高级英语复习指导

引言

高级英语是全国高等教育自学考试英语专业高级阶段（本科段）一门核心课程，又称精读课，属必考课程。其重要性，毋庸多言。现在就如何学好这门课程，从本人的教学实践以及学员们在学习中遇到的一些问题等方面谈自己的体会。

本人对自学考生有一份由衷的欣赏之情——你们在简易的学习条件下要通过十几门的严格考试，非有坚强的毅力和踏实的学习精神不可。这也就是为什么自考文凭在社会上含金量较高，认知度较高的一种文凭。

高级英语的学习是建立在学员已打好了英语基础之上。英语基础学习好比是万丈高楼的基石，只有过去牢固的英语基石才有现在遨游于高级英语之中的“自由”。 高级英语学习宗旨

高级英语学习的重点已从基本的英语语音，词汇，语法的掌握上升到：

一、阅读理解及词汇应用：能够区分、应用同、近义词；很好地理解文章的主题与内容。 二、提高英语的表达能力：学员应能用英语解释英语难句，进行有一定难度的英汉互译，用英语对文章内容进行归纳，并对文章进行简要的分析、评论。 高级英语学习方法

学习时应该注意下列一些方面：

首先，牢记教材是根本。以前，教材单调，教辅条件简陋，照样培养出学贯东西的语言大师来。现在英语读物多了，时尚的学习工具多了，英语并没有变得容易学了。究其原因是人们的心态变了，变得浮躁了。对什么都这山望着那山高，今天这个时髦得学习方法，明天那本最新教材。殊不知一切方法都建立在一定的基础上的，一个人的兴趣、悟性、修行没有到达那个层面，再美好的东西跟你也是无缘。而且从高级英语考试大纲规定来看，以教材为本这一思想也是显而易见的，试卷中60%分值的题目都是根据教材中课文内容设计的。 也许有人会说，这岂不是说要死读书不成。我们学习英语不是要提高交际能力，提高听、说能力吗？试问没有一定词汇量的积累，一定的句法结构，一定的语法水平，你如何张嘴，如何听懂别人说的话。不要用任何借口放弃（或说逃避）对教材学习应该付出的那份心血和艰辛。

其次，要培养自己对教材中三十二篇课文的兴趣和热爱。这些课文不但是帮助我们学好英文语言知识，而且帮助我们学到很多为人处世的道理。

从“Rock Superstars： What Do They Tell Us About Ourselves and Our Society”，我们知道：摇滚乐是‘一种社会心理的表现’； ‘Rock is the music of teenage rebellion’； ‘By a man’s heroes ye shall know him.‘

从“The Trouble with Television”， 我们可以看出电视对社会和文化的负面影响：人们的注意力下降，读写能力出现危机等。

从“On Human Nature and Politics” ， 我们知道从事政治活动的人有四个动机，那就是：占有欲，竞争欲，虚荣心及权利欲。（这里只举三篇课文为例）

通过精读、熟记这些课文，我们不但可以扩大词汇量、掌握许多句型结构，而且在与他人交谈时不再是只会一点‘乒乓英语’ —— 几个来回，‘短平快’就说不下去了，而是能够使自己说的话既有深度，又有广度，同时有能通过《高级英语》自学考试。以后，我们谈到摇滚不只会说‘闹心’，谈到电视只会说‘费时’，谈到国际政治只会说‘虚伪’，而是可以做到探讨每一个话题的多个方面。这样一举多得的事何乐而不为呢？ 考试要求与应试方法

命题是自学考试的核心，是实现专业考试计划规定的专业标准的关键。因此了解命题的原则与要求、题型、试卷的难易度等，对考生学习是很有帮助的。

现在我们一块来看一下高级英语自学考试大纲[详见《高级英语》下册第335页]，通过高级英语的考试要求，结合以往的试题及课后练习，我们提出一些学习方法及应试指导 一、高级英语考试命题原则 高级英语考试命题原则如下：

1. 高级英语试卷总结构和所占分数比例

每份试卷包括两大部分，第一部分考核教材内容，占总分的60%左右；第二部分是水平考试，使用教材以外的一篇短文，占总分的40%. 2. 高级英语考试项目的技能结构

每份高级英语试卷中考读、写、译三种技能。“读”包括内容理解和词汇掌握：“写”为回答就课文所提的问题：“译”为英译中和中译英。 3. 高级英语考试题目的难度结构

与课程内容有关的题目占60%左右，水平考试的题目占40%左右，其中易占20%左右，较易占30%左右，较难占30%左右，难占20%左右。 二、 高级英语试题类型

试题分为两个大部分：A 考核课程内容 B 水平考试，重点为阅读理解能力。

（ 注：下列题型作为参考，每次试卷中只选用其中几种。考核课程内容的五类；水平考试的四类。）

A. 高级英语考核教材内容 1. 完形练习

考核学生对课文内容的掌握，从课文句子或段落中抽去一个词或词组，学生需从试卷提供的词或词组中选择与课文一样的填入空中。例如： （2003年考题）

The following paragraphs are taken from the textbooks， followed by a list of words or expressions marked A to X. Choose the one that best completes each of the sentences and write the corresponding letter on your answer sheet. One word or expression for each blank only. （12 points， 0.5 point each）

Rumors 1 quickly that I was a FBI agent. I was 2 because I was not 3___ to return. Some people said I was either a federal agent or a 4 ， for no 5 man， they said， returns to Watts by 6 .

Television 7 on advertising to an even greater 8 than newspapers， and since advertising is big business， advertising is by 9 Republican. Yet nowhere in network newscasts or network commentaries on current events have I 10 the intense

partisanship， the often rabid 11 that colors the editorial 12 of the majority of newspapers in this country.

The chances had 13 to one in eight when the 14 clerk drew the second slip. He 15 his throat and 16 his pince-nez as though he had to make sure he was not 17 . “Ah， Monsieur Voisin，” he said with a 18 undecided smile， “May I join you？” Some people believe that the time of death is 19 by God and that no man should ___20 the clock back on another. 21 if a patient‘s philosophical views embrace __ 22 ， it is not clear why the religious 23 of others should intrude 24___ his death. A. reasonable B. put C. bias D. choice E. nature F. yet G. mistaken H. lives I. thin J. encountered K. euthanasia L. fool M. spread N. objections O. pages P. extent Q. elderly R. suspect S. cleared T. narrowed U. put on V. on W. supposed X. appointed

该题正如考核要求规定，是要检查学员对课文的熟悉程度。假如考生对所学教材了然于心的话，该题做起来当然如探囊取物。这也就是我们为什么在学习高级英语方法时，特别强调要牢记教材课文的原因之一。

由于完型填空题不但测试考生使用词汇和语法结构的能力，同时又测试考生对短文篇章的理解，它是对考生综合运用语言能力的测试，所以考生在考试时确实遇到了困难（最好不要在这样的考题上出麻烦），我们也有一些办法可以采取。完型填空题的一般解题技巧是： 解题技巧：

1. 通读该段文章。首先了解材料内容，做到心中有底。 2. 找相关信息。通读之后，从第一个空格开始依次完成。 3. 根据语感，快速试填充一遍。 4. 然后逐题推敲。

5. 根据上下文确定词义。使所选词的词义符合上下文逻辑意思的需要；尤其关注实词。 6. 根据句子结构确定词形。使所选词的形式符合所在句语法结构上的要求；重点关注虚词。

