2011职称英语强化班完型填空讲义(word版)

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阅读下面的短文。短文中有十五个空白，在文章的后面，每一个空白都列了四个备选答案。请根据文章的内容选择合适的词或短语填在空白处。

A health Profile

A health profile is a portrait of all of the factors that influence your health. To draw your health profile, you will 1 what diseases run in your family, what health hazards you may be exposed to 2 work, how your daily 3 compares to the recommended standards, how much time per week you 4 exercising and what type of exercise you engage 5 , how stressful your work and family environments are, what kinds of illnesses you get regularly, and 6 or not you have any one of a number of addictions. 7 this portrait, your should have a checkup to determine how your blood, heart, and lungs are functioning. This checkup will serve 8 a baseline, to which you can then compare later tests.

9 this profile is thoroughly drawn. you can begin to think about setting health priorities based 10 your particular portrait. For example, if you drink two martinis every evening, have a high-stress 11 , are overweight, smoke a pack of cigarettes a day, and use marijuana occasionally on weekends, you should quit smoking first, followed 12 losing the excess weight, reducing the stress of your job. giving up your marihuana habit, and then finally giving some 13 to those martinis if you want to prevent first cancer, and then heart disease. Even for the youthful working person who has never been sick a day in his life, who is 14 excellent health, a good look at all health habits and at work and home environments may suggest changes that will 15 him in the future.

1. A. know B. have known

C. need know

D. need to know

2. A. with B. in C. on D. at

3. A. diet B. meals C. food D. dinner

4. A. use B. devote C. spend D. take

5. A. on B. in C. with D. about

6. A. if B. whether C. either D. neither

7. A. To complete B. Completing

C. Completion

D. To be completed 8. A. as B. for C. on D. about 9. A. Unless B. Once C. If D. Although 10. A. around B. with C. about D. on 11. A. work B. task C. job D. place 12. A. on B. with C. after D. by 13. A. thought B. idea C. thinking D. talk 14. A. for B. in C. with D. on 15. A. reap

B. harvest

C. benefit

D. lead

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343 Pretty Good

When Spanish football club Barcelona paid US$35 million for Ronaldinho last summer, they were n't buying a pretty face. ―I am 1 ,‖ admits the Brazilian superstar. ―But everyone has got a different kind of beauty. What I 2 have is charm.‖

Indeed he has. His buck teeth, flowing hair, big smile, and of course his 3 skills are always eye-catching on the pitch. The 23-year-old striker scored two goals in a 3-2 win over Deportivo La Coruna on March 1. It was Barcelona ‘s sixth win in a row and, thanks to their Brazilian ‘s 10-goal contribution. 4 looked like a poor season could no end a success.

Ronaldinho —full name Ronaldo De Assis Moreira —is one of many South Americans who learned their skills playing in the backstreets before 5 them off on the world stage.

Great things were 6 when Gremio signed him as a seven-year-old, and he soon became friends with Ronaldo, who was then the other young star of Brazilian football. It was Ronaldo who first called him Ronaldinho. which 7 Little Ronaldo, and the name stuck.

He first 8 for his country in 1999 but it was at the 2002 World Cup where he showed his real worth, scoring an unbelievable free-kick in Brazil ‘s quarter-final victory 9 England.

―I have never failed to deliver in big matches,‖ Ronaldinho says, ―My game is based on 10. Often a forward does not have the time to decide whether to shoot or pass. It is instinct that gives out the order.‖

While he may not have David Beckham ‘s good looks, Ronaldinho has a 11 reputation off the pitch. At former club Paris Saint Germain. which sold him to Barcelona, he broke 12 rules by going out and enjoying the city ‘s nightlife .

―Without doubt. Ronaldinho is the most 13 player I have ever come across,‖ says former PSG coach Luis Ferdande z. ―The main 14 for any coach is that one player without discipline can hurt the whole team.‖

But Ronaldinho does n‘t think he has done anything wrong. ―I am just a young person who enjoys 15 ,‖ he says.

1. A. handsome B. good-looking C. attractive D. ugly

2. A. do B. must C. will D. could

3. A. dangerous B. frightening C. amazing D. awful

4. A. that B. which C. what D. who

5. A. demonstrating B. showing C. illustrating D. displaying

6. A. wanted B. hoped C. expected D. desired

7. A. means B. describes C. explains D. expresses

8. A. kicked B. worked C. acted D. played

9. A. at B. over C. on D. above

10. A. imagination B. hypotheses

C. improvisation

D. assumptions

11. A. cowboy B. good boy C. college boy D. playboy

12. A. group B. team C. club D. association

13. A. talented B. difficult C. skillful D. notorious

14. A. question B. issue C. point D. problem

15. A. life B. himself C. herself D. yourself

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Captain Cook Arrow Legend

It was a great legend while it lasted, but DNA testing has 1 ended a two-century-old story of the Hawaiian arrow carved from the bone of British explorer Captain James Cook 2 died in the Sandwich Islands in 1779.

―There is 3 Cook in the Australian Museum,‖ museum collection manager Jude Philip said not long ago in announcing the DNA evidence that the arrow was not made of Cook's bone. But that will not stop the museum from continuing to display the arrow in its 4 , ―Uncovered: Treasures of the Australian Museum ,‖ which 5 include a feather cape presented to Cook by Hawaiian King Kalani ‘opu‘u in 1778.

Cook was one of Britain ‘s great explorers and is credited with 6 the ―Great South Land,‖ 7 Australia, in 1770. He was clubbed to death in the Sandwich Islands, now Hawaii.

The legend of Cook ‘s arrow began in 1824 8 Hawaiian King Kamehameha on his deathbed gave the arrow to William Adams, a London surgeon and relative of Cook ‘s wife, saying it was made of Cook ‘s bone after the fatal 9 with islanders.

In the 1890s the arrow was given to the Australian Museum and the legend continued 10 it came face-to-face with science.

DNA testing by laboratories in Australia and New Zealand revealed the arrow was not made of Cook ‘s bone but was more 11 made of animal bone, said Philp.

