中微期末试题及参考答案
更新时间:2023-05-13 00:54:01 阅读量: 实用文档 文档下载
1. Claudia (C)和Jesse (J)居住在Carvel岛上,他们只消费冰激凌和巧克力饼。已知他们的效用函数和初始禀赋如下:
Claudia:
;
;
;
Jesse:
;
. (
,以及均衡时他们各自的消费量.
and the equilibrium consumption bundles
.
(2) 假设Claudia和 Jesse现在考虑是否向国际贸易开放市场。已知冰激凌的国际市场价
格为2,而巧克力饼的国际价格仍为1. 证明在不进行任何禀赋转移的情况下,Jesse愿意开放市场,而Claudia会不愿意。如果你是一个只关心他们总福利的中央计划者,你会开放市场吗?
Now suppose that Claudia and Jesse are considering opening their economy to world trade. The world price of ice cream is 2 and the world price of brownies is 1. Show that if redistribution is not possible, Jesse would agree to open to trade, but Claudia would not. If you were a central planner and only cared for the sum of their welfare, would you open the economy? 解答: 解答:
(1) 先求出C和J各自的需求函数(用冰激凌的价格PI表示)
有:
再令市场出清,可得冰激凌的均衡价格,代回需求函数得到均衡消费量:
(2) 将上问得到的需求量代入各自效用函数,可得封闭市场时C和J通过交换获得的效
用:
将国际市场价格代入各自需求函数得到开放市场后C和J各自的消费量:
将开放经济中C和J各自获得的效用分别与封闭经济的效用比较:
知C不愿开放市场,而J愿意进行贸易。 比较封闭市场和开放市场获得总效用:
所以中央计划者应决定不开放市场进行贸易。
在一个两类消费者和两种商品的经济中,A类消费者的效用函数是
,B, 并且
消费者只能购买非负数量的商品。已知商品2的价格为1,所有消费者的收入均为100,两类消费者的数量均为N.
An economy has two kinds of consumers and two goods. Type A consumers have utility
function
a
. Consumers can only consume nonnegative quantities. The price
of good 2 is 1 and all consumers have incomes of 100. There are N type A consumers and N type B consumers. (20’)
(1) 假设市场上有一个以不变单位成本c生产商品1的垄断厂商。在不能进行任何价格
歧视的前提下,它的最优商品价格和产量是多少?此外,当c取何值时,该厂商会同时向两类消费者供给产品。
Suppose that a monopolist can produce good 1 at a constant unit cost of c per unit and cannot engage in any kind of price discrimination. Find its optimal choice of price and quantity. For what values of c will it be true that it chooses to sell to both types of consumers?
(2) 若上问垄断厂商采用两部收费制,每个消费者需要在购买价格为p (且p<4)的商品1前支付固定费用k. 请求出A类消费者为了获得这种以p购买商品1的权利,愿意承担的最大固定费用k为多少?并分别写出A类消费者和B类消费者对商品1的需求函数(用p和k表示),以及两类消费者对商品1的总需求函数(用p和k表示)。
Suppose that the monopolist uses a “two‐part tariff” where a consumer must pay a lump sum k in order to be able to buy anything at all. A person who has paid the lump sum k can buy as much as he likes at a price p<4. What is the highest amount k that a type A is willing to pay for the privilege of buying at price p? Describe the function that determines demand for good 1 by type A consumers as a function of p and k. What is the demand function for good 1 by type B consumers? Now describe the function that determines total good 1 by all consumers as a function of p and k.
(3) 如果市场上只有N个A类消费者,没有B类消费者,求出使该垄断厂商利润最大化的p和k.
If the economy consisted only of N type A consumers and no type B consumers, what would be the profit maximizing choices of p and k?
(4) 如果N个A类和N个B类消费者都购买商品1,并且厂商不能进行任何价格歧视,求使垄断厂商利润最大化的p和k.
Find the values of p and k that maximize the monopolist’s profits subject to the constraint that both types of consumers buy from it.
解答:
(1)先求出A和B的需求函数:for A:
FOC:
同理:
对于垄断厂商,利润最大化:
如果C>1, 则P>2,此时2‐p为负,垄断厂商只向A类消费者供给产品,其利润最大化一阶条件为:
若垄断厂商只选择A类消费者作为市场对象,须满足:
故当C<1时,A类消费者和B类消费者都会购买商品1.
(2) 对于A类消费者,效用最大化:
激励相容条件:
A的需求函数:
B的需求函数:
总需求函数:
(3) 可通过求解利润最大化一阶条件,也可以通过画图求面积得到
(4)
s.t.
FOC:
如果这些厂商进行cournot竞争(产量竞争),每家厂商最佳反应函数是什么? 计算出cournot竞争均衡。
如果厂商2和3合并成一家(边际成本依然为0)。计算出新的cournot均衡。厂商1 比过去处境变好还是变坏?厂商2和3的联合利润比过去多还是少?那么把这三家企业组成一家cartel是否能赚更多的钱呢?
假设厂商1 能够事先承诺一个产量, 计算新的均衡。(20’)
Consider an industry with 3 firms, each having marginal costs equal to 0. The inverse demand curve facing this industry is:
If each firm behaves as a cournot competitor (quantity competition), what is firm’s best response function?
Calculate the cournot equilibrium.