7. 着眼整体、注意关键词。如：but， however， even so? 说明后面的意思与前面的相反或对照，所选的词可能与前面某个词互为反义词。

8. 抓住关键句型，作直观判断。比如常考的句型有：定语从句中缺少引导词；比较从句中漏了than；其它从句中的表示语法结构关系词例如so?that；hardly?when 等是否遗漏。

9. 注意常用词语搭配，关注词语间的互为提示。 10. 然后通篇审核。

具体到自学考试高级英语考题，我们可以借鉴上面的技巧，重点做到如下： 1、 把所给的词或短语按照词性分类：动词、名词、介词、副词、形容词等； 2、 对所给段落中的句子进行分析，确定所空缺的地方需要什么词性的词； 3、 然后再根据上下文意义、结构，确定答案。

我们以第三小段[选自《高级英语》上册第十课第142页]为例：

The chances had 13 to one in eight when the 14 clerk drew the second slip. He 15 his throat and 16 his pince-nez as though he had to make sure he was not 17 . “Ah， Monsieur Voisin，” he said with a 18 undecided smile， “May I join you？” 通过分析得知：13、15、16处应该填动词；14，17，18处则须用形容词。这样一来，每一个填空处需要排除的选项就少多了。然后根据一些固定搭配可以进一步区分选项。如： 13处是一个固定搭配 ‘clear one’s throat‘； 在14处，假如考生认识这个词 ’pince-nez‘ [ ’p：nsnei ]是 ‘夹鼻眼镜’，就能很快想到动词短语 ‘put on’ （戴上）。17处前面有一个短语 ‘make sure’（确信），人们通常是确信事情一切正常，没有错误， 所以该处选择 ‘mistaken’ 也就合情合理。

当然这一切分析是要建立在很好的英语基础之上，更何况这样的词 ‘pince-nez’对于不熟悉课文的人来说是很难认识，所以纯粹依赖技巧、分析并非很可靠，况且很费时。另外，一个很好的基础从何而来？还得要心里装的东西多，而熟记一些文章是很好充实自己的办法。

其它几个段落分别选自：第一小段[选自《高级英语》下册第九课第143页] 第二小段[选自《高级英语》下册第三课第39页] 第四小段[选自《高级英语》上册第四课第49页] 答案： Key

1. M 2. R 3. W 4. L 5. A 6. D 7. H 8. P 9. E 10. J 11. C 12. O 13. T 14. Q 15. S 16. U 17. G 18. I 19. X 20. B 21. F 22. K 23. N 24. V 2. 用英语回答有关课程内容的问题

考核学生对课程内容的和理解程度，以及一定的用英语笔头表述的能力。提出的是有关课文大意、背景、故事内容、人物等和理解课文有关问题。

1. How does the author， J.B. Priestley， think of the matter of sleep？ When he is sleepless， what will he do？ [选自《高级英语》上册第十一课]

Answer： The author thinks that sleep is just like a coy mistress who is much given to a teasing inconsistency and forever demanding to be wooed. In other words， to him， sleep always plays with him， and torments him but seldom lets him have it.

He often lies in bed， passing hours in sleeplessness. The more he wants to fall asleep， the more sleepless he becomes. However， as soon as he intends to write an essay， he feels an overpowering desire for sleep.

The author believes that artificial ways of inducing sleep are countless， but none of them works for him. Therefore， when he can‘t fall asleep at night， he has a dialogue with an imaginary friend until he either laughs or falls asleep. 2. How did American young people look at the adult world in general according to the text “Four Choices for Young People”？ What did they do about it？ Answer： American young people viewed the adult world with great skepticism and even worse， with increasing rejection，according to the lesson “Four Choices for Young People.

They saw this affluent society of America filled with poverty， injustice and hypocrisy. They became rebellious. They rejected the beliefs and values of society. While some young people fought against poverty， racial injustice at that time， others showed their discontent through passive ways. They were addicted to drugs and refused to take any social responsibilities.

解析：作该题型的题目时，要记住首先要有一个基本的观点“ARGUMENT”（当然，这个观点是从所学课文中，合理地、符合逻辑地得出来的，并非自己臆断或杜撰出来的。 所以这一切也是建立在对课文熟练掌握基础上的。），然后，提供一些左证“SUPPORTING IDEAS”。 课文中的内容要能做到会归纳，会用自己的话来转述；

另外，要写完整的句子。少用“yes or no” 这样的方式来回答问题；最后，通读自己的答案，检查文法，尽可能消除拼读、语法错误。 3. 填空

考核学生对语法和词汇的运用能力。每句一个空格，要求学生从所提供的单词或词组中选择正确的答案填入空中。单词或词组选自课文中要求算重点练习的词语。

Fill in the blank in each sentence with the best word or expression from the box below， changing its form when necessary：

motivate in the long run regardless of be held to blamesquander to a great extent with honors take advantage ofsurvive be credited with fall victim to have trouble doing sth.

1. The chairman of the board of directors was forced to resign， _____ the power struggle among the directors.

2. Intelligent and hard-working， he passed _________ in degree examinations. 3. Some girls are so shy as to ________ mixing socially with people. 4. No one ________ for the loss of the game； each had done her best. 5. He enjoyed great popularity among the students， _________speaking five foreign languages.

6. The president decided to run for the second term， _________ the state of his health.

7. The small restaurant owner _________ all his hard-earned money in gambling within a year.

8. To increase productivity， we have to get the workers ______， but do you think material incentives will always work？ 答案：

1. falling victim to 2. with honors 3. have trouble 4. was held to blame 5. credited with 6. regardless of 7. squandered 8. motivated

解析：这种题目的做法可以借鉴上面题型的处理办法， 1. 首先研读一下供选择的词做到心中有底，把词大致分分类。 2. 然后仔细研读每一个句子，了解句子内容，做到心中有底。 3. 根据语感，快速试填充一遍。

4. 接下来逐句推敲。

5. 根据上下文确定词义。使所选词的词义符合上下文逻辑意思的需要；尤其关注实词。 6. 根据句子结构确定词形。使所选词的形式符合所在句语法结构上的要求；重点关注虚词。

7. 着眼整体、注意关键词。如：but， however， even so? 说明后面的意思与前面的相反或对照，所选的词可能与前面某个词互为反义词。

8. 抓住关键句型，作直观判断。比如常考的句型有：定语从句中缺少引导词；比较从句中漏了than；其它从句中的表示语法结构关系词例如so?that；hardly?when 等是否遗漏。

9. 注意常用词语搭配，关注词语间的互为提示。 10. 然后通篇审核。

不同的是选择对了词之后，在填充时还要根据句子的意思确定词形的变化。这给考生增加了不少难度。例如：

例句1中选择对了“fall victim to ”，还要知道该句子中不缺谓语动词，必须将“ fall victim to”变成非谓语形式，即用分词短语“falling victim to ”。 例句4中，在选择对了“be held to blame ” 之后，还要注意时态及主谓一致原则，所以应将“be held to blame ”变成“be held to blame ”。

事实上在以往的试题中，按上面这种形式出题很少见，多采取下面的形式。这些题目的答案就不存在词形转换问题，相比来说，要容易一些。 这里是一些从以往试卷里挑选的题目：

There are 15 sentences with a blank in each， followed by a list of words or expressions marked A to X. Choose the one that best completes each of the sentences and write the corresponding letter on your answer sheet. One word or expression for each blank only. （1 point each， 15 points）

1.“Oh， no！” he said quickly， smiling at her out of that unfailing _____of contrition — a sort of chivalry.

