5 交终稿和评议书5月8日前

指导教师：年月日

教研室主任：年月日

注：一式三份，学院（系）、指导教师、学生各一份

XXXX大学本科生毕业论文（设计）开题报告书

外国语学院机器翻译专业 2013 届

4

学生姓名XXX

论文（设

计）题目

词块理论视角下英文商务合同的翻译

指导教师XXX

专业

职称

讲师

所属教

研室

翻译

教研室

研究方向

英汉汉英翻译

理论与实践

课题论证：从词块理论视角下研究英文商务合同的翻译

方案设计：第一章介绍论文的写作目的及意义；

第二章介绍词块理论；

第三章介绍商务英语合同的翻译；

第四章研究词块理论在商务英语合同的翻译中的应用；

第五章总结本研究的主要发现。

进度计划：3月9日前确定初步论文题目

3月16日前写开题报告、任务书

3月27日前提交论文提纲

4月20日前提交初稿和文献综述

5月8日前交终稿和评议书

指导教师意见：

指导教师签名：年月日

教研室意见：

教研室主任签名：年月日XXXX大学本科生毕业论文（设计）评议书

5

姓名XXX 学院外国语

学院

专业

机器

翻译

年级（班）

2009级机器翻

译班

论文题目词块理论视角下英文商务合同的翻译完成时间2013/5/6

论文内容摘要

鉴于词块学习对于语言习得的关键作用及商务英语合同的使用价值，研究商务英语合同中的词块现象及其使用特征变得尤为重要。然而，以往的研究大多侧重于理论的发展。关于特殊用途英语中词块使用的研究，尤其是在商务英语合同，还是一个较新的领域。

本文在前人研究成果的基础上，对词块本身的特点和商务英语合同的用词特点进行剖析，并依照商务合同翻译的原则，探讨词块翻译法在商务英语合同翻译过程中的优点和作用。

指

导

教

师

评

语年月日指导教师职称初评成绩

答

辩姓名职称教研室

6

组长

成员

答辩记录：

记录人签字：年月日答辩小组意见：

组长签字：年月日学院意见：

评定成绩：签章

年月日XXXX大学本科生毕业论文（设计）文献综述

7

Literature Review

Considering the key role of lexical chunk to language acquisition and the practical value of English business contract, it become increasingly important to study the lexical chunk in English business contracts. However, previous studies mostly focus on the development of the theory. The study on the use of lexical chunk in English for special purposes, especially in the Business contract English is still a relatively new field.

With the rapid development of economic globalization, business activities between countries grows gradually. As a result, business English, as a kind of English for special purpose, plays an increasingly important role in the field of world trade, exchange and cooperation. Business English translation includes the translation of business letters, legal documents, agreements and contracts, and other official documents. In the process of foreign trade and economic cooperation, after both parties reaching agreements through negotiation or correspondence consultation, they have to sign a formal written documents, that is contract. Contract has become an important part in economic life. It guarantees the normal process of the whole trading activity, acting as a clear basis of the rights and obligations of both sides, providing trading guidelines for the conduct of two parties, serving as basis in solving dispute.

While business contract is an important part of business English, it also is most professional and most demanding in accuracy. So, the translation of business contract puts forward higher requirement on translator. Although more and more people are engaged in business english translation in domestic, more and more problems are exposed in the process of translation practice. Therefore, the study of English contract translation is an urgent task for translators.

During the recent decades, Lexical chunk theory has gained academic recognition and is receiving more and more attention. It has become a hot topic among researchers. Many linguists have carried out research on lexical chunk. There are several different perspectives to understanding the concept. Becker(1975) and Michael Lewis(1993) view it from the syntactics. Alison Wray(2000) view it from psycholinguistics, and

Biber (2004：376) view it from corpus linguistics. The details are as follows.

The study on lexical chunk among the overseas linguists and scholars are earlier than that in the domestic.

