(完整版)TKT-Glossary中译版

MODULE 1

Concepts and terminology for describing language

描述语言的术语及概念

GRAMMAR语法

Active voice主动语态

passive voice.被动语态

Adjective形容词

comparative adjective形容词比较级

demonstrative adjective指代形容词

possessive adjective所有格形容词（代词所有格）

Asuperlative adjective形容词最高级

Adverb副词

Auxiliary verb:助动词

Article冠词

An article can be definite (the), indefinite (a) or zero (-), e.g.I was at (-) home in the sitting room when Iheard a noise.

Aspect

A way of looking atverbforms not purely in relation to time. The perfect, continuous and simple areaspects. The continuous aspect, for example, suggests that something is happening temporarily.Base form of the verb:动词基本形式

Clause从句

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A clause consists of a verb and (generally) a subject. A clause can be a full sentence or a part of asentence.

Main clause主句

When the teacher arrived,the students stopped talking.

Subordinate clause从句

When the teacher arrived,the students stopped talking.

Relative clause定语从句

The students who were sitting near the front stood up.

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Collective noun:集合名词

Compound noun:复合名词

Conditional条件句

First conditional,第一条件句

Second conditional,第二条件句

Third conditional.第三条件句

Conjunction连词

A conjunction (or connector) is used to connect words, phrases, clauses or sentences, e.g.I like tea butI don’t like coffee because it’s too strong for me.

Connector:连词

Countable noun:可数名词

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Demonstrative adjective:指示形容词.

Demonstrative pronoun:指示代词.

Dependent preposition:非独立介词

Determiner限定词

A determiner is used to make clear which noun is referred to, or to give information about quantity, andincludes words such asthe,a,this,that,my,some,

e.g.That car is mine.

Direct speech直接引语

The actual words someone says, e.g.He said, ‘My name is Ron.’

First conditional:seeconditional forms.

Gerund,-ing form动名词形式

A noun which is made from the present participle form of a verb, e.g.I hate shopping.

Grammatical structure语法结构

The arrangement of words into meaningful sentences. A grammatical structure is also a grammaticallanguage item, e.g. present perfect simple.

Imperative祈使句

The form of averbthat gives an order or instruction, e.g.Turn to page 10.

Indirect question

The words someone uses when they are telling someone what somebody else asked, e.g.Peter askedSue what she meant.

An indirect question can also be used when someone wants to ask something in a more polite way, e.g.‘I was wondering if you could help me’ (indirect questi on) instead of ‘Could you help me?’ (directquestion).

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Seedirect question.

Indirect speech:seereported statement.间接引语

Infinitive:seeverb.不定式

Infinitive of purpose表示目的的不定式

This is used to express why something is done, e.g.I went to the lesson to learn English.-ing/-ed adjective:seeadjective.形容词加ing或ed形式

Intensifier加强语气的词汇

A word used to make the meaning of another word stronger, e.g.He’s much taller than his brother;I’mvery tired.

Interrogative疑问句

A question form.

Irregular verb:seeverb.不规则动词

Main clause:seeclause.主句

Modal verb:seeverb.情态动词

Noun名词

A person, place or thing, e.g.elephant,girl,grass,school.

Acollective nounis a noun which includes a group of people or things, e.g.the police,the government.集合名词

Acompound nounis a combination of two or more words which are used as a single word, e.g.aflower复合名词

shop,a headache.

Acountablenoun has a singular and plural form, e.g.book books.可数名词

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Anuncountablenoun does not have a plural form, 0b410bcf0166f5335a8102d276a20029bc646328rmation.不可数名词

Aproper nounis the name of a person or place, e.g.Robert,London.专有名词

Asingular nounis one person, place or thing.单数名词

Aplural nounis more than one person, place or thing and can be regular or irregular, e.g.boys,women.复数名词

Object宾语

This is a noun or phrase that describes the thing or person that is affected by the action of a verb, e.g.Isaw Mary in the classroom.Seesubject.

Participle (past and present)现在分词及过去分词

The form of the verb that is used to make tenses or adjectives, e.g.an interesting film(presentparticiple);I haven’t seen him today. (past participle)

Passive voice被动语态

In apassivesentence, something is done to or happens to the subject of the verb, e.g. The tree was hitby the car.

Seeactive voice.