2.At last， with the Vietnam War， Americans are beginning to realize that they are

_____ original sin as much as Europeans are.

3.The value of snobbery in general， its humanistic “point”， consists in its power to

_____ activity.

4.It is not altogether easy to decide what is the _____ of the love of excitement. 5.The American dream promised older people that if they worked hard enough all their lives， things would _____ well for them.

6.I believe that over a period of decades newspapers have become a habit a function.

7.Her time was_____， but she continued to sit by the window， leaning her head against the window curtain， inhaling the odour of dusty cretonne.

8.They are always on trial， always on the _____ of failure， collectively and individually.

9. From the start of that campaign， I faced ________ hostility because of my sex.

10. A beautiful woman came along and ________ her bunch of violets， and a little boy ran after to hand them to her， and she took them and threw them away as if they‘d been poisoned.

11. Words mean more than what is set down on paper. It takes the human voice to ________ them with the shades of deeper meaning.

12. If it be true that our thoughts and mental images are perfectly ________ things， like our books and pictures， to the inhabitants of the next world， then I am making for myself a better reputation there than I am in this place. 13. Although I had to search， and did search， for the right words， I seemed to be making this descriptive effort almost against my will， under a kind of ________ from outside.

14. ________ a man does not have to work so hard as to impair his vigor he is likely to find more zest in his free time than an idle man could possibly find. 15. And so we are suddenly ________ a sickening situation in this country. A. undisguised B. tangible C. stimulate D. verge E. infuse F. compulsion G. ridge H. dropped

I. faced with J. screened K. escalated into L. provided M. vanguard N. root cause O. rather than P. subject to Q. turn up R. retrenching S. increased T. retaining U. turn out V. pretending W. reason X. impulse 答案：

1. X 2. P 3. C 4. N 5. U 6. O 7.D 8. V 9. A 10. H 11. E 12. B 13. F 14. L 15. I 4.选题

考核学生对词义的正确理解，学生根据上下文选择正确答案勾出。

Each of the following sentences is given two choices of words or expressions. Choose the right one to complete the sentence.

1.The burn needs a （an） （[A] application， [B] treatment） of ointment three times a day， or it will get infected.

2.Porters laden with heavy bags were now （[A] walking， [B] Working） their way slowly across a rope bridge.

3.The （[A] studied， [B] learned） casualness of the stranger‘s manner put us on guard immediately.

4.This pretty girl seems to have plenty of confidence， but appearances are sometimes （[A] deceptive， [B] deceitful）。

5.To get （[A] permitted， [B] admitted） to the university， a student must have good results from the junior college.

6.Some plants are very （[A] sensible， [B] sensitive） to light； they prefer the shade.

7. As the living standard improves， the （A. span， B. length） of life is getting longer and longer.

8. The poor emperor was forced by the usurper to （A. abandon， B. abdicate）。

9. I find it difficult to operate this computer. Can you （A. demonstrate， B. exemplify） it for me？

10. The formal declaration of the news went four （A. documents， B. drafts） before it was submitted to the conference.

11. I had a fantastic （A. stretch， B. stroke） of luck last weekend. I picked up a genuine Stradivarius violin for only $20.

12. In the A-series football match， AC-Milan （A. beat， B. defended） all the other teams and became the champion as expected.

13. Some people watch television so much that they cannot （A. conceive， B. imagine） of living without it.

14. Filled with great （A. adulation， B. admiration） for their integrity and courage， he was determined to be a man like them.

15. The professor looked over our papers with a hasty （A. sight， B. glance）。 16. He was born in a small town （A. lived， B. inhabited） by about 1，500 people. 17. Mary made one last （A. attraction， B. appeal） to her father for permission to go to the party.

18. The old man thought their behavior was （A. contemptible， B. contemptuous）， but he didn‘t say anything in front of the hostess. 答案：

1. A 2. B 3. A 4. A 5. B 6. B 7. A 8. B 9. A 10. B 11. B 12. A 13. A 14. B 15. B 16. B 17. B 18. A 解析（限于篇幅只分析13-18题）：

这一部分主要检查学员对同、近义词的区分与应用。

13题区分A. conceive， B. imagine：都有“想象”的意思。imagine 表达“想象， 设想， 幻想”时，是及物动词， conceive 表达“想象；构想；设想”（常与by连用）。故此题选择A.

14题区分A. adulation， B. admiration：两词都有“对别人表达好意”之义，但前者表示“谄媚， 奉承”之意，有贬义；后者则有“赞美；钦佩；赞赏”之意，故答案为B.

15题区分A. sight， B. glance：都有“看”的意思。glance更有“匆匆一看”的意思，结合该句填空处前面一词 “hasty （匆忙的）”，我们可以断定应选择B.

16题区分A. lived， B. inhabited：都有“住”的意思。live作及物动词有“过着， 度过， 经历”之意，作不及物动词才有“活着， 生活， 居住”之意， inhabit有“居住； 栖息； 占据”，常作及物动词，且常用于被动语态。根据题意，应选择B.

17题区分A. attraction， B. appeal：都有“吸引，招人喜欢”的意思。attraction是“吸引； 吸引力”的意思； ， appeal除了有“吸引力”之意，还有“请求， 呼吁， 要求”的意思。这句话中明显要求是后一个意思，故答案应选B.

18题区分A. contemptible， B. contemptuous：都有“瞧不起的”之意。contemptible是“可鄙的， 下贱的， 不齿的， 可轻视的”之意；contemptuous为“轻蔑的， 目空一切的， 傲慢的”。前这表达被别人瞧不起，后者是瞧不起别人。故选择A. 5.英译中

考核学生对课文难句的理解及用汉语加以正确表达的能力。

a） Some sociologists say that your answers to them could explain a lot about what you are thinking and about what your society is thinking —— in other words， where you and your society are. [选自《高级英语》上册第一课]

译文：有些社会学家认为你对这些问题的回答可以充分说明你在想些什么，这个社会在想些什么 —— 换句话说，有关你及社会的态度。

b） When he was saying all those things against the government and against the council， he became more and more ugly and embittered and I used to be afraid for him. [选自《高级英语》上册第六课]

译文：他在发表那些反政府、反对美国印第安人事物委员会言论时，总会变得越来越气愤、充满怨恨。我曾为他担忧。 解析：

做这种题目时，还是要求考生对教材的内容有很好的把握。翻译什么最难——词、句、段落、篇章？。很多人会认为，难度是按照“词、句、段落、篇章”依次递增的。其实不然。一个单词的通常是多义的，单独出现，常人是很难穷尽其所有意义；而当该词与更多的词发生联系，其受到的制约越来越多，其意义范围越来越小，翻译起来也越好把握。

我们在翻译这些句子时，往往脱离了篇章（除非你能记得起来课文内容），所以句子的许多代词很难知道它们确切所指。而英文往往多使用代词，以避免重复；中文则不同，要表达明了，有时不忌讳重复。

上面例句 1中， “them” 指代什么？另外很多词、短语在不同的上下文中，都有不同的意思：

例句 1中，where you are 不是“你在哪儿”，而是“你是什么态度”。 例句 2中， be afraid 不是“害怕”，而是“担心；担忧”。 6.中译英

考核学生运用所学语言的能力。

i. 美国食品虽然包装考究和富有营养，但味道却一年比一年逊色。有些蔬菜味道就像图书馆里的浆糊。低温冷藏过的肉变成了皮革。这就是所谓的科学和经济学应用到食品生产上的恶果。[参见《高级英语》下册第八课]

译文：Although American food is handsomely packaged and nutritious， it tastes less good year by year. Some vegetables have the flavor of the library paste， Deep-frozen meats turn into leather. This is the consequence of the so-called science and economics applied in food production.

ii. 美国人比看电视花时间更多的事只有工作和睡眠。[参见《高级英语》上册第九课] 译文：The only things Americans do more than watch television are work and sleep. iii. 现在对美貌的狂热崇拜并不只是（从数学意义上看）财富的作用。[参见《高级英语》上册第十五课]

译文：The modern cult of beauty is not exclusively a function （in the mathematical sense） of wealth.