Becker first put forward the concept of prefabricated phrase. He believes that : the memorizing, storage, output and usage of human language does not take the single word as unit, but those fixed or half-fixed patterned idiosyncratic chunks.(Becker, 1975)

Michael Lewis published The lexical approach(1993) which have laid theoretical basis for lexical chunk teaching method and brought much attention to the effect of

8

lexical chunk. Lewis(1993) believed that : language do not consist of grammar and vocabulary as traditionally thought, but is composed by multi-words prefabricated chunks which locate in a generative continuum and are the original figure for people to understand linguistic patterns, and an important part of language acquisition is the understanding and output of these unanalyzable lexical chunks. (LEWIS M. 1993:89-95)

Nattinger&DeCarrico(1992) put forward the concept of lexical phrases and believe that: the language fluency largely depends on the amount of lexical chunks stored in human brain.(Nattinger&DeCarfico, 2000.) Nattinger defines lexical chunk as follows: multi-word lexical phenomena that exist somewhat between the traditional poles of lexicon and syntax , conventionalized form /function composites that occur more frequently and have more idiomatically determined meaning than language that is put together each time.(Nattinger&DeCarrico. 1992.)

Rosamund Moon defined Lexical Chunk as:

"A multi- word item is a vocabulary item which consists of a sequence of two or more words. This sequence of words semantically and/or

syntactically forms a meaningful and inseparable unit." (Rosamund Moon.

1998.)

Alison Wray(2002) thinks lexical chunk as:

A sequence, continuous or discontinuous, of words or other

elements, which is, or appears to be, prefabricated: that is, stored and

retrieved whole from memory at the time o f use, rather than being subject to

generation or analysis by the language grammar.(Wray.2002)

Chinese researchers have began to study lexical chunk since 1990s, and they specially focus on the lexical chunk acquisition of second language learners. In recent years, more and more papers and monographs are published in domestic. Lexical chunk has become a hot topic for the field of linguistics.

The focus on lexical chunk began from Yang Yuchen(1995) and earlier researches combined overseas theories and domestic language teaching. She thinks: lexical chunk is composite of discourse function and meaning. It is the basic unit that form discourse and limited by discourse.(杨玉晨.1999.)

Through collecting three-word chunks in native language writing and comparing its structure, Ma Guanghui found, in second language timed writing, the distribution of target chunks are apparently different to the distribution in native language. He defined lexical chunk as: a smallest combination in form and meaning that can be used to form a sentence and realizes certain function in grammar, discourse and pragmatics. (马广惠. 2009)

When using lexical chunk method in the teaching of English listening, it can be found that the listening ability of students will be improved. And there is a positive corelation between chunk teaching and listening teaching.(李欧，孙若红. 2009) In the teaching of oral English, the lexical chunk can help to promote the easy, fluency and idiomaticity of language production. In other words, there is a positive corelation between the use of lexical chunk and oral English fluency.(原萍. 2010 (1).) Both domestic researches and overseas researches prove the important role of

9

lexical chunk in English acquisition and application. It can not only improve the fluency and accuracy when learners use English, but also reduce, even avoid, some possible mistakes learners may make. So considering the key role of lexical chunk in language acquisition and practical application, in order to improve the accuracy, fluency and validity of business contract translation, the lexical chunk theory can be introduced into the study and practice of business contract translation.

This thesis is divided into five chapters as follows:

The first chapter is the introduction, with three sections including “Background of the study, Purpose and significance of the study and layout of the thesis”.

The second chapter is the overview of lexical chunk theory, including the definition of lexical chunk and overseas and domestic research actuality, classification of lexical chunk, and the function of lexical chunk.

The third chapter is the overview of business contract translation, mainly about characteristics and translation of English business contract, and it is divided into three parts, first is the general introduction of English business contract, and the second is the distinctive language features of English business contract and the third is principles of English business contract translation.

The fourth chapter discusses the application of lexical chunk theory to English business contract translation. It is divided into two parts, the first is about the advantages of applying lexical chunk to English business contract translation, and the second part illustrates the application of lexical chunk theory to English business contract translation by some examples with analysis.

The last chapter is the conclusion which briefly summarizes the main finding of the study, states the limitation of the study and puts forward suggestion for translators.

