英美文学~~复习资料

《英美文学选读》复习指导资料

《英美文学选读》复习指导资料

一． 课程介绍：

本课程由英国文学和美国文学两个部分组成。主要内容包括英美文学发展史及代表作家的简要介绍和作品选读。文学史部分从英美两国历史、语言、文化发展的角度，简要介绍英美两国文学各个历史时代的主要历史背景、文学文化思潮、文学流派、社会政治、经济、文化等对文学发展的影响，主要作家的文学生涯，创作思想，艺术特色及其代表作品的主题结构、人物刻画、语言风格、思想意义等。选读部分主要接选了英美文学史上各个时期重要作家的代表作品，包括诗歌、戏剧、小说、散文等。

二． 《英美文学选读》的考核目标，按照识记，领会，应用规定应当达到的能力层次要求。三个层次呈递进关系，其含义是：

识记： 有关的概念、定义、知识点等能够记住

领会： 在识记的基础上，能够把握基本概念、基本方法和彼此之间的关系和区别

应用了在领会的基础上，能运用本课程的基本理论，基本知识和方法来分析英美文学作品，并能用英语正确表达。

Part 1 English Literature

An Introduction to Old and Medieval English Literature

一．重点：有关这部分的文学史内容

1．古代英国文学和中世纪英国文学的起始阶段 2．英国文学史上的第一部民族史诗----Beowulf 3．中世纪文学的主要文学形式-----Romance 4．Geoffrey Chaucer 的文学贡献

二．练习：

1. Choose the best answer for each blank.

1). The period of ______ English literature begins from about 450 to 1066, the year of ______. A. Old----Renaissance B. Middle---- the Norman Conquest of England C. Middle ---- Renaissance D. Old---- the Norman Conquest of England

2).. The Medieval period in English literature extends from 1066 up to the ______ century. A. mid-13th B. mid-14th C. mid-15th D. mid-16th

3). Beowulf, a typical example of Old English poetry, is regarded today as the national ______ of the Anglo-Saxons.

A. sonnet B. essay C. epic D. novel

4). In The Canterbury Tales, ______ presented to us a comprehensive realistic picture of the English society of his time and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life. A. Geoffrey Chaucer B. William Shakespeare C. Francis Bacon D. William Langland 5). For the Renaissance, ______ was regarded as the English Homer. His reputation has been securely established as one of the best English poets for his wisdom, humor and ______. A. Geoffrey Chaucer----wits B. William Shakespeare----wits C. Geoffrey Chaucer----humanity D. William Shakespeare----humanity

6). After the conquest of 1066, three languages co-existed in England. They are ______, ______ and ______.

A. Old English, Greek, Latin B. Old English, French, Latin C. Old English, Greek, French D. English, Greek, French

7). Geoffrey Chaucer is the greatest writer of the Medieval period in English literature. In “The Legend of Good Women”, he used for the first time in English the rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter which is to be called later the ______.

A. couplet B. blank verse C. heroic couplet D. epic

8). Thematically the poem “Beowulf” presents a vivid picture of how the primitive people wage heroic struggle against the hostile forces of the ______ world under a wise and mighty ______.

A. spiritual----hero B. natural----leader C. spiritual----god D. natural----monster 9). It can be said that though essentially still a medieval writer, Geoffrey Chaucer bore marks of humanism and anticipated a new ______ to come.

A. man B. theory C. doctrine D. era

10). Geoffrey Chaucer introduced from France the rhymed stanzas of various types to English poetry to replace the Old English ______ verse.

A. rhymed B. alliterative C. social D. visionary

2. Explain the following literal terms. 1). Romance 2). Heroic Couplet 3). Epic

3. Answer the following questions.

1). How many groups do the Old English poetry divided into? What are they? Which group does Beowulf belong to? Why?

2). What is the contribution of Geoffrey Chaucer to English literature?

Chapter1. The Renaissance Period 一．重点 前言部分

1． 文艺复兴的起源，起始时间，内容及特征 2． 人文主义的有关主张及对文学的影响 3． 文艺复兴时期的主要文学形式及其特征 练习：

Renaissance Period

1. Choose the best answer for each blank.

1). The Renaissance, in essence, is a historical period in which the European ______ thinkers and

scholars made attempts to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieval Europe, to introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, and to recover the purity of the early church form the corruption of the Roman Catholic Church.

A. Greek and Roman B. humanist C. religious D. loyal

2). Generally, the ______ refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries. It first started in Italy, with the flowering of painting, sculpture and literature. From Italy the movement went to embrace the rest of Europe.

A. Medieval Period B. Renaissance C. Old English Period D. Romantic Period 3). ______ is the essence of the Renaissance. Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and _______ are the best representatives of the English humanists.

A. Humanity---- William Shakespeare B. Humanism-----Francis Bacon C. Humanity---- Geoffrey Chaucer D. Humanism----William Shakespeare

4). The Elizabethan ______ is the real mainstream of the English Renaissance. The most famous dramatists in the Renaissance England are Christopher Marlowe, William Shakespeare, and ______.

A. novel--- Geoffrey Chaucer B. poetry----Francis Bacon C. drama----Ben Jonson D. drama----Geoffrey Chaucer

5). Humanism sprang from the endeavor to restore a medieval reverence for the antique authors and is frequently taken as the beginning of the Renaissance on its conscious, intellectual side, for the Greek and ______ civilization was based on such a conception that ______ is the measure of all things.

A. Roman ---- moral B. French---- reason C. Roman---- man D. French---- God

6).One of the major result of the Reformation in England was the fact that the Bible in English was placed in every church and services were held in English instead of ______ so that people could understand.