解析： 因为都是比较难的句子，所以这些句子中要么涉及许多“术语”，要么句子结构较为复杂。

例句 1中，“包装考究”，“图书馆里的浆糊”要译成“handsomely packaged” “the library paste”。不要把 “考究”译成“ observe and study” 或“carefully ”， 不要把“浆糊”译成“glue”。或 “starch”。

例句 2中，译文中需用到“do more than watch television”这个结构。注意在这种结构中“watch ”前不需要“to ”， 这是一个重要语法现象。

例句 3中，“狂热崇拜”，“从数学意义上看”要译成“cult ”及“ in mathematical sense”，不要译成“adoration ”，“in mathematical view ”。 B. 水平考试

要求考生在阅读试卷中与课程难易程度相当的、600~800字的短文后（不可使用辞典，如有超出教材要求的认知词汇的词语，考卷中附词汇表），回答考卷中题型中的题。题型如下：

1. 选择题

考核学生对短文的综合理解程度。考生根据短文内容勾出正确答案。 2. 单项选择

考核学生对词语在上下文中的确切含义的理解。考生根据该词语在文中含义从所提供的解释中勾出正确答案。 3. 英译中

考核学生对难句的理解。

4. 用英语回答有关短文内容的问题（80~100个字）

我们先来谈一下对阅读理解总的看法，然后就这一部分的题型别做一些解释： 如何认识阅读理解

阅读理解部分要求考生有一定的词汇量和语法结构知识，有较宽的知识面，有一定的阅读速度和准确率。衡量一位考生的阅读能力的标准主要有三个方面：1、阅读速度；2、理解能力；以及3、阅读技巧。这三者之间的关系是相辅相成的，某一方面有不足，都会影响到考试的成绩。

但我们发现不少考生在复习迎考时，特别注意扩大自己的词汇量，学习语法结构知识，也做了不少的题目，但表现总不是很理想。有的考生能一目十行，可对所阅读的内容却不知所云；有的考生理解能力强，却在规定的时间完不成考试要求；还有的考生速度也上去了，自觉对内容也理解，可是一做题就发蒙，总觉得每个选择答案都有道理。

其中的原因在于有些考生对阅读理解的认识存在一些错误。首先，对阅读理解的目的不清楚。不少考生误认为阅读理解就是按照原文顺序一句一句地从头读到尾，并对每个词、每个句子或每段落节都应给予同样程度的重视。事实上，阅读理解的目的在于为了获取我们所需要的信息。

其次，对英文行文特点和篇章结构布局不了解，不知道重要的和非重要的信息的一般出现在何处。实际上，正规英文文章是很有特点的，尤其是议论文和说明文，而这方面的文章又是我们接触最多的。如果一篇短文包含多个段落，那么，短文的首尾两段常常包含重要信息。因为作者往往会在文章的首段开宗明义地告诉读者他想说明什么，或者他想就什么论点展开讨论或分析，既所谓的文章的THEME.在文章的结尾段，作者往往会对他所说明的问题或他所讨论的论点等做一总结或概括。因此，结论性的东西常常会在末段出现。同样，文章的每个段落也有共同的特点，一段的首尾两句往往包含重要信息。因为概括段落中心意思的主题句（topic sentence）往往出现在段首或段末。作者为了使他的文章条理清楚，往往会将每一段落的中心意思用一句话概括出来，并将其置于段首或段末。在极个别的情况下，也会置于段中或不写出来，例如只有一段短文。

基于这样的认识，考生必须学会分析，在阅读文章时就不必一字一句地精读，而应该根据考试要求，学会捕捉、分析相关信息并区别对待。

再次，对英文词汇中哪类词重哪类词轻心中无数。总的来说，从词的层面来看，实词往往比虚词更重要。因为实词含有实在、具体的意思；虚词不包含任何实际意思，只起承上启下的作用。可是虚词中的连词却很例外，虽然它们也不包含实在意思，但它们常用来表明词与词、句子与句子甚至段落与段落之间的关系，这种功能决定了它在句中不可忽视。一些重要的连词归纳如下：

（1） 表示因果关系的信号词有：so，as a result，thus，therefore，hence，as a consequence，consequently

（2） 表示转折关系的信号词有：but，although，however，on the contrary，on the other hand，nevertheless，even so

（3） 表示递进关系的信号词有：and，moreover，furthermore，besides，likewise，also，similarly，in addition to

（4） 表示目的关系的信号词有：in order to，so that，for the purpose，to this end

（5） 表示例举关系的信号词有：for example，such as，namely，that is，for instance （6） 表示总结归纳关系的信号词有：in short，in conclusion，in brief，in summary 最后，有的考生知识面还不很广。有不少考生因为平时兴趣、爱好不甚广泛，关注领域较为有限，以至于在考试中遇到熟悉领域里的文章时做起题来还顺手，一碰到不熟悉方面的文章，速度、准确率就明显下降。这充分说明丰富、广博的知识和多方面的兴趣爱好能够增强考生的理解能力。我们希望广大考生能在空暇时间里多涉猎一些文章，与别人交谈时也一些新的信息、内容，不要觉得什么都不重要。要知道每个人都有这种感觉——“书到用时方很少”。

我们不否认具备丰富的词汇和语法结构知识，可以帮助考生在阅读理解部分获得较高的分数。这是因为如果没有一定的词汇量和丰富的语法结构知识作为支撑，奢谈什么技巧或方法都无益，毕竟基础是第一位的，而技巧是第二位的。

但如果在具备相当的词汇量和语法结构知识的同时，即基础扎实的同时，又能够了解并掌握一定的阅读技巧和解题方法，显能会对考生大有好处。媒体上不是常有文章报道，名牌大学的中文系的教师不一定能做好高考语文试卷；英语科班出身的人考TOEFL、GRE不一定有理工科学生得分高。前者不可谓基础不扎实，然而他们却不一定很关注技巧和解题方法。 所以，做好阅读理解题需要：扎实的英语基础 + 丰富的知识面 + 一定的解题技巧 阅读理解通常处理办法 一、 看问题，再读文章

on your course， of action， so fear of this particular danger is no longer of any use to you， and you have to try to overcome it.

Question： Children wou1d p1ay with fire until their hands were burnt away if ______.

A. they were given no warning beforehand B. they had never burnt themselves C. they had no sense of pain D. they were fearful of the fire 解答：选C.