However, Cook ‘s fans 12 to give up hope that one Cook legend will prove true and that part of his remains will still be uncovered, as they say there is evidence not all of Cook ‘s body was 13 at sea in 1779. ―On this occasion technology has won ,‖ said Cliff Thornton, president of the Captain Cook Society, in a 14 from Britain. ―But I am 15 that one of these days...one of the Cook legends will prove to be true and it will happen one day .‖

1.A. finally B. firstly C. lately D. usually

2.A. whose B. who C. which D. what

3.A. some B. none C. neither D. no

4.A. cinema B. exhibition C. shop D. market

5.A. must B. did

C. has to

D. does 6.A. discovering

B. visiting

C. traveling

D. using 7.A. then B. now C. past D. previously 8.A. how

B. where

C. when

D. that 9.A. conversation B. fight C. meal D. dance 10.A. however B. until C. after D. whenever 11.A. helpfully B. usefully C. likely D. readily 12.A. refuse B. return C. regain D. reply 13.A. collected B. washed

C. stored

D. buried 14.A. statement

B. suggestion

C. proposal

D. guess

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345 15.A. safe

B. weak

C. sure

D. lucky

Car Thieves could Be Stopped Remotely

Speeding off in a stolen car, the thief thinks he has got a great catch. But he is in a nasty surprise. The car is fitted with a remote immobilizer and a radio signal from a control center miles away will ensure that once the thief switches the engine 1 , he will not be able to start it again.

For now, such devices 2 only available for fleets of trucks and specialist vehicles used on construction sites. But remote immobilization technology could soon start to trickle down to ordinary cars, and 3 be available to ordinary cars in the UK 4 two months.

The idea goes like this. A control box fitted to the carincorporates 5 miniature cellphone, a microprocessor and memory, and a GPS satellite positioning receiver. 6 the car is stolen, a coded cellphone signal will tell the unit to block the vehicle ‘s engine management system and prevent the engine 7 restarted.

There are even plans for immobilizers 8 shut down vehicles on the move, though there are fears over the safety implications of such a system.

In the UK. an array of technical fixes is already making 9 harder for car thieves. ―The pattern of vehicles crime has changed,‖ says Martyn Randall of Thatcham, a security research organization based in Berkshire that is funded in part 10 the motor insurance industry.

He says it would only take him a few minutes to 11 a novice how to steal a car, using a bare minimum of tools. But only if the car is more than 10 years old.

Modern cars are a far tougher proposition, as their engine management computer will not 12 them to start unless they receive a unique ID code beamed out by the ignition key. In the UK, technologies like this 13 achieve a 31 per cent drop in vehicle-related crime since 1997.

But determined criminals are still managing to find other ways to steal cars. Often by getting hold of the owner ‘s keys in a burglary. In 2000, 12 per cent of vehicles stolen in the UK were taken using the owner ‘s keys double the previous year ‘s figure.

Remote-controlled immobilization system would 14 a major new obstacle in the criminal ‘s way by making such thefts pointless. A group that includes Thatcham, the police, insurance companies and security technology firms have developed standards for a system that could go on the market sooner than the 15 expects.

1. A. off B. on C. at D. of

2. A. is B. was C. were D. are

3. A. can B. have to C. need to D. should

4. A. after B. for C. in D. at

5. A. the B. / C. a D. an

6. A. With B. If C. But D. And

7. A. helping B. being C. get D. be

8. A. whose B. who C. that D. when

9. A. life B. cars C. warning D. problem

10. A. about B. to C. by D. on

11. A. use B. inform C. ask D. teach

12. A. let B. allow C. make D. give

13. A. have helped B. helped C. had helped D. was helped

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346 14. A. speak

B. have

C. link

D. put 15. A. lawyer B. doctor C. customer D. specialist

China to help Europe Develop GPS Rival

China is to contribute to a new global satellite navigation system being developed by European nations. The Galileo satellite system 1 a more accurate civilian alternative to the Global Positioning System(GPS). operated by the US military. China will provided 230m Euros (USD 259m) in 2 and will cooperate with technical, manufacturing and market development. ―China will help Galileo to 3 the major world infrastructure for the growing market for location services,‖ said Loyola de Palacio, EU transport commissioner.

A new center that will coordinate co-operation was also announced 4 the European Commission, the European Space Agency (ESA) and the Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology not long 5 .The China-Europe Global Navigation Satellite System Technical Training and Cooperation Center will be 6 at Beijing University. China has a substantial satellite launch industry and could potentially help the Galileo satellites.

The US has claimed that Galileo could interfere 7 the US ability to downgrade the GPS service during military conflicts. European officials say this is unfounded and counter that US opposition 8 the commercial challenge Galileo would present to GPS. Galileo will be precise to within a meter, while civilian GPS service is accurate to around 10 meters.

The Galileo satellite constellation will 9 27 operational and three reserve satellites orbiting the Earth at an altitude of 23, 600 km. The satellites will be strung along three medium-Earth orbits at 56 degrees inclination to the equator and will provide global coverage. The system should be operational by 2008 and the entire project is expected to 10 around 3.2 billion Euros(USD 3.6 billion).

The European Commission has said Galileo will primarily be used for transportation technology, scientific research, land management and disaster monitoring.

Galileo will provide two signals; a standard civilian one and an encrypted, wide-band signal 11 the Public Regulated Service (PRS). This second signal is designed to withstand localized jamming and will be used by police and military services in Europe. European Commission __12__ have said China will not be given access to the PRS.

The first Galileo satellite is scheduled to launch late in 2004, Clocks on board the 13__ Will be synchronized through 20 ground sensors stations, two command centers and 15 uplink stations.

Receivers on the ground will use time signals from the satellites to precisely calculate their 14 . A ―search and rescue‖ function will also 15 distress signals be relayed through the constellation of satellites.

1. A. offer B. offered C. will offer D. has offered

2. A. funding B. providing C. paying D. charging

3. A. build B. use C. become D. do

4. A. in B. at C. on D. by

5. A. before B. ago C. after D. later

6. A. found B. produced C. positioned D. located

7. A. with B. for C. about D. above

8. A. results in B. gives rise to C. is due to D. causes

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9. A. be made from B. consist of

C. consist in

D. be consisted of 10. A. spend B. gain C. give D. cost 11. A. offered B. called C. used D. turned 12. A. officials B. countries C. organization D. agreement 13. A. / B. the satellite C. the satellites D. satellites 14. A. speed B. direction C. distance D. location 15. A. send B. let C. allow D. transmit

Crashed Cars to Text Message for Help

There is no good place to have a car crash —but some places are worse than others. In a foreign country, for instance, 1 to explain via cellphone that you are upside down in a ditch when you cannot speak the local language can fatally delay the arrival of the emergency services.

