致癌物分类

致癌物分类

IARC根据对人类和对实验动物致癌性资料，以及在实验系统和人类其他有关的资料(包括癌前病变、肿瘤病理学、遗传毒性、结构—活性关系，代谢和动力学，理化参数及同类的生物因子)进行综合评价，将环境因子和类别、混合物及暴露环境与人类癌症的关系分为下列五类四组： 第一类：致癌

组1，对人类是致癌物。对人类致癌性证据充分者属于本组。如吸烟和二手烟。

第二类：很可能致癌

组2，对人类是很可能或可能致癌物。又分为两组，即组2A和组2B。 组2A，对人类很可能(probably)是致癌物，指对人类致癌性证据有限。对实验动物致癌性证据充分。如生产艺术玻璃、常用电吹风的理发师。 第三类：可能致癌

组2B，对人类是可能(possible)致癌物，指对人类致癌性证据有限，对实验动物致癌性证据并不充分；或指对人类致癌性证据不足，对实验动物致癌性证据充分。 第四类：未知

组3，现有的证据不能对人类致癌性进行分类。 第五类：很可能不致癌

组4，对人类可能是非致癌物。 编辑本段致癌物五类明细表

IARC专家组在2010年1月最新报告对834种环境因子和类别、混合物及暴露环境与人类癌症关系评价结果，

其中组1有100种，组1B有68种，组2B有246种，组3有516种，组4有1种。

IARC对化学物质引起人类癌症危险性评价，是目前公认的权威性资料。在要了解某种化学物的致癌性时，应首先查阅IARC的资料(网址http：193．51．164．11/monoeval/crthgr01．html)。

毒理学网 2010年1月12日

Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity to Humans Group 1: Carcinogenic to humans (100) Agents and groups of agents

4-Aminobiphenyl [92-67-1] (Vol. 1, Suppl. 7; 1987)

Arsenic [7440-38-2] and arsenic compounds (Vol. 23, Suppl. 7; 1987) (NB:

This evaluation applies to the group of compounds as a whole and not

necessarily to all individual compounds within the group) Asbestos [1332-21-4] (Vol. 14, Suppl. 7; 1987) Azathioprine [446-86-6] (Vol. 26, Suppl. 7; 1987) Benzene [71-43-2] (Vol. 29, Suppl. 7; 1987) Benzidine [92-87-5] (Vol. 29, Suppl. 7; 1987)

Benzo[a]pyrene [50-32-8] (Vol. 32, Suppl. 7, Vol. 92; in preparation)

(NB: Overall evaluation upgraded from 2B to 1 based on mechanistic and

other relevant data)

Beryllium [7440-41-7] and beryllium compounds (Vol. 58; 1993) N,N-Bis(2-chloroethyl)-2-naphthylamine (Chlornaphazine) [494-03-1] (Vol.

4, Suppl. 7; 1987)

Bis(chloromethyl)ether [542-88-1] and chloromethyl methyl ether [107-30-2]

(technical-grade)

(Vol. 4, Suppl. 7; 1987)

1,4-Butanediol dimethanesulfonate (Busulphan; Myleran) [55-98-1] (Vol. 4,

Suppl. 7; 1987)

Cadmium [7440-43-9] and cadmium compounds (Vol. 58; 1993) Chlorambucil [305-03-3] (Vol. 26, Suppl. 7; 1987) 1-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-(4-methylcyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea (Methyl-CCNU;

Semustine) [13909-09-6] (Suppl. 7; 1987) Chromium[VI] (Vol. 49; 1990)

Ciclosporin [79217-60-0] (Vol. 50; 1990)

Cyclophosphamide [50-18-0] [6055-19-2] (Vol. 26, Suppl. 7; 1987)

Diethylstilboestrol [56-53-1] (Vol. 21, Suppl. 7; 1987) Epstein-Barr virus (Vol. 70; 1997)

Erionite [66733-21-9] (Vol. 42, Suppl. 7; 1987)

Estrogen-progestogen menopausal therapy (combined) (Vol. 72, Vol. 91; in

preparation)