本题是问文章中的一个细节。根据第一段的第二句话：“If fire did not hurt when it burnt，?”可以判断C项为正确答案。 （三）推断、引申题

该题形难度较大，要求考生在理解原文的基础上，根据文章中所阐述的事实细节和上下文的暗示与线索进行综合分析，然后做出推断或引申出合情合理的结论。 这种题型的常用提问方式有：

1） According to the article， many people may?。

2） An inference which may （not） be made from the article is?

3） In the paragraph following this one， we may expect the author to discuss? 4） It can be concluded from the passage that?

5） The paragraph preceding （following） this one may discuss?。 6） The passage implies that?

7） We can conclude （infer， see） from the article that?。 8） What conclusion can be drawn from the passage？‘ 9） Where wou1d this paragraph most probab1y appear？

10） Which of the following can （not） be inferred from the article？

例如：

Prices determine how resources are to be used. They are also the means by which products and services that are in limited supply are rationed among buyers. The price system of the United States is a very complex network composed of the prices of all the products bought and sold in the economy as we1l as those of a myriad of services， including labor， transportation， and public–utility services. The

interrelationships of al1 these prices make up the “system” of prices. The price of any particular product or service is linked to a broad， complicated system of prices in which everything seems to depend more or less upon everything e1se. If one were to ask a group of randomly selected individuals to define “price”， many would rep1y that price is an amount of money paid by the buyer to the seller of a product or service or， in other words， that price is the money value of a product or service as agreed upon in a market transaction. The definition is， of course， valid as far as it goes. For a complete understanding of a price in any particular transaction， much more than the amount of money involved must be known. Both the buyer and seller should be familiar with not only the money amount， but with the amount and qua1ity of the product or service to be exchanged， the time and place at which the exchange will take p1ace and payment will be made， the form of money to be used， the credit terms and discounts that supply to the transaction， guarantees on the product or service， delivery terms， return privileges， and other factors. In other words， both buyer and seller should be fully aware of all the factors that comprise the total “package” being exchanged for the asked—for amount of money in order that they may evaluate a given price.

Question： The paragraph following the passage most likely discusses_______. A. unusual ways to advertise products B. types of payment plans for service

C. theories about how products affect different levels of society D. how certain elements of price “package” influence its market value 解答：选D.

本题要求推断本文后续段落的段意。根据文章最后一句“?both buyer and seller should be fully aware of all the factors?in order that they may evaluate a given price.”买卖双方都要了解所有价格体系的决定因素，以便对实际价格做出评估。后面的段落将按逻辑讨论这些要素，由此选择D为答案。 （四）正误判断题

通常询问文章中所述的事情是否真实，某种提法是否正确或文章（作者）是否提及某事。常见题形如下：

1） All of the following are true except?? 2） The author （passage） does not tell us??

3） The author mentions all of the items 1isted below except?? 4） Which of the following does not explain?? ？ 5） Which of the following is NOT listed as?? ？

6） Which of the following is （not） mentioned in the article？ 7） Which of the following statements is （not） true？

8） Which of the following statements is wrong according to the author？ 例如：

How men first learnt to invent words is unknown； in other words， the origin of language is a mystery. All we really know is that men， unlike animals， somehow invented certain sounds to express thoughts and feelings， actions and things， so that they could communicate with each other； and that later they agreed upon certain signs， called letters， which could be combined to represent those sounds， and which could be written down. Those sounds， whether spoken or written in letters， we call words.

The power of words， then， lies in their associations —— the things they bring up before our minds. Words become filled with meaning for us by experience； and the longer we live， the more certain words recall to us the glad and sad events of our past； and the more we read and 1earn， the more the number of words that mean something to us increases.

Great writers are those who not only have great thoughts but a1so express these thoughts in words which appeal powerfully to our minds and emotions. This charming use of words is what we call literary style. Above all， the real poet is a master of words. He can convey his meaning in words which sing like music， and which by their position and association can move men to tears. We should therefore learn to choose our words carefully and use them accurately， or they wil1 make our speech silly and dull.

Question： Which of the following statements about the real poet is NOT true？ A. He is no more a master of words than an ordinary person.

B. He can convey his ideas in words which sing like music. C. He can move men to tears. D. His style is a1ways charming. 解答：选A.

这是一道是非题，需要找出一个错误的选项。根据文章最后一段，B，C，D三个 选项都是对的，必须排除。而A项说：一位真正的诗人并不比普通人能更好地掌握和运用

词语。这一说法显然是不对的（NOT true about the real poet），正符合题意。 A项为正确答案。 （五）作者态度题

该类题型是阅读理解部分最难的地方，要求考生根据文章领会作者的态度和情绪。这类题要求考生从文章中作者论述问题的方法、行文的语气和措辞中来把握作者对人与事的好恶，了解作者的态度和情感。 常用的提问方式有：

1） By using the expression “??”， the author implies that?。 2） From the passage we know that the author ——。 3） How does the author fee1 about？

4） It can be seen from the passage that the author regards with ——。 5） The author of the passage seems to be?

6） The author seems to be in favor of the idea of?

7） The author‘s attitude towards?? might be best summarized as—’ 8） The author‘s purpose of writing this article is? 9） What does the writer think of ?? ？ 10） What‘s the author’s opinion （attitude）？ 11） What‘s the tone of the passage？

12） Which of the fo1lowing the author is most likely to agree with？ 例如：

Around the world more and more people are taking part in dangerous sports and activities. Of course， there have always been people who have looked for adventure —— those who have climbed the highest mountains， explored unknown parts of the world or sailed in small boats across the greatest oceans. Now， however， there are people who seek an immediate excitement from a risky activity which may on1y last a few minutes or even seconds.

I would consider bungee jumping to be a good example of such an activity. You jump from a high place （perhaps a bridge or a hot-air balloon） 200 meters above the ground with an e1astic rope tied to your ankles. You fall at up to 150 kilometers an hour until the rope stops you from hitting the ground. It is estimated that two million people around the world have now tried bungee jumping. Other activities which most people would say are as risky as bungee jumping involve jumping from tall buildings and diving into the sea from the top of high cliffs.

Why do people take part in such activities as these？ Some psychologists suggest that it is because life in modern societies has become safe and boring. Not very long ago， people‘s lives were constantly under threat. They had to go out and hunt for food， diseases could not easi1y be cured， and life was a continuous battle for survival.

Nowadays， according to many people， life offers little excitement. They live and work in comparatively safe environment； they buy food in shops； and there are doctors and hospitals to look after them if they become ill. The answer for some of these people is to seek danger in activities such as bungee jumping.

Question： The writer of the passage has a（n） ______ attitude towards dangerous sports.

A. positive B. negative C. objective D. subjective 解答：选C.

本题要求考生对作者的态度作出判断。作者对危险的体育运动持积极态度（A）还 是消极态度（B），持客观的态度（C）还是主观的态度（D）？纵观全文，不难看出作者的态度较为客观。所以C为正确答案。 二、单项选择

考核学生对词语在上下文中的确切含义的理解。考生根据该词语在文中含义从所提供的解释中勾出正确答案。 词汇题的提问方式主要有：

1） By “??”， the author means?

2） In 1ine??， the word “??” could best be replaced by? 3） In line??， the word “??，‘ most probably means

4） In line??， the word “this （that， these， those， it， them）” stands for? -

5） The ita1icized word in line?? means? 6） The word （phrase） “??” is closest to? 7） The word （phrase） “??” probably means?

