三级笔译真题+答案2005-2011

2005.11

一、英译汉

The Gap Between Rich and Poor Widened in U.S. Capital

Washington D.C. ranks first among the 40 cities with the widest gap between the poor and the rich, according to a recent report released by the D.C. Fiscal Policy Institute on July 22nd. The top 20 percent of households in D.C. have an average yearly income of $186,830, 31 times that of the bottom 20 percent, which earns only $6,126 per year. The income gap is also big in Atlanta and Miami, but the difference is not as pronounced.

The report also indicates that the widening gap occurred mainly during the 1990s. Over the last decade, the average income of the top 20 percent of households has grown 36 percent, while the average income of the bottom 20 percent has only risen

\D.C. area will continue, therefore, the income gap between rich and poor will be hard to bridge,\David Garrison told the Washington Observer. Garrison is a senior researcher with the Brookings Institution, specializing in the study of the social and economic policies in the greater Washington D.C. area.

The report attributed the persistent income gap in Washington to the area's special job opportunities, which attract high-income households.

Especially since the federal government is based in Washington D.C., Government agencies and other government related businesses such as lobbying firms and government contractors constantly offer high-paying jobs, which contribute to the trend of increasing high-income households in the D.C. area. For example, a single young professional working in a law firm in D.C. can earn as much as $100,000 in his or her first year out of law school.

\the main reasons why high-income families choose to live here, while middle and low-income families, if they can afford it, choose to move out of Washington D.C. to the Virginia and Maryland suburbs so that their kids can go to better schools,\

\families are moving out, the poorest families are left with nowhere to move, or cannot afford to move. This creates the situation we face now: a huge income gap between the rich and poor.\

The Washington D.C. area to which Garrison refers is the District of Columbia city itself, not including the greater Washington metro area. \million, but the low-income households are often concentrated in D.C. proper,\

Tony Blalock, the spokesperson for Mayor Anthony Williams, said

resignedly, \District, a certain population is not able to access the unique employment opportunities there. The gap between the rich and poor is the product of complex forces, and won't be fixed overnight.\

Garrison believes that the D.C. government should attract high-income families. By doing so, the District's tax base can grow, which in turn can help improve D.C.'s infrastructure. \in the meantime, the District government should also take into consideration the rights of the poor, set up good schools for them, and provide sound social welfare. All these measures can alleviate the dire situation caused by income disparity. \ Garrison, however, is not optimistic about the possibility of closing the gap between the rich and poor. He is particularly doubtful that current economic progress will be able to help out the poor. \did bring about this wave of economic recovery, and the working professionals and rich did benefit from it. It is unfair to say that the plan did not help the poor at all… it just didn't benefit them as much as it did the rich, \the simplest work, get paid the least, and dutifully pay their taxes, has not benefited from Bush's tax-cut plan much.\

Garrison concludes, \impact of the economic recovery. Washington D.C., on the other hand, has always been sheltered by the federal government. The wide gap

between rich and poor in the District, therefore, deserves more in-depth study and exploration.\参考答案：

美国首都贫富不均情况加重

美国首都独立研究机构华盛顿特区财政政策研究院（DC Fiscal Policy Institute）于7月22日公布的一份其最新的研究报告显示，华盛顿特区的贫富差距居全美40个大都会区之冠，20%最富有的家庭其年收入高达$186,830美元，是20%最贫穷家庭年收入（仅$6,126美元）的31倍。虽然亚大兰大和迈阿密两市的贫富差距与华盛顿相当，但其贫富不均的情况却不如华盛顿明显。

报告指出，华盛顿特区贫富差距逐渐加大主要是发生在90年代。在过去十年中，20%最富有的家庭其年收入增长了36倍，而20%最贫穷家庭的年收入仅仅增加了3倍。

“我认为中高收入家庭过分集中在特区的情况仍然会持续下去，在未来十年内贫富鸿沟恐怕难以拉近，”布鲁金斯学院（Brookigns Institution）专攻大华盛顿地区经济和社会形势的高级研究员大卫·盖立森（Daivd Garrison）对《华盛顿观察》周刊说道。

这份报告将华盛顿特区的贫富鸿沟归咎于当地特殊的工作机会。而这些工作往往会吸引高收入家庭搬到此地。特别是华盛顿也是美国联邦政府的所在地，而联邦政府和与政府相关的行业，如院外游说团体和政府合约承包商等等，不断提供高薪工作，也使得华府的高收入家庭有不断增加的趋势。举例来说，一个单身的年轻专业人士从法学院毕业后，在华府的律师事务所服务第一年的年收入可高达$100,000美元。

“此外，华盛顿特区也提供高品质的住宅（high-quality housing），这也是为什么高薪家庭选择在华府居住的主因之一，”盖立森分析道，“而一般中低收入家庭，在有余力的情况下，为了孩子能够上较好的学校而选择搬离华盛顿特区，移至分布于马里兰州和弗吉尼亚州的住宅区。”

“在高收入家庭不断迁移到特区、中低阶层的家庭移出，而最贫穷的家庭又面临无处，也无力可搬的窘境时，就造成我们现在看到的，贫富悬殊的华盛顿特区，”盖立森对《华盛顿观察》周刊说到。

盖立森此处所指的华盛顿特区指的是约有56万人口的都市（District of Columbia）本身，不包括整个华盛顿大都会区（Greater Washington Metro Area），“整个华盛顿大都会区人口高达500万人，但低收入户却只往华盛顿特区集中，”他特别解释道。

“不论我们如何努力吸引商家到华盛顿特区投资，华府有一部分的低收入家庭就是无法从中受惠，没有办法得到特区独特的高薪工作机会。” 华盛顿市长办公室发言人托尼·布拉克（Tony Bullock）说，“贫富差距的背后许多复杂的原因，是不能在一夕之间就改变的。”他言谈间颇有对特区的贫富悬殊无可奈何之叹。 盖立森则认为，特区政府的确应该吸引高收入家庭到特区居住，因为这样能够带来更多税收，对市政建设有积极作用。“但同时，特区政府也应该重视穷人的权益，设立好的学校、提供健全的社会福利等等，这些市政措施都能有效地改善特区严重的贫富不均状况。”

但盖立森对未来贫富差距是否真能拉近不是十分乐观，他尤其对这波经济复苏是不是能帮助到穷人保持怀疑的态度：“布什的减税方案虽然带动了美国这波经济复苏，有工作的人和富人的确享受到不少好处，但对穷人的帮助虽然不能说是完全没有，也只能说是不如富人的获益高，”盖立森分析道，“美国一般的工薪族（working class），也就是那些做初级工作、拿最低工资、老老实实缴税的人，实在没有从布什的减税案得到太大益处。” 盖立森总结说：“美国许多城市并没有享受到美国经济好转所带来的积极价值，但华盛顿特区一直以来受到联邦政府的庇佑，它贫富悬殊的情况仍然如此严重，确实值得深入的研究和检讨。”

汉译英：

25年来，中国坚定不移地推进改革开放，社会主义市场经济体制初步建立，开放型经济已经形成，社会生产力和综合国力不断增强，各项社会事业全面发展，人民生活总体上实现了由温饱到小康的历史性跨越。从1978年至2003年的25年间，中国经济年均增长9.4%。25年前，中国年国内生产总值为1473亿美元，去年已达到14000多亿美元。25年前，中国年进出口贸易总额为206亿美元，去年已达到8512亿美元。25年前，中国外汇储备为1.67亿美元，去年已达到4033亿美元。目前，中国经济总量居世界第六，进出口贸易总额居世界第四。 中国之所以能够发生这样巨大的变化，最关键的原因是我们始终坚持走中国特色社会主义道路，始终坚持改革开放，激发了全体人民的积极性、主动性、创造性。