Estrogen-progestogen oral contraceptives (combined) (Vol. 72, Vol. 91; in

preparation)

(NB: There is also convincing evidence in humans that these agents confer

a protective effect against cancer in the endometrium and ovary) Estrogens, nonsteroidal (Suppl. 7; 1987) (NB: This evaluation applies to

the group of compounds as a whole and not necessarily to all individual

compounds within the group)

Estrogens, steroidal (Suppl. 7; 1987) (NB: This evaluation applies to

the group of compounds as a whole and not necessarily to all individual

compounds within the group)

Estrogen therapy, postmenopausal (Vol. 72; 1999)

Ethylene oxide [75-21-8] (Vol. 60; 1994) (NB: Overall evaluation upgraded

from 2A to 1 with supporting evidence from other relevant data) Etoposide [33419-42-0] in combination with cisplatin and bleomycin (Vol. 76; 2000)

Formaldehyde [50-00-0] (Vol. 88; 2006)

Gallium arsenide [1303-00-0] (Vol. 86; 2006) [Gamma Radiation: see X- and Gamma (g)-Radiation]

Helicobacter pylori (infection with) (Vol. 61; 1994)

Hepatitis B virus (chronic infection with) (Vol. 59; 1994) Hepatitis C virus (chronic infection with) (Vol. 59; 1994) Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (infection with) (Vol. 67; 1996)

Human papillomavirus types 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59

and 66 (Vol. 64, Vol. 90; in preparation) (NB: The HPV types that have

been classified as carcinogenic to humans can differ by an order of

magnitude in risk for cervical cancer)

Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (Vol. 67; 1996) Melphalan [148-82-3] (Vol. 9, Suppl. 7; 1987)

8-Methoxypsoralen (Methoxsalen) [298-81-7] plus ultraviolet A radiation

(Vol. 24, Suppl. 7; 1987)

MOPP and other combined chemotherapy including alkylating agents (Suppl. 7; 1987)

Mustard gas (Sulfur mustard) [505-60-2] (Vol. 9, Suppl. 7; 1987) 2-Naphthylamine [91-59-8] (Vol. 4, Suppl. 7; 1987)

Neutrons (Vol. 75; 2000) (NB: Overall evaluation upgraded from 2B to 1

with supporting evidence from other relevant data) Nickel compounds (Vol. 49; 1990)

N‘-Nitrosonornicotine (NNN) [16543-55-8] and

4-(N-Nitrosomethylamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)- 1-butanone (NNK) [64091-91-4]

(Vol. 37, Suppl. 7, Vol. 89; in preparation) (NB: Overall evaluation

upgraded from 2B to 1 based on mechanistic and other relevant data)

[Oestrogen: see Estrogen]

Opisthorchis viverrini (infection with) (Vol. 61; 1994) [Oral contraceptives, combined estrogen-progestogen: see Estrogen-progestogen oral contraceptives (combined)] Oral contraceptives, sequential (Suppl. 7; 1987) Phosphorus-32, as phosphate (Vol. 78; 2001)

Plutonium-239 and its decay products (may contain plutonium-240 and other

isotopes), as aerosols (Vol. 78; 2001)

Radioiodines, short-lived isotopes, including iodine-131, from atomic

reactor accidents and nuclear weapons detonation (exposure during

childhood) (Vol. 78; 2001)

Radionuclides, a-particle-emitting, internally deposited (Vol. 78; 2001)

(NB: Specific radionuclides for which there is sufficient evidence for

carcinogenicity to humans are also listed individually as Group 1 agents)

Radionuclides, b-particle-emitting, internally deposited (Vol. 78; 2001)

(NB: Specific radionuclides for which there is sufficient evidence for

carcinogenicity to humans are also listed individually as Group 1 agents)

Radium-224 and its decay products (Vol. 78; 2001) Radium-226 and its decay products (Vol. 78; 2001) Radium-228 and its decay products (Vol. 78; 2001)

Radon-222 [10043-92-2] and its decay products (Vol. 43, Vol. 78; 2001)

