初二升初三英语教材
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初二升初三暑期教材 (中考英语语法考点)
第一部分:词法 中考考点 一、名词 一、名词的复数: 1.名词变复数的规则形式
1).一般情况下直接加s book------books cup-----cups 2).以辅音字母+y结尾的,先变y为i再加es . city-------cities family-----families 3).以s、x、sh、ch结尾的加es .
bus-----buses wish------wishes watch------wathes 4).以o结尾的多数加S 初中阶段只有三个单词加es .
tomato-----tomatoes potato------potatoes hero-----heroes 5).以f、fe 结尾的,先把f、fe变v 再加es .
leaf----leaves self---selves shelf----shelves life----lives thief---thieves
2.少数名词的复数形式是不规则的。
man----men woman---women child----children foot-----feet tooth----teeth mouse---mice 3.单数和复数形式相同。
deer---deer fish----fish sheep----sheep Chinese ----Chinese Japanese---Japanese 4.某国人的复数。
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1). 中、日不变。Chinese----Chinese Japanese---Japanese
2). 英、法变。 Englishman----Englishmen Frenchman----Frenchmen 3). 其余s加后面。 American -----Americans German----Germans Australian---Australians 二、不可数名词: 1.不可数名词:
1).不能直接用数字表数量 2).不能直接加a或an 3).没有复数形式
4).可用some、any 、lots of、plenty of 、much 修饰 5).可用“量词短语”表示
2.不可数名词的数量的表示方法: a / 数字+ 量词 + of + 不可数名词
a piece of paper a cup of tea a glass of milk 三、名词的所有格: 1. ’s 所有格。
1).用and连接两个并列的单数名词表示共有关系时,这时只在最后一个名词后加“’s.”
This is ____________________(Mary and Lily) bedroom .
2). 1).用and连接两个并列的单数名词表示各有关系时,这时分别在每个名词后加“’s.”
These are ________________(Tom and Jack ) school bags .
3).以s结尾的名词,变所有格时在s后加“’”,不以s 结尾的复数名词,仍加“’s”
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Teachers’ Day Children’s Day
4).表示店铺、医院、诊所、住宅等名称时,常在名词后加 ’s 代表全称。 at the doctor’s at the Bob’s
5).由some、any、no、every与one、body 结合的复合不定代词something 、anything 等和else 连用时,所有格应加在else的后面。 This is _________________(somebody else ) pencil .
6).表示时间、距离、国家、城市等无生命的名词,也可在词尾加’s 来构成所有格。
an hour’s ride two weeks’ time China’s capital 2.of 所有格:
1).of 用来表示无生命的名词所有格。 the map of China the door of the room 2).双重所有格:
of + 名词所有格 of + 名词性的物住代词 He is a friend of my _________(brother ) . Is she a daughter of __________(you)? 四、名词作句子成分: 1.名词作主语
1).表示时间、金钱、距离作主语时,谓语动词用单数。 Two hours ________(be) enough for us to get there .
2).量词短语“数字+量词+ of +?”作主语时,谓语动词应与量词保持一致。 A pair of shoes _______(be) under the bed . Two pieces of paper _______(be) on the desk .
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3).名词+介词(with、except 、along with ??.)+名词作主语时,谓语动词应与前面的名词保持一致。
The teacher with the students _________(be) planting trees on the hill . 4).短语“neither?nor?、either?or?、not only?but also ?”连接主语时,谓语动词实行就近原则。
Neither he nor I ______ (be) a Frenchman . 2.名词作定语:
1).名词作定语时,一般用单数形式。 There is a shoe factory near the school .
2).名词作定语时,个别情况用复数形式。(sport ) The sports meeting will be held next week .
3).man、woman 作定语表示性别时,man、woman随后面的名词单复数而变。
one man teacher two women teachers
中考考点二: 冠词的用法 考查重点
冠词的考查重点包括不定冠词a和an的用法,定冠词the的用法和零冠词的用法等。 一.a和an的区别
不定冠词有a和an两种形式,a用于辅音(不是辅音字母)开头的词前,an用于元音(不是元音字母)开头的词前。
例如:a boy, a university, a European country; an hour, an honor, an island, an
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elephant, an umbrella, an honest man ,a useful book 不看字母看读音,不见原因(元音)别施恩(n) 二.不定冠词的用法
1.泛指某一类人、事或物;相当于any,这是不定冠词a/an的基本用法。 A horst is an animal
2.泛指某人或某物,但不具体说明何人或何物。 A girl is waiting for you.
3.表示数量,有“一”的意思,但数的概念没有one强烈。 I have a computer.
4.表示“每一”,相当于every.
I go to school five days a week.我一周上五天课。 5.用在序数词前,表示“又一”,“再一”。 I have three books. I want to buy a fourth one. 6.用在某些固定词组中:
a lot(of), after a while ,a few ,a little ,at a time ,have a swim ,have a cold ,in a hurry ,for a long time,have a good time ,have a look 三.定冠词的用法
1.特指某(些)人或某(些)物,这是定冠词的基本用法。 The book on the desk is mine 2.指谈话双方都知道的人或事物。 Open the window, please. 3.指上文已经提到的人或事物。 I have a car. The car is red.
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4.指世界上独一无二的事物。 Which is bigger, the sun or the earth? 5.用在序数词,形容词最高级前。 The first lesson is the easiest one in this book. 6.用在由普通名词构成的专有名词前。 the Great Wall 长城,the United States 美国 7.用在某些形容词前,表示某一类人。 the poor穷人, the blind盲人
8用在姓氏复数形式前,表示“全家人”或“夫妻俩”。 the Greens 格林一家或格林夫妻俩 9.用在方位词前。
on the left在左边,in the middle of在中间 10.用在乐器名称前。 She plays the piano every day.