Past perfect simple and continuous,progressive:seetense.过去完成时及进行时

Past simple and past continuous,progressive:seetense.一般过去时及进行式

Personal pronoun:seepronoun.人称代词

Phrase短语

Possessive ‘s’ and whose所有格‘s

Ways of showing or asking who something belongs to, e.g. ‘Whose book is it?’ ‘It’s Sue’s’.Preposition介词

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A word used before a noun, noun phrase or pronoun to connect it to another word, e.g.He was in thegarden.

Adependent prepositionis a word that is always used with a particular noun, verb or adjective, e.g.interested in,depend on,bored with.

Present continuous,progressive for future:seetense.现在进行时

Present perfect simple and continuous,progressive:seetense.现在完成时及进行时Present simple and continuous,progressive:seetense.一般现在时及进行时

Pronoun代词

A word that replaces or refers to a noun or noun phrase just mentioned.

Demonstrative pronoun, e.g.this,that.指示代词

Object pronoun, e.g.him.代词宾格

Personal pronoun, e.g.I(subject pronoun),me(object pronoun)人称代词

Possessive pronoun, e.g.mine名词性代词

Reflexive pronoun, e.g.myself反身代词

Relative pronoun, e.g.which关系代词

Proper noun:seenoun.

Punctuation标点符号

The symbols or marks used to organise writing intoclauses,phrasesand sentences to make themeaning clear, e.g. full stop, capital letter, apostrophe and comma.

Quantifier量词

A word or phrase such as ‘much’, ‘few’ or ‘a lot of’ which is used with a noun to showan amount, e.g.Idon’t have much time; I have a lot of books.

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Question tag问号

A phrase such as ‘isn’t it?’ or ‘doesn’t he?’ that is added to the end of a sentence to make it a question,or to check that someone agrees with the statement, e.g.It’s very cold,isn’t it?

Reflexive pronoun:seepronoun.

Regular verb:seeverb.规则动词

Relative clause:seeclause.定语从句

Relative pronoun:seepronoun.关系代词

Reported statement间接引语

When someone’s words are reported by another person, e.g.She said she was sorry. Seeindirectquestion.

Reporting verb间接引语中使用的动词

A verb such as ‘tell’, ‘advise’, ‘suggest’ used inindirect speechto report what someone has said, e.g.Jane advised John to study harder.

Second conditional:seeconditional forms.

Singular noun:seenoun.

Subject主语

This is the noun or phrase that goes before the verb in a sentence to show who is doing the action, e.g.John plays tennis every Saturday. Seeobject.

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Subject-verb agreement主谓一致

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When the form of the verb matches the person doing the action of the verb, e.g.I walk,he walks. If astudent writesIwalks, then it is wrong because there is no subject-verb agreement.

Subordinate clause:seeclause.从句

Superlative adjective:seeadjective.形容此最高级

Tense时态

A form of the verb that shows whether something happens in the past, present or future, e.g.Past perfect simple and continuous,progressive过去完成时及进行时

After I had phoned Mary, I went out. (past perfect simple)

I had been studying for three hours, so I felt quite tired. (past perfect continuous, progressive)Past simple and past continuous,progressive一般过去时及进行时

I was talking(past continuous, progressive)to my friend when the taxi came. (past simple)Present continuous,progressive for future进行时表将来

What are you doing at the weekend?

Present perfect simple and continuous,progressive现在完成时及进行时

I have known him for a long time(present perfect simple).

I have been studying for three years(present perfect continuous, progressive).

Present simple and continuous,progressive一般现在时及进行时

I work at a school(present simple) andI am working in London now(present continuous, progressive).Third conditional:seeconditional forms.

Third person第三人称

Averbor apronounwhich shows that somebody or something is being spoken about, e.g. He, she, it,they.

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Time expression时间表达式

A word or phrase that indicates a time period, such asafter,by, e.g.I will meet you after the lesson.Uncountable noun:seenoun.

Used to过去常常做某事

A structure that shows something happened in the past but does not happen now, e.g.I used to live inLondon,but now I live in Paris.

Verb动词

The word which follows the subject of a sentence, and is sometimes described as the ‘action’ word, e.g.I like cheese;

He speaks Italian.