Schistosoma haematobium (infection with) (Vol. 61; 1994) Silica [14808-60-7], crystalline (inhaled in the form of quartz or

cristobalite from occupational sources) (Vol. 68; 1997) Solar radiation (Vol. 55; 1992)

Talc containing asbestiform fibres (Vol. 42, Suppl. 7; 1987) Tamoxifen [10540-29-1] (Vol. 66; 1996) (NB: There is also conclusive

evidence that tamoxifen reduces the risk of contralateral breast cancer)

2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-para-dioxin [1746-01-6] (Vol. 69; 1997) (NB:

Overall evaluation upgraded from 2A to 1 with supporting evidence from

other relevant data)

Thiotepa [52-24-4] (Vol. 50; 1990)

(NB: Overall evaluation upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence

from other relevant data)

N-Methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine(MNNG) [70-25-7] (Vol. 4, Suppl. 7;

1987) (NB: Overall evaluation upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting

evidence from other relevant data)

N-Methyl-N-nitrosourea [684-93-5] (Vol. 17, Suppl.7; 1987) (NB: Overall

evaluation upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from other

relevant data)

Nitrate or nitrite (ingested) under conditions that result in endogenous

nitrosation (Vol. 94; in preparation)

Nitrogen mustard [51-75-2] (Vol. 9, Suppl. 7; 1987)

N-Nitrosodiethylamine [55-18-5] (Vol. 17, Suppl. 7; 1987) (NB: Overall

evaluation upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from other

relevant data)

N-Nitrosodimethylamine [62-75-9] (Vol. 17, Suppl. 7; 1987) (NB: Overall

evaluation upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from other

relevant data)

Phenacetin [62-44-2] (Vol. 24, Suppl. 7; 1987)

Procarbazine hydrochloride [366-70-1] (Vol. 26, Suppl. 7; 1987) (NB:

Overall evaluation upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from

other relevant data)

Styrene-7,8-oxide [96-09-3] (Vol. 60; 1994) (NB: Overall evaluation

upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from other relevant data)

Teniposide [29767-20-2] (Vol. 76; 2000) (NB: Overall evaluation

upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from other relevant data)

Tetrachloroethylene [127-18-4] (Vol. 63; 1995) ortho-Toluidine [95-53-4] (Vol. 77; 2000) Trichloroethylene [79-01-6] (Vol. 63; 1995)

1,2,3-Trichloropropane [96-18-4] (Vol. 63; 1995)

Tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate [126-72-7] (Vol. 20, Suppl. 7, Vol.

71;1999) (NB: Overall evaluation upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting

evidence from other relevant data)

Ultraviolet radiation A (Vol. 55; 1992) (NB: Overall evaluation upgraded

from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from other relevant data) Ultraviolet radiation B (Vol. 55; 1992) (NB: Overall evaluation upgraded

from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from other relevant data) Ultraviolet radiation C (Vol. 55; 1992) (NB: Overall evaluation upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from other relevant data)

Vinyl bromide [593-60-2] (Vol. 39, Suppl. 7, Vol. 71; 1999) (NB: Overall evaluation upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from

other relevant data)

Vinyl fluoride [75-02-5] (Vol. 63; 1995) Mixtures

Creosotes [8001-58-9] (Vol. 35, Suppl. 7, Vol. 92; in preparation)

Diesel engine exhaust (Vol. 46; 1989)

High-temperature frying, emissions from (Vol. 95; in preparation)

Hot mate (Vol. 51; 1991)

Household combustion of biomass fuel (primarily wood), indoor emissions

from (Vol. 95; in preparation)

Non-arsenical insecticides (occupational exposures in spraying and

application of) (Vol. 53; 1991)

Polychlorinated biphenyls [1336-36-3] (Vol. 18, Suppl. 7; 1987) Exposure circumstances

Art glass, glass containers and pressed ware (manufacture of) (Vol. 58;

1993)

Carbon electrode manufacture (Vol. 92; in preparation) Cobalt metal with tungsten carbide (Vol. 86; 2006)

Hairdresser or barber (occupational exposure as a) (Vol. 57; 1993)

Petroleum refining (occupational exposures in) (Vol. 45; 1989) Sunlamps and sunbeds (use of) (Vol. 55; 1992) Last updated: 29 November 2006