11.用在表示海洋,河流,山脉,群岛及国家和党派等名词前。 the Black Sea黑海,the Yangzi River长江 12.用在某些固定词组中:
all the same仍然;all the time一直;at the moment此刻;at the same time同时;by the way顺便说;do the shopping/washing买东西/洗衣服;in the morning/afternoon/evening 在上午/下午/晚上;in the open air 在户外,在野外
四.零冠词的用法
1.棋类,球类,一日三餐名词前不用任何冠词
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Play chess play football have supper
特例:当football,basketball指具体的某个球时,其前可以用冠词:I can see a football.我可以看到一只足球。Where’s the football?那只足球在哪儿?(指足球,并非“球类运动”)
2.季节,月份,星期,节假日名词前不用任何冠词. In July in summer on Monday on Teachers’ Day 3.人名,地名,国家名前不加冠词 Beijing is the capital of China
4.学科,语言,称呼,语职务名词前不用冠词 Math is hard to learn
5.复数名词表示类别时不加冠词
They are workers I like eating apples
6.名词前已有物主代词(my,your,his,her等)、指示代词(this/these,that/those)、不定代词(some,any等)及所有格限制时,不用冠词 my book(正);my the book(误)
7.在表特定的公园,街道,车站,桥,学校等之前。 No.25 Middle School 五.用与不用冠词的差异
in hospital住院 /in the hospital在医院里
in front of在?(外部的)前面 /in the front of在?(内部的)前面 at table进餐 /at the table在桌子旁 by sea乘船 /by the sea在海边
go to school(church?)上学(做礼拜?) /go to the school(church?)到学
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校(教堂?)去
two of us我们当中的两人/the two of us我们两人(共计两人) next year明年 /the next year 第二年 a teacher and writer一位教师兼作家(一个人) /a teacher and a writer一位教师和一位作家(两个人) 中考专题三:代词 一.人称代词: 单数 复数
主格 宾格 主格 宾格
第一人称 I me we us 第二人称 you
you
you
you
them
第三人称 it/she/he it/her/him they
1.主格作主语,宾格作动词或介词的宾语. He teaches ______(we) Chinese . 2.三种人称代词并列时,顺序为:
单数:二,三,一 (You, she and I ) 复数:一,二,三 (we , you and they ) 注:若把责任担,第一人称最当先,(即若做错事时,把第一人称放在最前面.) She and I have been to Beijing . Who broke the window ? I and Mike . 注:it 还有一些特别的用法。
1)用作形式主语,常用于 “It’s +adj +to do sth”句型中. 2) 用在句型: “It seems that ?”中.
3) 用在句型: “It’s one’s turn to do sth”中.
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4) 用在句型: “It’s time to do sth / for sth”中. 5) 用在句型: “It’s +adj +that 从句”中.
6) 用作形式宾语, 用来代替动词不定式. make /think /feel/find + it + adj (名词)+ to do sth . 二.物主代词.
第一人称 第二人称 第三人称 单数 复数 单数 复数 单数 复数
形容词性 my our your your its/his/her their 名词性
mine ours
yours yours its/his/hers theirs
1. 形容词性的物主代词作定语放在名词前,不能单独使用。
2. 名词性的物主代词,后面不能加名词。名词性的物主代词常与of 连用。 Our classroom is as big as ______(they) . This is a friend of ______(my).
注: 1)名词性的物主代词相当于形容词性的物主代词加一个名词. (名词性的物主代词=形容词性的物主代词+ 名词)
2)形容词性的物主代词与own 连用时,后面可跟名词也可不跟名词. My own house = a house of my own 三.反身代词
单数 复数
ourselves
第一人称 myself
第二人称 yourself yourselves
第三人称 himself/herself/itself themselves 记忆小窍门:
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反身代词有规律,第三人称宾格加self.其余都要物主加self,复数ves来把f替.
反身代词的常用搭配:
enjoy oneself hurt oneself teach oneself = learn…by oneslf all by oneself
help oneself to … look after oneself leave sb by oneself lose oneself in
say to oneself for oneself dress oneself improve oneself see oneself in the mirror 四.指示代词
1.近指: this these 远指: that those 2.用法:
1)that those 常用来代替前面出现的人或物,以避免重复. That代替可数名词的单数或不可数名词. Those 代替复数名词. The weather in Guangdong is hotter than _____ in Qinghai . The books in that shop are cheaper than ______in this shop. A.this B.that C.one D.those
2)this ,that 可代替句子或句子的一个部分,that代替前面提到的句子而this代替下面提到的句子.
He had a bad cold ,that is why he didn’t come . 3)在电话用语中,this 代替自己,而that 代替对方. This is Tom speaking . Who is that ? 五.不定代词的区别.
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1.one与it 的区别
One 代替同类事物中的一种. 而it代替上文中出现的某事物. This book is a good one . May I borrow it ? 2.some与any 的区别
一般情况下,some用于肯定句,any用于否定,疑问句,条件句中.但在表建议的疑问句中,仍用some 代any. 常用于could / would / May 开头或what about /how about ?. 的句中。 May I have some water ?
He asked me for some paper , but I didn’t have any . 3.many与much的区别
Many+可数名词的复数 Much+不可数名词 都相当于 a lot of +复数名词/不可数名词
注:a lot of 不能用于否定句中. 否定句中用many /much . 4.a few /few /a little /little 的区别
表否定(几乎没有)
表肯定(有一点/几个)
修饰可数名词 fewa few
修饰不可数名词 little a little
The story is easy to read . there are _____ new words in it . Hurry up ! There is _____ time left . 5.each / every 的区别
each 表示两者或两者以上的人或物中的每一个.而every 表示三者或三者以上的人或物中的每一个.
There are trees and frowers on _____ side of the street .
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______ student has read a story .
注:each 可以与of 连用, each of 作主语时,谓语动词用单数.而every 不能与of 连用.只能放在名词前作定语. Each of us _______(study )hard . 6.no one 与none 的区别
no one 表示没有人, 不能与of 连用. 而none of +复数名词/ 代词,作主语时,谓语常用单数。.
The boys were all tired , but _____ of them stopped to have a rest . 7.both /neither /either /all / none / any 的区别
都 都不 任何一个
两者之间 both neither either 三者或三者以上 all none any
There are many trees on ____ side of the river . A. both B.any C.either D.all 注: 1). both 的否定词是neither , all的否定词是none. 2).both of 作主语时,谓语动词用复数. neither of作主语时, 谓语动词用单数. Neither of the answers ______(be) right . Both of my parents _______(be) workers. 3).词组
A) both ?and ?连接两个主语时,谓语动词用复数. 同义词组:not only ?but also ? 反义词组: neither ? nor ?
Not only you but also she likes watching TV.= ____ you _____ she like watching TV .= You like watching TV , _____ _____ she .