A. Latin B. French C. Greek D. Anglo-Saxon

7). Wyatt, in the Renaissance period, introduced the Petrarchan ______ into England, while Surrey brought in ______ verse.

A. drama----free B. sonnet----blank C. terzarima----blank D. couplet----free 8). In the early stage of the English Renaissance, poetry and ______ were the most outstanding

forms and they were carried on especially by William Shakespeare and Ben Jonson. A. fiction B. dramatic fiction C. poetic drama D. novel 9). By emphasizing the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life, ______ voiced their beliefs that man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of this life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders.

A. humanists B. Protestants C. Catholics D. playwrights

10). ______ was the first important English essayist. He was also the founder of modern science in England.

A. Edmund Spenser B. Christopher Marlowe C. Francis Bacon D. Ben Jonson

2. Explain the following literal terms. 1). the Renaissance Period 2). blank verse 3). Humanism

3. Answer the following questions.

1). Make a comment on the influence of Italian literary works upon the literature in the Renaissance England.

2). Make a comment on humanism

3). What are the typical characteristics of literary works produced in Renaissance England?

文艺复兴时期的主要作家。 重点：

1. 主要作家及其代表作一览表 作 者

代 表 作 其 他

Edmund Spenser The Faerie Queen

Spenser Stanza; Poet?s poet

Christopher Marlowe Dr. Faustus;

The Passionate Shepherd to His Love

University Wits；the Mighty Line; Blank verse;

William Shakespeare Romeo and Juliet

A Midsummer Night?s Dream; The Merchant of Venice; Hamlet; Othello; King Lear; Macbeth 38 plays, 154 sonnets, 2 long poems

作 者

代 表 作 其 他

Francis Bacon Of Studies

The first English essayist

John Donne

Death, Be Not Proud Metaphysical poet

John Milton

Paradise Lost; Paradise Regained; Samson Agonistes Dramatic poem

2. Edmund Spenser：

a. Structure, content and theme of The Faerie Queen b. Spenserian Stanza 3. Christopher Marlowe

a. His three plays: Tamburlaine, Dr. Faustus, The Jew of Malta. He expressed human?s desire for power in Tamburlaine. He expressed human?s desire for knowledge in Dr. Faustus. He expressed human?s desire for money in The Jew of Malta. b. The Passionate Shepherd to His Love lyrics, a pastoral poem,

c. His contribution to English literature blank verse; mighty lines; humanism 4. William Shakespeare

a. Three periods of Shakespeare?s literal life

b. The contents, plots, characters, themes and language style of his masterpieces: The Merchant of Venice; Hamlet; the Tempest; Romeo and Juliet c. Two long narrative poems: Venus and Adonis; The Rape of Lucrece d. 154 sonnets: 1-126 are addressed to a young man

127-152 are addressed to a mysterious “Dark Lady”.

154-154 are translations or adaptations of some version of a Greek epigram. e. Shakespeare?s contributions to English literature 5. Francis Bacon

a. his masterpiece: Essays.

b. Pay attention to the content, structure, and some important sentences in Of Studies Quotations:

(1). Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability.

(2). Crafty men contemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them. (3). Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested.

(4). Reading maketh a full man, conference a ready man, and writing an exact man. 6. John Donne

a. characteristics of metaphysical poem b. style and content of Death, Be Not Proud 7. John Milton

a. Milton?s three groups literary achievements: the early poetic works, the middle prose pamphlets and the last great poems. b. Three important masterpieces:

Paradise Lost; Paradise Regain; Samson Agonistes

Pay attention to the theme, content, character and language style of Paradise Lost 练习

Edmund Spenser

1. Fill in the following blanks:

1). According to Edmund Spenser?s own explanation, his “The Faerie Queene” is a “______ poem” , but it is also an ______.

2). In “The Faerie Queene”, the hero of heroes, who possesses all of the 12 ______, is ______, who is to play a role in each of the 12 major adventures, which has its own individual hero. 3). ______ and the Fairy Queen contribute to the unity of the work “The Faerie Queene”. 4). In Book 1 of The Faerie Queene , the purpose of ______?s quest if to free original mankind----the parents of Una---- from the power of the Devil.

5). It is Spenser?s idealism, his love of beauty, and his exquisite melody that make him known as “the ______?s ______.”

2. Explain the following literal term Spenserian Stanza

3. Answer the following questions:

1). Why is “The Faerie Queene ” regarded as an allegorical poem? 2). What are the main qualities of Spenser?s poetry?

Christopher Marlowe

1. Fill in the following blanks.

1). As the most gifted of the “University ______”, Christopher Marlowe composed ______ plays within his short lifetime.

2). It was Christopher Marlowe who made ______ ______ the principal medium of English drama. 3). The short poem “The Passionate Shepherd to His Love” by Christopher Marlowe, derives from the ______ tradition in which the shepherd enjoys an ideal ______ life, cherishing a pastoral and pure affection for his love.

4). IT is Marlowe who brought vitality and grandeur into the blank verse with his “______”, which carry strong emotions.

5). Marlowe created some typical Renaissance hero in his players. Tamburlaine and Faustus seek ______ and ______ respectively.

2. Answer the following questions.

1). What are the achievements of Christopher Marlowe in literary creation?

2). Which play is Christopher Marlowe?s masterpiece? What is the story of the play?

William Shakespeare

1. Fill in the following blanks.

1). With his ______ plays, ______ sonnets and 2 long poems, William Shakespeare has established his giant position in world literature.

2). William Shakespeare?s ______ tragedy “Romeo and Juliet” eulogizes the faithfulness of ______ and the spirit of pursuing happiness.