10

本科生毕业论文设计

题目词块理论视角下英文商务合同的翻译

作者姓名XXX

指导教师XXX

所在学院外国语学院

专业（系）机器翻译

班级（届）2009级

完成日期 2013 年 5 月 6 日

11

Translation of English Business Contract from The Perspective of Lexical Chunk Theory

By

XXX

Prof. XXX, Tutor

A Thesis Submitted to Department Of English

Language and Literature in Partial

of the Requirements for the Degree of B.A in English

at XXX University

May 6th , 2013

3

摘要

鉴于词块学习对于语言习得的关键作用及商务英语合同的实际使用价值，研究商务英语合同中的词块现象及其使用特征变得尤为重要。然而，以往的研究大多侧重于词块理论的发展。关于特殊用途英语中词块使用的研究，尤其是在商务英语合同中的使用，还是一个较新的领域。

本文基于前人的研究成果，对词块本身的特点和商务英语合同的用词特点进行了剖析，并依照商务合同翻译的原则，探讨词块翻译法在商务英语合同翻译过程中的优点和作用。

关键词：词块，商务合同，翻译

iii

3

Abstract

Considering the key role of lexical chunk to language acquisition and the practical value of English business contract, it becomes increasingly important to study the lexical chunk in English business contracts. However, previous studies mostly focus on the development of the theory. The study on the use of lexical chunk in English for special purposes, especially in the English Business contract is still a relatively new field.

On the basis of the results of previous studies, this thesis will analyze the features of lexical chunk and language features of the English business contracts. And then this thesis will discuss the advantages and functions of applying lexical chunk theory to the translation of the English business contract in accordance with principles of translation.

Key words: lexical chunk, English business contract, translation

iv

3

Table of Contents

Chapter One Introduction (1)

Chapter Two Overview of Lexical Chunk theory (3)

2.1 Research on Lexical Chunk (3)

2.1.1 Overseas Research on Lexical Chunk (3)

2.1.2 Domestic Research on Lexical Chunk (5)

2.1.3 The possibility of applying lexical chunk to business contract translation (5)

2.2 Classification of Lexical Chunk (6)

2.2.1 Poly-Words (6)

2.2.2 Institutionalized Expressions (6)

2.2.3 Phrasal Constraints (6)

2.2.4 Sentence Builders (7)

2.3 The Function of Lexical Chunk (7)

2.3.1 Improvement of Language Vividness (7)

2.3.2 Improvement of Comprehension Accuracy (7)

2.3.3 Improvement of Fluency of Language Output (8)

Chapter Three Overview of Business Contract Translation (9)

3.1 General introduction of English business contract (9)

3.1.1 Definition of Business Contract (9)

3.1.2 Classification of Business Contract (9)

3.1.3 Structure of English business contract (10)

3.2 Language Features of the English Business Contracts (10)

3.2.1 Lexical features (10)

3.2.2 Syntactic features (13)

3.2.3 Textual Features (14)

3.3 Principles of English business contract translation (14)

3.3.1Faithfulness and Accuracy (14)

3.3.2 Unity and Normativity (15)

3.3.3 Fluency (15)

Chapter Fourth Application of Lexical Chunk Theory to English (16)

Business Contract Translation (16)

4.1 Lexical Chunk in English Business Contract (16)

4.1.1 The Cause of The Formation (16)

4.1.2 The Classification of Lexical Chunk in Business English (16)

4.1.3 Features of Lexical Chunk in Business Contract (17)

4.2 Application of Lexical Chunk Theory to Business Contract Translation (17)

4.2.1 The advantage of applying Lexical Chunk to English Business Contract

Translation (18)

4.2.2 Translation of Long Sentences in Business Contract (19)

Chapter Five Conclusion (21)

Bibliography (22)

v

3

Chapter One Introduction

1.1 Research background of the study

With the rapid development of economic globalization, business activities between countries grows gradually. As a result, business English, as a kind of English for special purpose, plays an increasingly important role in the field of world trade, exchange and cooperation. Business English translation includes the translation of business letters, agreements and contracts, legal documents, and other official documents. In the process of foreign trade and economic cooperation, after both parties reaching agreements through negotiation or consultation, they have to sign a formal written documents, that is contract. Contract has become an important part in economic life. It guarantees the normal process of the whole trading activity, acting as a clear basis of the rights and obligations of both sides, providing trading guidelines for the conduct of two parties, serving as basis in solving dispute.

While business contract is an important part of business English, it also is most professional and most demanding in accuracy. So, the translation of business contract puts forward higher requirement on translator. Although more and more people are engaged in business english translation in domestic, more and more problems are also exposed in the process of translation practice. Therefore, the study of English contract translation is an urgent task for translators.