But an answer may be at hand. Researchers funded by the European Commission are beginning tests of a system called E-merge that 2 senses when a car has crashed and sends a text message telling emergency services in the local language that the accident has taken place.

The system was 3 by ERTICO, a transport research organization based in Brussels, Belgium. Cars are fitted with a cellphone-sized device attached 4 the underside of the dashboard which is activated by the same sensor that triggers the airbag in a crash. The device 5 a cellphone circuit, a GPS positioning unit, and a microphone and loudspeaker.

It registers the severity of the crash by 6 the deceleration data from the airbag ‘s sensor.

Using GPS information, it works out which country the car is in, and from this it determines 7 which language to compose an alert message detailing precise location of the accident.

The device then automatically makes a call to the local emergency services 8 . If the car ‘s occupants are conscious, they can communicate with the operator 9 the speaker and microphone.

E-merge also transmits the vehicles make, model, color and license number, and its heading when it crashed, which in turn indicates on which side of a multi-lane highway it ended up.

This 10 the emergency services find the vehicle as soon as they arrive on the scene, ―We can waste a large 11 time searching for an incident,‖ says Jim Hammond, a (an) 12 in vehicle technology at the Association of Chief Police Officers in the UK. Tests will begin soon with police car fleets in the UK. Trials have already started in Germany, Sweden, Spain, the Netherlands and Italy.

In-car systems that summon the emergency services after a crash have 13 been fitted in some premium cars. ERTICO says that 14 EU states are willing to fund the necessary infrastructure, E-merge could be working by 2008.

A study by French car maker Renault concluded that the system could save up to 6000 fo the 40,000 lives lost each year on Europe ‘s roads, and prevent a similar number of serious injuries.

The Renault study estimates that fitting E-merge to every car in Europe would eventually save around 150 billion per 15 in terms of reduced costs to health services and insurance companies, and fewer lost working days.

1. A. try B. tried C. trying D. having tried

2. A. automatically B. accidentally C. tremendously D. usually

3. A. changed B. located C. developed D. copied

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4. A. by

B. up

C. about

D. to

5. A. forms B. is consisted of C. composes of D. includes

6. A. read B. reading C. reads D. being read

7. A. on B. in C. of D. at

8. A. car maker B. policeman C. doctor D. operator 9. A. via B. near C. by D. beside 10. A. assists B. causes C. makes D. helps

11. A. number of B. deal of C. amount of D. volume of 12. A. writer B. reporter C. expert D. leader 13. A. already B. long ago C. long before D. shortly 14. A. although B. nevertheless C. however D. if 15. A. city B. year

C. person

D. country

Diet, Alcohol Linked to Nearly One Third of Cancers

Diet is second only to tobacco as a leading 1 of cancer and, along with alcohol, is responsible for nearly one third of cases of the disease 2 developed countries, a leading researcher said on Tuesday.

Dr. Tim Key, of the University of Oxford, told a cancer conference that scientists are still discovering how certain foods contribute to 3 ,but they know that diet, alcohol and obesity 4 a major role.

―Five percent of cancers could be avoided 5 nobody was obese,‖ he said.

While tobacco is blinked to about 30 6 of cancer cases, diet is involved in an estimated 25 percent and alcohol 7 about six percent.

Obesity raises the 8 of breast, womb, bowel and kidney cancer, while alcohol is known to cause cancers of the mouth, throat and liver, Its dangerous impact is 9 when combined with smoking.

Key told the meeting of the charity Cancer Research UK 10 other elements of diet linked to cancer are 11 unknown but scientists are hoping that the EPIC study, which is comparing the diets of 500,000 people in 10 countries and their risk of cancer, will provide some 12 .

Early results of the study have revealed that Norway, Sweden and Denmark have the 13 consumption of fruit and vegetables among European countries while Italy and Spain have the highest. Eating at 14 five portions of fruit and vegetables a day is recommended to reduce the risk of cancer.

Key, principal scientist on the EPIC study, said it is looking at dietary links to some of the most common cancers 15 colorectal, breast and prostate.

1.A.course B. cause C. court D. reason

2.A.on B. up C. in D. down

3.A.cancer B. health C. disease D. man

4.A.dance B. turn C. take D. play

5.A.while B. if C. unless D. since

6.A.percent B. countries C. people D. number

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7.A.at B. in C. of D. for 8.A.risk B. degree C. presence D. place 9.A.reduced B. increased C. mysterious D. seen 10.A.whether B. why C. that D. if

11.A.still B. also C. although D. however 12.A.decisions B. questions C. answers D. needs 13.A.lowest B. enough C. daily D. perfect 14.A.home B. most C. least D. best 15.A.causing B. including C. illustrating D. defining

Passive Smoking Is Workplace Killer

Pressure mounted on Britain on Monday to take action on 1 smoking with new research showing second-hand smoke 2 about one worker each week in the hospitality industry.

Professor Konrad Jamrozik, of Imperial College in London. told a conference on environmental tobacco that second-hand 3 kills 49 employees in pubs. restaurants and hotels each year and contributes to 700 deaths from lung cancer, heart 4 and stroke across the total national work force.

―Exposure in the hospitality 5 at work outweighs the consequences of exposure of living 6 a s moker for those staff,‖ Jamrozik said in an interview.

Other 7 have measured the levels of exposure to passive smoking but Jamrozik calculated how it would translate into avoidable deaths.

His findings are 8 on the number of people working in the hospitality industry in Britain, their exposure to second-hand smoke and their 9 of dying form it.

Jamrozik said the findings would apply to 10 countries in Europe because, to a greater or 11 extent, levels of smoking in the community are similar.

Professor Carol Black, president of the Royal College of Physicians. which sponsored the meeting, said the research is proof of the need for a ban on smoking in 12 places.

―Environmental tobacco smoke in pubs. bars, restaurants and other public places is 13 damaging to the health of employees as well as the general public,‖ she said in a statement.

―Making these places smoke -free not only protects vulnerable staff and the public, it will 14 help over 300,000 people in Brita in to stop smoking completely.‖ she added.

Ireland recently became the first country to introduce a national ban on smoking in public 15 . New York and parts of Australia have taken similar measures.