中国虽然取得了很大的发展成就，但中国人口多，底子薄，生产力不发达，发展很不平衡，生态环境、自然资源与经济社会发展的矛盾比较突出。虽然中国人均国内生产总值已经突破1000美元，但仍排在世界一百位以后。中国要实现现代化，使全体人民都过上富裕生活，还需要进行长期不懈的艰苦奋斗。 我们已经明确了本世纪头20年的奋斗目标，这就是全面建设惠及十几亿人口的更高水平的小康社会，到2020年实现国内生产总值比2000年翻两番，达到4万亿美元，人均国内生产总值达到3000美元，使经济更加发展、民主更加健全、科教更加进步、文化更加繁荣、社会更加和谐、人民生活更加殷实。

参考译文：

Over the past 25 years, China has been firmly pressing ahead with the implementation of the reform program and the initiative of opening up to the outside world. With the establishment of a preliminary socialist market economy, and the nation’s economy attaining an outward-oriented perspective, the productive forces and the comprehensive national competence have been on the rising curve constantly. And various social undertakings have been developing in full

swing. The living standard of the Chinese people as a whole has undergone a historical leap from a subsistence level to the level of moderate prosperity.

In the 25 years between 1978 and 2003, the annual growth rate of China's economy was running at an average of 9.4 percent, with its GDP jumping from 147.3 billion US dollars to over 1.4 trillion US dollars. 25 years ago, China’s foreign trade value and foreign exchange reserves each stood at 20.6 billion and 167 million in US dollars, but last year they shot up to 851.2 billion US dollars and 403.3 billion US dollars respectively.

China has now become the sixth largest economy and the fourth largest trader in the world.

The tremendous changes in China are attributed to the fact that we have adhered to the path of building socialism with Chinese characteristics and persevered in our reform and opening endeavors, which brought into full play the Chinese people's initiative, enthusiasm and creativeness.

Though China has scored impressive achievements in its development, we must not lose sight of our problems: overpopulation, a weak economic foundation, underdeveloped productivity, highly uneven development, and the fairly sharp contradictions between the country's ecological environment and natural resources on the one hand and its

economic and social development on the other.

China's per capita GDP, though reaching the record high of 1,000 US dollars last year, still ranks well behind the 100th place in the world. To realize China's modernization program and offer all the Chinese people a prosperous life there is yet an uphill battle to fight.

We have already set our vision for the first 20 years of this century, which involves the building of a moderately prosperous society of a higher standard in an all-round way for the benefit of well over one billion Chinese people. By 2020 the GDP will be quadrupled from the figure of 2000 to 4 trillion US dollars, with the per capita level averaging at 3,000 US dollars. By then the nation will be immersed in an ambience of greater social harmony with an improved quality of life for the people, featuring a more developed economy, more sound democracy, more thriving culture and more advanced science and education.

2006年5月 一、英译汉

Freed

by warming, waters once locked beneath iceare gnawing at

coastal settlements around the Arctic Circle. In Bykovsky, a village of 457 people on Russia's northeast coast, the shoreline is collapsing, creeping closer and closer to houses and tanks of heating oil, at a rate of 15 to 18 feet a year. \- permafrost - and it is thawing.\For the four million people who live north of the Arctic

Circle,a changing climate presents new opportunities. But it also threatens their environment, their homes and, for those whose traditions rely on the ice-bound wilderness, the preservation of their culture. A push to develop the North, quickened by the melting of the Arctic seas, carries its own rewards and dangers for people in the region. The discovery of vast petroleum fields in the Barents and Kara Seas has raised fears of catastrophic accidents as ships loaded with oil and, soon, liquefied gas churn through the fisheries off Scandinavia, headed to markets in Europe and Nor America. Land that was untouched could be tainte by pollution as generators, smokestacks and large vehicles sprout to support the growing energy industry. Coastal erosion is a problem in Alaska as well, forcing the United States to prepare to relocate several Inuit villages at a projected cost of $100 million or more for each one.Across the Arctic, indigenous tribes with traditions shaped by centuries of living in extremes of cold and ice are noticing changes in weather and wildlife. They are trying to adapt, but it can be confounding. In Finnmark, Norway's northernmost province, the Arctic landscape unfolds in late winter as an endless snowy plateau, silent but for the cries of the reindeer and the occasional whine of a snowmobile herding them. A changing Arctic is felt there, too. \reindeer are becoming unhappy,\said Eira, a 31-year-old reindeer herder.Few countries rival Norway when it comes to protecting the environment and

preserving indigenous customs. The state has lavished its oil wealth on the region, and Sami culture has enjoye something of a renaissance.And yet no amount of government support can convince Eira that his livelihood, intractably entwined with the reindeer, is not about to change. Like a Texas cattleman, he keeps the size of his herd secret. But he said warmer temperatures in fall and spring were melting the top layers of snow, which then refreeze as ice, making it harder for his reindeer to dig through to the lichen they eat. \people who are making the decisions, they ar living in the south and they are living in towns,\ said Eira, sitting inside his home made of reindeer hides. \ weather. It is only people who live in nature and get resources from nature who mark it.\

气候变暖，原来压在冰层下面的水自由流动，正侵蚀着北极圈附近沿岸的居民点。

毕考夫斯基村是一个有457 口人的村庄，地处俄罗斯东北部沿海 一个鳍形半岛的顶端。那里的海岸正在崩溃，离房屋和取暖用油的油 罐越来越近，后撤的速度是每年18英尺，即5-6米。每年夏季，冰继续融化，最后家园将会消失，整个毕考夫斯基村可能也将不复存在。

“几乎到处是冰——永冻土——现在却在融化。”生活在北极圈 以北的400万俄罗斯人在许多方面感受到气候变暧的影响。气候变化 带来新的机遇，但同时也威胁着他们的环境，烕胁着他们家园的稳 定，对那些以冰雪荒原为其传统之根基的人来说，也威胁着他们文化的生存。

开发北方的步伐因北极海域的冰融化而加快。这对当地百姓来 说，既会带来好处，也会带来危险。巴伦支海和喀拉海大油田的发现 增加了人们对灾难性事故的恐惧，因为不断有满载石油或液化气的船 只穿过斯堪的纳维亚半岛沿海的渔场，驶往望眼欲穿的欧洲和北美市 场。随着发电机、大烟囱和大型运输工具不断涌现，以支持能源工业 的发展，过去人迹罕见的地方可能会遭受空气和水污染。

海岸的侵蚀在阿拉斯加也是一个问题，迫使美国准备将沿岸好几 处因纽特人的村庄迁往他处，估计每迁一个村子要耗资一亿美元。

在北极圈内，当地部落数百年来生活在严寒与冰雪之中，并形成 了自己的文化传统。现在他们感受到气候和野生动物的变化，试图适 应这种状况，但不知

如何是好。

在挪威最北边的芬马克省，北极风光在冬末展现出来，是一望无 际的冰雪高原，一片寂静，只能听到驯鹿的叫声，和偶尔传来的放牧 人摩托雪橇的嗡嗡声。 北极的变化在这里也能感受到，不过方式不同。“驯鹿变得不如 以前自在了，” 31岁的养鹿人伊萨特?艾伊拉说。

在保护环境和保存地方习俗方面，没有几个国家能与挪威相比。 挪威把大量的石油收入用于这一地区，使得萨米文化仿佛经历了一场 文艺复兴。 然而不论政府给以多大的帮助，也无法使艾伊拉相信他那与驯鹿 交织在一起的生活眼下不会发生变化。跟得克萨斯州的养牛人一样， 他对他的牲畜数量保密。不过他说秋季和春季温度升高，将表层积雪 融化，随后又冻成冰，这使他的驯鹿隔着冰层难以吃到地衣。