Firms 2 and 3 decide to merge and form a single firm (MC still 0). Calculate the new cournot equilibrium. Is firm 1 better or worse off as a result? Are the combined profits from firm 2 and 3 greater or less than before? Would it be a profitable idea for all three firms to organize into a cartel?
Suppose firm 1 can commit to a certain level of output in advance. Calculate the new equilibrium .
答案:
The reaction function of the three agents are:
By
symmetry,
. The combined profits from firm 2 and 3 are less than before
since
. If
, the profit would
be 900 which is larger than the premerge profits of 675.
If firm 1 can commit to an amount in advance, the best response functions of
and
is to
produce
u
FOC.
.
Find all the Nash equilibria in the following game. (Don’t forget the mixed strategy equilibrium).
L M R A 1,04,11,0B 2,13,20,1C 3,‐12,02,2
答案:
For player 2 play M strictly dominates playing L. As a retional player, player will never play L. Konwing that player 2 is rational, player will never play B since A dominates B in the remaining game. Then we are left with the following game:
AC
M 4,12,0
R 1,02,2
In this reduced game,
the pure nash equilibrium are obvious:
(A,M) and (C,R). Now, let’s look at the mixed equilibrium. Let
an
satisfy are
, and
fo
for player 2. Then the conditions that these probilities have to
And the pure strategy NE are
an
劳动力。采用任何一种生产方式,农民王贵的农场均可最多生产10桶蜂蜜。 相邻的农场属于李武,生产苹果。如果农场里有蜜蜂施粉(如果王贵的农场中有蜜蜂,这些蜜蜂一定会给李武的施粉;李武的农场不购买培养蜜蜂),生产苹果可以采用更少的劳力。具体的,在生产每箱苹果的过程中,5单位蜜蜂可以替代1单位劳动力。李武的农场最多可以生产10箱苹果。
假定市场的劳动力工资w=1,蜜蜂的单位价格pb=1,枫叶糖浆的单位价格pm=1。 如果王贵和李武均试图利用最小成本按最大产量单独生产,最终的生产结果是否达到社会最优?李武是否愿意给钱给王贵,让王贵利用蜜蜂生产(采用第二种生产方式生产)? 如果两个农场属于同一个人,社会生产效率会怎样变化(请从社会最优的角度来考虑)? 为了达到社会最优,政府应当如何采用征税或补贴手段?(20’)
On farmer Wang Gui’ farm, only honey is produced. There are two ways to make honey: with and without bees. A bucket full of artificial honey, absolutely indistinguishable from the real thing, is made out of 1 gallon of maple syrup with 1 unit of labor. If the same honey is made by the old‐fashioned way (with bees), 2 total units of labor are required (including bee‐keeping) and 2 bees per bucket. Either way, farmer Wang Gui has the capacity to produce up to 10 buckets of honey on his farm.
The neighboring farm, belonging to Li Wu, produces apples. If bees are present, less labor is needed because bees pollinate the blossoms instead of workers doing it. For this reason, 5 bees replace one worker in the task of pollinating when one box of apples is produced. Up to 10 boxes of apples can be grown on Li Wu’s farm.
Suppose that the market wage rate w=1, bees cost pb=1 per bee, and maple surup costs pm=1 per gallon.
(1)If each farmer produces her maximal output at the cheapest cost to her (assume the output prices they face make maximal production efficient), is the resulting outcome socially efficient? Would Li Wu be willing to bribe Wang Gui to produce honey with bees?
(2)What would happen to efficiency if both farms belong to the same owner?
(3)How would the government achieve efficient production through taxes or subsidies?
答案:
(1)首先考虑两个农民单独生产的决策过程。
若王贵按第一种生产方式生产,生产10桶蜂蜜(最大产量)需要10单位枫树糖浆和10单位劳动力,所需总成本C1=10 * pm +10*w=20 (2分);
若王贵按第二种生产方式生产,生产10桶蜂蜜需要20单位蜜蜂和20单位劳动力,所需总成本C2=20* pb +20*2=40 (2分)。
因此,若王贵想按最低成本生产,会选择第一种生产方式,不利用蜜蜂(2分)。 下面从社会福利角度比较王贵农场的两种生产方式。
第二种生产方式会较第一种生产方式为王贵增加生产成本C2‐ C1=20。但在第二种生产方式下,李武因为王贵农场的20单位蜜蜂,在生产10箱苹果的过程中,能够节省20/5*10=40单位劳力, 较第一种生产方式节省40单位成本。由于第二种生产方式较第一种生产方式,在增加王贵20单位成本的同时(1分),会为李武节省40单位成本(1分),从社会福利角度考虑,王贵农场采用第二种生产方式最优。 因此,如果农民王贵和李武均试图利用最小成本按最大产量单独生产,最终的生产结果不会
达到社会最优(2分)。
农民李武愿意出金额b,给钱给王贵让其利用蜜蜂生产,其中b∈[20,40] (2分)。
(2)如果两个农场属于同一个人,该主人在选择生产过程中同时考虑两个农产的利润,使得两个农场生产总成本最小(2分)。因此,该主人将按社会最优生产,在王贵农产选择用蜜蜂生产的第二种生产方式。最终,由于两个农场属于同一个人,社会生产效率将得到改进 (2分)。
(3)政府可以对王贵农场的第二种生产方式进行补贴(2分),补贴额s>=20(2分),激励农民王贵按照第二种生产方式生产。
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