1.A.passive B.natural C.extensive D.whole

2.A.kills B.hurts C.wounds D.injures

3.A.dealing B.working C.smoking D.shopping

4.A.rate B.motion C.system D.disease

5.A.level B.industry C.location D.nature

6.A.close B.with C.for D.next

7.A.researchers B.patient C.members D.smokers

8.A.applied B.based C.called D.relied

9.A.learning B.turning C.dying D.suffering

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10.A.no B.most C.few D.some 11.A.small d7afcc01bed5b9f3f90f1cb3rger C.lesser D.more 12.A.private B.secret C.open D.public 13.A.seriously B.strangely C.nervously D.personally 14.A.yet B.still C.also D.just 15.A.sports B.places C.moves D.actions

Breastfeeding Can Cut Cardiovascular Risk

Breastfeeding can reduce the risk of a heart attack or stroke later in life and could prevent hundreds of 1 of deaths each year, researchers said on Friday.

Babies who are breastfed have fewer childhood infections and allergies and are less 2 to obesity. British scientists have now shown that breastfeeding and slow grown in the first weeks and months of life has a protective effect 3 cardiovascular disease.

―Diets that promote more rapid growth put babies at risk many years later in 4 ‖ of raising their blood pressure, raising their cholesterol and increasing their tendency to diabetes and obesity —the 5 main risk factors for stroke and heart attack,‖ said Professor Alan Lucas of the Institute of Child Health in London.

―Our evidence suggests that the reason why breast -fed babies do better is because they grow more 6 in the early weeks .‖

Lucas said the effects of breastfeeding on blood pressure and cholesterol later in life are greater than 7 adults can do to control the risk factors for cardiovascular disease, other than taking drugs.

An estimated 17 million people die of 8 disease, particularly heart attack and strokes, each year, according to the World Health Organization.

Lucas and his colleagues compared the health of 216 teenagers 9 as babies had either been breastfed or given different nutritional baby formulas. They reported their 10 in The Lancet medical journal.

The teenagers who had been 11 had a 14-percent lower ratio of bad to good cholesterol and lower concentrations of a protein that is a marker for cardiovascular disease risk.

The researchers also found that 12 of the child ‘s weight at birth, the faster the infants grew in the early weeks and months of life, the 13 was their later risk of heart disease and stroke. The effect was the 14 for both boys and girls.

―The more human milk you have in the newb orn period, the lower your cholesterol level is, the lower your blood pressure is 16 years 15 ,‖Lucas said.

1.A.hundreds B.thousands d7afcc01bed5b9f3f90f1cb3lions D.numbers

2.A.likely B.possible C.easy D.prone

3.A.against B.towards C.onto D.upon

4.A.forms B.cases C.terms D.places

5.A.two B.four C.three D.five

6.A.slowly B.quickly C.strongly D.obviously

7.A.which B.that C.something D.anything

8.A.various B.heart C.cardiovascular D.multiple

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9.A.who B.such

C.when

D.taken

10.A.thoughts B.findings C.viewpoints D.breakthroughs 11.A.surveyed B.interviewed C.handled D.breastfed 12.A.despite B.warning C.regardless D.needful 13.A.smaller B.greater C.faster D.worse 14.A.true B.right C.proper D.same d7afcc01bed5b9f3f90f1cb3ter B.after d7afcc01bed5b9f3f90f1cb3te D.ago

Cultural Differences

People from different cultures sometimes do things that make each other uncomfortable, sometimes without realizing it. Most Americans _____1_____ out of the country and have very _____2_____ experience with foreigners. But they are usually spontaneous, friendly and open, and enjoy _____3_____ new people, having guests and bringing people together formally or informally. They tend to use first names _____4_____ most situations and speak freely about themselves. So if your American hosts do something that _____5_____ you uncomfortable, try to let them know how you feel. Most people will _____6_____ your honesty and try not to take you uncomfortable again. And you ‘ll all _____7_____ something about another culture!

Many travelers find _____8_____ easier to meet people in the U. S. than in other countries. They may just come up and introduce themselves or even invite you over _____9_____ they really know you. Sometimes Americans are said to be _____10_____. Perhaps it seems so, but they are probably just _____11_____ a good time. Just like anywhere else, it takes time to become real friends _____12_____ people in the U. S.

If and when you _____13_____ American friends, they will probably _____14_____ introducing you to their friends and family, and if they seem proud _____15_____ you, it ‘s probably because they are. Relax and enjoy it! 1. A. have never been B. have been never C. has never been

D. has been never

2. A. a little B. little C. much D. a great deal

3. A. meet B. to meet C. meeting D. to have met

4. A. on B. among C. within D. in

5. A. makes B. make C. made D. making

6. A. praise B. honor C. appreciate D. confirm

7. A. pick B. select C. learn D. study

8. A. this B. it C. them D. /

9. A. when B. if C. after D. before

10. A. superficially friend B. superficial friend C. superficially friendly D. superficial friendly 11. A. having B. taking C. making D. killing 12. A. with B. among C. to D. in

13. A. get along with B. get rid of C. stay away from D. stay with 14. A. hate B. forbid C. avoid D. enjoy

15. A. to know B. knowing

C. know

D. having known

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The White House

We got up early this morning and _____1_____ a long walk after breakfast. We walked through the business section of the city. I told you yesterday that the city was larger _____2_____ I thought it would be. _____3_____ the business section is smaller than I thought it would be. I suppose that ‘s _____4_____ Washington is a special kind of city. _____5_____ the people in Washington work for the government. About 9: 30 we went to the White House. It ‘s _____6_____ to the public from 10 till 12, and there was a long line of people waiting to get in. We didn ‘t have to wait very long, because the line moved _____7_____ quickly.

The White House is really white. It is painted every year. And it seems very white, because it ‘s got beautiful lawns all around it, _____8_____ many trees and shrubs. The grounds _____9_____ about four square blocks. I mean, they ‘re about two blocks long _____10_____ each side. Of course, we didn ‘t see the whole building. The part _____11_____ the President lives and works is not open to the public. But the part we saw was beautiful. We went through five of the main rooms. One of them was the library, on the ground floor. On the next floor, there are three rooms named _____12_____ the colors that are used in them: the Red Room, the Blue Room, and the Green Room. The walls are covered with silk _____13_____. There are _____14_____ old furniture, from the time _____15_____ the White House was first built. And everywhere there are paintings and statues of former presidents and other famous people from history.