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B) either ?or ? 或者??或者?? , neither?nor? 既不??也不?? 连接两个主语时,谓语动词实行就近原则. Neither you nor he ______ (be ) right .
One of Lily and Lucy is going to the park. = _____ Lily _____Lucy _____ going to the park.
C) either 也可用于否定句中的 “也”
D) neither 也可表示 “ 也不” 句型: neither ? sb 某人也不怎么样. If you don’t go there , _____ _____ I . (我也不去) 4) how many /how much 的回答:用none回答. Who 的回答:用no one 回答. What 的回答:用nothing 回答.
How many students are there in the classroom ? __________. Who can answer the question ? _______. A. None B.No one C.Nothing 8.other /the other /others /the others 的区别
(空)后面没有名词
(空)后面有名词
有数量限制(特指) the others the other
没有数量限制(泛指) others other
注: 1) one ?the other ? 表示两者之间的一个??另一个?? 2) some? others? 表示一些?? 一些??
3) another 表示三者以上的不确定数目中的另一个. 只能修饰可数名词的单数.
但 another +数字+ 复数名词= 数字+ more +复数名词 表示 “ 另外几
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个??”
Would you like ______ apple ?
I have two brothers , one is a teacher , _________ is a worker . Some are cleaning the classroom , ______ are sweeping the window . There are 20 teachers in our school . Eight of them are men teachers ,and _____ are women teachers
everyone 每个,人人,大家 不与of 连用 every one 每个人、物 可与of 连用 9.
Every one of us has seen the film . Everyone should do their best . 10.复合不定代词.
some any no every
everything
thing something anything nothing one someone anyone no one everyone body somebody anybody nobody
everybody
注: 1.复合不定代词作主语时, 谓语动词用单数. 2.形容词修饰不定代词时, 形容词放在不定代词之后. 3.动词不定式修饰不定代词时, 动词不定式放在不定代词之后. 4.复合不定代词用于反义疑问句中,
1)指人的不定代词, 其反义疑问句中的主语用he 或they . 2)指物的不定代词, 其反义疑问句中的主语用 it .
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5.any ,anything ,anyone, anyboby 也可用于肯定句中,表示 “任何??/任何物/任何人”
Everything ______(begin ) to grow in spring , _______ _______ ? Is there ___________(一些有趣的事)in today’s newpaper ? I want something ________ (eat ). 中考专题四:数词
基数词: 表示人或事物数量多少的词. 序数词: 表示人或事物的顺序的词. 一. 基数词. 1.基数词的读法.
1)1---12 : one two three four five six seven eight nine ten eleven twelve 2)13---19: 词尾加-teen :thirteen fourteen fifteen sixteen seventeen eighteen nineteen
3)20,30,40,50,60,70,80,90 : 逢十词尾加-ty :twenty thirty forty fifty sixty seventy eighty ninety
4)21----99: 在十位与个位之间加连字符构成. 21--- twenty-one 99---ninety-nine
5)101---999 :先说几百, 再加and ,再加末尾两位数或个位数. 101---one hundred and one 238----two hundred and thirty-eight 6)1000以上的数:先将数字从右往左数,每三位数用一个逗号隔开, 从右往左第一个逗号表示 “千”读thousand 第二个逗号表示 “百万”读million 第三个逗号表示 “十亿”读billion
18,657,421---eighteen million ,six hundred and fifty-seven thousand ,four
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hundred and twenty-one. 二. 序数词 基数词变序数词
口诀: 基变序,有规律,词尾要加th .一二三,特殊记,词尾分别tdd(first second third )
八去t ,九去e,ve要用f替.ty变作tie,再加th莫忘记. 若遇几十几,只变个位就可以. 三. 数词的应用. 1.表编号.
结构:名词(首字母要大写) + 基数词 = the +序数词 +名词 Lesson One = the first lesson
注:有些编号,一般仅用第一种表达法。 Room 101 101号房间
2.序数词前一般加定冠词the 但序数词前与不定冠词a /an 连用时,表示 “又一,再一”
You’ve done it three times .Why not try ____fourth time ? A.a B.an C.the D./
3.数词前加every ,表示每??/每隔?? .
every ten days =every ninth day 每十天(每隔九天) 注:every +基数词 +复数名词 = every + (序数词-1) +单数名词 4.基数词的复数形式表示年代和年龄
1)表示年代: in the + 年份的复数 在几世纪几十年代. 在十九世纪七十年代. _________________________.
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2)表年龄: in one’s + 整十的复数 表示在某人几十岁时 在他四十岁时: ___________________. 5.hundred / thousand /million /billion
1).若hundred / thousand /million /billion 前有基数词时,其后不加s,也不加of .若没有时 ,既加s 也要带of .
Every year _______ visitors come to China . There are two _______ students in our school .