Group 2B: Possibly carcinogenic to humans (246) Agents and groups of agents

A-a-C (2-Amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole) [26148-68-5] (Vol. 40, Suppl. 7; 1987)

Acetaldehyde [75-07-0] (Vol. 36, Suppl. 7, Vol. 71; 1999) Acetamide [60-35-5] (Vol. 7, Suppl. 7, Vol. 71; 1999) Acrylonitrile [107-13-1] (Vol. 71; 1999)

AF-2 [2-(2-Furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)acrylamide] [3688-53-7] (Vol.31,

Suppl. 7; 1987)

Aflatoxin M1 [6795-23-9] (Vol. 56; 1993)

para-Aminoazobenzene [60-09-3] (Vol. 8, Suppl. 7; 1987) ortho-Aminoazotoluene [97-56-3] (Vol. 8, Suppl. 7; 1987) 2-Amino-5-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazole [712-68-5] (Vol. 7, Suppl. 7; 1987)

Amsacrine [51264-14-3] (Vol. 76; 2000) ortho-Anisidine [90-04-0] (Vol. 73; 1999) Antimony trioxide [1309-64-4] (Vol. 47; 1989)

Aramite? [140-57-8] (Vol. 5, Suppl. 7; 1987)

Auramine [492-80-8] (technical-grade) (Vol. 1, Suppl. 7; 1987) Azaserine [115-02-6] (Vol. 10, Suppl. 7; 1987)

Aziridine [151-56-4] (Vol. 9, Suppl. 7, Vol. 71; 1999) (NB: Overall

evaluation upgraded from 3 to 2B with supporting evidence from other

relevant data)

Benz[j]aceanthrylene [202-33-5] (Vol. 92; in preparation) (NB: Overall

evaluation upgraded from 3 to 2B with supporting mechanistic and other

relevant data)

Benz[a]anthracene [56-55-3] (Vol. 32, Suppl. 7, Vol. 92; in preparation)

Benzo[b]fluoranthene [205-99-2] (Vol. 32, Suppl. 7, Vol. 92; in preparation)

Benzo[j]fluoranthene [205-82-3] (Vol. 32, Suppl. 7, Vol. 92; in preparation)

Benzo[k]fluoranthene [207-08-9] (Vol. 32, Suppl. 7, Vol. 92; in preparation)

Benzofuran [271-89-6] (Vol. 63; 1995)

Benzo[c]phenanthrene [195-19-7] (Vol. 32, Suppl. 7, Vol. 92; in preparation) (NB: Overall evaluation upgraded from 3 to 2B with supporting evidence from other relevant data)

Benzyl violet 4B [1694-09-3] (Vol. 16, Suppl. 7; 1987) 2,2-Bis(bromomethyl)propane-1,3-diol [3296-90-0] (Vol. 77; 2000)

Bleomycins [11056-06-7] (Vol. 26, Suppl. 7; 1987) (NB: Overall evaluation upgraded from 3 to 2B with supporting evidence from other

relevant data)

Bracken fern (Vol. 40, Suppl. 7; 1987)

Bromodichloromethane [75-27-4] (Vol. 52, Vol. 71; 1999) Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) [25013-16-5] (Vol. 40, Suppl. 7;1987)

b-Butyrolactone [3068-88-0] (Vol. 11, Suppl. 7, Vol. 71; 1999) Caffeic acid [331-39-5] (Vol. 56; 1993)

Carbon black [1333-86-4] (Vol. 65, Vol. 93; in preparation) Carbon tetrachloride [56-23-5] (Vol. 20, Suppl. 7, Vol. 71; 1999) Catechol [120-80-9] (Vol. 15, Suppl. 7, Vol. 71; 1999) Chlordane [57-74-9] (Vol. 79; 2001)

Chlordecone (Kepone) [143-50-0] (Vol. 20, Suppl. 7; 1987)

Chlorendic acid [115-28-6] (Vol. 48; 1990)

para-Chloroaniline [106-47-8] (Vol. 57; 1993)

3-Chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone [77439-76-0] (Vol.