Anauxiliary verbis a verb used with other verbs to make questions, negatives and tenses, e.g.be,do,have.助动词

Thebase form of the verbis the infinitive form of a verb without ‘to’, e.g.go.动词的基本形式Theinfinitiveform is thebase form of a verbwith ‘to’. It is used after another verb, after an adjectiveor noun or as the subject or object of a sentence, e.g. 'I want to study’, ‘It’s difficult to understand’.动词不定式

Anirregular verbdoes not follow the same rule as regular verbs. Each irregular verb has its own wayof forming the past simple and past participle, e.g.go went(past simple) gone(past participle).不规则动词

Amodal verbis a verb used with other verbs to show ideas such as ability or obligation or possibility.Theyincludecan,must,will,should, e.g.I can speak French, but I should study even harder.情态动词

Aregular verbchanges its forms by adding-edin the past simple and past participle, e.g.walk walked规则动词

(past simple).

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Verb pattern动词搭配

The form of the words following the verb, e.g.he advised me to get there early. (advise+ objectpronoun +to+base

form)

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LEXIS词汇

Affix词缀

A meaningful group of letters added to the beginning or end of a word to make a new word.Affixationis the process of adding aprefixorsuffixto word.

Aprefixis a meaningful group of letters added to the beginning of a word,

e.g.appear–disappear.前缀Asuffixis a meaningful group of letters added to the end of a word to make a new word which can be adifferent part of speech, e.g.care–careful.后缀

Antonym反义词

The opposite of another word, e.g.hotis the antonym ofcold.

Collocation搭配

Words which are used together regularly, e.g.The teacher made a presentationNOTThe teacherperformed a presentation.

Compounds合成词

Nouns, verbs, adjectives or prepositions that are made up of two or more words, e.g.assistant officemanager,bring back,long-legged,due to.

False friend容易误认的词汇

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A word in the target language which looks or sounds as if it has the same meaning as a similar word inthelearners’first language but does not.

Homophone同音词

A word which sounds the same as another word, but has a different meaning or spelling, e.g.I knew hehad won;I bought a new book.

Idiom习语

A group of words that are used together, in which the meaning of the whole word group is different fromthe meaning of each individual word, e.g.She felt under the weathermeans thatshe felt ill.Lexical set词群

A group of words or phrases that are about the same topic, e.g.weather–storm,to rain,wind,cloudyetc.

Lexis

Individual words or sets of words, e.g.homework,study,whiteboard,get dressed,be on time.Multi-word verb:seephrasal verb.

Part(s) of speech

A description of the function of a word or a phrase in a sentence,

e.g.noun,verb,adjective.Phrasal verb,multi-word verb短语动词及由多个词构成的动词短语

A verb which is made up of more than one word (e.g. averb+adverbparticle orpreposition) whichhas a different meaning from each individual word, e.g.look after–A mother looks after her children.Prefix:seeaffix.前缀

Suffix:seeaffix.后缀

Synonym

A word which has the same or nearly the same meaning as another word,

e.g.niceis a synonym ofpleasant.

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PHONOLOGY语音

Spoken language in which the words join to form a connected stream of sounds.

Consonant辅音

Any letter of the English alphabet except the vowelsa,e,i,o uand sometimesy. Seevowel._____________________________________________________________ _________________________________

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Contraction缩写

A shorter form of a word or words, e.g.you have=you’ve;it is=it’s.

Diphthong双元音

A vowel combination usually involving a quick but smooth movement from one vowel to another, e.g./a

/as inmy.

Feature (e.g. of connected speech)特征

A feature of something is an interesting or important part or characteristic of it.

Intonation语调

The way the level of a speaker’s voice changes, often to show how they feel about something, e.g. ifthey are angry or pleased. Intonation can be rising or falling or both.

Linking连读

The way different sounds can link into each other in connected speech, e.g.it’s a good day–/ ts ?de /

Main stress:seestress.主重音

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Minimal pair

Two words which are different from each other only by one meaningful sound, and by their meaning,e.g.hear,fear.

Phoneme音位

The smallest sound unit which can make a difference to meaning e.g. /p/ inpan, /b/ inban. Phonemeshave their own symbols (phonemic symbols), each of which represents one sound. Words can bepresented inphonemic script音位标记

(usually International Phonetic Alphabet or IPA), e.g. /d kt /–doctor.Phonemic transcriptionisused in dictionaries to aid pronunciation.

Rhyme押韵

1. Words that sound the same, e.g.hat,cat.

2. A song or poem with words that sound the same at the end of each line

I believe I can fly.

I believe I can touch the sky.

Rhythm韵律

A regular pattern ofstressandsyllablelength.