3). William Shakespeare?s greatest tragedies are: “______”, “______”, “______” and Macbeth. 4). “_____” , an elaborate and fantastic story, is known as the best of the final romances written by William Shakespeare.

5). In “Sonnet 18”, Shakespeare has a profound meditation on the destructive power of ______ and the eternal ______ brought forth by poetry to the one he loves.

6). “______” is generally regarded as Shakespeare?s most popular play on the stage, for it has the qualities of a “blood- and- thunder” thriller and a philosophical exploration of life and death.

7). The merchant of Venice praise the ______ between Antonio and Bassanio, ______ between Portia and Bassanio, greed and brutality of ______, the Jew.

8).The sentence “To be or not to be---- that is the question” is derived from Shakespeare?s ______. This is the soliloquy of ______.

9). The Merchant of Venice has a double plot. The plots join in the ______ scene of Act 4. 10). Shakespeare?s ______ plays are mainly written under the principle that national unity under a mighty and just sovereign is a necessity.

2. Answer the following questions:

1). What are the themes of Shakespeare?s “The Merchant of Venice”? 2). Make a comment on Shakespeare?s artistic achievement. 3). Why are Shakespeare?s works so successful?

4). What are the similarities among Shakespeare?s four great tragedies? 5). Make a comment on Shakespeare?s Sonnet 18.

Francis Bacon

1. Fill in the following blanks.

1). Francis Bacon, a representative of the Renaissance in England, is a well-known ______, scientist and ______. He lays the foundation for modern ______ with his insistence on scientific way of thinking and fresh observation rather than authority as a basis for obtaining ______. His “______” is the first example of the genre in English literature, recognized as an important landmark in the development of ______ prose.

2). Bacon?s works can be divided into ______ groups. The most important works of his ______ group include “The Advancement of Learning”, “Norvum Organum”. His philosophical works belong to the group. His literary works are in the ______ group, among which the most famous is “Essays”, “Maxims of Law” belongs to the ______ group.

3). In his “The Advancement of Learning ”, Francis Bacon divided ______ into two kinds: the one obtained from Divine Revelation, and the other from the workings of human mind.

John Donne

1. Explain the following literal term. Metaphysical poetry

John Milton

1. Fill in the following blanks.

1). John Milton?s literary achievements can be divided into three groups, the early ______ works, the middle prose pamphlets and the last great ______.

2). “Paradise Lost” is a long ______ divided into 12 books. The original story is taken from the “Genesis ” of the ______.

3). In “Samson Agonisten”, a fitting close to the life work of the poet himself, Milton, again borrows his story from the “______”.

4). The theme of Paradise Lost is “the Fall of ______”.

5). Milton?s epic poems were very much influenced by the ______ and the Greek classics, which are also the major sources of the whole English literature.

2. Answer the following questions: 1). In which way Agonisten is Milton himself?

2). Make a brief comment on John Milton?s literary achievements.

Chapter 2 The Neo-classical Period 一．重点

1． 识记：新古典主义、 启蒙运动、英雄双行诗 2． 主要作家及其代表作一览表 作 者 代 表 作 其 他

John Bunyun

The Pilgrim?s Progress The Vanity Fair

Alexander Pope An Essay on Criticism,

a finest mock epic: The Rape of the Lock, the best satire work The Dunciad

Daniel Defoe Robinson Crusoe

Jonathan Swift Gulliver?s Travels A Tale of a Tub, The Battle of the Books, A Modest Proposal

Henry Fielding

The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling Comic epic in prose

Samuel Johnson

To the Right Honorable the Earl of Chesterfield A Dictionary of the English Language

Richard Brinsley Sheridan The School for Scandal The Rivals

3. Some important points:

1) The mark of the beginning of Neoclassical Period: return of the Stuarts to the English throne

The mark of the end of Neoclassical Period: the publication of Lyrical Ballads by Wordsworth and Coleridge.

2) Enlightenment

Neo-classism (poetry and novel)

3) Bunyan ---- The Pilgrim?s Progress

The Pilgrim?s Progress by John Bunyan?s style was modeled after that of the English Bible.; religious allegory

4) Pope; On Criticism ;

Discussion: The theme and style of “An Essay on Criticism”

1) theme: it is a comprehensive study of the theories of literary criticisms. 2) style: a didactic poem written in heroic couplets. It is plain in style. The Rape of the Lock; a finest mock epic.

5) Defoe “Robinson Crusoe” (The social significance of the novel)

Robinson Crusoe is the very prototype of the empire builder, the pioneer colonist. In describing Robinson?s life on the Island, Defoe glorifies human labor and the Puritan fortitude. 6) Swift: A Tale of a Tub; The Battle of the Books ; satirist Gulliver?s Travels, A Modest Proposal

Gulliver?s Travels is one of the most effective criticism and satires of all aspects in the English and European life

8) Fielding a. His position in literature

He was the first of all the 18th C English novelists to write the “comic epic in prose”, and the first to give the modern novel its structure and style He was regarded as “Father of the English novel”

b. the history of Tom Jones Prose Homer, comic epic in prose

9) Samuel Johnson

Samuel Johnson was the author of the first English dictionary by an Englishman—A Dictionary of the English Language

“To the Right Honorable the Earl of Chestfield”

What is the significance of Samuel Johnson?s letter “To the Right Honorable the Earl of Chestfield?”

10) Sheridan : The School for Scandal Theme: morality

11) Gray: Leader of Graveyard School, best of the 18century Elegy written in a Country Churchyard (masterpiece) Theme and style:

Theme : in this poem, Gray reflects on death, the sorrow of life, and the mysteries of human life with a touch of his personal melancholy. He reveals his sympathy for the poor and the unknown, but mocks the great ones who despise the poor and bring suffering on them.