1. A. made B. did C. took D. got

2. A. than B. as C. so D. like

3. A. But B. Yes C. So D. Then

4. A. since B. as C. because D. because of

5. A. Much of B. Most of C. A lot D. Lots

6. A. open B. opening C. being opened D. opened

7. A. pretty B. little C. much D. very much

8. A. / B. having C. with D. together

9. A. include B. cost C. cover D. spread

10. A. by B. on C. for D. with

11. A. which B. what C. that D. where

12. A. by B. for C. after D. before

13. A. cloth B. clothes C. clothing D. cloths

14. A. much pieces of B. many pieces of

C. many a

D. a great many

15. A. that B. which C. who D. when

Racial Prejudice

In some countries where racial prejudice is acute, violence has been taken for granted as a means of solving differences; and this is not even questioned. There are countries _____1_____ the white man imposes his rule by brute force; there are countries where the black man protests by

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353 _____2_____ fire to cities and by looting and pillaging. Important people on both sides, who would in other respects appear to be _____3_____ men, get up and calmly argue _____4_____ violence —as if it were a legitimate solution, like any other. What is really frightening, what really fills you _____5_____ despair, is the realization that when it comes to the crunch, we have made no actual progress _____6_____. We may wear collars and ties instead of war -paint, but our instincts remain basically unchanged. The whole of the _____7_____ history of the human race, that tedious documentation of violence, has taught us absolutely nothing. We have still not learnt that violence never _____8_____ a problem but makes it more acute. The sheer horror, the bloodshed and the suffering _____9_____ nothing. No solution ever comes to light the morning after when we dismally contemplate the smoking ruins and wonder _____10_____ hit us.

The truly reasonable men who know where the solutions _____11_____ are finding it harder and harder to get a hearing. They are despised, mistrusted and even persecuted by their own _____12_____ because they advocate such apparently outrageous things _____13_____ law enforcement. If half the energy that goes into violent acts were _____14_____, if our efforts were directed at cleaning up the slums and ghettos, at improving living -standards and providing education and employment _____15_____ all, we would have gone a long way to arriving at a solution.

1. A. where B. that C. which D. who

2. A. giving B. catching C. setting D. letting

3. A. reasonable B. reasonably C. reasonless D. reason

4. A. for the sake of B. for fear of C. in case of D. in favor of

5. A. of B. with C. by D. up

6. A. at all B. after all C. at last D. in the end

7. A. record B. recording C. recorded D. records

8. A. keeps B. deals C. answers D. solves

9. A. meant B. mean C. is meaning D. are meaning

10. A. what B. that C. / D. which

11. A. lay B. lays C. lie D. lies

12. A. kind B. way C. right D. rule

13. A. like B. so C. that D. as

14. A. put to use good B. put to good use C. put good to use D. good put to use

15. A. by B. at C. for D. with

Public and Private Schools in the United States

Religious and private schools receive little or no support from public taxes in the United States, and, as result, are usually somewhat expensive to _____1_____. The largest group of religious schools in America _____2_____ by the Roman Catholic Church. While religious schools tend to be _____3_____ expensive than private schools, there are usually some fees.

When there is free education available to all children in the United States, why do people _____4_____ money on private schools? Americans offer _____5_____ great variety of reasons for doing so, including the desire of some parents to _____6_____ their children to schools _____7_____ classes tend to be smaller, or where religious instruction is included as part of the

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354 educational program, or because, _____8_____ their opinion, the public schools in their area are not _____9_____ high enough quality to meet their needs. Private schools in the United States _____10_____ widely in size, quality, and in the kind of program that are offered to meet _____11_____ of certain students.

The degree _____12_____ American parents are active in their children ‘s schools is often _____13_____ to people of other countries. Most schools have organizations _____14_____ of both parents and teachers, usually called P. T. A. for Parent -Teacher Association. They meet together to_____15_____ various matters concerning the school. Parents often give their time to help with classroom or after school activities.

1. A. go B. attend C. take part in D. enroll

2. A. were run B. run C. is run D. is running

3. A. less B. more C. rather D. much

4. A. spend B. pay C. cost D. take

5. A. a B. the C. some D. /

6. A. bring B. bringing C. send D. sending

7. A. which B. what C. in that D. where

8. A. to B. in C. on D. for

9. A. / B. in C. of D. on

10. A. differ B. varies C. extend D. differs

11. A. the needs B. the satisfaction C. needs D. need

12. A. on which B. to which C. which D. what

13. A. surprise B. surprised C. surprising D. striking

14. A. consisting B. comprising C. composing D. making up

15. A. talk to B. comment C. discuss D. exchange

Squishy Cellphones Add a Buzz to Calls

Vibrating rubber cellphone could be the next big thing in mobile communications. They allow people to communicate by squishing the phone to transmit_____1_____along with their spoken words. According to a research team at the MIT Media Lab in Cambridge. Massachusetts, the idea will make_____2_____more fun.

Many mobile phones can already be made to vibrate_____3_____ring when you do not want people to know you are getting a call. But these vibrations,_____4_____by a motor spinning an eccentric weight inside the device, are too crude for subtle communication, says Angela Chang of the lab ‘s Tangible Media Group. ―the y ‘re _____5_____ on or off,‖ she says.

But when you grip Chang ‘s prototype latex cellphone, your fingers and thumb wrap around five_____6_____speakers. They vibrate_____7_____your skin around 250 times per second. Beneath these speakers sit pressure sensors, so you can transmit vibration as well as _____8_____ it. When you squeeze with a finger, a vibration signal is transmitted _____9_____ you caller‘s corresponding finger. Its_____10_____depends on how hard you squeeze.

She says that within a few minutes of being given_____11_____the phones, students were using the vibration feature to add emphasis to what they were saying or to interrupt the other speaker. Over time, people even began to transmit their_____12_____kind of ad hoe ―Morse

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355 code‖, which they would repeat back to show they were following what the other person was saying. ―It was pretty easy to communicate, though we didn‘t specifically pre -arrange___13____,‖ says David Milovich, one of the students who tried out the device.

Chang thinks ―vibralanguages‖ could _____14_____ for the same reason as testing: sometimes people want to communicate something _____15_____ everyone nearby knowing what they‘re saying. ―And imagine actually being able to shake someone‘s hand when you close a business deal,‖ he says.