Schwa:seestress.中元音

Sentence stress:seestress.句子重音

Stress

Sentence stressis where different words in a sentence are stressed. In English these are usually theinformation-carrying words. In the sentenceIt was a lovely evening,and the temperature was perfect,themain stress, when spoken, is probably on the wordperfect. Stress can therefore be used to showmeaning,to emphasise a particular point or feeling.

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Strong/weak forms重读及弱读

If the word is unstressed, theweak formof vowels may be used, e.g.I

can(/k n/)speak Italian,French,English and Spanish. The sound / / is called theschwa.

If a word is important, then the strong form is used, and the pronunciation changes, e.g.I can(/kaen/)speak a little Spanish in an emergency.

Word stressis the pronunciation of asyllablewith more force than the surrounding syllables which aresaid to beunstressed, e.g.umbrella.

Sometimes, a word may have two stresses, in which case one syllable takes themain stress. In thewordindependent, for example ‘pen’ takes the main stress.

Strong forms:seestress.

Syllable音节

A part of a word that usually contains a single vowel sound, e.g.pen= one syllable;teacher= twosyllables–teach/er;umbrella= three syllables–um/bre/lla.

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Unvoiced sound:seevoiced/unvoiced sound.

Voiced sound/unvoiced sound浊音及非浊音

A voiced sound is a way of pronouncing sounds with vibration (voiced) or without vibration (unvoiced) inthe throat. In English, vowels are usually voiced. Many sounds differ only because they are eithervoiced, e.g. /b/ or unvoiced, e.g.

/p/.

Vowel元音

One of the sounds shown by the lettersa,e,i,o uand sometimesy. Seeconsonant.

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Weak forms:seestress.

Word stress:seestress.

FUNCTIONS功能

Candidates should already be familiar with common functions such asasking,telling,replying,thankingandsuggesting.

Appropriacynounappropriate/inappropriateadj适合的

Language which is suitable or correct in a particular situation. Seeregister.

Colloquial口语的

Language used ininformalconversations or writing.

Declining, refusing an invitation拒绝邀请

To refuse or decline an invitation, e.g.I’m sorry but I can’t.

Enquiring要求

To ask for information, e.g.What time does the train leave?

Express表达式

To show or make known a feeling or an opinion in words.

Expressing ability, e.g.I can swim.表达能力

Expressing intention, e.g.I’m planning to visit him next year.表达意图

Expressing necessity, e.g.He needs to get a new passport.表达需求

Expressing obligation, e.g.You must wear a seatbelt.表达职责

Expressing permission, e.g.Can I have a look at your book?表达许可

Expressing preference, e.g.I’d rather have coffee than tea.表达喜好

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Expressing probability, e.g.He should be in later.表达可能性

Formal (language):seeregister.

Formality (level of):seeregister.

Function

The reason or purpose for communication, e.g.making a suggestion;giving advice.

Functional exponent

A phrase which is an example of a function and shows the purpose of the speaker, e.g.Let’s.... Thisphrase is one way to make a suggestion. It is an example (orexponent) of the function of suggesting.Seefunction.

Greeting问候

To welcome someone, often with words, e.g.Hello,how are you?

Inappropriate:seeappropriacy.

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Informal (language):seeregister.

Informality (level of):seeregister.

Instructing

To order or tell someone to do something, e.g.Please turn to page 12 and do exercise 1.Negotiating协商用语

To have a discussion with someone to reach an agreement, e.g.If you help me now,I’ll he lp you nextweek.

Neutral中性语

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A style of speaking or writing that is neitherformalnorinformal, but in-between. It isappropriateformost situations.

Predicting预测

To say what you think is likely to happen, e.g.I think the story will end happily.

Register

The formality or informality of the language used in a particular situation. Formal register or language isused in serious or important situations, e.g. in a job application. Informal register or language is used inrelaxed or friendly situations, e.g. with family or friends.

Requesting,making a (polite) request提出要求

To ask someone politely to do something, e.g.Please could you open the window?

Speculating推测

To guess something, e.g.I think it might be an easy test.

Concepts and terminology for describing language skills对于描述语言技能的概念及术语

Accuracy准确性

The use of correct forms of grammar, vocabulary and pronunciation. In an accuracy activity, studentstypically give more attention to correctness. Seefluency.

Authenticity:seeauthentic material.