1.2 Purpose and significance of the study

As English business contracts are drafted and applied more frequently in international business activities and the translation of them is an urgent task, the systematical research and analysis of English business contract translation becomes necessary. Many studies about contract translation have been done and many methods have been put forward. But as can be seen from the current research status, the studies are primarily on the lexical, syntactic, and grammatical plane, and the method of research adopted is the traditional grammar-based one.

Many translators used to find the exact equivalents of Chinese expressions from their minds, and then put them together one by one to form a whole sentence. Consequently, the grammar of their composition is always correct, but the compositions themselves are still inaccurate and awkward to read. Translator can hardly achieve the proficiency of language if they just simply count on using grammar and single vocabulary.

During the past four decades, generative linguists represented by Chomsky have conducted many researches by stressing on the creativity of language. As a result, linguists mainly concern about syntax and then put forward grammar-based translation method. But the learners still have problem in using the language properly and fluently.

1

When it comes to the lexical chunk approach, it meets the need of both competence and performance of language, for ignoring neither linguistic ability nor pragmatic ability. It would be difficult to use language like native speakers, just depending on grammar and single words. But idiomaticity can be achieved by lexical chunks stored as a whole. According to the previous studies, lexical chunks are crucial for language comprehension. So more attention should be given to the research of lexical chunks.

Lexical Chunk theory is an important constituent in the linguistics that is tremendously influential in the modern linguistic world and has been widely applied to the study of translation by both western and Chinese scholars. With the application of Lexical Chunk theory into business contract translation practice, it is conducive to realize the information equivalence and stylistic equivalence between the original and the translation and the accuracy of business contract translation. This thesis is intended to apply this theory to contract translation for a more comprehensive and penetrating study in an attempt to generate some new revelations on the subject.

This thesis will analyze the features of lexical chunk and language features of the English business contracts, and then will discuss the advantages and function of applying lexical chunk theory to the translation of the English business contract in accordance with the principles of translation.

1.3 Layout of the thesis

This thesis is divided into five chapters as follows:

The first chapter is the introduction, with three sections including “Background of the study, Purpose and significance of the study and layout of the thesis”.

The second chapter is the overview of lexical chunk theory, including the definition of lexical chunk and overseas and domestic research actuality, classification of lexical chunk, and the function of lexical chunk.

The third chapter is the overview of business contract translation, mainly about characteristics and translation of English business contract, and it is divided into three parts, first is the general introduction of English business contract, and the second is the distinctive language features of English business contract and the third is principles of English business contract translation.

The fourth chapter discusses the application of lexical chunk theory to English business contract translation. It is divided into two parts, the first is about the advantages of applying lexical chunk to English business contract translation, and the second part illustrates the application of lexical chunk theory to English business contract translation by some examples with analysis.

The last chapter is the conclusion which briefly summarizes the main finding of the study, states the limitation of the study and puts forward suggestion for translators.

2

Chapter Two Overview of Lexical Chunk theory

2.1 Research on Lexical Chunk

During the recent decades, Lexical chunk theory has gained academic recognition and is receiving more and more attention. It has become a hot topic among researchers. Many linguists have carried out researches on lexical chunk. There are several different perspectives to understand the concept. Becker(1975) and Michael Lewis(1993) view it from the syntactics. Alison Wray(2000) view it from

psycholinguistics, and Biber (2004：376) view it from corpus linguistics. The details

are as follows.

2.1.1 Overseas Research on Lexical Chunk

The study on lexical chunk among the overseas linguists and scholars are earlier than that in the domestic.

Becker first put forward the concept of prefabricated phrase. He believes that : the memorizing, storage, output and usage of human language does not take the single word as unit, but those fixed or half-fixed patterned idiosyncratic chunks.(Becker, 1975)

Michael Lewis published The lexical approach(1993) which have laid theoretical basis for lexical chunk teaching method and brought much attention to the effect of lexical chunk. Lewis(1993) believed that: language does not consist of grammar and vocabulary as traditionally thought, but is composed by multi-words prefabricated chunks which locate in a generative continuum and are the original figure for people to understand linguistic patterns, and an important part of language acquisition is the understanding and output of these unanalyzable lexical chunks. (LEWIS M. 1993:89-95)

Nattinger&DeCarrico(1992) put forward the concept of lexical phrases and believe that: the language fluency largely depends on the amount of lexical chunks stored in human brain. Nattinger defines lexical chunk as follows: multi-word lexical phenomena that exists somewhat between the traditional poles of lexicon and syntax , conventionalized form /function composites that occur more frequently and have more idiomatically determined meaning than language that is put together each time.(Nattinger&DeCarrico. 1992.)