1. A) voices B) messages C) vibrations D) feelings

2. A) phoning B) talking C) working D) testing

3. A) as much as B) as well as C) in spite of D) instead of

4. A) being B) caused C) to be caused D) having caused

5. A) never B) seldom C) either D) neither

6. A) tiny B) large C) loud D) low

7. A) against B) above C) over D) on

8. A) using B) hearing C) receiving D) feeling

9. A) for B) with C) from D) to

10. A) strength B) loudness C) speed D) rhythm

11. A) students B) them C) / D) her

12. A) own B) unique C) other D) different

13. A) codes B) systems C) wave bands D) call time

14. A) make out B) go without C) give in D) take off

15. A) with B) without C) for D) against

One Good Reason to Let Smallpox Live

It ‘s now a fair bet that we will never see the total extinction of the smallpox virus. The idea was to cap the glorious achievement of 1980, when smallpox was eradicated in the wild, by destroying the killer virus in the last two labs that are supposed to have it —one in the US and one in Russia. If smallpox had truly gone from the planet, what point was there in keeping these reserves?

____1____reality, of course, it was naive to____2____that everyone would let____3____of such a potential weapon. Undoubtedly several nations still have____4____vials.____5____the last ―official‖ stocks of lice virus bred mistrust of the US and Russia, ____6____no obvious gain.

Now American researchers have ____7____ an animal model of the human disease, opening the ____8____ for tests on new treatments and vaccines. So one again there ‘s a good reason to____9____the virus —just in____10____the disease puts in a reappearance.

How do we____11____with the mistrust of the US and Russia? ____12____. Keep the virus____13____international auspices in a well-guarded UN laboratory that ‘s open to all countries. The US will object, of course, just as it rejects a multilateral approach to just about everything. But it doesn ‘t____14____the idea is wrong. If the virus____15____useful, then let ‘s make it the servant of all humanity —not just a part of it.

1. A) In B) On C) At D) For

2. A) know B) imagine C) realize D) be aware

3. A) to go B) going C) go D) went

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356

4. A) much B) more C) most D) a few

5. A) And B) While C) Whereas D) Although

6. A) since B) for C) because D) of

7. A) looked for B) sought C) found D) talked about 8. A) method B) road C) street D) way 9. A) keep B) put C) destroy D) eradicate 10. A) need B) case C) necessity D) time 11. A) handle B) tackle C) deal D) treat 12. A) Difficult B) Hard C) Safe D) Simple 13. A) under B) in C) on D) for 14. A) say B) mean C) state D) declare 15. A) will be B) would be C) is D) are

Making the Leap

Jumps play a big role in many styles of dancing. Generally, what makes a jump impressive is its hang time, the amount of time a dancer spends in the air.

The quest for greater hang time is a battle against gravity, the constant __1__ PULL OF Earth, said Laws. To leave the ground at all, a dancer has to use leg muscles to create an upward push that is greater than Earth ‘s downward pull. But the final __2__ of any jump depends on just one thing; the upward speed of the body just as the dancer leaves the ground.

Strengthening muscles so they can push harder is one obvious __3__ to achieve higher jumps and increase hand time. But ballet dancers also use a simple trick to gain the illusion of staying in the air longer without actually doing so.

In a huge sideways jump called a grand jets, a __4__ ballet dancer seems to float for an impossible length of time. Of course a dancer can ‘t really hang in the air. The laws of physics decree that during any jump a dancer ‘s center of gravity must follow a parabola. A parabola is the same __5__ path a ball takes when you throw it into the air. So how do dancers make it look like they ‘re hanging in the air?

A dancer __6__ the illusion of floating in the air by lifting her legs and arms as she approaches the peak of the jump. The __7__ of her body — her torso and her head — respond by sinking a bit, If her timing is just right, she ‘ll seem to float sideways, instead of rising and falling. The effect is no only beautiful; it __8__ makes the jump seem bigger by ―stretching out ‖ the peak.

Of course, what goes up must come down. During a typical grand jete, a dancer ‘s center of gravity rises 2 feet __9__ the ground. Pulled by gravity from such a height, the dancer ‘s body falls very fast — roughly 3.4 meters per second — by the time it reaches the floor.

As it falls, the body carries with it momentum. Momentum is the weight of the body multiplied by its __10__. The bigger the body is and the faster it falls, the greater its momentum.

The only way a dancer can stop dropping through the air is by stopping the body ‘s momentum, which requires an __11__ force —the ground. Landing can be very jarring to a dancer and can __12__ injuries. The dancer can ease the landing by bending her knees and letting her arms fall, but she also gets help from an unexpected source: the floor. Wooden dance floors are designed to act __13__ shock absorbers. They are springy and can recoil as much as an inch under extreme pressure. That little bit of give makes a big __14__. Landing on a springy floor, the dancer undergoes a slower

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357 change in momentum than she would hitting a rigid floor. The give in the floor allows the decrease in momentum to happen more __15__ —with less force and less chance of injury.

1. A. parallelly B. upward C. sideways D. downward

2. A. center B. height C. weight D. breadth

3. A. street B. road C. way D. passage

4. A. skillful B. beautiful C. careful D. meaningful

5. A. smooth B. short C. curved D. straight

6. A. changes B. uses C. inspects D. creates

7. A. force B. movement C. pull D. rest

8. A. too B. also C. yet D. so

9. A. off B. out of C. along D. onto

10. A. temperature B. speed C. moisture D. time

11. A. rising B. falling C. opposing D. responding

12. A. increase B. cure C. remove D. cause

13. A. like B. love C. protect D. cancel

14. A. sameness B. resemblance C. difference D. nearness

15. A. gradually B. strongly C. spontaneously D. incidentally

Wonder Webs

Spider webs are more than homes, and they are ingenious traps. And the world ‘s best web spinner may be the Golden Orb Weaver spider. The female Orb Weaver spins a web of fibers thin enough to be invisible to insect prey, yet __1__ enough to snare a flying bird without breaking.

The secret of the web ‘s strength? A type of super-resilient __2__ called dragline. When the female spider is ready to __3__ the web ‘s spokes and frame, she uses her legs to draw the airy thread out through a hollow nozzle in her belly. Dragline is not sticky, so the spider can race back and forth along __4__ to spin the web ‘s trademark spiral.