8） What is the possible meaning of the word“??” in line? ？ 9） Which is the probable definition of the word ‘??’？

10） Which of the following is nearest （closest） in meaning to ‘??’？ 例如：

The wor1d‘s population continues to grow. There now are about 4 bi1lion of us on earth. That could reach 6 billion by the end of the century and 11 billion in another 75 years. Experts long have been concerned about such growth. Where will we find the food， water， jobs， houses， schools and health care for all these people？

A major new study shows that the situation may be changing. A large and rapid drop in the world‘s birth rate has taken place during the past 10 years. Families generally are smal1er now than they were a few years ago. It is happening in both developing and industrial nations.

Researchers said they found a number of reasons for this. More men and women are waiting longer to get married and are using birth contro1 devices and methods to prevent or delay pregnancy. More women are going to school or working at jobs away form their homes instead of having children. And more governments， especially in developing nations， now support family planning programs to reduce population growth.

China is one of the nations that has made great progress in reducing its population growth. China has already cut its rate of population growth by about one half since 1970. China now urges each fami1y to have no more than one child. And it hopes to reach zero population growth， the number of births equaling the number of deaths， by the year 2000.

Several nations in Europe already have fewer births than deaths. Experts said that these nations cou1d face a serious shortage of workers in the future. And the persons who are working could face much higher taxes to help support the growing number of retired people.

Question： “Fami1y p1anning programs” means _______________. A. birth control policy in a country B. economic policy in a family C. TV programs designed for a family D. economic policy in a country 解答：选A.

本题问“计划生育”的含义是什么。第三段最后一句指出：‘more governments

especially in developing nations，now support family planning programs to reduce population growth’，因此计划生育是减少人口增长的手段，A为正确选项。 又如：

I wonder if you realize just how many others share your problem. It is so common for people to distort the truth about themselves. Sometimes it‘s just an invented excuse when you‘ re late for something or a pretence that you like someone you don‘t. These white lies don‘ t usually harm anyone and indeed often help smooth over difficult social situations. They certainly are embarrassing if exposed but，on the whole，they‘ re easily forgiven.

What you describe is a habit of 1ying that is more serious than this. I suspect that the lies you tell are ways of defending an idea you have of your own worth. People who have doubts about their own self-esteem often worry that others wil1 judge them as harshly as they feel they deserve because of a secret idea that they are pretty worthless. In other words， they create a false picture of themselves， a picture of someone who meets all the expectations they think others have of them. And as you say， that causes problems —— since they have to keep living up to that image. At

the same time， they have to tell further life to cover the stories they have already to1d. According to some authorities， this is particular1y among women especially those who have few opportunities to develop an adequate sense of self-worth.

I suggest you give yourself one day during which you stick solid1y to the truth about yourse1f. Give yourself a sma1l treat at the end of the day if you have managed to keep it up. Wait a week and then try it 8gain. Once you have achieved three separate lie-free days， see if you can cope with three days running， then extend it to a whole week. Don‘ t make a promise to yourself that you will never lie again because almost certainly you will —— it‘s too much to take on at once. Try to change things little by little， by setting yourself manageable targets. Alter a while， you‘ll wonder why you ever had the problem at al1.

Question： The expression“ living up to” in the second paragraph can best be replaced by _________.

A. growing up with B. living with C. seeking D. sticking to 解答：选D.

这是一道词汇题。Living up to 的意事与A、B、C三个答案意义相距甚远，故而D为本题最佳答案。

注：解词汇题时也可参看下面“英译中”部分的猜词手段。 三、英译中：考核学生对难句的理解。 考核学生对难句的理解。 难句翻译应遵循的主要步骤如下：

1. 先判断句子结构，确定该句是简单句、并列句还是复合句； 2. 如果是简单句，找出关键词：主谓宾或主系表； 3. 如果是并列句、复合句，找出各从句间的关系； 4. 分清从句层次，理清修饰成份之间的关系； 5. 区分各从句内的关键词； 6. 根据汉语习惯，写出译文；

7. 略作润色，使译文通顺； 8. 检查校对，拾遗补漏。

如遇到生词可采取下列办法来力图解决： Guess Translation 1. 定义（ definition）

通过上下文给出的定义，考生可以将某些生词的意思猜测出来。使定义与被定义的内 容之间建立起关系的词有： put it in another way，mean，in other words，that is，or，namely等等。

2. 重述（restatement）

所谓重述是指作者用另外的词，短语或句子将前面已述及的内容再重述一下。据重述 内容，考生可将前面内容中的生词的意思猜测出来。 3. 举例（examples）

从such as，like，for example，for instance，等词后所列举的例子以及所表示的前后同

位关系可以猜测出一些单词的词意。 4. 对比（contrast）

从表示对立或相反的信号词可以判断某些词语内容前后意思对立或相反。根据这一点， 考生可以从其中一个词猜测出另外一个词的意思。 Word-formation

1. Depression can be treated by medication and psychotherapy. Ironically， antidepressants can have drowsiness as a side effect. （Reader‘s Digest Jan. 1996） Psychotherapy（psycho + therapy）： 心理疗法；精神疗法； antidepressants （anti + depress + ant）： n.[医]抗抑郁剂， 抗抑郁病药

2. More recently he introduced himself into the debate on welfare reform by insisting that unwed motherhood， not joblessness， was the key problem. Unwed （un + wed ）： 没有结婚的，未婚的

Definition

1. As truck drivers have found， that can be dangerous， leading to

microsleeps——brief periods， lasting one to ten seconds， when you‘re snoozing even though your eyes are open. （Reader‘s Digest Jan. 1996）

microsleep： 短暂的昏睡（尤指失去正常睡眠者的阵发性昏睡， 通常仅持续1至10秒钟）

2. A dune is a hill of loose sand heaped by the sand； a glacier is a field of ice formed from compacted snow. Dune ： 沙丘； glacier冰河；冰川 Synonyms

1. Our uncle was roamer， an incurable wanderer who never could stay in one place. Roamer = wanderer ： 流浪者， 漂泊者

2. Only last week the bank had discovered nearly a thousand dollars in

counterfeit bills， source unknown. Their estimate was that thirty million dollars of bogus money had been produced the previous year. England and Canada were major supply sources of spurious US currency.

Counterfeit bills = bogus money = spurious US currency： 伪钞 Antonym

1. Her moods seem to go from one extreme to the other—— from deepest apathy to unlimited enthusiasm.

Apathy：冷淡；漠不关心——enthusiasm：热心；热情

2. He may be dexterous at football， but he is very clumsy on the dance floor. Dexterous：灵巧的（手）；敏捷的 ——clumsy：行动笨拙的；手脚不灵活的 3. Unlike her gregarious sister， Jane is a shy， unsociable person who does not like to go to parties or to make friends.