Style: use artificial poetic diction and distorted word order make understanding of the poem somewhat difficult to understand.

二．练习：

Neoclassical Period:

1. Fill in the following blanks.

1). The neoclassical period in English literature refers to the one between the return of the Stuarts to the English throne in 1660 and the full assertion of ______ which came with the publication of “Lyrical Ballads” by Wordsworth and Coleridge in 1798.

2). The Enlightenment Movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works in the field of literature. This tendency is known as ______.

3). “The Pilgrim?s Progress” by John Bunyan?s style was modeled after that of the English ______. 4). “The Pilgrim?s Progress” by John Bunyan is the most successful ______ allegory in the English language.

5). “The Rape of the Lock” by Alexander Pope is a ______ epic.

6). “An Essay on Criticism”, a ______ poem, is a comprehensive study of the theories of literary criticism.

7). “______” by Daniel Defoe, an adventure story very much in the spirit of the time, is universally considered his masterpiece.

8). The novel “Robinson Crusoe” consists actually three parts though only the ______ part is a most well-known and widely read.

9). The best fictional work of Jonathan Swift is ______.

10). Henry Fielding has been regarded as “Father of the English ______,” for his contribution to the establishment of the form of the modern novel.

11). “The History of ______” is Henry Fielding?s fictional masterpiece.

12). Of all the eighteen-century novelists, Henry Fielding was the first to set out, both in theory and practice, to write specifically a “comic epic in ______”.

13). As a lexicographer, Samuel Johnson distinguished himself as the author of the first English ______ by an Englishman.

14). Richard Brinsley Sheridan was the only important English ______ of the eighteenth century. 15). “The School for Scandal” written by Sheridan is mainly a story about two ______. 16). “The School for Scandal” has been regarded as the best ______ since Shakespeare. 17). “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard”, regarded as Thomas Gray?s best and most representative work, is written in the poetic form of ______.

18). In the 18th century English literature, the representative of neoclassicism is ______.

2. Answer the following questions:

1). What does Vanity Fair mean? How does the scene of the Vanity Fair reflect the theme of the allegory “The Pilgrim?s Progress”?

2). What is the theme and style of Alexander Pope?s “An Essay on Criticism”. 3). What is the significance of Alexander Pope?s “An Essay on Criticism” 4). What is the position of Henry Fielding in the history of English literature.

5). What is the significance of Samuel Johnson?s letter “To the Right Honorable the Earl of Chesterfield ”?

Chapter 3 The Romantic Period 一．重点

1． 浪漫主义及浪漫主义诗歌

2． 浪漫主义文学创作的基本主张及主要特点 3． 《天真之歌》与《经验之歌》的异同。 4． Wordsworth 诗歌的艺术成就

5． Byron 诗歌的主题思想和主要特点， Byron 式英雄 6． 雪莱诗歌的艺术成就

3． 维多利亚时期批判现实主义文学的特点 4． 维多利亚时期文学对20世纪英国文学的影响 5． 名词解释： 批判现实主义小说； 戏剧独白

二．该时期主要作家及作品一览表

作 家 代 表 作 其 他

Charles Dickens Oliver Twist

Charlotte Bronte Jane Eyre

Emily Bronte Wuthering Heights

Anne Bronte

The Tenant of Wildfell Hall

Alfred Tennyson In Memoriam Break, Break, Break Crossing the Bar Ulysses

Robert Browning My Last Duchess The Ring and the Book

Meeting at Night Parting at Morning

George Eliot Middlemarch The Mill on the Floss

Thomas Hardy

Tess of the D?Urbervilles Dude the Obscure The Return of the Native The Mayor of Casterbridge

三． Some important points:

1. Time: reign of Queen Victoria (1836-1901) 2. characteristics of critical realism novels (P236) 3. English literature in the Victorian Period Novel: critical realism

Poetry: dramatic monologue (Robert Browning) 4. Charles Dickens Discussion

1) Characteristics of his early and later novels 2) The best depicted characters of Charles Dickens

5. The Bronte Sisters: Charlotte Bronte, Emily Bronte, Anne Bronte Charlotte Bronte : Jane Eyre: Lowood, a charity school Thornfield Hall Rochester Moral fable , first governess heroine Emily Bronte: Wuthering Heights Discussion: the theme of Jane Eyre

One of the central themes of the book is the criticism of the bourgeois system of education. Another problem raised by Charlotte in the novel is the position of woman in society. Jane Eyre, the heroine of the novel, maintains that women should have equal rights with men. 6. Tennyson : In Memoriam the dearth of Hallam “Break, Break, Break” “Crossing the Bar” Bar? “Ulysses” Old

7. Robert Browning Masterpiece : The Ring and the Book

The name of Robert Browning is often associated with the term ”dramatic monologue”. “My Last Duchess” Duke

“Meeting at Night” and “Parting at Morning” ===”Night and Morning” 8. The characteristics of Robert Browning ‘s poetry

a) dramatic monologue in which the speaker reveals his or her own character in telling the story unconsciously. eg. Duke in My Last Duchess b) his works are full of allusions and implications

c) complicated structure and psychological exposure in the monologue.