A.thousand B.thousands C.thousands of D.thousand of 2).若其前有a few 、many、several 修饰时,通常用复数,后接of. 3).若名词前有the修饰时,用单数,后接of
Two ______the students in our school are from the countryside . A.hundred B. hundred of C.hundreds of D.hundreds 6.几个半的表达法:
基数词 + and + a half +名词复数 = 基数词 +名词(单数/复数) +and +a half
two and a half hours = two hours and a half 7.时刻表达法:
1)整点: 基数词 + o’clock 2)几点几分:
A).直接读法: 先读小时 ,后读分钟 3:25 ---- three twenty-five B).间接读法:
a)≤30分钟. 分钟+ past + 小时
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3:25 ----twenty-five past three b)>30分钟. ( 60-分钟 )+ to + (小时数+1) 3:55 ----- five to four
c) 30 分钟 = half 15分钟=a quarter 45分钟= three quarters 3:30 ---half past three 3:15----a quarter past three 3:45 ----a quarter to four 8.日期表达法:
结构: 1).月 日,年 (日用序数词,年用基数词)
注:年份的读法: 先读前两位数,再读后两位数. 读日时要加the. 1900---nineteen hundred 1807----eight and seven (eight o seven) 2008---two thousand eight
2007年3月21日.--- March the twenty-first ,two thousand and seven. 2).日 月 年 (the +序数词+of +月, 年)
2007年3月21日---the twenty-first of March ,two thousand and seven. 9.分数词的表达法:
1).结构: a).分子用基数词,分母用序数词. b).当分子大于1时,分母加复数. 3/4--- three fourths (three-fourths) 2).注意:
a).分数词的几种特殊形式. 1/3—one third = a third 1/4—one fourth = a quarter 1/2—one second = a half
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3/4—three fourths = three quarters
b).分数词作主语时, 谓语动词根据分数词后面的名词来确定. Two fifths of the milk ______(be ) drunk by Tom . One third of the students _______(be )girls . 中考专题五:介词 一.介词at/ in /on . 1.表示时间:
1).表示某一具体时间点,某一时刻/ 年龄 at six o’clock at noon at that time at the moment at the age of at night
2)in表示时间段,一天的三个时间段以及月份,年,季节,世纪,人生的某个时期(某人几十岁时)
in the morning/afternoon /evening in spring /in 2007/in March in the twenty-first century in his fifties
3)on表示星期几/某一具体的日子/具体某天的上午/下午/晚上,表示一天中的三个时间段名词前有修饰语或后有修饰语时. On Monday on New Year’s Day on Sunday morning on a rainy night on the evening of April 1st ,2007 2表地点:
1)at 一般指较小的地点或较具体的位置
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at the station at the cinema
2)in 表示在较大的地点或一个有限空间里. in China in the classroom 3)on 指在某物体的表面上. on the desk 注意:
写街道时,若有门牌号用at ,否则用on / in 都可. He lives at 270 DongChang’an Street. 二.介词in /on / to 表方位:
1.in表示A地在B地范围之内.(包含关系) Tanwan is ____ the southeast of China . 2.on表示A,B地接壤.(外切关系) Hubei is ____ the north of Hunan .
3.to表示A,B两地有一定的间距.(外离关系) Japan is _____ the east of China . 三. between / among 在??之间 1.between :指两者之间. 在??.之间.
2.among :用于三者或三者以上人或物之间. 在??之中. You sit _____ him and me .
The song is popular ______ the students. 四.after / in 在??之后 1. after
1)after + 时间段. 表示以过去某一时刻为起点的一段时间之后, 用于过去
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时.
2)after 作介词. after doing sth
2.in +一段时间. 表示说话时或以现在为起点的将来一段时间之后.用于将来时.
He came back ______ two days .
He will go home___finishing his homework . He will come back _____ two days . 五.with / in / by 表示 “用??”
1.with 表示 “用?” 一般指有形的工具 / 手段 / 人体器官. He cut the apple into halves ____ a knife . 注: with 表伴随, “带有,含有” He came in _____ a big smile on his face .
2.in表示用某种语言,方式,途径. 或书写/绘画所用的材料. 也可表交通方式.
Can you say it _____English ? He wrote a letter ____ blue ink .
3.by表示乘坐交通工具, 表示方式,方法 I study for a test _____ working with a group . He makes a living ____ selling newspapers . 注意: 同义词组
1).by phone = on the phone 2).by car = in a car
3).in pen = with a pen = with pens
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六.across / through / over / by 经过
1.across 指横穿,穿过. 表示动作从某一物体表面上经过. 2.through 指穿过,透过,表示从某一物体空间内通过. 3.over 表示从某人或某物的上空经过或越过,不与表面接触. 4.by 表示从某人/某物的旁边经过. Can you swim ______ the river ?
the elephant is so big that it can’t go _____ the gate . I don’t think anyone can jump ___ the fence. I walked _____ the bank of China yesterday . 七.in front of / in the front of
1.in the front of 表示在??.内部的前面 2.in front of 表示在??外面的前面
There is a desk in _____ front of our classroom . There is a big tree in _____ front of our classroom. 八.其它介词的用法: 1.at的其它用法.
1).表示 “从事或正在做某事”,其后加的名词往往不加冠词. She is at work now = She is working now . 2)at表示 “价格或速度”
The train ran at 120 kilometres an hour . 2.in的其它用法:
1)in表示 “在??方面” 词组:do well in = be good at
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be weak in
2)in 表示 “穿着”后接表颜色的词或衣服. 词组: be in +衣服 = be wearing +衣服 3)in作副词, “在家” = at home 3.like 的用法:
1).像/和??一样. 常与系动词连用. 词组: look like sound like 2).与what 连用, “是什么样子, 怎样”. What is he like ? He is kind . 4.off的用法:
1).从??下来, 脱离某物体. 词组: fall off
2). “休假”通常放在时间名词之后. 词组: have +时间+ off
He hasn’t had a night off for two hours . 5.except / besides
1).except 除了??.之外, 都??. . 不包括在范围之内. 注: nothing but ? 除了??之外,什么也没有. 2).besdies除了??之外,还有?? . 包括在范围之内. We all went swimming ______ Lucy . There is _______ a letter in the box . We study Japanese and French____ English . 6.with / without
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1).with具有,含有 -----反义词: without 没有
词组: with the help of = with one’s help =because of = thanks to without one’s help 2).without 的用法:
A).without + sb./ sth. 没有某人或某物 B).without + doing sth .
He left here without____(say ) ―Goodbye‖to us C). without sth 常与if 引导的否定的条件句.
If there is no water , we can’t live .= We can’t live ______ _______ . 7.on the tree /in the tree
on the tree 表示 “树上本身长的东西” 在树上. 而in the tree 表示界的物体进入树中” 人或物在树上. There are some apples _____ the tree . There is a boy ____ the tree. 8.since / for
注: since / for 用于现在完成时. 1).since : a).since +时间点
b). 现在完成时+ since +一般过去时 c).since +一段时间+ ago.
2)for: for +一段时间= since +一段时间+ ago 9.be made +介词的区别:
be made of 由?制成 (看得见原材料)
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“外
be made from由?制成 (看不见原材料) be made in +地点 由哪儿生产 be made by sb. 由某人制造 10.表示 “数量的介词” about , round around over
1). about , round around表示 “大约??” 2).over 表示 “超过”= more than. 11.inside / outside
Inside 在??里面 ------反义词:outside在?.外面 12.in the wall /on the wall
in the wall 表示“门窗在墙上” on the wall 表示“某东西张贴或挂在墙上”
九.不用介词的情况:
1).当时间状为: tonight, today, yesterday, tomorrow 等时,不用介词. What are you going to do tonight ?
2).含有this, that, these, those, last, next, every, each等时间状语. He went to Wuhan last week .