Gregarious：爱群居的；爱社交的——unsociable：不善交际的； 孤僻的 Contrast

1. His son fell into ignominy because of his betrayal， whereas his daughter gained fame because of her heroism in defying the enemy. Ignominy：无耻行为， 堕落行为，——fame：名声， 声望， 名气

2. Most dentists‘ offices are drab places， but Emilio‘s new office is a bright cheerful place.

Drab：单调， 乏味， 无生气——bright：明亮的， 辉煌的， 欢快的 Explanation

1. It‘s just one more incredible result of the development of

micro-processors——those tiny parts of a computer commonly known as silicon chip. Micro-processors = tiny parts of a computer = silicon chip： 硅片

2. Mary felt perturbed； that is， she was greatly disturbed by her sister‘s actions.

Perturbed = disturbed：使心烦意乱；扰乱；使混乱

3. The floors were washed， the furniture oiled and polished， and the curtains freshly laundered； the whole house was in immaculate condition for the holidays. Immaculate（。完美的） condition——the summary of the above

4. Henry field displayed his versatility in many ways： he was not only a novelist， he was also a dramatist， an essayist， and a political pamphleteer； he managed a theater and edited four newspapers； he was a learned authority on the law， an exceptionally able and efficient magistrate. Versatility：多功能性——many different skills Context and situation

1. In spite of the fact the fishermen were wearing sou‘westers， the storm was so heavy that they were wet through.

Sou‘wester ：一种后沿较宽可护颈之防水帽= southwester = long raincoat 2. Mozart gave his first public recital at the age of six. By the age of thirteen he had written symphonies and an operetta. He is justly called a child prodigy. Prodigy：天才（特指神童） = gifted child

3. We‘ve discovered that there are two main types of human beings： “racehorses”， who thrive on stress and are happy only with a vigorous， fast-paced life-style， and “turtles”， who require peace， quiet and a generally tranquil environment.

Racehorse： 赛马型的人 Turtles： 海龟型的人 例如2001年的考题：

Read the following passage carefully and translate the following sentences The Birth of Computing： The Forgotten Father Figure

1） It seems curious that Charles Babbage is remembered today as the grandfather of computing， for Babbage never completed a single one of his clunky mechanical calculating machines， and his work was largely forgotten after his death in 1871. It was only with the construction of the first electronic computers in the 1940s， by people who were unaware of Babbage‘s work， that the groundbreaking nature of that work became apparent. Had Babbage never lived， in other words， the rise of the computer would have happened anyway. That is because today’s computers owe their ancestry not to Babbage but to the work of another 19th-century pioneer， Hermann Hollerith.

2） In contrast to Babbage， who wanted to automate the business of mathematical calculation， Hollerith was interested the field of date processing. Babbage intended his elaborate“calculating engines”to be used by scientists， in much the same way that specialist supercomputers are today. The particular application he had in mind was the production of error-free mathematical and astronomical tables. Hollerith， on the other hand， made his name building machines to handle an enormous data-processing task： the analysis of the results of the United States‘ census. 3） When the first American census took place in 1790， tabulating the date it collected took nine months. As the country‘s population grew larger， however， and the number of questions asked in each census increased， a problem of delay gradually emerged. The results of the 1880 census took seven years to compile—making them out of date by the time they were published.

4） This was unsatisfactory because， for example， seats in the House of Representatives were （and are） assigned according to census data. It became apparent that a new way would have to be found to compile the results of the 1890 census， in order to keep up with rapid demographic changes. Indeed， without a new approach the 1900 census would already have been under way by the time the 1890 results became available.

5） Hollerith， a former employee of the Census Bureau， had the idea of building a tabulating machine. His first design， patented in 1884， used a long strip of paper into which holes were punched to represent information， The record for each person was to be punched across the strip， which would then be run through the machines. Electrical contacts made through the holes in the strip would drive electro-mechanical counters. In this way the number of records matching particular criteria could be counted.

6） Before long， Hollerith improved this scheme， by using combinations of holes to represent more complex pieces of information. At the same time， he switched from a paper strip to punched cards， By clever wiring of the tabulating machine， it was possible to count the number of cards with particular combinations of attributes. 7） Hollerith also invented a sorting machine， to facilitate the tabulation of subsets of the population. When a card was inserted into the tabulating machines， the counters would be updated accordingly， and the appropriate drawer in the sorting machine would open.

8） When it came to choosing a tabulating machine for the 1890 census， Hollerith‘s design was one of three contenders. The other two machines used colour-coded slips of paper and chips of wood to represent information. In a competition between them it took 72 hours to record all the data on to Hollerith’s punched cards， which was not vastly faster than the 144 hours and 100 hours taken by the other two machines.

9） The real advantage of Hollerith‘s system became clear， however， when it came to manipulating the stored date and compiling the results. Hollerith’s machines took less than six hours； the other machines took 55 and 44 hours

respectively. His design was chosen， and his machines compiled the results of the 1890 census in a mere six weeks， at a saving to the Census Bureau of $5million in staff costs—ten times more than expected.

10） This success enabled Hollerith to expand his Tabulating Machine Company into overseas markets. In 1911， the company merged with two others， and in 1924 the new firm changed its name to International Business Machine—now better known as IBM. There is， in other words， a direct line from Hollerith‘s tabulating machines to mainframe computers and， in 1981， to the first IBM PC.

11） It is ironic that today‘s computer industry has its origins in a

date-processing project carried out in 1890 that was completed on time and under budget， Modern computerisation projects， in contrast， tend to have far more in common with Babbage’s ill-fated attempt to build a mechanical computer， which cost a fortune and was eventually abandoned. Perhaps the fact that Hollerith is forgotten， while Babbage is remembered， should not be surprising at all.

tabulate： 制表

Now， translate the following sentences into Chinese：

1. Babbage intended his elaborate故“calculating engines” to be used by scientists， in much the same way specialist supercomputers are today. （in paragraph 2）

2.His first design， patented in 1884， used a long strip of paper into which holes were punched to represent information. （in paragraph 5）

3. At the same time， he switched from a strip to punched cards. （in paragraph 6）

4. The other two machines used colour-coded slips of paper and chips of wood to represent information. （in paragraph 8）

5. This success enabled Hollerith to expand his Tabulating Machine Company into overseas markets. （in paragraph 10） 参考译文：

1、 拜倍格打算把他精心设计的“计算机”（用于计算的机器）提供给科学家使用，使用方式差不多就象现在专家使用的超级计算机一样。

2、 他的第一次设计在1884年获得专利，是在一条长长的纸条上打孔来表达信息。 3、 同时，他从使用长纸条改为使用打孔的卡片。

4、 另外两台机器使用含有彩色代码的纸片和木片来表达信息。 5、 这一成功使赫勒瑞斯能够把他的制表机公司的业务扩展到海外市场。 再例如：

Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese.

The Core Technology & Network Co. Not even Sony‘s battery and magnetic-tape businesses could escape Idei’s reorganization. They were tossed into this new operating company with Sony‘s semiconductor， disk-drive， optical， and

flat-panel-display businesses. The benefits Idei seeks are straightforward. He wants greater standardization of components among Sony products so that the company can sharpen its manufacturing skill and reduce costs on the parts that really matter. Also by sharing more parts， the divisions should find it easier to link their products and pool know-how.

A good example is Sony‘s Memory Stick data-storage technology， which is finding its way into scores of Sony consumer-electronics products. A Memory Stick is a slim array of memory chips packaged in a durab1e plastic sleeve the shape and size of a stick of gum. The most capacious Memory Sticks hold as much as 60 floppy disks. That makes them a perfect medium for digital photos， MP3 music files， or texts for electronic books. Because the sticks were designed into so many Sony products， the Core Technology & Network Co. had an instant market.