9. George Eliot is the pseudonym of Mary Ann Evans The Mill on the Floss; Middlemarch (destiny of women) Naturalistic and psychological novel 10. . George Eliot’s view of women

George Eliot has a particular concern for the destiny of women, especially those with great intelligence, potential and social aspiration. She believed that the tragedy of women lies in their very birth. Their inferior education and limited social life determine that they have to depend on men for sustenance and realization of their goals, and they have only domestic duties to fulfill. 11. Hardy ;”Wessex man”

Masterpiece “Tess of the D?Urbervilles”,

Known as “Novels of character and environment. ”; are the most representative of him as both a naturalistic and a critical realist writer.

Tess became a victim of the modern society. Hardy pointed out fate is the cause of her dearth. 练习：

1． Fill in the following blanks:

1). Chronologically the Victorian period roughly coincides with the reign of ______ who ruled over England from 1836 to 1901.

2). Charles Dickens is one of the greatest ______ realist writers of the Victorian Age. In his works, Dickens sets out a full map and a large scale criticism of the 19th century England, particularly London.

3). The novel “Oliver Twist” presents Oliver Twist as Charles Dickens? first ______ hero and Fagin the first grotesque figure.

4). Charlotte Bronte?s first novel “The Professor” was rejected by the publisher. But her second one, ______ , won immediate success when it appeared in 1837, and today it remains the most popular novel of hers.

5). Emily Bronte is, first of all, a poet. But she is better known today as the author of that most fascinating novel “______”.

6). As a love story, “Wuthering Heights” is one of the most moving: the passion between ______ and Catherine proves the most intense, the most beautiful and at the same time the most horrible passion ever to be found possible in human beings.

7). The title of the poem “Crossing the Bar” written by Alfred Tennyson means leaving this world and entering the ______ world.

8). Written in the form of dramatic monologue, the poem “Ulysses” by Alfred Tennyson not only expresses, through the mouth of the heroic ______, Tennyson?s own determination and courage to brave the struggle of life but also reflects the restlessness and aspiration of the Victorian age. 9). “______” is Robert Browning?s best-known dramatic monologue in which the duke?s speech addresses to the agent who comes to negotiate a marriage, revealing himself as a self-conceited, cruel and tyrannical man.

10). The two poems “Meeting at Night” and “______” appeared originally under the single title “Night and Morning”.

11). ______, the woman novelist of the Victorian period, is the pseudonym of Mary Ann Evans. 12). As a woman writer of exceptional intelligence and life experience, George Eliot shows, in her novels, a particular concern for the destiny of ______, especially those with great intelligence,

potential and social aspirations.

13) the story of the novel “Middlemarch” mainly centers on ______ Brooke and Tertius Lydgate , both of whom are shown to have great potentials and ambitions.

14). Thomas Hardy was quite influenced by Spencer?s “The First Principle”, which led him to the belief that man?s fate is predeterminedly tragic, driven by a combined force of ______, both inside and outside.

15). The success of the novel “______” is also due to its introduction to the English novel the first governess heroine.

16). The novel “______” written by Charles Dickens is famous for its vivid descriptions of the workhouse and life of the underworld in the 19th century London.

17). The Victorian period in English literature was largely an age of prose, especially of the ______. 18). ______ was the greatest representatives of English critical realism.

19). The novel “Oliver Twist” tells the story of a poor child named ______ who is born in a workhouse and brought up under miserable conditions.

20). The Bronte sisters are Charlotte Bronte, ______ and Anne Bronte.

21). “______” is Robert Browning?s masterpiece which tells a horrible story of a man?s murder of his beautiful young wife.

22). In the 19th century English literature, a new literary trend ______ appeared after the romantic poetry.

23). The two greatest Victorian poets are ______ and Robert Browning who both began writing poetry in emulation of the major Romantic poets.

24). In Victorian poetry, the Brownings refers to ______ Browning and his wife Elizabeth Barrett Browning.

25). In the Victorian period, ______, that Wessex man, not only continued to expose and criticize all sorts of social iniquities, but finally came to question and attack the Victorian conventions and morals.

26). In his long poem “In Memoriam”, ______ recorded his own experience of religious uncertainties before the falling faith in god.

27). In the last few decades of the Victorian period, ______, the pioneering woman was the first novelist who, according to D. H. Lawrence, “started putting all the actions aside.”

28). In his early novels, Charles Dickens attacks one or more specific social evils in each: for example, the dehumanizing workhouse system and the dark, criminal underworld life in “______.”

29). Charles Dickens?s best-depicted characters are those innocent, virtuous, persecuted, helpless ______ characters such as Oliver Twist, Little Nell, David Copperfield and Little Dorrit.

30). The novel “Jane Eyre” mainly tells a story about the love affair of Jane Eyre and Mr. ______. 31). The story of “Wuthering Heights” is told mainly by Nelly, ______?s old nurse, to Mr. Lockood, a temporary tenant of Grange. The latter gives an account of what he sees at Wuthering Heights. 32). The short lyric “Break, Break, Break” is written in memory of ______?s old friend, Alfred Hallam, whose death has a lifelong influence on the poet.

33). Reading ______?s “Crossing the Bar”, we can feel his fearlessness towards death, his faith in God and an afterlife.

34). In Alfred Tennyson?s poem “Ulysses”, he depicts ______ who, old as he is, persuades his old followers to go with him and to set sail again to pursue a new world and new knowledge.

35). The publication of “______”, Robert Browning ?s masterpiece, in 1869, finally established the poet?s position as one of the greatest English poets.

36). In the description of sun-rise in “Parting at Morning”, Robert Browning unconsciously expresses his helplessness in having to face up his duty as a ______.

37). Thomas Hardy?s novels are all Victorian in date. Most of them are set in ______, the fictional primitive and crude rural region which is really the home place he both loves and hates. 38). The title of the novel “Vanity Fair” was taken from John Bunyan?s masterpiece ______. 39). George Eliot was the pseudonym of ______.

