现在分词作定语和状语

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V.+ing用作现在分词作定语和状语

课前预习案

学习建议:根据所列例句,理解并尝试总结现在分词在句子中的用法。 动词--ing形式作定语和状语

I.ing 形式作定语

1. 现在分词作前置定语时,在逻辑上与所修饰的名词之间为主谓关系,也可改成定语从句;如果与所修饰的名词之间没有主谓关系,定语相当于一个介词for引导的短语。现在分词位于所修饰的名词之后做后置定语,与所修饰的名词之间呈逻辑上的主谓关系,相当于一个定语从句。如:a listening child= a child who is listening, a walking stick= a stick for walking.

2. 现在分词作后置定语

The girl standing under the tree is really charming.

这句话中,standing under the tree就做girl的后置定语,意为“站在树下的女孩子” 。The girl (who is)standing under the tree 这里加上who is则变为从句,省略则为现在分词作后置定语

定语:起修饰限定作用的语言成分,多为“···的”; 后置定语,顾名思义,放在被修饰词后的定语。

现在分词作定语, 多表主动和进行的含义。有别于过去分词,表被动含义。 请体会下两句:

The teacher came in, following some students. 老师跟着一些学生进来了。(学生在老师之前)

The teacher came in, followed by some students.老师被一些学生跟着进来了。即:老师进来了,他后面跟着一些学生。(学生在老师之后)

3. 现在分词作定语往往表示“令人??”,主动的或正在进行的动作。如:a moving film, a developing country.

II. ing 形式作状语

动词-ing形式在句子中做状语,表示的动作是主语动作的一部分,与谓语动词表示的动作或状态是同时或者几乎同时发生的,经常可以做时间、原因、方式、条件、结果、目的、让步状语从句。句子的主语必须是状语的逻辑主语;而且主语与作状语的分词之间呈逻辑上的主谓关系。

1.原因状语,相当于原因状语从句。 1).Being ill, she didn’t go to school today. 因为生病,她今天没上学去。

2). Seeing no one at home, I decided to come again. 看见没有人在家,我决定再来一趟。

2. 时间状语,相当于when, while等引导的从句。 1).Hearing the good news, he jumped with joy. 当听到这个好消息时,他高兴地跳了起来。 2).Walking in the street, I saw a friend of mine.

当我走在街上时,我看到了我的朋友。

如果分词短语表示的动作与谓语表示的动作同时发生,常在分词短语前加上when或while。

3).Be careful when crossing the street. 过街时小心。

3. 伴随状语,与谓语所表示的动作同时发生。 1).He sat at the table reading China Daily. 他坐在桌子旁看《中国日报》。

2).Talking and smiling, they went into the room. 他们又说又笑地走进房间。 4. 结果状语。

1).The mother died, leaving a lot of money for her children. 母亲去世了,给她的孩子留下了一大笔钱。 5. 条件状语。

Turning right, you will find the place you want. 往右转弯,你就会找到你要找的地方了。

III.现在分词短语作状语时,它的逻辑主语一般须与句子的主语一致。作状语的分词相当于一个状语从句。

1).Seeing from the top of the hill, we can see our beautiful school.

从山顶望下去,我们就能看到我们美丽的学校。

但有时它也可以有自己独立的逻辑主语,独立主语=逻辑主语+现在分词??表示伴随,时间、原因,条件。

2).Many people being absent, they decided to put the meeting off. 由于许多人都缺席了,他们决定取消这次会议。 IV. 现在分词的否定形式。 现在分词的否定式:not+ v.ing 完成式的否定式:not+ having done

Not having heard from her son for a long time, the mother worried a great deal.

由于很久没有收到儿子的来信,这位母亲很担心。 V. 现在分词的时态和语态的用法。

1). 分词一般式表示的动作和谓语动词所表示的动作一般同时进行时,则用分词的一般式形式。

He walked on the street, seeing back from time to time. 他走在街上,不时地向身后看看

2). 如果分词所表示的动作先于谓语动词发生,则用分词的完成式形式。 Having finished his work, Henry went home. 完成了他的工作后,亨利回家了。

语法聚焦预习自测

1._________ her telephone number, I couldn’t ring her up.由于不知道她的电话号码,我无法打电话给她。

2. ____________________, we will go there on foot. 天气好的话,我们将步行去那里。 3.___________________, I met Mary. 上学时我遇见了玛丽。

4. I turn off the light, ____________________. 我把灯关了,所以什么也看不见。

5. _____________________, you will succeed. 努力工作,你就会成功。 6. _____________________ his letter, I decided to write to him. 没收到他的来信,我决定给他写信。

7. The building __________(build) now is our new library.

8. __________________________(give) such a good chance, how could you let it slip away?

9. He stood, __________(lean) against the wall/

10. The song is sung all over the country, _______ (make) it the most popular song.

答案:

1. Not knowing 2. Weather permitting 3. While going to the school 4. seeing nothing 5. Working hard 6. Not receiving 7. being built 8. Having been given 9. leaning 10. making 课内探究案

探究总结动词-ing的用法

教学建议:如何判断非谓语动词的形式和动词-ing的各种形式是重点,帮助学生形成判断的依据和规则,注意v-ing作状语时的特性:时间性、语态性和主语一致性。

1. 动词的-ing形式做状语时表示什么含义?