84; 2004)

Chloroform [67-66-3] (Vol. 73; 1999)

1-Chloro-2-methylpropene [513-37-1] (Vol. 63; 1995)

Chlorophenoxy herbicides (Vol. 41, Suppl. 7; 1987)

4-Chloro-ortho-phenylenediamine [95-83-0] (Vol. 27, Suppl.7; 1987)

Chloroprene [126-99-8] (Vol. 71; 1999)

Chlorothalonil [1897-45-6] (Vol. 73; 1999)

Chrysene [218-01-9] (Vol. 32, Suppl. 7, Vol. 92; in preparation) CI Acid Red 114 [6459-94-5] (Vol. 57; 1993) CI Basic Red 9 [569-61-9] (Vol. 57; 1993)

CI Direct Blue 15 [2429-74-5] (Vol. 57; 1993)

Citrus Red No. 2 [6358-53-8] (Vol. 8, Suppl. 7; 1987) Cobalt [7440-48-4] and cobalt compounds (Vol. 52; 1991) (NB: Evaluated

as a group)

Cobalt sulfate [10026-24-1] and other soluble cobalt(II) salts (Vol. 86; 2006)

para-Cresidine [120-71-8] (Vol. 27, Suppl. 7; 1987) Cycasin [14901-08-7] (Vol. 10, Suppl. 7; 1987) Dacarbazine [4342-03-4] (Vol. 26, Suppl. 7; 1987)

Dantron (Chrysazin; 1,8-Dihydroxyanthraquinone) [117-10-2] (Vol. 50; 1990)

Daunomycin [20830-81-3] (Vol. 10, Suppl. 7; 1987)

DDT [p,p‘-DDT, 50-29-3] (Vol. 53; 1991)

N,N‘-Diacetylbenzidine [613-35-4] (Vol. 16, Suppl.7; 1987) 2,4-Diaminoanisole [615-05-4] (Vol. 79; 2001)

4,4‘-Diaminodiphenyl ether [101-80-4] (Vol. 29, Suppl. 7; 1987) 2,4-Diaminotoluene [95-80-7] (Vol. 16, Suppl. 7; 1987) Dibenz[a,h]acridine [226-36-8] (Vol. 32, Suppl. 7; 1987) Dibenz[a,j]acridine [224-42-0] (Vol. 32, Suppl. 7; 1987)

7H-Dibenzo[c,g]carbazole [194-59-2] (Vol. 32, Suppl.7; 1987)

Ponceau MX [3761-53-3] (Vol. 8, Suppl. 7; 1987) Ponceau 3R [3564-09-8] (Vol. 8, Suppl. 7; 1987) Potassium bromate [7758-01-2] (Vol. 73; 1999) Progestins (Suppl. 7; 1987)

Progestogen-only contraceptives (Vol. 72; 1999) 1,3-Propane sultone [1120-71-4] (Vol. 4, Suppl. 7, Vol. 71; 1999) b-Propiolactone [57-57-8] (Vol. 4, Suppl. 7, Vol. 71; 1999) Propylene oxide [75-56-9] (Vol. 60; 1994) Propylthiouracil [51-52-5] (Vol. 79; 2001)

Refractory ceramic fibres (Vol. 43, Vol. 81; 2002)

Riddelliine [23246-96-0] (Vol. 10, Suppl. 7, Vol. 82; 2002) Safrole [94-59-7] (Vol. 10, Suppl. 7; 1987)

Schistosoma japonicum (infection with) (Vol. 61; 1994) Sodium ortho-phenylphenate [132-27-4] (Vol. 73; 1999) Special-purpose fibres such as E-glass and ‘475‘ glass fibres (Vol. 81; 2002)

Sterigmatocystin [10048-13-2] (Vol. 10, Suppl. 7; 1987) Streptozotocin [18883-66-4] (Vol. 17, Suppl. 7; 1987) Styrene [100-42-5] (Vol. 60, 82; 2002)

Sulfallate [95-06-7] (Vol. 30, Suppl. 7; 1987)