艾伊拉说：“决策人都住在南边，住在城市里。他们不注意天气 的变化。只有在大自然里讨生活的人才注意天气的变化。”他是坐在 家里的火炉边说这番话的，火炉里烧的是桦木。他的家是用驯鹿皮搭 成的，这种居所叫做“拉屋”。 二、汉译英

维护世界和平，促进共同发展，谋求合作共赢，是各国人民的共同愿望，也是不可抗拒的当今时代潮流。中国高举和平、发展、合作的旗帜，坚持走和平发展道路，与世界各国一道，共同致力于建设一个持久和平、共同繁荣的和谐世界。 中国与世界从未像今天这样紧密相连。中国政府把中国人民的根本利益与各国人民的共同利益结合起来，坚持奉行防御性的国防政策。中国的国防服从和服务于国家发展战略和安全战略，旨在维护国家安全统一，确保实现全面建设小康社会的宏伟目标。中国永远是维护世界和平、安全、稳定的坚定力量。

中国在经济不断发展的基础上推进国防和军队现代化，是适应世界新军事变革发展趋势、维护国家安全和发展利益的需要。中国不会与任何国家进行军备竞赛，不会对任何国家构成军事威胁。新世纪新阶段，中国把科学发展观作为国防和军队建设的重要指导方针，积极推进中国特色军事变革，努力实现国防和军队建设全面协调可持续发展。

2006.11 一、英译汉

For all the natural and man-made disasters of the past year, travelers seem more determined than ever to leave home.Never mind the

tsunami devastation in Asia last December, the recent earthquake in Kashmir or the suicide bombings this year in London and Bali, among other places on or off the tourist trail. The number of leisure travelers visiting tourist destinations hit by trouble has in some cases bounced back to a level higher than before disaster struck.

\said John Koldowski, director for the Strategic Intelligence Center of the Bangkok-based Pacific Asia Travel Association. \the adage that any publicity is good publicity.\is still too soon to compile year-on-year statistics for the disasters of the past 12 months, but travel industry experts say that the broad trends are already clear. Leisure travel is expected to increase by nearly 5 percent this year, according to the World Tourism and Travel Council.

\and travel now seem to bounce back faster and higher each time there is an event of this sort,\London-based World Tourism and Travel Council. For London, where suicide bombers killed 56 and wounded 700 on July 8, she said, \almost as if people who stayed away after the bomb attack then decided to come back twice.\

Early indicators show that the same holds true for other disaster-struck destinations. Statistics compiled by the Pacific Asia Travel Association, for example, show that monthly visitor arrivals in Sri Lanka, where the Dec.

26, 2004, tsunami left more than 30,000 people dead or missing, were higher than one year earlier for every month from March through August of this year.

A case commonly cited by travel professionals as an early example of the trend is Bali, where 202 people were killed in bombings targeting Western tourists in October 2002. Visitor arrivals plunged to 993,000 for the year after the bombing, but bounced back to 1.46 million in 2004, a level higher than the two years before the bomb, according to the Pacific Asia Travel Association.

Even among Australians, who suffered the worst casualties in the Bali bombings, the number of Bali-bound visitors bounced back within two years to the highest level since 1998, according the Pacific Asia Travel Association. Bali was hit again this year by suicide bombers who killed 19 people in explosions at three restaurants.

Visits are also on the upswing to post-tsunami Thailand, where the giant waves killed 5,400 and left more than 5,000 missing.Although the tsunami killed more than 500 Swedes on the Thai resort island of Phuket, the largest number of any foreign nationality to die, Swedes are returning to the island in larger numbers than last year, according to My Travel Sweden, a Stockholm-based group that sends 600,000 tourists overseas annually and claims a 28 percent market share for Sweden. \were confident that Thailand would eventually bounce back as a

destination, but we didn\stronger than last year,\for My Travel Sweden. \were very surprised because we really expected a significant decline.\percent increase in visitors to both Thailand and Sri Lanka this season compared with the same season last year. This behavior is a sharp change from the patterns of the 1990s, Eriksson said. \Gulf war we saw a sharp drop in travel as a whole, and the same after Sept. 11,\is a change in destination.\

尽管去年发生了许多自然灾害和人为的灾害，但是旅游者比以往更加坚决地出门旅行。

虽然去年12月亚洲的海啸产生了巨大的破坏力，最近克什米尔发生了地震，伦敦和巴厘岛出现了自杀性炸弹袭击，游客却毫不在意，无论在旅游路线上的地点或其他地方是否有危险。在某些情况下，受到灾难影响的旅游地区吸引的游客人数快速反弹，甚至比灾难发生之前的数量还多。

“我们正在关注的这种新情况，也就是旅游业快速回升，是有一点奇怪。” 总部设在伦敦的太平洋亚洲旅游协会战略情报中心主任约翰－考尔多斯基说道，“这使你想到那句老话，就是-任何宣传都不赖。”

虽然整理过去12个月的灾难年度数据还为时尚早，但是旅游业专家指出，现在旅游业发展总的趋势是清楚明确的。世界旅游协会指出，今年休闲旅游预期增长约5％。

“每次一有灾难发生，旅游业现在好像反弹得更快，旅游人数比灾害前更高。”总部在伦敦得世界旅游及旅行理事会副理事长尤菲－伊布拉辛说道。比如伦敦。7月8日伦敦的自杀爆炸袭击造成56人死亡，700人受伤。尤菲说：“看起来几乎是那些躲开了炸弹袭击的人决定再来伦敦看看。”

早期数字指出，对于其他遭受灾难的地方来说也是如此。例如，太平洋亚洲旅游协会的统计表明，虽然2004年12月26日的海啸造成超过3万人死伤，但是今天3月到8月间，来到斯里兰卡的游客人数每个月都比去年同期要高。

为了说明这种趋势，旅游专业人士常常引用的一个先前的例子是巴厘岛。2002年10月，针对西方人的炸弹袭击造成202人死亡。然而在爆炸后一年，游客人数骤降至993000人，而2004年反弹至146万人。太平洋亚洲旅游协会指出，这一数字比炸弹袭击的前两年还高。（我觉得还是应该指2000年，因为这一年是千禧年，旅游人数应该比较高。）

太平洋亚洲旅游协会还指出，即使是在巴厘岛炸弹袭击中伤亡最为惨重的澳大利亚人也是如此。仅在袭击后的两年内，来巴厘岛旅游的人数就反弹至自1998年以来的最高点。

自杀式炸弹袭击者今年再度袭击了巴厘岛，三所饭馆发生爆炸，造成19人死亡。 泰国在遭受了海啸袭击后，也吸引了更多的游客，而当时的海啸掀起了巨浪，造成5400人死亡，5000人失踪。

虽然泰国旅游胜地普吉岛的海啸曾造成500多瑞典人死亡，是死亡人数最多的外国人，但是“瑞典－我的旅行”组织说，更多的瑞典人回到普吉岛旅游，总数超过去年。该组织总部设在斯德哥尔摩，每年把60万游客送往海外，占有28％的瑞典旅游市场份额。

“我们深信，泰国最终重新成为旅游热点地区，但是我们没有想到，今年的反弹力度比去年还要强劲。”“瑞典－我的旅行”组织交通部主任约吉姆－埃里克森说，“本来我们以为人数会有大的下滑，所以对现在的情况感到十分吃惊。”

埃里克森说，该组织预计，与去年相同的旅游季节相比，今天去泰国和斯里兰卡的游客人数均将上升5％。他说，这种情况与20世纪90年代有了显著的变化。 “在第一次海湾战争期间，我们发现，旅游业总体上有显著的下滑，911之后也是如此。”埃里克森说，“现在，恐怖主义活动或灾害袭击给旅游业造成的影响无非是改变了旅游的目的地而已。”