______________________________________________ ______________________________________________

答案:动词-ing形式在句子中做状语,表示的动作是主语动作的一部分,与谓语动词表示的动作或状态是同时或者几乎同时发生的,经常可以做时间、原因、方式、条件、结果、目的、让步状语从句。句子的主语必须是状语的逻辑主语;而且主语与作状语的分词之间呈逻辑上的主谓关系。

2.动词的-ing形式变化: 主动形式 被动形式 一般式 完成式 答案: 一般式 完成式 主动形式 被动形式 doing having done being done having been done

3. 现在分词的否定形式是什么?

____________________________________________________________________________________________

答案:

现在分词的否定形式: 现在分词的否定式:not+ v.ing 完成式的否定式:not+ having done II. 学以致用 一、词汇运用

1. It rained heavily in the south, serious flooding in several

provinces.(2010 天津)

A. caused B. having caused C. causing D. to cause

2. at my classmates' faces, I read the same excitement in their eyes.(2010 北京)

A. Looking B. Look C. To look D. Looked

3. The retired man donated most of his savings to the school damaged by the earthquake in Yushu ,________the students to return to their classrooms.(2010 江苏)

A. enabling B. having enabled C. to enable D. to have enabled

4 The lady walked around the shops, _______ an eye out for bargains.(2010 江西)

A keep B kept C keeping D to keep

5. Lots of rescue workers were working around the clock, supplies to Yushu, Qinghai province after the earthquake.(2010 福建)

A. sending B. to send C. having sent D. to have sent

6. He had a wonderful childhood, _______with his mother to all corners of

the world.(2010 安徽)

A. travel B.to travel. C. traveled D. traveling

7. Dina, for months to find a job as a waitress, finally took a position at a local advertising agency.(2010 湖南)

A. struggling B. struggled C. having struggled D. to struggle

8. The lawyer listened with full attention, to miss any point.(2010 四川)

A.not trying B.trying not C.to try not D.not to try

9. The news shocked the public, _______to great concern about students’ safety at school.(2010 重庆)

A. having led B. ledC. leading D. to lead 答案:

1. CAACA 6. DCBC

Ⅲ.学贵有疑——我思考,我收获!

学习建议:结合以上学习,请你用3-5分钟的时间与同学自由质疑和答惑。 Ⅳ.我的收获——反思静悟、体验成功

——请写出本堂课学习中,你认为感悟最深的一至两条收获。

V.+ing 作动名词具有名词的词性,可以作主语、动词宾语和介词宾语

例题

例题1(1999年1月考题)____in the desert is mainly due to the limited supply of desert water.

(A) Plants are widely spaced

(B) The spacing of plants is wide

(C) Plants to be spaced widely

(D) The wide spacing of plants

首先分析句子结构。该句的主干是:is due to the limited supply.这里,句子缺主语。所以,空格中应该填入名词或者名词词组。选项A和B都是完整的主谓结构,而非名词或名词词组。根据due to的用法,我们又能排除C,所以正确答案是D。

例题2(1999年1月考题)

Most leaves are coated with a waterproof _____, or cuticle.

(A) that the covering

(B) and is covering

(C) covering

(D) by covering

这已经是一个简单的句子结构,即主谓完整。如果你认识waterproof这个词,你就知道空格里应该填入名词。因为waterproof是形容词,它只能修饰名词或者动名词。(这里的

waterproof不能表示类别做名词,因为前面的冠词是a而不是the)你也可以根据平行结构,由or cuticle判断空格里应该填入名词或者动名词。(cuticle:表皮)而4个选项中只有C是名词或者动名词。?

例题3(1999年8月考题)

The term belles-lettres is used to denote literary forms that contain_____, such as drama, poetry, essays, and novels.

(A) artistic, creative writing

(B) writing that artistic, creative

(C) artistic, creative, and writing

(D) them is artistic, creative writing

首先,分析句子结构。该句子的主干是:The term belles-lettres is used to denote literary forms。后面的that引导的从句修饰名词词组literary forms,contain是动词(包含),后面应该带名词或名词词组。不但如此,such as这个短语引出的drama, poetry, essays, and novels应该是空格的同位语,再次说明空格内应填入名词或名词词组。选项A正好是能做contain的宾语的名词短语。其中,形容词artistic和creative修饰动名词writing,组成名词词组。选项B中的that后面缺少助动词is。选项D也能构筑一个完整的句子结构,但是表达甚是累赘,而且代词them指代错误(them指代forms)。所以,正确答案是A。?

例题4(1999年8月考题)

Paul Samuelson revolutionized _____by presenting his students with the most advanced economic thinking at an introductory level.

(A) to teach economics

(B) the teaching of economics

(C) teaching that economics is

(D) economics is taught

首先,分析句子结构。空格后的by引导的动作做方式状语(by presenting his students with the most advanced economic thinking as an introductory level),句子的主干是Paul Samuelson revolutionized ______。由动词revolutionized(对...进行革命)的用法得出,其后应该填入名词或者名词词组,以构成完整的主谓宾结构(如果谓语动词作及物动词,句子的完整结构应该包含主谓宾结构;如果谓语动词作非及物动词,句子的完整结构是主谓结构)。对于选项A,动词revolutionize并没有revolutionize to do sth的用法,也就是说revolution做动词时,即revolutionize是及物动词,后不加不定式。选项B正好是可构成宾语的名词词组。对于选项C,其中的that economics is用法错误,因为它不能当从句修饰可做名词的动名词teaching。而对于选项D,它是一个完整的主谓结构,填入空格中根本没法形成一个结构合理的句子。

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