Rosamund Moon defined Lexical Chunk as:

"A multi- word chunk is a vocabulary chunk which is composed by a sequence of two or more words. This sequence of words syntactically

and/or semantically forms a inseparable and meaningful unit." (Rosamund

Moon. 1998.)

Alison Wray(2002) thinks lexical chunk as:

3

A sequence, continuous or discontinuous, of words or other

4

elements, which is, or appears to be, prefabricated: that is, stored and

retrieved whole from memory at the time of use, rather than being subject

to generation or analysis by the language grammar.(Wray.2002)

2.1.2 Domestic Research on Lexical Chunk

Chinese researchers have began to study lexical chunk since 1990s, and they specially focus on the lexical chunk acquisition of second language learners. In recent years, more and more papers and monographs are published in domestic. Lexical chunk has become a hot topic for the field of linguistics.

The focus on lexical chunk began from Yang Yuchen(1995) and earlier researches combined overseas theories and domestic language teaching. She thinks: lexical chunk is composite of discourse function and meaning. It is the basic unit that form discourse and limited by discourse.(杨玉晨.1999.)

Through collecting three-word chunks in native language writing and comparing its structure, Ma Guanghui found, in second language timed writing, the distribution of target chunks are apparently different to the distribution in native language. He defined lexical chunk as: a smallest combination in form and meaning that can be used to form a sentence and realizes certain function in grammar, discourse and pragmatics. (马广惠. 2009)

When using lexical chunk method in the teaching of English listening, it can be found that the listening ability of students will be improved. And there is a positive corelation between chunk teaching and listening teaching.(李欧，孙若红. 2009) In the teaching of oral English, the lexical chunk can help to promote the easy, fluency and idiomaticity of language production. In other words, there is a positive corelation between the use of lexical chunk and oral English fluency.(原萍. 2010 (1).)

2.1.3 The possibility of applying lexical chunk to business contract translation

Although currently there is no agreement on the definition of lexical chunk, it can conclude from the opinions stated above that lexical chunk refers to a special multi-word lexical phenomenon which exists between vocabulary and syntax. It is a linguistic unit larger than word and smaller than sentence. Because of its difference to fixed idiom, these chunks can be analyzed by syntactic rule, while because of its frequency and validity of usage, they usually are used or memorized as a word or a unit.

Both domestic researches and overseas researches prove the important role of lexical chunk in English acquisition and application. It can not only improve the fluency and accuracy when learners use English, but also reduce, even avoid, some possible mistakes learners may make. So considering the key role of lexical chunk in language acquisition and practical application, in order to improve the accuracy, fluency and validity of business contract translation, the lexical chunk theory can be introduced into the study and practice of business contract translation.

5

2.2 Classification of Lexical Chunk

Classification of lexical chunk is a difficult thing. Different expert and scholars have different standard for the classification. There are several representative ways.

Pawley & Synder (1983) sort out four division according to the cohesive function of chunks in text, including poly-words, institutionalized expressions, phrasal constraints and sentence builders.

Lewis(1993) takes lexical chunks into four divisions in accordance with the semantic relations and syntactic features within the vocabulary. First are words and poly-words which refer to traditional vocabulary. The form is single word and the latter is fixed phrase composed by more than one word. The second are collocations or word partnerships which refer to the word combinations appearing at a high frequency. The third are institutionalized utterances or fixed expressions. The fourth are sentences frames and heads which refer to chunks that are scalable and have a fixed form.

Nattinger and DeCarrico(1992) put forward four types of lexical chunks. Lexical chunks in business English can be classified according to this standard. So they can also be divided into four type as follows.

2.2.1 Poly-Words

The first are poly-words which refer to short phrases performing similar function to single word. They have no variability, such as in the word, by the way, as usual, face to face interview, heavy traffic and so on.