二、汉译英

２５年来，中国坚定不移地推进改革开放，社会主义市场经济体制初步建立，开放型经济已经形成，社会生产力和综合国力不断增强，各项社会事业全面发展，人民生活总体上实现了由温饱到小康的历史性跨越。从1978年至２００３年的２５年间，中国经济年均增长９．４％。２５年前，中国年国内生产总值为１４７３亿美元，去年已达到１４０００多亿美元。２５年前，中国年进出口贸易总额为２０６亿美元，去年已达到８５１２亿美元。２５年前，中国外汇储备为１．６７亿美元，去年已达到４０３３亿美元。目前，中国经济总量居世界第六，进出口贸易总额居世界第四。中国之所以能够发生这样巨大的变化，最关键的原因是我们始终坚持走中国特色社会主义道路，始终坚持改革开放，激发了全体人民的积极性、主动性、创造性。

中国虽然取得了很大的发展成就，但中国人口多，底子薄，生产力不发达，发展很不平衡，生态环境、自然资源与经济社会发展的矛盾比较突出。虽然中国人均国内生产总值已经突破１０００美元，但仍排在世界一百位以后。中国要实现现代化，使全体人民都过上富裕生活，还需要进行长期不懈的艰苦奋斗。

我们已经明确了本世纪头２０年的奋斗目标，这就是全面建设惠及十几亿人口的更高水平的小康社会，到２０２０年实现国内生产总值比２０００年翻两番，达到４万亿美元，人均国内生产总值达到３０００美元，使经济更加发展、民主更加健全、科教更加进步、文化更加繁荣、社会更加和谐、人民生活更加殷实。

2007年5月

一、英译汉

It took nine years from the time the Danish and Swedish governments agreed to build a fixed link between their countries to the time the first car, train, truck and bicyclists crossed the Oresund Bridge.

Construction of the bridge, including design and cornerstone, began in March 1991 and was completed in July 2000. Today, it is the longest stone-stayed road and rail bridge in the world. At approximately 10 miles (16 kilometers), including the tunnel, it is an engineering and architectural marvel. But as time has proven, the bridge is a cultural and economic boon as well. The sleek span of concrete whose design typifies Scandinavian minimalism has contributed greatly to the development of the Oresund region: the eastern part of Denmark, including Copenhagen, and the southwestern part of Sweden, including Malm? and Lund. The level of commuting between Malm? and Copenhagen has quadrupled since the opening of the bridge in 2000, and the number of Danes moving to the south of Sweden has increased sixfold. The

Oresund region has become a cultural and economic powerhouse, considered a model region by the European Union.

Work on the bridge began in 1995, and was undertaken by a team of international consulting and construction companies.

From the beginning, construction of the bridge complied with some of the world’s toughest environmental regulations, as well as many advanced design and construction details. The Mexico-based CEMEX, one of the world’s largest producers of Cement and ready-mix concrete, was awarded a contract to deliver tons of high-quality cement to help build the main part of the bridge, the two approach bridges and the tunnel.

When it opened in July 2000, the Oresund Bridge consisted of a 3.5-kilometer immersed tunnel, the largest of its kind in the world, a 4-kilometer long artificial island (made from mud dug out from the bottom of strait to make space for the tunnel) and a 7.8-kilometer cable-stayed bridge, the world’s longest bridge including both a highway and a railroad.

Though just half of the total construction, the actual bridge span, is visible above water, the overall architecture was designed to please the eye from both the Danish and Swedish sides of the strait.

The four 204-meter (670 feet) tall pillars carrying the bridge have a simple Scandinavian design. To drivers and passengers crossing the bridge, the pillars provide a visual, as well as actual, impression of stability and calm.

The two-level structure is made of steel and concrete. Along tile two approach bridges, tracks are piaced in concrete troughs that turn into steel decks on the bridge. The bridge’s upper deck carries cars and trucks, while the lower deck accommodates the railroad. The four pillars are grounded in giant cement boxes placed at the bottom of the strait, about 18 meters below sea level.

Last year, an average of 13,600 vehicles and 17,000 passengers crossed the bridge everyday, and traffic continues to increase by 10-20 percent every year.

Throughout the construction process, the Danish and Swedish environmental agencies have surveyed but found no changes in the wildlife, birds, fish and vegetation surrounding the bridge. In addition, the chemicals used in construction and the percentage of waste materials have been kept to a minimum, as required by both Danish and Swedish laws.

In 2003, the Oresund Bridge won the IABSE (International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering) Outstanding Structural Award for its innovative design, planning and construction management, as well as its strict compliance with the time schedule, budget and environmental requirements. 二、汉译英

能源是人类社会赖以生存和发展的重要物质基础。纵观人类社会发展的历史，

人类文明的每一次重大进步都伴随着能源的改进和更替。能源的开发利用极大地推进了世界经济和人类社会的发展。

过去100多年里，发达国家先后完成了工业化，消耗了地球上大量的自然资源，特别是能源资源。当前，一些发展中国家正在步入工业化阶段，能源消费增加是经济社会发展的客观必然。

中国是当今世界上最大的发展中国家，发展经济，摆脱贫困，是中国政府和中国人民在相当长一段时期内的主要任务。20世纪70年代末以来，中国作为世界上发展最快的发展中国家，经济社会发展取得了举世瞩目的辉煌成就，成功地开辟了中国特色社会主义道路，为世界的发展和繁荣作出了重大贡献。 中国是目前世界上第二位能源生产国和消费国。能源供应持续增长，为经济社会发展提供了重要的支撑。能源消费的快速增长，为世界能源市场创造了广阔的发展空间。中国已经成为世界能源市场不可或缺的重要组成部分，对维护全球能源安全，正在发挥着越来越重要的积极作用。

Energy is an essential material basis for human survival and development. Over the entire history of mankind, each and every significant step in the progress of human civilization has been accompanied by energy innovations and substitutions. The development and utilization of energy

has enormously boosted the development of the world economy and human society.

Over more than 100 years in the past, developed countries have completed their industrialization, consuming an enormous quantity of natural resources, especially energy resources, in the process. Today, some developing countries are ushering in their own era of

industrialization, and an increase of energy consumption is inevitable for their economic and social development.

China is the largest developing country in the world, and developing its economy and eliminating poverty will, for a long time to come, remain the main tasks for the Chinese government and the Chinese people. Since the late 1970s, China, as the fastest growing developing country, has scored brilliant achievements in its economy and society that have attracted worldwide attention, successfully blazed the trail of socialism with Chinese characteristics, and made significant contributions to world development and prosperity.

China is now the world's second-largest energy producer and consumer. The sustained growth of energy supply has provided an important support for the country's economic growth and social progress, while the rapid expansion of energy consumption has created a vast scope for the global energy market. As an irreplaceable component of

the world energy market, China plays an increasingly important role in maintaining global energy security. 2007.11 一、英译汉

One of the biggest decisions Andy Blevins has ever made, and one of the few he now regrets, never seemed like much of a decision at all. It just felt like the natural thing to do.

In the summer of 1995, he was moving boxes of soup cans, paper towels and dog food across the floor of a supermarket warehouse, one of the biggest buildings here in southwest Virginia. The heat was brutal. The job had sounded impossible when he arrived fresh off his first year of college, looking to make some summer money, still a skinny teenager with sandy blond hair and a narrow, freckled face.

But hard work done well was something he understood, even if he was the first college boy in his family. Soon he was making bonuses on top of his $6.75 an hour, more money than either of his parents made. His girlfriend was around, and so were his hometown buddies. Andy acted more outgoing with them, more relaxed. People in Chilhowie noticed that.

It was just about the perfect summer. So the thought crossed his mind: maybe it did not have to end. Maybe he would take a break from college and keep working. He had been getting C's and D's, and college

never felt like home, anyway.