Surgical implants and other foreign bodies (Vol. 74; 1999): - Polymeric implants prepared as thin smooth film (with the exception of

poly(glycolic acid))

- Metallic implants prepared as thin smooth films

- Implanted foreign bodies of metallic cobalt, metallic nickel and an

alloy powder containing 66-67% nickel, 13-16% chromium and 7% iron

Tetrafluoroethylene [116-14-3] (Vol. 19, Suppl. 7, Vol. 71; 1999)

Tetranitromethane [509-14-8] (Vol. 65; 1996)

Thioacetamide [62-55-5] (Vol. 7, Suppl. 7; 1987)

4,4‘-Thiodianiline [139-65-1] (Vol. 27, Suppl. 7; 1987) Titanium dioxide [13463-67-7] (Vol. 47, Vol. 93; in preparation) Thiouracil [141-90-2] (Vol. 79; 2001)

Toluene diisocyanates [26471-62-5] (Vol. 39, Suppl. 7, Vol. 71; 1999)

Trichlormethine (Trimustine hydrochloride) [817-09-4] (Vol. 50; 1990)

Trp-P-1

(3-Amino-1,4-dimethyl-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole)[62450-06-0] (Vol. 31, Suppl. 7; 1987)

Trp-P-2 (3-Amino-1-methyl-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole)[62450-07-1] (Vol. 31,

Suppl. 7; 1987)

Trypan blue [72-57-1] (Vol. 8, Suppl. 7; 1987) Uracil mustard [66-75-1] (Vol. 9, Suppl. 7; 1987) Urethane [51-79-6] (Vol. 7, Suppl. 7; 1987)

Vanadium pentoxide [1314-62-1] (Vol. 86; in preparation) Vinyl acetate [108-05-4] (Vol. 63; 1995)

4-Vinylcyclohexene [100-40-3] (Vol. 60; 1994)

4-Vinylcyclohexene diepoxide [106-87-6] (Vol. 60; 1994) Zalcitabine [7481-89-2] (Vol. 76; 2000) Zidovudine (AZT) [30516-87-1] (Vol. 76; 2000) Mixtures

Bitumens [8052-42-4], extracts of steam-refined and air-refined (Vol. 35,

Suppl. 7; 1987)

Carrageenan [9000-07-1], degraded (Vol. 31, Suppl. 7; 1987) Chlorinated paraffins of average carbon chain length C12 and average

degree of chlorination approximately 60% (Vol. 48; 1990) Coffee (urinary bladder) (Vol. 51; 1991) (NB: There is some evidence of

an inverse relationship between coffee drinking and cancer of the large

bowel; coffee drinking could not be classified as to its carcinogenicity

to other organs)

Diesel fuel, marine (Vol. 45; 1989) (NB: Overall evaluation upgraded

from 3 to 2B with supporting evidence from other relevant data) Engine exhaust, gasoline (Vol. 46; 1989)

Fuel oils, residual (heavy) (Vol. 45; 1989)

Gasoline (Vol. 45; 1989) (NB: Overall evaluation upgraded from 3 to 2B

with supporting evidence from other relevant data)

Pickled vegetables (traditional in Asia) (Vol. 56; 1993)

Polybrominated biphenyls [Firemaster BP-6, 59536-65-1] (Vol. 41, Suppl. 7;

1987)

Toxaphene (Polychlorinated camphenes) [8001-35-2] (Vol. 79; 2001)

Toxins derived from Fusarium moniliforme: fumonisin B1 and B2 and fusarin

C (Vol. 56; 1993)

Welding fumes (Vol. 49; 1990) Exposure circumstances

Carpentry and joinery (Vol. 25, Suppl. 7; 1987)

Cobalt metal without tungsten carbide (Vol. 86; 2006) Dry cleaning (occupational exposures in) (Vol. 63; 1995) Printing processes (occupational exposures in) (Vol. 65; 1996) Talc-based body powder (perineal use of) (Vol. 93; in preparation)

Textile manufacturing industry (work in) (Vol. 48; 1990) Last updated: 20 December 2006

Group 3: Not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans (516)

Group 4: Probably not carcinogenic to humans (1)

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