40). In “My Last Duchess”, the ______, as he talks about the portrait of his last Duchess, reveals bit by bit his cruelty and possessiveness.

2. Answer the following questions.

1). What are the characteristics of Charles Dickens?s early and later novels? 2). What are the best-depicted characters of Charles Dickens? 3). Tell the story of “Jane Eyre” and make a comment on it. 4). Tell the story of “Wuthering Heights”.

5). What are the characteristics of Robert Browning?s poetry? 6). Why is Thomas Hardy often regarded as a transitional writer? 7). Tell the story of “Tess of the D?Urbervilles” and make a comment on it.

8). Make a comment on George Eliot?s creative tendency and her view of women.

Chapter 5 The Modern Period 一．重点

1. 现代主义文学创作的基本主张 2．名词解释：现代主义 3．现代主义文学的主要特点 4．意识流小说的主要特点

5．萧伯纳戏剧的特点与社会意识分析

二． 主要作家及代表作一览表

George Benard Shaw Mrs. Warren?s Profession Widows? House

John Galsworthy Forsyte trilogies The Man of Property In Chancery To Let

William Butler Yeats The Lake Isle of Innisfree T. S .Eliot The Waste Land

The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock

D. H. Lawrence

Sons and Lovers The Rainbow Women in Love

James Joyce

Araby (from Dubliners)

A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man Ulysses

三．Some important points. 1. Modernism:

1) The French Symbolism in the late 19c heralded modernism.

2) Modernists took irrational philosophy and the theory of psycho-analysis.

3) Modernism concerns with the psychological rather than the realistic, the abnormal, the spiritual rather than the material, and chaos rather than order.

2. George Bernard Shaw

1) Our Theaters in the Nineties (drama critic)

2) “Widow?s House”, his first play, a grotesquely realistic exposure of slum landlordism. 3) “Mrs. Warren?s Profession” is about the economic oppression of women. 4) The major characteristics of Shaw?s drama. ( 书 P323 )

3. John Galsworthy: The Man of Property

The main idea and theme (书P338-339)

4． Yeats

The Lake Isle of Innisfree (书P355)

5． T.S.Eliot

Poem: The Love Song of Alfred Prufrock (书P363) The Waste Land (theme and symbolism 参考书P375-376)

6． D. H. Lawrence

1. Sons and Lovers (Pawl, Mrs. Morel P381 P375-376) 2. The Rainbow and Women in Love (his masterpiece)

7. James Joyce

1. P385 same setting: Ireland, same subject: the Irish people and their life 2. Dubliners (P390)

A portrait of the Artist as a Young Many Ulysses

3. stream of consciousness (书P389) 4. his contribution to British literature 1) P 385

2) stream of consciousness 练习：

1.Fill in the following blanks.

1). The early poems of Ezra Pound and ______ and ______?s matured poetry marked the rise of “modern poetry”, which was, in some sense, a revolution against the conventional ideas and forms of the Victorian poetry.

2). In Britain, in the mid-1950s and early 1960s, there appeared a group of young novelists and playwrights with lower middle-class or working-class background, who were known as “the ______.”

3). Writers like Dorothy Richardson, James Joyce and Virginia Wolf concentrated all their efforts on digging into human consciousness, and they created unprecedented ______ novels such as

“Pilgrimage”, “Ulysses” and” Mrs. Dalloway”.

4). The most celebrated dramatists in the last decade of the 19th century England were Oscar Wild and ______, who, in a sense, pioneered the modern drama.

5). With their joint efforts, the Irish playwrights like W. B. Yeats, Lady Gregory, and J. M. Synge brought about the Irish ______ Movement in the early 20th century, thus starting as Irish dramatic revival.

6). John Osborne brought vitality to the English theater and became known as the ______ “Angry Young Man”.

7). The most original playwright of the Theater of Absurd is ______, who wrote about human beings living a meaningless life in an alien, decaying world.

8). In “______”, his encyclopedia-like masterpiece, James Joyce presents a fantastic picture of the disjoined, illogical, illusory, and mental-emotional life of Leopold Bloom, who becomes the symbol of everyman in the post-world-war-I Europe.

9). George Bernard Shaw?s plays have one passion, and one only, lie ______.

10). Most of George Bernard Shaw?s plays are concerned with political, economic, moral, or religious problems, and this, can be termed as ______ play.

11). “Mrs. Warren?s Profession”, written by G. B. Shaw in 1893 but published 5 years later, is a play about the economic ______ of women.

12). “The Man of Property” is the first novel of the Forsyte trilogy written by ______.

13). In his short lyric “The Lake Isle of Innisfree”, W. B. Yeats presents to us a picture of an ideal “_______” where he could live calmly as a hermit and enjoy the beauty of nature.

14). “______”, T. S. Eliot?s most important single poem, has been hailed as a landmark and a model of the 20th-century English poetry, comparable to William Wordsworth?s “Lyrical Ballads”. 15). James Joyce chose Dublin as the scene of the stories in his “Dubliners”, for, as he took it, Dublin was “the centre of ______”.

16). “Sons and Lovers ” is a novel written by ______. 17). D, H. Lawrence?s autobiographical novel is “______”.

18). D. H. Lawrence?s novel “______” is positively taken as a typical example of Oedipus Complex in fiction.

19). The French _______, appearing in the late 19th century, heralded modernism.

20). D. H. Lawrence is regarded as revolutionary as James Joyce in novel-writing; but unlike Joyce,

he was not concerned with technical innovations, his interest lay in the tracing of the ______ development of his characters and in his energetic criticism of the dehumanizing effect of the capitalist industrialization on human nature.