\Mr. Blevins recalled. \

So he quit college instead, and with that, Andy Blevins joined one of the largest and fastest-growing groups of young adults in America. He became a college dropout, though nongraduate may be the more precise term.

Many people like him plan to return to get their degrees, even if few actually do. Almost one in three Americans in their mid-20's now fall into this group, up from one in five in the late 1960's, when the Census Bureau began keeping such data. Most come from poor and working-class families.

That gap had grown over recent years. \the most serious domestic problem in the United States today is the widening gap between the children of the rich and the children of the poor,\Lawrence H. Summers, the president of Harvard, said last year when announcing that Harvard would give full scholarships to all its lowest-income students. \education is the most powerful weapon we have to address that problem.\

Andy Blevins says that he too knows the importance of a degree. Ten years after trading college for the warehouse, Mr. Blevins, 29, spends his days at the same supermarket company. He has worked his way up to

produce buyer, earning $35,000 a year with health benefits and a 401(k) plan. He is on a path typical for someone who attended college without getting a four-year degree. Men in their early 40's in this category made an average of $42,000 in 2000. Those with a four-year degree made $65,000.

Mr. Blevins says he has many reasons to be happy. He lives with his wife, Karla, and their year-old son, Lucas, in a small blue-and-yellow house in the middle of a stunningly picturesque Appalachian valley. \soft-spoken lilt. \years seemed like a thousand years then. But I wish I would have just put in my four years.\

Why so many low-income students fall from the college ranks is a question without a simple answer. Many high schools do a poor job of preparing teenagers for college. Tuition bills scare some students from even applying and leave others with years of debt. To Mr. Blevins, like many other students of limited means, every week of going to classes seemed like another week of losing money .

\III, the president of the University of Virginia, himself the son of a Virginia shipyard worker.

安迪布莱文思曾做过的最大的、同时也是他现在极少为之后悔的决定之一，

看起来一点也不像个决定。倒像是自然而然做的事。

1995年夏天，他在一家超市的仓库上班，把汤罐头、纸巾和狗粮箱子在地板上搬来搬去，这家超市是弗吉尼亚西南部最大的建筑物之一。天气酷热。他刚

到这开始第一个学年时，希望在暑期挣点外快，这份工作在那时显得不可思议。当时他还是个瘦得皮包骨的十几岁的小伙子，有着沙质金发和瘦削的布满雀斑的脸。

但是，他明白应该把坚苦的工作干好，即使他是他家族的第一个大学生。很快，他挣的钱高达6.75美元一小时，比他父母挣得都多。他有女友和同乡作伴。安迪待他们更友好宽容。芝尔豪伊镇的人注意到了。

这只是个完美的夏天。于是一丝念头闪过他的脑海，兴许这一切不必结束，兴许他可以暂时休学继续工作。他的学业成绩得了一些C和D，无论如何，大学从来不像家里。

“我喜欢努力干活，完成工作，挣一份薪水，”布莱文思回忆说。“我只知道我不想离开。”

于是他反而退了学，随之加入了美国最大和成长最快的年轻人群体之一。他成了辍学生，尽管未毕业也许是更准确的定义。

很多像他那样的人计划重新取得学位，即使实际上很少人那么做。20岁左右的美国人几乎有三分之一成为这个群体中的一员，高于20世纪60年代的五分之一，那时人口调查局开始保存这一数据。其中大部分人出生于穷人和工薪阶层家庭。

最近几年这种差距已扩大。“我们必须意识到，美国今天最严重的国内问题是日益分化的贫富孩子之间的差距，”哈佛校长劳伦斯.H夏默尔在宣称哈佛应给所有收入最低的学生颁发全额奖学金时说。“教训是解决这一问题的最强有力的武器。”

安迪布莱文思说他也知道学位的重要性。在拿大学生涯换仓库工作的十年后，已29岁的布莱文思先生，仍在同一家超市工作。他干到了产品采购，年薪35000美元，有健康保险和一份401（k）计划。他走的路，是那些进入大学却未取得4年学位的人走的一条典型的路。2000年，40多岁的此类人平均年薪为42000万美元。而那些取得了4年学位的人年薪则为65000美元。

布莱文思先生说他有很多理由高兴。他同他的妻子卡拉及周岁的儿子卢卡斯，住在风景如画的阿巴拉契亚山谷中部的一座蓝黄相间的小房子里。 “回想起来，我希望我已经取得了那个学位，”布莱文思先生轻快地说。“那时4年似乎像1000年。但是我希望自己只是投入了4年。”

为什么如此多的低收入学生辍学，这是一个没有简单答案的问题。许多高中在将青少年送进大学的准备工作上没做好。学费吓得学生甚至不敢申请，或让其他入学的人欠下多年的债。布莱文思先生，像其他门路有限的学生一样，每周去上课，就像每周在赔钱。

“教育体制给了学生们一个虚假的承诺，”弗吉尼亚大学校长约翰.T.卡斯廷三世说，他本人是一个弗吉尼亚船厂工人的儿子。

二、汉译英

提起东盟国家，我就想起去年在东盟会议上，马哈蒂尔先生和吴作栋先生曾经形象地把中国比喻成一个友好的大象。他们说，中国的崛起不会对其他们存在任 何威胁。中国有5000年的文明史，有过辉煌的过去，也有过屈辱的往事。中国的崛起是多少代中国人的梦想。中国和平崛起的要义在什么地方？第一，中国和平 崛起就是要充分利用世界和平的大好时机，努力发展和壮大自己。同时又以自己的发展，维护世界和平。第二，中国的崛起应把基点主要放在自己的力量

上，独立自 主、自力更生，艰苦奋斗，依靠广阔的国内市场、充足的劳动力资源和雄厚的资金储备，以及改革带来的机制创新。第三，中国的崛起离不开世界。中国必须坚持开 放的政策，在平等互利的原则上，同世界一切友好国家发展经贸往来。第四，中国的崛起需要很长的时间，恐怕要多少代人的努力奋斗。第五，中国的崛起不会妨碍 任何人，也不会威胁任何人，也不会牺牲任何人。中国现在不称霸，将来即使强大了也永远不会称霸。

2008年5月 一、英译汉

ARDEA, Italy — The previous growing season, this lush coastal field near Rome was filled with rows of delicate durum wheat, used to make high-quality pasta. Today it overflows with rapeseed, a tall, gnarled weedlike plant bursting with coarse yellow flowers that has become a new manna for European farmers: rapeseed can be turned into biofuel. Motivated by generous subsidies to develop alternative energy sources — and a measure of concern about the future of the planet — Europe’s farmers are beginning to grow crops that can be turned into fuels meant to produce fewer emissions than gas or oil. They are chasing their counterparts in the Americas who have been raising crops for biofuel for more than five years.

“This is a much-needed boost to our economy, our farms,” said Marcello Pini, 50, a farmer, standing in front of the rapeseed he planted for the first time. “Of course, we hope it helps the environment, too.”

In March, the European Commission, disappointed by the slow growth of the biofuels industry, approved a directive that included a “binding target” requiring member countries to use 10 percent biofuel for transport by 2020 — the most ambitious and specific goal in the world.

Most European countries are far from achieving the target, and are introducing incentives and subsidies to bolster production.

As a result, bioenergy crops have replaced food as the most profitable crop in several European countries. In this part of Italy, for example, the government guarantees the purchase of biofuel crops at 22 euros for 100 kilograms, or $13.42 for 100 pounds — nearly twice the 11 to 12 euros for 100 kilograms of wheat on the open market in 2006. Better still, farmers can plant biofuel crops on “set aside” fields, land that Europe’s agriculture policy would otherwise require be left fallow.

