动词的时态及语态+主谓一致

三、动词的时态及语态 I 时态 时态考查项目 1 过去完成时 2 现在完成进行时 3 将来完成时

4 一般现在时(用于表示客观事实/科学真理) 答题依据: 句中时间状语

主从句谓语动词的先后关系 语境

时态的呼应 (the sequence of tenses)

时态呼应是指从句中谓语动词的时态因受主句中谓语动词时态的影响而须采用一定的时态，从而达到两者在逻辑关系上的一致。 （一）主句谓语动词的时态为现在时或将来时， 从句谓语动词根据实际情况可用各种时态 She says she is a college student. she was a college student. she will be a college student. Has he told you when he is to leave for Beijing? Will you tell me when you finished the work? （二）主句谓语动词用过去时态

1 若从句谓语动词的动作与主句谓语动词的动作同时发生， 从句用一般过去时或过去进行时 She told me she was a teacher. He said he was studying English.

2 若从句谓语动词的动作发生在主句谓语动词的动作之前，从句用过去完成时或过去完成进行时

She explained to me that she had made the mistake chiefly out of carelessness.

Betty said that she had been waiting for my call.

3 若从句谓语动词的动作发生在主句谓语动词的动作之后，从句用过去将来时、过去将来进行时或过去将来完成时。

He said that he would come back the next day.

She said that she would be setting off on the 10 o’clock train. He told them that he would have finished by six o’clock.

4 若从句谓语动词的动作发生在主句谓语动词的动作之前，但从句中有表示某一具体时间的状语，从句用一般过去时。 He told me that he was born in 1959.

My mother told me that my grandfather went to Germany in 1917.

5 若从句说明的是客观事实或科学真理，现在依然成立，从句用一般现在时。 Our teacher said that the earth is round and it goes round the sun.

（三）主、从句动作都是将来时，但在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，从句谓语动词用一般现在时代替将来时，主句仍用一般将来时。 I will be a teacher when I grow up. What shall we do if it snows? II语态

语态: 主动语态和被动语态

（一）被动语态考查项目: (1) 被动语态进行式 (2) 被动语态完成式 (3) 不定式被动式 需要注意: 主动变被动后加to

(二) 具有被动意义的主动结构(即不该用被动语态的情况) 1 在 “主语+谓语+宾语+过去分词(作宾补)”结构中 谓语动词为使役动词或感官动词 Eg. I had the machine repaired. I didn’t hear my name called. 2 在 “主系表”结构中 Eg. The flowers smell sweet. The food tastes nice. 3 在 “主语+vi. + (adj./adv.)”结构中

vi.有: open, shut, sell, wear, blow, work, move, lock, cook, wash, clean, read, write, draw,

make, burn, eat, blame, photograph, etc.

Eg. The goods sells well. The door blew open. The door can’t shut/lock. This material has worn thin. The food is ready to eat. This kind of rice cooks quickly. She doesn’t photograph well. Danish bacon and egg makes a good meal. The mother didn’t know who to blame for the broken glass. 4 sth. want/need to be done sb. want (sb.) to do sth. want/need doing sth. require doing

sth. be worth doing / be worthy to be done be worthy of sth. be worthy of doing Eg. The house needs/wants repairing. The book is worth reading. 四、主谓一致

主谓一致：谓语动词在人称和数上与主语一致 （一）主谓一致三原则 1 语法一致原则: 单主→单谓

复主→复谓

2 意义一致原则 (1) 单形主→复谓

Eg. The volleyball team are playing magnificently. The old are respected in China. (2)复形主→单谓

Eg. This works was built in 1982. Economics was taught by Prof. Li. Is the United States a big country? (3)同一词作主语时单v.时复v.

Eg. All possible means have been adopted. Every means has been tried. 3 吸引原则

①邻近原则: Neither…nor… Either… or… …or…

Not only…but also… There be 句型 Here引导的句子

Eg. Here is a pen and some pieces of paper for you. Here are some pieces of paper and a pen for you. ②与第一主语一致 主语后跟: (together) with… along with…

as well as… like/unlike… but/except… rather than… as much as… no less than… besides… including… in addition to… …not…

等引导的短语时，其谓语动词的单、复数按主语的单、复数定，即与第一主语一致。 Eg. An iron and steel works, with some satellite factories, is to be built here. An expert, together with some assistants, was sent to help in this work. The room with its furniture was rented. The teacher as well as the students was excited. I as well as you am a football fan. He no less than you is my friend. I rather than him am to blame. I, not you, am wrong. You, not I, are wrong. No one except my parents knows anything about it. （二）用单数谓语动词的情况

1 each/either/neither/复合不定代词做主语 Eg. Is there anything in the box? Neither is good. 2 整体看待的数目,时间,价值,重量…等复数n.做主语 Eg. Twenty minutes is not enough. Three feet is a yard. Fifteen dollars is the price. 999 is a large number. 3 不可数名词,动名词,不定式,从句做主语 (what从句根据句义定) What he said is correct. What he left me are but a few old books. 4 “单数名词+ and +单数名词”结构表示一种概念或事物 如何确定此结构表示一种概念或事物:

第二个名词前无冠词, 第一个名词前可有可没有冠词 Eg. The hammer and sickle was flying over the roof. A knife and fork was placed before every guest. The poet and writer is one of my friends. Butter and bread is usually eaten with smoked salmon. Truth and honesty is the best policy. The girl’s teacher and friend is a young doctor. To love and to be loved is the greatest happiness.