21). In his long dramatic career, G. B. Shaw wrote more than ______ plays, touching upon a variety of subjects.

22). “Ulysses”, James Joyce?s masterpiece, gives an account of man?s life during one day (16 June, 1904) in Dublin. The whole novel is divided into 18 episodes in correspondence with the _____ hours of the day.

2. Answer the following questions

1). What are the characteristics of George Bernard Shaw?s drama? 2). What are the characteristics of D. H. Lawrence?s literary creation?

3. Explain the following literal terms 1). Modernism

2). Stream- of -consciousness

American Literature chapter one The Romantic Period 本章学习重点:

1. 识记： 超验主义， 象征主义，自由诗，所选作品主要内容 2. 领会：———《Rip Van Winkle》的主题及艺术特点 ———霍桑对浪漫主义小说的贡献 ———Whitman 的语言风格 ———《Moby Dick》的主题思想

3．应用：———Emerson 的超验主义思想（Transcendentalism）以及 他的自然观

-------- 《Young Goodman Brown》中的语言及象征

--------《Moby Dick》的象征意义

--------《Leaves of Grass》的结构、主题及语言特色

4. Some important points.

1). Romantic Period started with the publication of Washington Irving?s __________

and ended with Whitman?s ________. This period is also called “the American Renaissance”.(see page 399) 2). P400 ,P401

3). New England Transcendentalism: Emerson and Thoreau

4). Discuss the characteristics of American Romantic Period (Page 402)

Washington Irving:

1. father of American short story 2. page 405-406

3. The theme of 《Rip Van Winkle》（—P 407）characteristic (P406) 4. Rip Van Winkle Emerson

1. England Transcendentalism is the summit of the Romantic period in the history of American Literature. 2. P421 3. P423

Hawthorne 1. P431

2. P432: Hawthorne?s view of man and human history originates in Puritanism. 3. 《Young Goodman Brown》中的语言及象征

allegorist and symbolist (P434-435) Whitman

1. significance of : (P447)

2. 《Leaves of Grass》的结构、主题及语言特色(Page 450) 3. There Was a Child Went Forth Cavalry (1) Crossing a Ford Song of Myself Melville

1. Moby Dick is regarded as the first American prose epic. (Page 460) 2. Symbolism in Moby Dick (page 460-461) 3. Language in Moby Dick (P461) 练习：

1. Fill in the following blanks.

1). In early nineteenth century, Washington Irving wrote ______ which became the first work by an American writer to earn an international reputation.

2). The American Transcendentalists formed a club called ______.

3). Ralph Waldo Emerson was responsible for bringing ______ to New England. 4). Hester Prynne is the heroine in Hawthorne?s novel ______.

5). Melville?s novel ______ is a tremendous chronicle of a whaling voyage in pursuit of a seemingly supernatural white whale.

6). The American Romantic Period stretches from the end of 18th century through the outburst of the _______.

7). In 1836, a little book came out which made a tremendous impact on the intellectual life of America. It was entitled Nature by ______.

8). Another renowned New England Transcendentalist was ______, a friend of Emerson?s and his junior by some fourteen years.

9). Melville is best known as the author of one book named ______, which is one of the world?s greatest masterpieces.

10). The poetic style Whitman devised is now called ______, that is poetry without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme.

11). In his cluster of poems called Leaves of Grass, ______ give America its first genuine epic poem.

12). Transcendentalist doctrines found their greatest literary advocate in ______ and Thoreau. 13). The finest example of ______?s symbolism is the recreation of Puritan Boston in The Scarlet Letter.

14). Melville?s ______ is an encyclopedia of everything, history, philosophy, religion, etc, in addition to a detailed account of the options of the whaling industry.

15). The short story Rip Van Winkle is taken from Irving?s work named ________.

2. Answer the following questions.

1). What?s Irving?s main contribution to American literature. 2). Is there symbolisms in the book “Moby Dick”?

Chapter Two The Realistic Period 本章学习重点：

A． 识记： 现实主义，达尔文主义，自然主义，所选作品的主要内容 B． 领会： 马克吐温的语言特色 詹姆斯小说的艺术特色 德莱塞作品中的自然主义倾向

《哈克贝利 非恩》的主题结构，人物刻画

C． 应用： 现实主义与自然主义倾向在美国19世纪小说中的反映 哈克的性格分析及其社会意义 《苔瑟 米勒》的主题及主要人物分析

狄金森诗歌的主题及艺术特色

1． Time: 1865-1914

2． Characteristics of this period (Page 472-473)

3． Similarities and differences among Howells ,Mark Twain and Henry James (Page 474) 4． Local Colorist (P 475) 5． American naturalism

Mark Twain:

1. the true father of American national literature, pen name of Smuel Langhorne Clemens 2. Two masterpieces: Ad

3. ventures of Tom Sawyer and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (478-480) 4. Why his works are so unique? (P 480-481)

Henry James

1. Three Periods(P 495-496) 2. international theme (P497) 3. psychological approach 4. Daisy Miller

Emily Dickinson: 1. 1,775 poems

2. theme of her poems(P518) 3. This is my letter to the World

4. I heard a Fly buzz---when I died 5. I like to see it lap the miles Dreiser:

1. Masterpieces: An American Tragedy Sister Carrie 2. P526 3. Sister Carrie 练习

1． Fill in the following blanks.

1). The period ranging from 1865 to 1914 has been referred to as ______ in the literary history of the United States.

2). Realism was a reaction against ______ or a move away from the bias towards romance and self-creating fictions, and paved the way to Modernism..

3). Samuel Langhorne Clemens is better known by the pen name _______.