But an expert panel convened by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization pointed out that the biofuels boom produces benefits as well as trade-offs and risks — including higher and wildly fluctuating food prices. In some markets, grain prices have nearly doubled.

“At a time when agricultural prices are low, in comes biofuel and improves the lot of farmers and injects life into rural areas,” said Gustavo

Best, an expert at the Food and Agriculture Organization in Rome. “But as the scale grows and the demand for biofuel crops seems to be infinite, we’re seeing some negative effects and we need to hold up a yellow light.”

Josette Sheeran, the new head of the United Nations World Food program, which fed nearly 90 million people in 2006, said that biofuels created new problems. “An increase in grain prices impacts us because we are a major procurer of grain for food,” she said. “So biofuels are both a challenge and an opportunity.”

In Europe, the rapid conversion of fields that once grew wheat or barley to biofuel crops like rapeseed is already leading to shortages of the ingredients for making pasta and brewing beer, suppliers say. That could translate into higher prices in supermarkets.

“New and increasing demand for bioenergy production has put high pressure on the whole world grain market,” said Claudia Conti, a spokesman for Barilla, one of the largest Italian pasta makers. “Not only German beer producers, but Mexican tortilla makers have see the cost of their main raw material growing quickly to historical highs.”

Some experts are more worried about the potential impact to low-income consumers. In the developing world, the shift to more lucrative biofuel

crops destined for richer countries could create serious hunger and damage the environment if wild land is converted to biofuel cultivation, the agriculture panel concluded.

But officials at the European Commission say they are pursuing a measured course that will prevent some of the price and supply problems seen in American markets.

In a recent speech, Mariann Fischer Boel, the European agriculture and rural development commissioner, said that the 10 percent target was “not a shot in the dark,” but was carefully chosen to encourage a level of growth for the biofuel industry that would not produce undue hardship for Europe’s poor.

She calculated that this approach would push up would raw material prices for cereal by 3 percent to 6 percent by 2020, while prices for oilseed might rise 5 percent to 18 percent. But food prices on the shelves would barely change, she said.

Yet even as the European program begins to harvest biofuels in greater volume, homegrown production is still far short of what is needed to reach the 10 percent goal: Europe’s farmers produced an estimated 2.9 billion liters, or 768 million gallons, of biofuel in 2004, far shy of the 3.4 billion gallons generated in the United States in the period. In 2005,

biofuel accounted for around 1 percent of Europe’s fuel, according to European statistics, with almost all of that in Germany and Sweden. The biofuel share in Italy was 0.51 percent, and in Britain, 0.18 percent. That could pose a threat to European markets as foreign producers like Brazil or developing countries like Indonesia and Malaysia try to ship their biofuels to markets where demand, subsidies and tax breaks are the greatest.

Ms. Fischer Boel recently acknowledged that Europe would have to import at least a third of what it would need to reach its 10 percent biofuels target. Politicians fear that could hamper development of a local industry, while perversely generating tons of new emissions as “green” fuel is shipped thousands of kilometers across the Atlantic, instead of coming from the farm next door.

Such imports could make biofuel far less green in other ways as well — for example if Southeast Asian rainforest is destroyed for cropland. Brazil, a country with a perfect climate for sugar cane and vast amounts of land, started with subsidies years ago to encourage the farming of sugarcane for biofuels, partly to take up “excess capacity” in its flagging agricultural sector.

The auto industry jumped in, too. In 2003, Brazilian automakers started producing flex-fuel cars that could run on biofuels, including locally produced ethanol. Today, 70 percent of new cars in the country are flex-fuel models, and Brazil is one of the largest growers of cane for ethanol.

Analysts are unsure if the Brazilian achievement can be replicated in Europe — or anywhere else. Sugar takes far less energy to convert to biofuel than almost any product.

Yet after a series of alarming reports on climate change, the political urgency to move faster is clearly growing.

With an armload of incentives, the Italian government hopes that 70,000 hectares, or 173,000 acres, of land will be planted with biofuel crops in 2007, and 240,000 hectares in 2010, up from zero in 2006.

Mr. Pini, the farmer, has converted about 25 percent of his land, or 18 hectares, including his “set aside” land, to Europe’s fastest-growing biofuel crop, rapeseed. He still has 50 hectares in grain and 7 in olives. He has discovered other advantages as well. In Italy’s finicky food culture, food crops have to look good and be high quality to sell— a drought or undue heat can mean an off year. Crops for fuel, in contrast, can be ugly or stunted.

“You need fewer seeds and it’s much easier to grow,” he said.

欧洲竞相从农田获取燃料

阿尔代亚，意大利——上个生长季节，罗马近郊植物葱茏的靠海农田，遍布成排的纤细的硬质小麦，过去用于制作高品质意粉。今天，这里却长满了油菜花，一种高高的、多节的类似杂草的、盛开野黄花的植物。它已经成为上帝赐给欧洲农民的一种新的作物：因为油菜籽能被转变为生物燃料。

在丰厚补贴的驱动下，人们正在开发各种可替代能源——这是对地球未来一定程度的关注——欧洲农民正开始种植可转换为燃料的作物，这意味着比汽油或石油产生更少的排放物。他们正在追随美国同伴，后者种植用于生物燃料的作物已超过5年。

“这对我们的经济和农田，是一种急需的激励，”50岁的农民马赛罗.皮尼，站在他第一次种植的油菜籽田前面说，“当然，我们也希望这有助于环境。” 3月，对生物燃料产业成长缓慢感到失望的欧洲委员会，批准了一条包括“约束力目标”的指令，要求成员国到2020年时，生物燃料占运输用燃料的10％——这是世界上最雄心勃勃和具体的目标。

大部分欧洲国家还远远未实现这一目标，正引入激励和补贴，以提高产量。 结果，生物能源作物已取代粮食，成为几个欧洲国家最有利可图的作物。例如，意大利在这方面，政府保证以每100公斤22欧元或13.42美元的价格购买生物燃料作物——这几乎是2006年公开市场上每100公斤小麦11或12欧元价格的两倍。更好的是，农民可以在“搁置”地上种植生物燃料作物，欧洲的农业政策曾要求这些地休耕。

但是，联合国粮农组织召集的专家组指出，生物燃料热潮有利有弊，需要权衡——包括跌宕起伏的粮食价格波动。在一些市场，谷物价格已几乎翻番。

“一旦农产品价格降低，生物燃料就会进入，改善农民的命运，并给农村地区注入活力，”位于罗马的粮农组织专家古斯塔罗.贝斯特说。“但随着规模增长，对生物燃料作物的需求似乎无穷无尽，我们看到一些负面影响，需要举起黄灯。” 联合国世界粮食计划在2006年养活了近9000万人，其新领导人乔塞特希兰说生物燃料制造了新问题。“粮食价格的增长对我们造成了冲击，因为我们是粮食的主要生产者，”她说。“因此，生物燃料挑战与机遇并存。”

供应商说，在欧洲，成熟后的小麦或大麦改为像油菜籽那样的生物燃料作物，已经引起了制作意粉和酿造啤酒所需的配料短缺。这转化为了超级市场里更高的价格。

“对生物能源产品新的和不断增长的需求，已给整个世界粮食市场施加了高压，”意大利最大的意粉制造商之一、百得阿姨的发言人克劳迪亚科蒂说。“不仅德国的啤酒制造商，而且墨西哥的玉米饼生产者，都已注意到他们主要的原材料成本增长迅速，已达历史最高水平。”

一些专家更担心其对低收入消费者的潜在冲击。农业小组断定，在发展中国家，如果荒地转为种植生物燃料作物，这种以富国为目的、向更多高利润生物燃料作物转变的做法，可能造成严重的饥饿，并损害环境。