3).以all 开头的时间状语前面不用介词. He has worked all day .
4).以some ,any, one 等构成的时间状语前不用介词.
He met a bad man one cold morning .= He met a bad man on a cold morning . 中考考点六:连词 一.并列连词和连词短语
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并列连词用来连接平行的词、词组或从句。常见的连词有and ,but ,or ,so ,both?and , either?or ,neither?nor , not only? but also 等。 1. and
1).and 表示 “和、且”在肯定句中连接并列的成分。 He is laughing and talking .
2).祈使句+ and ?? , “and” 表示“那么”之意。= If?? Study hard , and you will succeed .= _____ _____ study hard , you will succeed .
3).adj / adv + and + adj /adv 表示“渐渐”。 He makes mistakes again and again . 2.but
表示转折关系的连词,意为“但是” He is poor ,but honest . 3.or
1).or 有 “或”的意思,表示一种选择 Would you like tea or water ?
2). “祈使句??,or ?” or 表示否则。= If ?not ?, ??. . Study hard , or you will fail. = _____ you _____study hard , you will fail . 3).or 用在否定句中表示并列关系。 He can’t read or write . 4.both
1).both “两者都”, 后面的名词、动词都用复数。 Both the answers are right .
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2).both of …. Both of us are students . 3).both …and…
Both you and she are right . 5.either/ either …or
1).either “两者当中任何一个”,后有of 时接名词的复数形式,无of时接单数名词,动词用单数形式。 You may wear either of the hats.
2).either ?or? “不是??就是??,或者
??或者??.”动词与临近的主语保持一致。即 “就近原则”. Either you or he has to go = Either he or you have to go . 6.neither /neither …nor…
1).neither “两者当中都不”,后有of 时接名词的复数形式,无of时接单数名词,动词用单数形式。
Neither of the answers ______(be) right .
2).neither ?.nor? “既不??.也不??”动词与临近的主语保持一致。即 “就近原则”.
Neither you nor I am right .= Neither I nor you are right . 二.从属连词
从属连词是引导从句的连词。 1.引导宾语从句的连词
1).that 连接由陈述句转变而来的宾语从句。
2).who,whom,what,which,whose,when,where,why,how连接由特殊疑问句转
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变而来的宾语从句。
3).if/ whether 连接由一般疑问句转变而来的宾语从句。 2.引导状语从句的连词
1).时间状语从句:when ,before ,after, until ,as soon as (主将从现) 2).条件状语从句:if , unless 3).原因状语从句:because 4).方式状语从句:than
5).结果状语从句:so? that ? ,such? that? 6).让步状语从句:though /although 7).目的状语从句:so that
3.不能同时出现在一个句子中的连词。
1).because ,so 不能同时出现在一个句子里,只用其中之一。 Because in our school knew him ,so we had no trouble in finding him. 2).though /although ,but不能同时出现在一个句子里,只用其中之一。但though 可以与yet,still 同时出现在一个句子中。
Though Australia is very large ,but the population is quite small. 4.必须用whether 的情况。
1).discuss 和介词后的宾语从句用whether . We are discussing ____ we’ll hold a meeting. I’m worried about ___she can come to the meeting 2).和不定式、or not 连用必须用whether . I don’t know ______ to leave or not . 中考专题七:形容词 副词
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I.形容词
一、形容词的一般用法
1.作定语,一般放在所修饰词的前面。 It’s a cold and windy day.
2.作表语,放在系动词的后面。(look,feel,smell,sound?.) He looks happy today.
3.形容词修饰something,anything,nothing,everything等复合不定代词时,须放在其后。
Would you like something hot to drink?
4.表示长、宽、高、深及年龄的形容词,应放在相应的名词之后。 How long is the river? It’s about two hundred metres long.
5.只能作表语的形容词:afraid;alone;asleep;awake;alive;well健康的;ill;frightened The man is ill.(正) The ill man is my uncle.(误)
6.只能作定语的形容词:little小的;only唯一的;wooden木质的;woolen羊毛质的;elder年长的
My elder brother is in Beijing.(正) My brother is elder. (误)
7.貌似副词的形容词:lonely;friendly;lively;lovely 二、形容词常用句型
1.“It’s +adj.+of+sb.+不定式”表示“某人(做某事)怎么样”。=Sb +be +adj+to do sth
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注意:这一句型中常用描述行为者的性格、品质的形容词,如good,kind,nice,polite ,clever ,foolish ,lazy ,careful,careless,right(正确的),wrong等。
It’s very kind of you to help me.(=You are very kind to help me.) 2.“It’s+adj.+for+sb.+不定式”表示“做某事对某人来说怎么样”。=To do sth is adj for sb .
注意:这一句型中常用的形容词有important,necessary,difficult,easy,hard,dangerous,safe,useful,pleasant,interesting,impossible等。 It’s not easy for them to learn a foreign language.(=To learn a foreign language is not easy for them.)
3.表示感情或情绪的形容词,如glad,pleased,sad,thankful等常接不定式。
I’m very sad to hear the bad news.
4.表示能力和意志的形容词,如ready(乐意的,有准备的),able(有能力的),sure(一定),certain(一定)等常接不定式。 Lei Feng is always ready to help others. He is sure to get to school on time. Ⅱ副词 一、副词的分类 副词按词汇意义可分为:
方式副词:well,fast,slowly,carefully,quickly 程度副词:very,much,enough,almost,rather,quite 地点副词:here,there,out,somewhere,abroad,home
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时间副词:today,early,soon,now,then,recently,still 频度副词:always,often,usually,sometimes,seldom,never 否定副词:no,not,neither,nor 疑问副词:where,how,why 其他:also,too,only 二、副词的基本用法:
1).副词是用来修饰形容词、其他副词,一般放在被修饰词之前. He plays the piano very well .
2). 副词是用来修饰动词,常放在动词之后. He got up quickly
3).enough 修饰adj /adv 时,放在其后. He is old enough to go to school . 三、常见副词用法辨析 1.already与yet的区别
already用于肯定句句中,表示“已经”;yet用于否定句句末,表示“还”,用于疑问句句末,表示“已经” He had_____left when I called. Have you found your ruler______? 2 very,much和very much.的区别
very用于修饰形容词或副词的原级;much用于修饰形容词或副词的比较级;修饰动词要用very much. John is ____ honest.