4). The novel which was described by an American critic as “an outrage to American girlhood” is Henry James? ______.

5). ______ is considered the founder of Psychological realism. He believed that reality lies in the impressions made by life on the spectator.

6). The first novel of Theodore Dreiser was ______.

7). Dreiser?s novel ______, a commercial and critical failure when first published in 1900, was reissued in 1907 and won high praise for its grim, naturalistic portrayed of American society. 8). ______ was Mark Twain?s masterwork from which, as Hemingway noted, “all modern American literature comes.”

9). The best work that Mark Twain eve produced is ______, which was a success from its first publication in 1884, and has always been regarded as one of the great books of western literature and western civilization.

10). American literature produced only one female poet during the nineteenth century. That was ______.

11). The main theme of _______?s The Art of Fiction reveals his literary credo that representation of life should be the main object of the novel.

12). Where Mark Twain satirized European manners at times, ______ was an admirer.

2. Answer the following questions: 1). What is Dreiser?s style?

2). What is the difference between Henry James? realism and Mark Twain?s realism? 3). What is the theme of Dickinson?s poem?

Chapter 3 Modern Period 本章学习重点:

1. 识记: 迷惘的一代、 意象派诗歌、 表现主义、 意识流 2. 领会: ------- 《在地铁站》的主题、意象和语言 -------《未选择的路》的主题、意象和语言 ------- 《毛猿》第八场的主题结构、语言特色 -------《了不起的盖茨比》与“美国梦”

-------《印地安营寨》的人物刻画，语言风格与思想意义 -------福克纳小说的艺术特色 3．应用：------- 意象派诗歌的艺术特色 -------弗罗斯特自然诗

-------《了不起的盖茨比》的主题意义和主要人物的性格分析 -------海明威小说的艺术特色

------- 《纪念爱米丽的一朵玫瑰花》的主题结构、人物刻画、语言刻画

4. Some important points. Characteristics in Modern Period:

Page 546

The Lost Generation (P547)

The Poet (Pound, Robert Frost) : Imagist Movement The Novelists: (Fitzgerald, Hemingway, Faulkner, P 548) John Steinbeck, O?Neill New fiction (P551) Pound

1. The spokesman of Imagist Movement 2. Pound?s three principles about poetry.(P b556) 3. In a Station of the Metro

4. The River-Merchant?s Wife: A Letter 5. A Pact

Robert Lee Frost 1. Status: P 560

2. Characteristics of Frost?s poems (P561 and P563) 3. Main works (P562) 4. After Apple-Picking 5. The Road Not Taken

6. Stopping ?by Woods on a Snowy Evening O’Neill

1. Status (P568)

2. Beyond the Horizon (P568-569), the theme

3. O?Neill? character (P570) 4. The Hairy Ape(P572)

Fitzgerald

1. spokesman of Jazz Age 2. P 580

3. The Great Gatsby P581-582

Hemingway 1. Nobel Prize

2. The Sun Also Rises P600 3. A Farewell to Arms P601 4. For Whom the Bell Tolls 5. The Old Man and the Sea

6. Characteristics of Hemingway?s novels (Page 602-603)

William Faulkner

1. Setting for his novels: P612 2. P613

3. four masterpieces P613-614 4. characteristics of his works P616 5. A Rose for Emily 练习：

1. Fill in the following blanks:

1). The publication of the Waste Land, written by _____, helped to establish a modern tradition of literature rich with learning and allusive thought.

2). Fitzgerald summarized the experiences and attitudes of the 1920s decade in his masterpiece novel ______.

3). Early in the 1920s, the most prominent of the new American playwright, whose name is ______, established an international reputation.

4). The 1950s Americans writers often used the narrative techniques derived from William ______. 5). Pound was the leader of a new movement in Poetry which he called “______” movement. 6). Ezra Pound?s major work of poetry is the long poem called ______. 7). “After Apple-Picking” is a well-known poem written by ______.

8). In 1925, Fitzgerald wrote his best novel ______. It is the story of an idealist who was destroyed by the influence of the wealthy, pleasure-seeking people around him.

9). The hero in Fitzgerald?s novel _______ is a psychiatrist who marries a rich patient. The author condemns the wasted energy of misguided youth.

10). With the publication of the Sun Also Rise, ______ became the spokesman for what Gertrude Stein had called “a Lost Generation”.

11). In the novel The Old Man and the Sea, Hemingway portrayed an old fisherman named ______, who shown triumphant even in defeat.

12). In 1945, Hemingway was awarded a ______ for his “mastery of the art of modern narration”. 13). I the same way that Fitzgerald?s “Tales of the Jazz Age” became the symbol for an age, Hemingway?s novel ______ painted the image of a whole generation, the Lost Generation. 14). “The apparition of those faces in the crowd; Petals on a wet, black bough.” This is the shortest poem written by ______.

15). ______ showed great interest in Chinese literature and translated the poetry of Li Po into English, and was influence by Confucian ideas.

16). In Faulkner?s The Sound and the Fury, he used a technique called _______, I which the whole story was told through the thoughts of one character.

17). Faulkner?s novel ______ describes the decay and downfall of an old southern aristocratic family, symbolizing the old social order, told from four different points of view.

2. Answer the following questions.

1). What is Pound?s contribution to American literature?

2). Give a comment on Ezra Pound?s “In the Station of the Metro”. 3). Give a comment on Robert Frost?s “The Road Not Taken.”

1). What is Pound?s contribution to American literature?

2). Give a comment on Ezra Pound?s “In the Station of the Metro”. 3). Give a comment on Robert Frost?s “The Road Not Taken.”

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