Unlike some spiders that weave a new web every day, a Golden Orb Weaver __5__ her handiwork until it falls apart, sometimes not for two years. The silky thread is five times stronger than steel by weight and absorbs the force of an impact three times better than Kevlar, a high-strength human-made __6__ used in bullet-proof vests. And thanks to its high tensile strength, or the ability to resist breaking under the pulling force called tension, a single strand can stretch up to 40 percent longer than its original __7__ and snap back as well as new. No human-made fiber even comes __8__.

It is no __9__ manufacturers are clamoring for spider silk. In the consumer pipeline: High-performance fabrics for athletes and stockings that never run. Think parachute cords and suspension bridge cables. A steady __10__ of spider silk would be worth billions of dollars – but how to produce it? Harvesting silk on spider farms does not __11__ because the territorial arthropods have a tendency to devour their neighbors.

Now, scientists at the biotechnology company Nexia are spinning artificial silk modeled after Golden Orb dragline. The __12__ step: extract silk-making genes from the spiders. Next, implant the genes into goat egg cells. The nanny goats that grow from the eggs secrete dragline silk proteins in their __13__. ―The young goats pass on the silk-making gene without __14__ help

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358 from us,‖ says Nexia president Jeffrey Turner. Nexia is still perfecting the spinning process, but

they hope artificial spider silk will soon be snagging customers __15__ the real thing snags bugs.

1. A. tough B. soft C. large D. smooth

2. A. cloth B. silk C. nylon D. wool

3. A. repair B. pull C. move D. weave

4. A. him B. her C. it D. those

5. A. refixes B. reproduces C. remakes D. reuses

6. A. metal B. mass C. material D. model

7. A. bredth B. length C. height D. strength

8. A. close B. well C. open D. awake

9. A. hurry B. worry C. wonder D. use

10. A. shipment B. supply C. run D. exchange

11. A. run B. go C. deal D. work

12. A. previous B. foremost C. first D. front

13. A. milk B. meat C. lungs D. muscle

14. A. no B. any C. some D. many

15. A. As fast as B. as gently as C. as fully as D. as little as

Many Children ’s Deaths Preventable: WHO

Over five million children die each year from disease, infections and accidents related 1

their environment although many of these deaths are largely preventable, says the W orld Health

Organization.

On Monday, the WHO asked governments and citizens around the world to take action to

create healthy 2 for children as it celebrated World health Day.

―The biggest threats to children ‘s health lurk in the very 3 that should be safest —

home, school and community,‖ said Dr. Gro Harlem Brundtland, director-general of the WHO at

the day ‘s launch in New Delhi, India.

―Every child has the right to 4 up in a healthy home, school and community. The

future development of our children —and of their world —depends on 5 enjoying good

health now. we have their future in our 6 Now we must work more effectively together to 7 the risks from the environment which our children face,‖ Brundtland said.

This year ‘s theme, ―healthy Environments for Children ‖ focuses on the many dangers 8 by children in and around the places where they live and play.

These include inadequate access to safe drinking 9 and sanitation, insect-borne

diseases, air pollution, chemical hazards and injuries from traffic, falls, burns and drownings.

Communities around the world organized events to promote awareness of children ‘s health

issues, 10 included drawing contests for schoolchildren in Vietnam, street plays in India,

puppet shows in Namibia and professional lectures for policy makers in Germany and elsewhere.

Activities also took 11 in cities across Canada on Monday, including Calgary,

Montreal, Halifax and Ottawa.

Although children under five represent only 10 per cent of the world ‘s population, they bear

40 per cent of the global disease 12 , says the WHO. And as much as one-third of the total

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359 burden of disease may be caused by environmental 13 .

World Health Day has been celebrated on April 7th 14 1950. Each year the WHO chooses a theme to highlight areas of particular concern. Last year ‘s 15 . Move for Health, focused on promoting physical activity as part of healthy living.

1. A) by B) to C) on D) at

2. A) environments B) food C) colors D) moods

3. A) places B) chances C) times D) posts

4. A) stay B) pick C) grow D) get

5. A) our B) your C) his D) their

6. A) hands B) arms C) hopes D) happiness

7. A) run B) reduce C) take D) regard

8. A) hated B) stated C) reached D) faced

9. A) water B) liquid C) methods D) sources

10. A) that B) what C) which D) some

11. A) shape B) order C) route D) place

12. A) burden B) penalty C) suffering D) difficulty

13. A) reasons B) courses C) facts D) factors

14. A) after B) since C) in D) for

15. A) concern B) area C) theme D) celebration

Healthy Food

Street sellers, particularly in developing countries, supply large amounts of food __1__ people on low incomes. This sector also employs some 6-25% of the work force, mainly women, in developing countries, and provides markets for agricultural and other produce. In many countries, __2__, the authorities are not willing to recognize it __3__ a formal sector of the food supply system, they may ignore it in food control programs or even try to put an end to ___4___.

There are two possible contaminants: pathogenic micro-organisms ___5___ hazardous chemicals. As ___6___ as micro-organisms are concerned, there is apparently no convincing evidence that street foods are more involved in the transmission of infection than foods obtained in, e.g. hotels. Studies in Egypt and elsewhere have found street foods to compare not unfavorably with hotel ___7___ in respect of contamination with micro-organisms —some street foods were found to be contaminated with pathogens, but so were foods from four-and five-star ___8___ in the same area.

Hazardous chemicals have been found in street foods, and food exposed for sale on roadsides may become contaminated by lead from vehicle exhausts.

Health dangers may arise ___9___: purchase of raw ___10___ of poor quality; improper storage, processing, and cooking, leading ___11___ reuse of water; limited piped drinking-water; lack of refrigeration; unsatisfactory waste-disposal facilities; and personal cleanliness. The authorities should take ___12___ account the potentials of different categories of food for transmitting disease, and should control appropriately for the different __13___—sellers of bottled drinks require less control than those of food. Dry foodstuff, dried grains, and sugared foods are less likely to transmit disease than gravies, cooked rice, and low-acid milk, egg, and meat products.

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360 Similarly foods which are thoroughly cooked and eaten at ___14___ are safer than precooked food kept at high temperatures ___15___ several hours.