This garden is_____ bigger than that one.
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Thank you _____. 3.so与such的区别
⑴so修饰形容词或副词;such 修饰名词,My brotherruns so fast that I can’t follow him. He is such a boy.
⑵so+形容词+a/an+可数名词单数 such+a/an+形容词+可数名词单数 such+形容词+可数名词复数/不可数名词 He is ___ clever a boy.=He is ____ a clever boy. It is____cold weather.
They are _____good students.
⑶名词前有many ,much, few ,little (少量的) 用so 不用such .(多多少少仍用so)
但little 表示 “小的” 用such. There are ___ little sheep on the hill . 4.also,too,as well与either 的区别
also,as well,too,用于肯定句,also常用于be动词,情态动词,助动词之后,行为动词之前;as well,too用于句末;either用于否定句中,置于句末。
例如,My father is a teacher. My mother is ____a teacher. =My father is a teacher. My mother is a teacher ______. =My father is a teacher. My mother is a teacher,_____. I can’t speak French?? Jenny can’t speak French,_____.
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5.sometime,sometimes,some time与some times的区别 sometime:表示将来的或过去的某一个不确定的时间。 sometimes:有时,不时的= at times some time:一段时间 some times:几次,几倍
We’ll have a test ______next month. _____ we are busy and sometimes we are not. He stayed in Beijing for _____ last year. I have been to Beijing ______. 6.ago与before的区别
ago表示以现在为起点的“以前”,常与一般过去时连用,不可以单独使用。 before指过去或将来的某时刻“以前”,也可泛指以前,常和完成时连用,可以单独使用。
I saw him ten minutes _______.
He told me that he had seen the film______. 7.now,just与just now的区别
now:与一般现在时、现在进行时、现在完成时连用,意为“现在” just:与现在完成时连用,表示“刚??” just now:和过去时连用,表示“刚才” Where does he live______? We have _______ seen the film. He was here______. 8.lonely / alone 的区别
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1).alone 独自一人/没有同伴, 既可作adj 也可作adv.
2).lonely 表示孤独,寂寞, 也可修饰地点,表示荒凉,偏僻的,常与feel 连用。 3).alone 只作表语 (以a开头的形容词一般只作表语,不作定语)而lonely 既可作表语,也可作定语)
He lives _____ on a _____ island . He is _____ ,but he doesn’t feel ______. 9.fast /quickly /soon 的区别.
fast 表示速度之快 quickly表示动作之快 soon表示时间之快 I’m leaving home this afternoon . Really ? Why so ______? A.fast B.soon C.quickly D.early Ⅲ、形容词,副词的比较级、最高级 一、规则变化
1.一般在词尾直接加er或est, tall-taller-tallest,long-longer-longest 2.以不发音的字母e结尾的单词在词尾直接加r或st, nice-nicer-nicest 3.以辅音字母+y结尾的词,把y变为i,再加er或est, heavy-heavier-heaviest 4.重读闭音节,末尾只有一个辅音字母,双写这个辅音字母,再加er或est, big-bigger-biggest
注: 大,红,湿,热,悲,瘦,胖.双写末辅再变级.(big/red/wet/hot/sad/thin/fat ) 5.部分双音节词和多音节词分别在原级前加more构成比较级和most构成最高级, beautiful-more beautiful-most beautiful 注:表示否定意义在其前加less /least important----less important----least important
English is more interesting than Chinese =Chinese is less interesting than
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English .
6.由 “形容词+ly”构成的副词,在其前加more/ most slowly---more slowly----most slowly;但early—earlier---earliest 二、不规则变化 原级 比较级
最高级
good/well better best many/much little less
more most least
old old / elder old /eldest bad/badly/ill worse worst
far farther (距离)/further(程度) farthest /furthest 下列单、双音节词只能加more和most 原级 比较级
最高级
like(想似的) more like most like real(真的) more real most real tired more tired most tired pleasedmore pleased most pleased often more often most often
注: 形容词,副词同形有: back , high , well ,fast, early, late ,straight
Ⅳ形容词,副词等级的用法 一、原级的用法
1.只能修饰原级的词,very,quite,so,too
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He is too tired to walk on.
My brother runs so fast that I can’t follow him. 2.原级常用的句型结构
(1)A= B-----A+ as +adj / adv的原级+ as +B 表示 “A和B一样” Tom is as old as Kate. Tom runs as fast as Mike.
(2)A<B---A +not+as/so+形容词原级+as+B 表示 “A不如B?” This room is not as/so big as that one. He doesn’t walk as slowly as you. 二、比较级的用法 1.可以修饰比较级的词.
much,a lot,far,?的多a little,a bit,?一点儿even甚至,still仍然 Lesson One is much easier than Lesson Two. Tom looks even younger than before.
2.比较级常用的句型结构
“甲+形容词/副词的比较级+than+乙”表示“甲比乙?” Tom is taller than Kate.
I got up earlier than my mother this morning. 三.最高级的用法
1).结构: the +最高级+ of +人或物( in +地点) He is the tallest of all the boys He works hardest in his class .
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注:副词的最高级前the 可省掉
2).the +序数词+形容词的最高级+单数名词 The Yellow River is the second longest river in China . 3).one of +the +形容词的最高级+复数名词 He is one of the cleverest students in our class.
4). “特殊疑问词+be+the+最高级+甲,乙,or丙?”用于三者以上的比较。 Which season do you like (the) best,spring,summer or autumn? 四.级别的转换 1).原级与比较级的转换
a). 倍数+ as ?as → (倍数-1)+比较级+than
This room is five times as big as that one =This room is___ ___bigger than that one .
b).not as?as 与比较级的转换
A +not as ?as + B → A+比较级(反义词的比较级) +than +B →B+比较级+than+A
Mary is not as old as Tom .= Mary is _____ _____ Tom. = Tom is ____ _____ Mary .
This book is not as expensive as that one = This book is _____ _____ than that one = That book is _____ ______than this one . 2).比较级与最高级的转换 a). the +最高级+ of / in ?? b). 比较级+than+any other +单数名词 +the other +复数名词
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+anyone else +any of the other+复名 c). Nobody else + 比较级 + than ?? Tom is the tallest boy in our class .