Context上下文

1. The situation in which language is used or presented in the classroom.

2. The words or phrases before or after a word which help a student to understand that word.Deduce meaning from context从上下文中推断意思

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To guess the meaning of an unknown word by using the information in a situation and/or around theword to help, e.g.

I drove my van to the town centre and parked it in the central car park.Vanmust be some kind ofvehicle because youdriveit andparkit.

Develop skills开发技能

To teach students how to do activities like listening, and help them to understand how to listen.Draftnoun + verb,re-draftverb草拟，草案

Adraftis a piece of writing that is not yet finished, and may be changed. A writer drafts a piece ofwriting. That is, they write it for the first time but not exactly as it will be when it is finished. When thewriting is changed, it isredrafted.

Edit编辑

To correct mistakes in a piece of writing, and perhaps shorten or change the words of some parts of thetext to make it clearer or easier to understand.

Extensive listening/reading泛读、泛听

Listening to or reading long pieces of text, such as stories. You may listen to or read some parts indetail and mayskimother parts. Seeintensive listening/reading.

Extract摘录

Part of a text.

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Fluency,oral fluency流利度

The use of connected speech at a natural speed without hesitation, repetition orself-correction. In afluency activity,students typically give more attention to the communication of meaning, rather thancorrectness. Seeaccuracy.

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Infer attitude,feeling,mood感情及情绪

To decide how a writer or speaker feels about something from the way that they speak or write, ratherthan from what they actually and openly say or the words they use.

Intensive listening/reading精读，精听

Reading or listening to focus on how language is used in a text. Seeextensive reading/listening.Interactionnoun,interactverb,interactive strategies互动

Interact ion is ‘two-way communication’. Interactive strategies are the means used, especially inspeaking, to keep people involved and interested in what is said, e.g. eye contact, use ofgestures,functionssuch as repeating,

asking for clarification.归类

Layout布局

The way in which parts of a text are organised and presented on a page. Certain texts have speciallayouts, e.g. letters and newspaper articles.

Listen/read for detail阅读获得更多的细节

To read or listen to a text in order to get meaning out of every word.

Listen/read for gist主旨性阅读

To read or listen to a text to understand its general meaning or purpose. Seeskim.

Listen/read for mood情感阅读

To read or listen to a text in order to identify the feelings of the writer or speaker. Seeinferattitude/feeling/mood.

Note-takingnoun,take notesverb

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Note-taking is one of thesubskillsof writing. To take notes means to write down ideas in short form.Oral fluency:seefluency.

Paragraphnoun + verb段落

A paragraph is part of a longer piece of writing such as an essay, which starts on a new line and usuallycontains a single new idea. When a writer is paragraphing,

he/she is creating paragraphs. Seetopicsentence.

Paraphrasenoun + verb转述

To say or write something in a short and clear way, using different words. If a learner is not sure of theexact language they need to use, they can paraphrase, i.e. explain their meaning using differentlanguage.

Predictionnoun,predictverb

A technique orlearner strategystudents can use to help with listening or reading. Students think aboutthetopicbefore they read or listen. They try to imagine what the topic will be or what they are going toread about or listen to.This makes it easier for them to understand what they read or hear.Processnoun

A series of actions performed in order to do, make or achieve something.

Process writing写作流程

An approach to writing, which looks at writing as aprocessand includes different stages of writing suchas planning,

drafting,re-drafting,editing,proofreading.草拟，修改，编辑，校正

Productive skills输出技能

When students produce language. Speaking and writing are productive skills. Seereceptive skills.Proofread

To read a text checking to see if there are any mistakes in spelling, grammar etc.

Re-draft:seedraft.

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Receptive skills输入技能

When students do not have to produce language; instead they read or listen to a text. Seeproductiveskills.

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Scan速读

To read a text quickly to pick out specific information.

Skill,subskill技能

The four language skills are listening, speaking, reading and writing. Each skill can be divided intosmallersubskillsthat are all part of the main skill, e.g. identifying text organisation (reading); identifyingword stress(listening).

Skim跳读

To read a text quickly to get a general idea of what it is about.

Subskill:seeskill.小技能

Summarynoun,summariseverb归纳

To take out the main points of a long text, and rewrite them in a short, clear way, using full sentences.Text structure文本结构

The way a text is organised. For example, an essay typically has an introduction, main section andconclusion.

Topic话题

The subject of a text or lesson.

Topic sentence主题句

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