但欧洲委员会的官员说，他们正在寻求一种审慎的进程，它将避免在美国市场上看见的一些价格和供应问题。

欧洲农业和农村发展委员会的马里兰.菲舍尔.波伊尔，在最近一次演讲中说，

10％目标并非“误打误撞，”但是小心选择一个增长水平以促进生物燃料产业，并不会给欧洲的穷人产生过度困难。

她估计2020年前，这种做法将把世界谷物原材料价格提高3％至6％，而含油种子的价格可能增长5％到18％。但她说货架上的食品价格几乎不变。 然而即使欧洲的计划已开始大量收获生物燃料，本地产量仍然远远低于需要的10％目标：2004年欧洲农民预计生产了29亿升或7.68亿加仑生物燃料，远低于美国同期生产的34亿加仑。根据欧洲的统计数据，2005年，生物燃料已占到欧洲燃料的1％，德国和瑞典几乎全采用了。意大利的生物燃料份额为0.51％，英国的是0.18％。

巴西那样的外国生产商或印度尼西亚及马来西亚那样的发展中国家，试图将他们的生物燃料用船运输到那些需求、补贴和减税最大的市场，这可能对欧洲市场造成了威胁。

菲舍尔.波伊尔女士最近承认，为达到10％目标，欧洲将不得不至少进口所需生物燃料的1/3。政治家担心其将妨碍本地产业的发展，而持续产生新排放物的“绿色”燃料跨越大西洋不远千里地运来，却不是来自隔壁的农场。

这样的进口可能使生物燃料在其他方面也远远达不到环保——例如，如果东南亚的雨林毁于生物燃料作物的耕作。

巴西拥有适于甘蔗生长的完美气候和大量耕地，数年前就开始发放补贴以鼓励用于生物燃料的甘蔗的耕作，在其标志性的农业部门部分地产生了“产能过剩”。

汽车工业也牵涉进来。2003年，巴西的汽车制造商开始生产能用生物燃料驱动的弹性燃料汽车，包括本地生产的酒精。今天，该国70％的新汽车属弹性燃料车型，巴西是最大的酒精用甘蔗的生产国之一。

分析家并不确定巴西的成就是否能在欧洲或其他任何地方复制。糖转换为生物燃料所需的能源比其他任何产品都少。

然而在一系列令人震惊的关于气候变化的报告后，更快行动起来的政治紧迫感明显增加了。

意大利政府希望从2006年的零公顷起，2007年会增加到7万公顷或17万3千英亩土地用于种植生物燃料作物，2010年升至24万公顷，农民皮尼先生，已经把他25％、或18公顷的土地，转为欧洲增长最快的生物燃料作物，包括他的“搁置的”土地。他仍然有50公顷地种谷物和7公顷地种橄榄。

他也发现了其他益处。在意大利过分讲究的饮食文化中，粮食作物要卖，必须卖相好，质量高——干旱或酷热意味着一年绝收。相比之下燃料作物可以其貌不扬或发育矮小。

“你需要更少的种子，它更容易生长，”他说。

2008年11月 一、英译汉

1．LONGYEARBYEN, Norway — With plant species disappearing at an alarming rate, scientists and governments are creating a global network

of plant banks to store seeds and sprouts, precious genetic resources that may be needed for man to adapt the world’s food supply to climate change.

2．2．This week, the flagship of that effort, the Global Seed Vault near here, received its first seeds, millions of them. Bored into the middle of a frozen Arctic mountain topped with snow, the vault’s goal is to store and protect samples of every type of seed from every seed collection in the world.

3．As of Thursday, thousands of neatly stacked and labeled gray boxes of seeds — peas from Nigeria, corn from Mexico — reside in this glazed cavelike structure, forming a sort of backup hard drive, in case natural disasters or human errors erase the seeds from the outside world. 4．Descending almost 500 feet under the permafrost, the entrance tunnel to the seed vault is designed to withstand bomb blasts and earthquakes. An automated digital monitoring system controls temperature and provides security akin to a missile silo or Fort Knox. No one person has all the codes for entrance.

5．The Global Vault is part of a broader effort to gather and systematize information about plants and their genes, which climate change experts say may indeed prove more valuable than gold. In Leuven, Belgium, scientists are scouring the world for banana samples and preserving their shoots in liquid nitrogen before they become extinct. A similar effort is

under way in France on coffee plants. A number of plants, most from the tropics, do not produce seeds that can be stored.

6．For years, a hodgepodge network of seed banks has been amassing seed and shoot collections in a haphazard manner. Labs in Mexico banked corn species. Those in Nigeria banked cassava. Now these scattershot efforts are being urgently consolidated and systematized, in part because of better technology to preserve plant genes and in part because of the rising alarm about climate change and its impact on world food production.

7．“We started thinking about this post-9/11 and on the heels of Hurricane Katrina,” said Cary Fowler, president of the Global Crop Diversity Trust, a nonprofit group that runs the vault. “Everyone was saying, why didn’t anyone prepare for a hurricane before? We knew it was going to happen.

8．“Well, we are losing biodiversity every day — it’s a kind of drip, drip, drip. It’s also inevitable. We need to do something about it.”

9．This week the urgency of the problem was underscored as wheat prices rose to record highs and wheat stores dropped to the lowest level in 35 years. A series of droughts and new diseases cut wheat production in many parts of the world. “The erosion of plants’ genetic resources is really going fast,” said Dr. Rony Swennen, head of the division of crop biotechnology at the Catholic University of Leuven in Belgium, who has

preserved half of the world’s 1,200 banana types. “We’re at a critical moment and if we don’t act fast, we’re going to lose a lot of plants that we may need.”

10．The United Nations International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources, ratified in 2004, created a formal global network for banking and sharing seeds, as well as for studying their genetic traits. Last year, its database received thousands of new seeds.

11．A system of plant banks could be crucial in responding to climate crises since it could identify genetic material and plant strains better able to cope with a changed environment.

12．Here at the Global Vault, hundreds of gray boxes containing seeds from places ranging from Syria to Mexico were moved this week into a freezing vault to be placed in suspended animation. They harbor a vast range of qualities, like the ability to withstand drier, warmer climate.

挪威朗伊尔城——随着植物物种正在以骇人听闻的速度灭绝，科学家和各国政府正在创建全球网络性的植物库来储存种子和苗芽。人类可以利用这些珍贵的种芽资源确保充足的食物供应，以应对气候变化。

本周，作为这种不懈努力的旗舰机构，“全球种子地库”接收了首批数百万种的种子。该地库建于北极的一座白雪皑皑的大山之中，其目标是储存和保护世界各地收藏的各类种子样本。

截至周四，成千上万个堆放整齐且贴有标签的灰色种盒在上釉的洞穴式结构中安家落户，如尼日利亚的豌豆、墨西哥的玉米。这些盒子就如已经备份了的电脑硬盘，以防世界上的植物物种会因自然灾害和人为破坏而消失。

通往种子地库的入口隧道，位于永冻带下约500英尺处，其设计旨在防御爆炸和地震。自动化数字监控系统用于控制温度并提供类似导弹发射井或福特诺克斯军事基地的安全保障。任何人都不单独拥有进入种子库的全部密码。

目前，世界上很多人士致力于收集种子及其种子基因的信息并使之系统化，全球种子地库是这种全球性努力的的一个缩影。气候变化专家称，这些信息要比金子还要贵重。在比利时的鲁汶，科学家正在搜集世界上的香蕉样本并将香蕉芽