Tom is taller than ____ ____ boy in our class. Tom is taller than _____ ____ in our class. _____ _____ is taller than Tom in our class. 五.级别的惯用法
1. “比较级+and+比较级”表示“越来越??”。 He is getting taller and taller.
2. “the+比较级,the+比较级”表示“越??,越??”。 The more careful you are,the fewer mistakes you’ll make.
3.“甲+be+the+形容词比较级+of the two+??”表示“甲是两者中较??的”。
(of the twins/parents…)
Look at the two boys. My brother is the taller of the two.
4.当adj 的最高级前有物主代词,名词所有格,指示代词时,不用the . This is my best book of all.
5.相比较的前后两部分必须是同类比较. My pencil is longer than ______(you). 6.比较时不能与自身相比
注: 当相比较的两者属于同一范围/类别时,为了与自身相比较, 要用any other +单数名词. 若两者不属于同一范围/类别时,不必用other ,直接用any
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+ 单数名词.
He is taller than _____ boy in his class. He is taller than _____boy in our class . A.any B.any other
7.有些含有比较级的句子里,常用that(单数、不可数名词)、those (复数名词)代替前面提到的词,以避免重复。
The weather in Beijing is colder than ____ in Guangzhou in winter . The boys in our class are more than _____ in your class . 中考考点八:动词时态 一、一般现在时:
1.概念:经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况。也可表客观规律以及在时间,条件状语从句中表将来时(主将从现) 2.时间状语:
always, usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, year, month…), once a week, on Sundays, 3.基本结构:
①be动词;am/is/are ②行为动词 :动词原形、第三人称单数。 4.否定形式:
①am/is/are+not;② don’t /doesn’t +动词原形+?? 5.一般疑问句:
①把be动词放于句首;② Do/Does +?+动词原形+?? 二、一般过去时: 1.概念:
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过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态;过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。 2.时间状语:
ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week(year, night, month…), in 1989, just now, at the age of 5, one day, long long ago, once upon a time, this morning 3.基本结构:
①be动词;was/were ? ②行为动词 :动词的过去式 4.否定形式:
①was/were+not;② didn’t +动词原形 5.一般疑问句:
①was或were放于句首;② Did +?+动词原形??? 三、现在进行时: 1.概念:
表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。 2.时间状语:
now, at this time, these days, look,listen ,can you see? Can’t you see ?之类的暗示语。
3.基本结构: am/is/are+doing 4.否定形式: am/is/are+not+doing. 5.一般疑问句: Is /Are ?+doing sth ? 四、过去进行时: 1.概念:
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表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。 2.时间状语:
at this/that time yesterday, at that time ,at sixyesterday evening ,from eight o’clock to nine o’clock last night 或以when/while引导的时间状语(过去进行时+when+一般过去时/ 一般过去时+while +过去进行时/过去进行时+while +过去进行时)。 3.基本结构: was/were+doing 4.否定形式: was/were + not + doing. 5.一般疑问句: 把was或were放于句首。 五、现在完成时: 1.概念:
过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果,或从过去已经开始,持续到现在的动作或状态。 2.时间状语:
recently, lately, since…for…,in the past few years, already ,yet ,never ,ever, just, before, so far ,once, twice etc. 3.基本结构: have/has + done 4.否定形式: have/has + not +done. 5.一般疑问句: 把have或has放于句首。 6.反义疑问句: 直接用has /have 进行反问 7.注意:
1).have been to /have gone to /have been in 的区别
have been to +地点 表示曾经去过某地,现人已返回。(once ,twice ?.)
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have gone to +地点 表示人已去了某地,人还未返回。(where is sb ?) have been in +地点 表示在某地呆多长时间。(for?../ since ?..) 2).与时间段连用时,短暂性动词应改为相应的延续性动词。
Come/go to ------ be at /in leave ----be away from buy ----have borrow /lend -----keep open ---be open close---be closed die---dead start/begin ----be on join—--be in /be a member of /be a soldier become –be make friend ---be friend get up ---be up
fall asleep ---be asleep catch a cold – have a cold reach/get/arrive---stay/be 3).现在完成时的四种句型:
A).主语+短暂性动词的过去式+ 时间+ago
B).主语+have/has +延续性动词的过去分词+for?./since ?. ago . C).It’s +时间段+since +短暂性动词的过去式 D).时间段+has passed +since +短暂性动词的过去式 His grandfather died two years ago . His grandfather has ____ ____ for two years. _____two years _____ his grandfather ____. Two years ____ ____ ____ his grandfather _____. 4).现在完成时与一般过去时的区别
现在完成时与现在有关的时态,他侧重于过去的动作对现在造成的影响。而一般过去时侧重于表示过去的动作与现在无关,若询问该动作发生的具体的时间时,只能用一般现在时。 Has he returned the library book ? Yes, he has.
When ____ he _____(return) it ?He ____ (return)it yesterday afternoon .
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六、过去完成时: 1.概念:
以过去某个时间为标准,在此以前发生的动作或行为,或在过去某动作之前完成的行为,即“过去的过去”。 2.时间状语:
1).before+过去时间,by+ 过去时间, by the end of last year(term, month?) 2).by the time +从句(一般过去时),主句(过去完成时)
3).用于由when ,after , before 引导的时间状语从句中,前后两动作都发生在过去。
过去完成时+when/before +一般过去时 一般过去时+after +过去完成时 4).用于宾语从句中。 3.基本结构: had + done. 4.否定形式: had + not + done. 5.一般疑问句: 把had放于句首。 七、一般将来时: 1.概念:
表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。 2.时间状语:
tomorrow, next day(week, month, year ) ,soon, in+一段时间, by?,the day
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after tomorrow, this evening ,tonight 3.基本结构:
1).am/is/are/going to + do; 2).will/shall + do. 3).
用
现
在
进
行
时
表
示
将
来
,
动
词
come,
go ,start,leave ,fly,move ,begin ,get ?.
4).当主句为一般将来时,由if ,as soon as ,until, when ,before, after, unless 引导的状语从句中用一般现在时代替一般将来时。 4.否定形式:
①was/were + not; ②在行为动词前加didn't,同时还原行为动词。 5.一般疑问句:
①be放于句首;②will/shall提到句首。 八、过去将来时: 1.概念:
立足于过去某一时刻,从过去看将来,常用于宾语从句中。 2.时间状语:
the next day(morning, year…),the following month(week…), by then , 3.基本结构:
①was/were/going to + do; ②would/should + do. 4.否定形式:
①was/were/not + going to + do; ②would/should + not + do.