1. A) for B) on C) by D) at

2. A) but B) however C) besides D) what

3. A) to B) about C) as D) of

4. A) them B) those C) its D) it

5. A) and B) or C) for D) with

6. A) farther B) far C) more D) many

7. A) disease B) diseases C) food D) foods

8. A) hotels B) houses C) buildings D) generals

9. A) at B) with C) from D) to

10. A) food B) thing C) matters D) materials

11. A) to B) about C) from D) around

12. A) at B) to C) into D) in

13. A) price B) prices C) category D) categories

14. A) once B) twice C) all D) home

15. A) about B) at C) before D) for

Hospital Mistreatment

According to a study, most medical interns report experiencing mistreatment, including humiliation by senior doctors, _____1_____ threatened, or physical abuse in their first year out of medical school.

The findings come from analysis of the _____2_____ a 13-page survey mailed in January 1991 to 1, 733 second-year residents. The survey and _____3_____ appear in the April 15th issue of the Journal of the American Medical Association.

Overall, out of the 1,277 residents_____4_____ completed surveys, 1,185 said that they had experienced at least one incident of mistreatment in their intern year. _____5_____ reporting incidents where they were abused, more than 45% of the residents said they had witnessed at least one incident where other persons _____6_____ false medical records. Moreover, nearly three quarters of the residents said they had witnessed mistreatment of patients by other residents, attending physicians, or nurses. Almost 40% said patient mistreatment was a frequent _____7_____.

More than 10% of the residents said they were _____8_____ to have enough sleep, and the average number of hours _____9_____ sleep was 37.6. The average on-call hours during a _____10_____ week was 56.9 hours, but about 25% of the residents said their on-call assignments were more than 80 hours some weeks. _____11_____ 30% of the residents said they experienced some type of sexual harassment or discrimination, verbal abuse was the most common problem cited. When abusive incidents were limited to events occurring three or more times, 53% of the respondents reported that they _____12_____ belittled or humiliated by more senior residents, while just over 21% reported someone taking credit for their work. Being ―_____13_____ tasks for punishment,‖ ―being pushed, kicked or hit,‖ and _____14_____ someone ―threatening your reputation or career,‖ were reported as a more _____15_____ occurrence by over 10% of the

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361

responding residents.

1． A ）be B) been C) were D) being

2. A) responsive B) responses to C) respond to D) responding

3. A) analyze B) analysis C) having analyzed D) be analyzed

4. A) who B) which C) whom D) whose

5. A) In spite of B) In addition to C) Because D) Although

6. A) had made B) have made C) has made D) make

7. A) events B) happens C) event D) happen

8. A) allowed not B) not allowed C) allow not D) not allow

9. A) without B) on C) with D) because of 10. A) unusual B) typical C) easy D) difficult 11. A) In spite of B) Therefore C) Although D) So 12. A) are B) be C) must be D) were 13. A) give B) giving C) gave D) given 14. A) had B) have C) having D) has

15. A) frequent

B) frequency C) dependent D) independent

Scientists Develop Ways of Detecting Heart Attack

German researchers have 1 a new generation of defibrillators and early-warning software aimed at offering heart patients greater protection 2 sudden death from cardiac arrest.

In Germany alone around 100,000 people die annually as a result of cardiac arrest and many of these cases 3 by disruption to the heart‘s rhythm. Those most at risk are patients who have 4 suffered a heart attack, and for years the use of defibrillators has proved useful in intervening within seconds. These devices 6 a range of functions, such as that of pacemaker.

Heart specialists at Freiburg‘s University Clinic have now achieved a breakthrough with an implanted defibrillator 7 of generating a six-channel electrocardiogram (ECG) within the body. This integrated system allows early diagnosis of 8 blood-flow problems and a pending heart attack. It will be implanted in patients for the first time this year. Meanwhile, researchers at the Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Mathematics in Kaiserslautern have developed new computer software that renders of ECG data 9 .

The overwhelming 10 of patients at risk will not have an implanted defibrillator and must for this reason undergo regula r ECGs. ―Many of the current programs only 11 into account a linear correlation of the data. We are, however, making use 12 a non-linear process that reveals the chaotic patterns of heart beats as an open and complex system,‖ Hagen Knaf says, ― 13 changes in the heart beats over time can be monitored and inpidual variations in patients taken into account.‖ An old study of ECG data, based 14 600 patients who had suffered a subsequent heart attack, enabled the researchers to compare risks and to show 15 the new software evaluates the data considerably better. 1. A) come up B) come up with C) come up to D) come up against 2. A) to B) for C) with D) from

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3. A) are caused B) caused

C) are to cause D) have been causing 4. A) easily B) readily C) frequently D) already 5. A) disease-producing

B) health-improving C) life-threatening D) error-correcting 6. A) take in B) take after C) take on D) take from 7. A) capable B) able C) skillful D) skilled 8. A) chronic B) acute C) recurrent D) persistent 9. A) precisely B) more precisely C) precision D) more precise 10. A) maximum B) minimum C) majority D) minority 11. A) get B) take C) bring D) fetch 12. A) of B) with C) for D) in 13. A) Similarly B) In this manner C) Otherwise D) In this way 14. A) in B) for C) upon D) with 15. A) what B) where C) that D) when

Eat for a Good and Healthful Life

Food 1 us alive. It is our sustenance and our pleasure. But recently, research has shown that the eating habits of the average Americans may be dangerous to future health.

The foods Americans now choose are oftentimes too 2 in calories and fats, so this article reports a new study: Diet and Health, Implications for Reducing Chronic Disease Risk.

The study, conducted 3 the National Research Council ‘s Committee on Diet and Health, 4 that balancing nutrition, calories and activity is key 5 enjoying a long and healthful life.

The report recommends that most Americans increase 6 activity to a moderate level and make changes in food and calories intake to maintain ideal weight.

Most of us —even those of us at ideal weight —need to eat 8 fat so that no more than 30% of our daily calories will come from fat.

That means cutting 9 on red meat and whole milk dairy products. 10 , eat fish, chicken without skin, lean meats, and low-fat and no-fat dairy products.

The report of the Committee on Diet and Health recommends we eat five or more 1/2-cup servings of vegetables and fruits 11 —especially green and yellow vegetables and citrus fruits.

Eating more fruits and vegetables doesn ‘t have to mean increased calories intake. Many plant foods are nutrient-rich: they provide many vitamins and minerals for very few 12 .

Nutrient-rich foods are particularly important for Americans 13 50. As we

14 , we need to eat less because our bodies need 15 calories to function properly. But we still need full measures of vitamins and minerals to release the energy in our foods and make us feel strong and healthy. 1. A) remain B) remains C) keep D) keeps 2. A) full

B) rich

C) little

D) special

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