Going to bed early and getting up early is a good habit. 5 形复单义词做主语

headquarters, works, news, 以-ics结尾的学科名词,国名,运动项目 politics / mathematics / physics the United Nations / the United States Eg. The news was very exciting. Their headquarters is at the foot of the mountain. 6 each/every修饰名词做主语

“each/every +单数可数名词+each/every+单数可数名词”结构做主语 Eg. Every hour and every minute is important. Each boy and each girl wishes to serve the people in the future. Every man, woman and child is an important being. 7 “more than one +单数可数名词”结构及 “many a +单数可数名词”结构做主语。

但 “more +复数名词+than one”结构和 “many +复数名词”结构中，谓语动词多用复数形式。

Eg. More than one question was asked. More members than one are against your plan. Many a student likes popular songs. = Many students like popular songs. 8 名词所有格之后的名词被省略，这种情况一般只指商店、工厂、或个人的住宅，做主语时动词一般用单数。如the baker’s, the barbar’s, the carpenter’s, the Zhang’s … Eg. The doctor’s is on the side of the street. My uncle’s is not far from here. 注：表示店铺的名词，一般作集体名词看待，但用作主语时，谓语动词往往用复数。 Eg. Richardson’s have a lot of imported goods to sells. 9 “a series of / a species of + n.”结构作主语时，其谓语动词用单数。

注意：series, species 的单、复数形式相同，如果series, species之前不是“a”，而是“two”一类的表示复数的词，其谓语动词用复数。 Eg. A series of actions is repeated over and over again.

There are two series of experiments: chemical and physical. （三）用复数谓语动词的情况

1 and 连接两个名词做主语 (不表示同一概念或事物时,即两个名词前都有冠词或限定词); both…and…短语做主语

Eg. The professor and the scientist give us lectures every week. 2 集合名词做主语

①一些集合名词做主语,谓语动词要求复数

cattle, police, people, mankind, poultry, militia, vermin Eg. The police have caught the burglar. Cattle are selling at reasonable price. ②一些集合名词做主语,谓语要求单数 machinery, equipment, merchandise, jewelry Eg. How much machinery has been installed? ③一些集合名词做主语看成整体时,谓语动词用单数; 强调个个成员时,谓语动词用复数;

family, team, committee, crew, staff, audience, club, class, company, crowd, enemy, government, group, public, population … Eg. His family is going to have a long juourney. The whole family are watching TV.

The population in China is very large, and eighty percent of the population in China are farmers.

3 the + adj. 表示一类人做主语 Eg. The old are respected in China. 4 all, none, some, any, more, most等不定代词及the rest, the majority做主语,修饰或指代可数名词时,要求复数谓语;修饰或指代不可数名词时,要求单数谓语. None but 短语视其后名词定

Eg. Most of his friends are rich. Most of his time is spent playing. All are agreed. All goes well. None but the brave man deserves a reward. None but the fools are prepared to believe that. 5 分数,百分数, half修饰可数名词做主语时,谓语动词用复数; 修饰不可数名词做主语时,谓语动词用单数; Eg. More than 70% of the surface of the earth is covered with/by water. Three-fourths of the students in our class are League Members. one and a half +复数名词=one + 单数名词+and a half 如果表示时间,距离,重量,谓语动词用单数 如果表示数量,谓语动词用复数

Eg. One and a half miles has been covered. One and a half apples were left in the plate. 6 名词性物主代词做主语时, 视其义定. Eg. His is a new bike. / His (books) are new. Ours are old bikes. 7 such, the same起指示代词作用时，应根据其所指的内容来决定单、复数。 Eg. Such is our plan. Such are his words. 8 关系代词who, that, which等在定语从句中做主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。

Eg. Those who want to go please sign your names here. Some of the energy that is used by man comes from the sun. 在 “one of +复数名词+who/which/that”引导的从句结构中，关系代词who/which/that的先行词是靠近它的复数名词而不是one，因此从句中的动词应该是复数形式。

但是当one之前有the only等修饰语时，关系代词的先行词是one而不是靠近它的复数名词，因此从句的动词应该是单数形式。

Eg. This is one of the most interesting questions that have been asked. She was the only one of the girls who was late for the meeting. 9 疑问代词who, what, which做主语时，谓语动词可根据说话人所要表达的意思决定单、复数。

Eg. Who lives next door? It is Xiao Li. Who live next door? It is Zhang and Liu. Which is/are your book/books? What produce(s) heat?

10一些有两个部分构成的名词表示衣物或工具做主语时，谓语通常用复数形式，如glasses, clothes, trousers, shoes, compasses, chopsticks, scissors等。但如果主语用 “a kind of, a pair of, a series of等加名词”构成时，谓语动词一般用单数形式。 Eg. A pair of shoes was on the desk. 11单、复数同形的名词做主语时，按意义一致的原则，用作单数意义时，谓语用单数；反之，谓语用复数。这类词有：means, works, species, Chinese, Japanese, sheep, deer … Eg. A sheep is over there. Some sheep are over there. The/This glass works was set up in1980. The/These glass works are near the railway station.

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