保存在液体氮中，以防其灭绝。法国也正在进行类似的努力，保护咖啡物种。很多植物，大多数是来自热带地区的植物，无法通过种子繁殖，不能产生可供储存的种子。

多年来，很多庞杂的种子库网络一直以随意的方式收集种子和苗芽。例如，墨西哥的实验室收藏玉米种，尼日利亚的实验室收藏木薯种。现在，正对这些分散的努力进行亟需的整合和系统化操作。之所以可以这样做，部分原因是储存植物基因技术的更新，部分原因是气候变化的警钟继续长鸣及其对世界粮食产量的影响。 卡里·福勒是一家负责管理种子库的非营利性组织全球作物多样性托管会的总裁，他说：“我们是在‘9·11’事件之后、尤其是卡特里娜飓风之后，开始有这个构想的。” 他还说：“每个人都在问：为什么事先不作好迎接飓风的准备呢？我们明明知道会发生飓风的。”

他指出：“喏，我们每天都在损失生物多样性——一点一滴地在损失。这种损失没有止步的迹象，我们必须为此做点什么。” 本周，由于小麦价格上升到最高纪录水平和小麦储存量下滑到35年来最低水平，更加突出了这个问题的紧迫性。由于一连串的干旱及新的疾病，世界很多地方的小麦产量下降。罗尼·斯文奈恩博士现任比利时鲁汶天主教大学作物生物技术部主任，他保存了世界上1200种香蕉种的一半以上。斯文奈恩博士说：“植物基因资源正在受到快速侵蚀。”他还指出：“我们正处于关键时刻，如果不迅速采取行动，我们将失去很多我们需要的植物物种。”

已于2004年获得批准的联合国国际植物基因资源条约创建了一个正式的全球网络，旨在对种子进行储存和共享并对其遗传特征进行研究。去年，有成千上万的新种子在其数据库安家落户。

由于植物库系统能够识别出那些对环境变化适应能力较强的基因物质和植物种类，因而这种系统能在应对气候危机中发挥至关重要的作用。

本周，数以百计的装有种子的灰色盒子从叙利亚、墨西哥等地运至全球种子地库，藏于这个冷冻库之中。储存在这里的种子具有很多特性，如能够抵御较为干燥和较A为温暖的气候。

2009年5月 一、英译汉

Business of Green: An appeal to slow down on biofuel

Last Friday an advisory panel to the European Environment Agency issued an extraordinary scientific opinion: The European Union should suspend its goal of having 10 percent of transportation fuel made from biofuel by 2020.

The European Union's biofuel targets were increased and extended

from 5.75 percent by 2010 to 10 percent by 2020 just last year. Still, Europe's well-meaning rush to biofuels, the scientists concluded, had produced a slew of harmful ripple effects - from deforestation in Southeast Asia to higher prices for grains.

In a recommendation released last weekend, the 20-member panel, made up of some of Europe's most distinguished climate scientists, called the 10 percent target \\ \issue carefully and then come back at the problem,\Laszlo Somlyody, the panel's chairman and a professor at the Budapest University of Technology and Economics, said in a telephone interview.

He said that part of the problem was that when it set the targets, the European Union was trying desperately to solve the problem of rising transportation emissions \effects of other sectors like land use and food supply.

\took the lead in cutting greenhouse gasses and we need to control traffic emissions,\Somlyody said. \the basic problem is it thought of transport alone, without considering all these other effects. And we don't understand those very well yet.\

The panel's advice is not binding and it is not clear whether the

European Commission will follow the recommendation.

It has become increasingly clear that the global pursuit of biofuels - encouraged by a rash of targets and subsides in both Europe and the United States - has not produced the desired effect.

Investigations have shown, for example, rain forests and peat swamp are being cleared to make way for biofuel plantations, a process that produces more emissions than the biofuels can save. Equally concerning, land needed to produce food for people to eat is planted with more profitable biofuel crops, and water is diverted from the drinking supply.

In Europe and the United States, food prices for items like pizza and bread have increased significantly as grain stores shrink and wheat prices rise.

The price of wheat and rice are double those of a year ago, and corn is a third higher, the UN Food and Agriculture Organization said this week.

\their total expenditures is much higher than that of wealthier populations,\said Henri Josserand of the Food and Agriculture Organization.

Biofuels are not, of course, the only reason for high food prices. Fuel to transport food is more expensive with oil more than $100 a barrel.

There have been unexpected droughts this year as well. Should we conclude that all biofuels are bad?

No. But motivated by the obvious problems now emerging, scientists have begun to take a harder look at their benefits.

For example, the European Environment Agency advisory panel suggests that the best use of plant biomass is not for transport fuel but to heat homes and generate electricity.

To be useful for vehicles, plant matter must be distilled to a fuel and often transported long distances. To heat a home, it can often be used raw or with minimal processing, and moved just a short distance away.

二、汉翻英

上海作为国际知名的商务中心，有最著名的海港，亚洲最重要的证券市场之

一，以及世界500强都不能忽视的巨大市场。作为国际化大都市，上海将承办2010年世博会，成为发展中国家城市的首个东道主。本届世博会的主题--城市，使生活更美好。有着1700万人口的上海将于2010年5月至10月举行的世博会，预期将有创纪录的7000万人次参观。上海本次计划投资30亿美元，全面建设基础设施。在世博会期间，为了保证交通顺畅，将投入更多的资金用于城市道路和地铁的建设。按照世博会的相关规定，将建设一批会展展馆，建在黄浦江两岸，包括高科技展厅和会议中心。上海市政府决心通过世博会不断改善城市生活。许多重要基础设施将在2010年前竣工。世博会后，大部分将被改造成生活、办公、休闲设施。

参考译文： Version I.

As a world-famous business center and one of the most important securities markets in Asia, Shanghai boasts the best-known seaport and a huge market that the world top 500 enterprises/entities cannot ignore. Shanghai, as an international metropolis, will host the 2010 World Expo,

thus becoming the first host city among those in developing countries. The theme of the World Expo—City Makes a Better Life/A Better City, A Better Life. Shanghai, with a population of 17 million people, will be hosting the World Expo from May to October, 2010, which is expected to have the world record of 70 million visitors. Shanghai has planned a 30-billion US dollar investment in the construction of its all-round infrastructure. In order to ensure the smooth flow of its traffic during the World Expo, Shanghai will put more investment in the construction of its urban roads and subway system. In accordance with the relevant provisions of the World Expo, a lot of exhibition halls and convention centers will be constructed all along the Huangpu River banks, including high-tech exhibition halls and convention centers. The Shanghai municipal government is determined to avail itself of this opportunity to constantly improve the city life. Many important infrastructure will be completed in 2010. After the expo, most of the buildings will be transformed into living, office or recreational facilities. Version II.

Shanghai, as a world-famous business center, enjoys/boasts/ the most famous/the best-known seaport /harbor, one of the biggest securities markets in Asia and a huge market that can not be ignored by the world top 500 enterprises.

Shanghai, (as) an international metropolis, will host the 2010 World Expo,

which is to develop itself into the first hosting city among the cities in the developing countries.

The theme of this world expo—Better City, Better Life

The period from May to October 2010 will mark /witness /see /find/ the hosting of the World Expo by Shanghai, a city with a population of 17 million, which will reach/come to an estimated record number of 70 million people in all.

Shanghai, a city with a population of 17 million (people), will host the World Expo from May to October 2010, with an expected/estimated record number of 70 million people in all.

Shanghai is planning to invest US $/USD 3 billion/3 billion US dollars in the all-round /full-scaled/ construction of its infrastructure.(to construct its infrastructure in an all-round manner.)

During the World Expo/In the period of the World Expo, to ensure/guarantee/ the convenience of the traffic/to facilitate the traffic, more money/funds will be invested/put/ in the construction of the (city’s) urban roads and subway /underground/ system.

According to/In accordance with the relevant /related regulations, a series of /a number of exhibition halls will be built up on both sides /banks of the Huangpu River, including hi-tech exhibition halls and conference centers.

Shanghai Municipal Government is determined /resolved/ to constantly

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