Reorganizing the electronics units worked out so well last year that Idei decided this spring that it‘s time to get Sony’s music and movie businesses on the broadband bandwagon. Despite all the blather about software/hardware synergy over the past decade， these companies had always operated like free agents. But new technologies are bearing down on them with such speed—Sony Music Entertainment had been especially rattled by the huge online underground for free MP3 downloads of hit recording—that they now see the benefits of being closely aligned with a hardware company. It also helps that Stringer， who oversees Sony Pictures and the U.S. operations of Sony Music， is a fervent evangelist of Idei‘s broadband vision. So at the end of March， Idei consolidated the two companies， along with the Japanese music company， into a new entity called Sony Broadband Entertainment. Translation：

1） He wants greater standardization of components among Sony products so that the company can sharpen its manufacturing skill and reduce costs on the parts that really matter.

他希望扩大索尼产品元件的统一性，使公司能提高制造技术，降低成本。

2） A good example is Sony‘s Memory Stick data-storage technology， which is finding its way into scores of Sony consumer-electronics products.

索尼的记忆棒数据存储技术就是一个好例子，该技术正逐渐应用于索尼的几十种消费电子产品。

3） Because the sticks were designed into so many Sony products， the Core Technology & Network Co. had an instant market.

由于许多索尼产品都使用了这种记忆棒，核心技术和网络公司立刻就拥有了市场。 4） Reorganizing the electronics units worked out so well last year that Idei decided this spring that it‘s time to get Sony’s music and movie businesses on the broadband bandwagon.

去年对电子产品生产部门进行的重组进展得如此顺利，以致Idei今年春天决定让索尼公司的音乐和电影业务也要追上宽带浪潮。

5） But new technologies are bearing down on them with such speed—Sony Music Entertainment had been especially rattled by the huge online underground for free MP3 downloads of hit recording—that they now see the benefits of being closely aligned with a hardware company.

然而高速发展的新技术正在对它们形成强烈的冲击——索尼音乐娱乐公司一直是网上使用MP3文件免费下载畅销唱片的大规模地下活动特别突出的受害者，因此它们现在认识到和硬件公司建立紧密的联盟可以给它们带来很多好处。 四、英语回答有关短文内容的问题（80~100个字）

简答题解题的主要技巧与前面讲述的阅读理解技巧基本相同。 阅读时首先应做到：

1、 带着问题看文章，做到有的放矢。

2、 寻找主题句和关键词，迅速抓住主要思想。 3、 进行概括和推理，以求回答问题完整、贴切。 写出简要答案时，应做到：

1.回答要简短。不要画蛇添足，不要从原文中照搬整个句子。 2.做完后仔细检查。不要犯语法错误，拼读错误。 例如2003考题：

Read the following passage carefully and then answer the following question. Our Greedy Colleges

1） Many of our colleges are at it again. As they have done annually for the past six years， they have begun to unveil tuition increases that far outstrip [超过] the inflation rate. Next year， tuition is expected to rise 6 percent to 8 percent – even though inflation during 1986 was about 1.8 percent. Yale‘s president， Benno C. Schmidt Jr.， attributes his university’s tuition hike in part to “continuing cutbacks of governmental support for student aid. ” This assertion flies in the face of the facts. Since 1982， money available through Federal student aid programs has increased every single year. Overall， Federal outlays for student aid are up 57 percent since 1980. Since 1980， inflation has been just 26 percent. That is why the former chairman of the Senate Budget Committee， Pete V. Domenici， Republican of New Mexico， recently dismissed the claim of huge cuts in student aid programs as a “myth.”

2） If anything， increases in financial aid in recent years have enabled colleges and universities blithely to raise their tuitions， confident that Federal loan subsidies would help cushion the increase. In 1978， subsidies became available to a greatly expanded number of students. In 1980， college tuitions began rising year after year at a rate that exceeded inflation. Federal student aid policies do not cause college price inflation， but there is little doubt that they help make it possible.

3） At the same time that higher education has been cutting a bigger piece of the Federal pie， it has also received huge infusions of cash from state governments， from corporations， from foundations and from loyal alumni. The total increase in higher education spending from all these non-Federal sources is staggering. Spending for higher education now consumes about 40 percent of all money spent in America for education.

4） It is by no means clear that the performance of many of our colleges and universities justifies this level of expenditure. As I said on the occasion of Harvard‘s 350th anniversary， too many students fail to receive the education they deserve at our nation’s universities. The real problem is not lack of money but failure of vision.

5） Unfortunately， when it comes to higher education， this distinction is frequently lost Stanford University‘s vague justification for increased charges – “new knowledge is inherently more expensive” – only underscores the lack of focus and purpose at some of our nation’s most prestigious universities. 6） Higher education is not underfunded. It is under-accountable and

underproductive. Our students deserve better than this. They deserve an education commensurate with the large sums paid by parents and taxpayers and donors. 7） That our universities are places where students can receive a good education， or at least learn a lot， I have no doubt. But too often our universities leave education to chance – a good professor here and a great course there. There is too little real and sustained attention to education in the broader sense， to making sure that when our students leave after four years they leave as educated men and women.

8） It is also false to assert， as some have， that the Reagan Administration‘s student aid policies deprive disadvantaged students of the opportunity to attend college. In fact， the Administration has consistently sought to redirect aid to the neediest students.

9） Under the Administration‘s fiscal 1988 budget proposal， all students presently receiving aid would continue to be eligible for the same dollar amount

of aid. One in six of all college students would still be eligible to receive Federal grants. Those less needy would still have access to aid in the form of loans. 10） One particular Administration proposal， Income Contingent Loans，

represents the most serious attempt to improve student aid in 15 years. The loans would permit repayment schedules to be tailored to a student‘s income. A graduate’s payments would never have to exceed 15 percent of his adjusted gross income， and he could have as long as necessary to repay.

11） An advantage of the Administration‘s proposals is that they would help make colleges and universities accountable to the prime beneficiaries of their services – the students.

12） Because students would pay a market-based interest rate， they would bear the true cost of borrowing the additional capital needed to finance tuition increases. Instead of insulating colleges and universities form such market forces， the Administration‘s policies would make colleges and universities more readily accountable to them.

13） Higher education clearly provides benefits to society in general.

Recognizing this， the American people have generously provided the tax dollars， grants and highly subsidized loans necessary to support higher education. But the chief beneficiaries of a college education are the students. On average， college graduates earn $640，000 more over their lifetimes than nongraduates do. It is simply not fair to ask taxpayers， many of whom do not go to college， to pay more than their fair share of the tuition burden.

Answer the following essay question in English within 80-100 words. Do you agree with the author that the American colleges are greedy and unaccountable？ Why or Why not？ 答案要点：

A：There is one point to the first question—Yes or no.

B： There are two points to the second question — 1. The situation and problems of education in the United States； 2. The causes. Reference answer：

I agree with the author that American colleges are charging too much and the performance of many colleges doesn‘t justify the level of their expenditure.

The current situation of higher education in the US is that the tuition hike is continuing，much faster than contemporary inflation rate. Meanwhile，it is fairly difficult for those colleges to make their services for students accountable. Students cannot receive the education that corresponds to the level of the payment by their parents and taxpayers.

There are several reasons for this：First，colleges mystify the federal cuts to financial aid to higher education； secondary，they believe ‘new knowledge’ deserves more；and lastly，the current student loan program is not sensible. （Words： 115）

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