2.2.2 Institutionalized Expressions

The second are institutionalized expressions which refer to fixed or semi-fixed word combinations with pragmatic function. It can be a whole sentence or the fixed beginning of sentence, including proverbs, communicative language, warnings, sets of words in foreign trade and any other chunks that the speakers find efficient to be stored in memory as a whole to use directly for quotation, such as " no parking", "according to", "no pains, no gains", "nice to meet you", "Take care", "Pardon?"," I beg your pardon?", " I’m sorry, but I don’t agree", " In my opinion, I am afraid (not)" , "Good luck on your journey". .

2.2.3 Phrasal Constraints

The third are phrasal constraints which refer to phrases in short or medium length. Part of the phrase can be substituted by other words and they contain according grammar structure. For example, the structure of "the…,the…"can generate "the larger, the better".

6

2.2.4 Sentence Builders

The fourth are sentence builders which refer to a semi-fixed sentence structure. They are high variable. Words, phrases and clauses can be filled into the structure. For example, there may be many possibilities of the contents in the structure of "it is reported that……", " As far as I am concerned ,……" , "on one hand……, on the other hand……".

As can be seen from the above classifications, lexical chunks are different from idioms and free expressions. The structure of idioms does not allow any change, thus there is no space for creativity. Free expression is a kind of temporary combination, lack of predictability, and is not easy to well master. Lexical chunk is semi-fixed expression, just in between the two poles. So if a word sequence appears frequently in the same form, with a relatively stable structure and specific range in the pragmatic function and meaning, it will eventually be seen as a conventional lexical chunk. In addition, from the listed classification, a notable feature can be seen: from the lexical level to the sentence layer, the space can provide pragmatic change growing larger. It can be said that grasping and applying these chunks is crucial to improve the ability of business English contract translation.

2.3 The Function of Lexical Chunk

As mentioned that grasping and applying lexical chunks is crucial to improve the ability of business English contract translation. In this part, the effect of lexical chunk on business contract translation will be specified.

2.3.1 Improvement of Language Vividness

Many researches on application of English show that poor vocabulary is an important factor contributing to the difficulties for learners in using foreign language. There are many problems in English writing, such as verbal sterility, the language failing to express the idea, sentence structure monotonous, which is mainly caused by the lack of vocabulary. Therefore, learners should strengthen the accumulation and use of lexical chunks. To memorize lexical chunks will help improve the efficiency of vocabulary learning, because the lexical chunks are a series of linguistic elements that are ready constructed and stored in the learner's brain. Therefore, the use of lexical chunks can help learners to produce more accurate, more complex and more fluent discourse, as well as improve the richness and vividness output of language.

2.3.2 Improvement of Comprehension Accuracy

Lexical Chunk teaching method will help to overcome the negative transfer of the mother tongue. Negative Transfer of Mother Tongue is one of the main obstacles to affect Chinese students to improve their English. Because the output of the

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language is both language activity and the thinking activity, in the process of using English, whether the choice of words or layout of text is subject to interference of the mother tongue. There always exist some differences between their own expression and the expression of the native speakers. Due to the lexical chunk's features of overall storage and retrieval, when using them, the learner do not need to produce sentence according to the rules of grammar temporarily, but just to rebuild or partly replace these chunks. This allows learners to be accustomed to the native speaker's way of thinking and idiomatic expressions from the outset and reduce the negative transfer of the mother tongue, at the same time, helping to develop students' way of thinking in English and making language output more authentic and more accurate.

2.3.3 Improvement of Fluency of Language Output

Nattinger & DeCarrico (1992) believe the degree of fluency when people use language depends on the number of generative grammar rules stored in the learner's brain, rather the number of stored prefabricated chunks. 90 percent of the natural discourses are realized by the semi-fixed prefabricated chunks. Due to chunks are the institutionalized expressions formed in the use of language, the users can output them fluently without knowing its internal structure. They can be rapidly extracted to use as a whole, greatly reducing the brain's pressure of language encoding, and thus the outputting fluency can be extremely improved. In addition, many researches show that the high fluency of language output allows users to produce a sense of accomplishment, and thus greatly enhance the confidence of students in English communication.

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