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5.一般疑问句:
①was或were放于句首; ②would/should 提到句首。 中考考点九:被动语态 一.被动语态的时态: 1.一般现在时的被动语态: am /is/ are +动词的过去分词 2.一般过去时的被动语态: was /were +动词的过去分词 3.一般将来时的被动语态: will be +动词的过去分词 4.现在进行时的被动语态: am /is /are +being +动词的过去分词 5.现在完成时的被动语态: have /has +been +动词的过去分词 6.情态动词的被动语态: 情态动词 + be +动词的过去分词 二.主动语态变被动语态的变法:
口诀:宾变主,主变宾,谓变be done ,时不变,数格必须随被变。 注:1.主动、被动的时态要一致。 2.主动、被动的句式要一致。
3.变成的被动语态的主语与谓语在单复数上保持一致。 三.特殊情况的被动语态:
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1.带双宾语的被动语态: 动词+ sb(间宾) +sth(直宾)
口诀:如遇双宾语,一般变间宾,若把直宾变,to /for 间宾连。 1).give/pass /show 与介词to 搭配。
give sb sth —— sb +be given sth 或 sth +be given +to sb . 2).buy/make/cook 与介词for 搭配。
buy sb sth —— sb +be bought + sth 或 sth +be bought +for sb He gave me a book
I ______ ______ a book by him. A book ____ ____ _____ me by him . My mother made me a cake . I ____ _____ a cake by my mother A cake ____ ____ ____ me by my mother .
2.带省to 的不定式作宾补的被动语态:动词+ sb + do sth .
口诀:感使动词真叫怪,to来to去记心怀,主动语态to离去,被动语态to回来。
动词:make / let /have /see /hear /feel /watch make sb do sth ----sb + be +made +to do sth The boss made the workers work all day
The workers ____ ____ ____ work all day by the boss.
3.在see /hear /notice /keep +sb +doing sth 句型中变被动语态时,doing 不变。
I heard Tom singing just now
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Tom _____ _____ _____ by me just now .
4.以动词短语作谓语的主动语态变被动语态时,不可丢掉后面的介词或副词。
We should take care of the old .
The old should ______ _____ _____ _____ . 四.注意事项:
1.有些及物动词或动词短语不能用于被动语态: last ,have ,own …..belong to ,suit…fine , 2.不及物动词是没有被动语态: happen ,take place ,appear , hold (容纳) 3.系动词是没有被动语态: Look, feel ,sound ,smell ,taste …. The dish tastes good . 4.有些词组没有被动语态:
sell well , write well ,ride well ,drive well This kind of skirt sells well.
5.need表示需要时,后面常接doing 形式表示被动意义,相当于to be done . All the computers need repairing .= All the computers need _____ _____ _____ .
6.在too?to?及enough to ?结构中有时表示被动意义。 The problem is too difficult to solve. 中考考点十:情态动词 一.情态动词的用法
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1. can 用法
1)表示能力,与be able to同义,但can只用于现在时和过去时,be able to可用于各种时态。
Two eyes can see more than one.
注:Can you ? ? Yes, I can / No,I can’t. 2).表示允许、请求
用could比can 语气更加委婉客气,常用于could I /you ?..?句型中,若表示同意时,用can回答而不用could . Could I borrow the book ? No, you can’t .
3)。表示推测 “可能”常用于否定句或疑问句中。(can’t表示一定不是) It can’t be true . Can it be true ? 2. may 用法
1)表允许,请求= can
表示许可或征求对方的许可,常于第一人称连用。 注:May I ?.? Yes ,you may No, you can’t / mustn’t .
在回答以may引起的问句时,多避免用这个词,而用其它方式,如Yes, please. / Certainly.
2)表推测,可能、也许。常用于肯定句中。 Maybe he knows the news .= He _____ _____ the news. 3. must
1)表示义务。意为“必须”(主观意志)。
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We must do everything step by step.
注:Must I ?.? Yes, you must / No,you needn’t(don’t have to ). --Must we hand in our exercise—books now? --No, you needn’t. / No, you don’t have to. 2)mustn’t 表禁止、不允许。 You mustn’t talk to her like that.
3)表示揣测。意为“想必、准是、一定”等,只用于肯定句。否定、疑问句中must改为can .
He must be ill. He looks so pale.
She’s wearing a diamond necklace. She must have a lot of money. 注:must表推测时,其反义疑问句与must后面的动词一致。 There must be something wrong ,____ ____? 4.need的用法
need既可用作情态动词,也可用作实义动词。用作情态动词时,主要否定句或疑问句中。用作实义动词时,可用于各种句式。 1).用作情态动词,用于否定句和疑问句中。 a).Need I ….? Yes , you must / No, you needn’t . Need we finish the work today ?Yes you __? A.need B.can C. may D.must b).need + do sth . 变否定句:needn’t do sth 变疑问句:Need sb do sth ? 2).用作实义动词
a).need + to do sth . We need _______(buy) some school things .
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变否定句:don’t /doesn’t /didn’t +need to do sth . 变疑问句:Do / Does /Did sb + need to sth ?
Yes , … do/ does / did No, sb don’t / doesn’t /didn’t . You don’t need to do it yourself.
b).当主语是物时。Sth + need + doing sth = Sth +need to be done . The table needs painting . =The table needs _____ _____ _____ . 5.had better 的用法
1). had better + 动词原形 = It’s best to do sth .
You had better ______ (stay )at home . = _____ ______ ______ stay at home . 2). Had better not +动词原形
We had better ________(not play ) the computer games . 6.must 与have to
1).一般情况下,两者可互换。 must = have to
2).must “必须,应该”表示说话人的主观看法,即说话人认为必须干某事。(内在原因)
have to “必须,不得不”强调客观需要,即外界因素迫使某人不得不干某事。(外界原因)
I can’t stop playing the computer games . For your health ,I’m afraid you ______.
A.can B.may C.must D.had to 二.情态动词后跟完成式和进行式的用法
1.情态动词后跟完成式,表“原本应该干某事,而实际上没干” I should have finished the work earlier.
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