虔诚的意思

篇一：名词解释

1、Romanticism浪漫主义a movement of the 18th and 19th century that affected the whole of Europe and America.It is the predominance of imagination over reason and formal rules and over the sense of fact or the actual, a psychological desire to escape from unpleasant realities. Romanticism was a movement in literature, philosophy, music and art which developed in Europe in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. It emphasized individual values and aspirations above those of society as a reaction to the Industrial Revolution.It looked to the Middle Ages and to direct contact with nature for inspiration 的特点：frequently shared certain general characteristics, moral enthusiasm, faith in the value of individualism and intuitive perception, and a presumption that he natural world was a source of

corruption.浪漫主义之间大多是相通的，都注重道德，强调个人主义价值观和直觉感受，并且认为自然是美的源头，人类社会是腐败之源。

2、Transcendentalism 超验主义 1）as a moral philosophy, transcendentalism was neither logical nor systematized. It exalted feeling over reason, individual expression over the restraints of law and custom.不讲逻辑，不讲系统，只强调超越理性的感受，超越法律和世俗束缚的个人表达。 2)they spoke for cultural rejuvenation and against the materialism of American society.呼吁文化复兴，反对美国社会的拜金主义。 3）they believe in the transcendence of "over soul", an all-pervading power for

goodness from which all things come and of which all things are a part. 相信精神上的超越，相信无所不能的善的力量，强调善为万物之源。 4）it could exercise a healthy and restorative influence on the human mind. “Go back to nature, sink yourself back into its influence and you’ll become spiritually whole again.” The

natural implication of all this was, of course, that things in nature tended to become symbolic, and the physical world was a symbol of the spiritual. This in turn added to the tradition of literary symbolism in American literature.

3、Realism：（现实主义）appeared in the United States in the literature of local color, an amalgam of romantic plots and realistic descriptions of things was

immediately observable. the dialects, customs, sights.现实主义有浓厚的美国本土特色，是浪漫主义故事情节和现实主义描写相结合的产物：美国风味的方言、风俗、各种观点

4、Naturalism：自然主义 a new and harsher realism, 新型的更为冷峻的现实主义，产生悲观的流派 ，产生于the end of the century 十九世纪末，因为Perception of society’s disorders 对社会无序的感知。Presenting characters of low social and economic classes who were dominated by their environment and heredity. 设法尽力客观真实地展现出受环境与出身局限的下层人民和各种经济阶层人物的真正生活。 The naturalists emphasized that the world was amoral, that men and women had no free will, that their lives were controlled by heredity and the environment, the

religious “truths” were illusory, that the destiny of humanity was misery in life and oblivion in death. 强调世界的非道德性，人们没有意志的自由，宗教上的真理是虚幻的，现实生活是痛苦的。

5、Imagism 意象派：is a poetic movement of England and the United States,

flourished from 1909-1917. Its credo, expressed in Some Imagist Poets, included the use of the language of common speech, project matter, the evocation of images in hard, clear poetry, and concentration.

6、Modernism现代主义：is loosely a synonym of anything contemporary. Strictly, especially in literary criticism, which began in the late 19th century and the theory of psycho-analysis as its theoretical base. They pay more attention to the psychic time than the chronological one.

7、individualism个人主义：it is a moral political and social philosophy which

emphasizes individual liberty the primary importance of the individual and the unities of self_reliance

8、symbolism 象征主义：means using symbols in literary works the symbol means something represents or stands for abstract deep meaning

1. American Puritanism it comes from the American puritans, who were the first immigrants moved to American continent in the 17th century. Original sin,

predestination（预言） and salvation（拯救） were the basic ideas of American

Puritanism. And, hard-working, piousness（虔诚,尽职）， thrift and sobriety（清醒） were praised.

4. Local colorism: as a trend became dominant in American literature in the 1860s and early 1870s，it is defined by Hamlin Garland as having such quality of texture and background that it could not have been written in any other place or by anyone else than a native stories of local colorism have a quality of circumstantial(详细的) authenticity(确实性), as local colorists tried to immortalize(使不朽) the distinctive natural, social and linguistic features. It is characteristic of vernacular(本国语) language and satirical(讽刺的) humor

Stream of consciousness（意识流）： It is one of the modern literary techniques. It is the style of writing that attempts to imitate the natural flow of a character’s thoughts, feelings, reflections, memories, and mental images as the character experiences them. It was first used in 1922 by the Irish novelist James Joyce. Those novels broke through the bounds of time and space, and depicted vividly and

skillfully the unconscious activity of the mind fast changing and flowing incessantly。

10. The Lost generation： it refers to a group of young intellectuals （知识分子） who came back from war， were injured （受伤害） both physically （身体上） and mentally （精神上）. They lived by indulging （放任） themselves in the Bohemian （波西米亚） way of life. Their American dream was disillusioned （破灭了）. The best representative of the lost generation was Ernest Hemingway

11. American Dream: American dream means the belief that everyone can succeed as long as he/she works hard enough. It usually implies a successful and satisfying

life. It usually framed in terms of American capitalism（资本主义）, its associated purported meritocracy,（知识界精华） and the freedoms guaranteed by the U.S. Bill of Rights.

12. The Harlem Renaissance：refers to the flowering of African American literature, art, and drama during the 1920s and 1930s. Though centered in Harlem, New York, the movement impacted urban centers throughout the United States. Black novelists, poets, painters, and playwrights began creating works rooted in their own culture instead of imitating the styles of Europeans and white Americans

3、Code hero The Hemingway hero is an average man of decidedly masculine tastes, sensitive and intelligent, a man of action, and one of few words. That is an individualist keeping emotions under control, stoic and self-disciplined in a dreadful place. These people are usually spiritual strong, people of certain skills, and most of them encounter death many times. The heroes in his book are all have something in common which Hemingway values: they have seen the cold world and for one cause or another, they boldly and courageously face the reality; whatever the result is, they are ready to live with grace under pressure. The Hemingway code hero has an indestructible spirit for his optimistic view of life, though he is pessimistic that is Hemingway

4、Stream of consciousnessThe continuous flow of sense-perceptions, thoughts, feelings, and memories in the human mind: or a literary method of representing such a blending of mental processes infictional characters, usually in an unpunctuated or disjoint form of interior monologue.注：sense-perceptions：认知，观念 blending：混合物 unpunctuated:未加标点的 Disjoint：脱节

9、 Black humor The term black humor was created in 1920s, but it was not noticed until 1960s. it was particularly a literary phenomenon in America after WWⅡ. Black humor, in literature, is drama, novel, and film, grotesque or morbid humor used to express the absurdity, insensitivity, paradox, and cruelty of the modern world. Ordinary characters or situations are usually exaggerated far beyond the limits of normal satire or irony. Black humor uses devices often associated with tragedy and is sometimes equated with tragic face. Josegh Heller and Kury Vonnegut are famous for their novels of black humor. Especially Heller’s Catch—22

10 .The Jazz Age “The Jazz Age” describes the period the period of the 1920s and 1930s, the years between World War I and World War II, particularly in North America; with the rise of the Great Depression, the values of this age saw much decline. Perhaps the most representative literary work of the age is American writer F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby, highlighting what some describe as the decadence and hedonism, as well as the growth of individualism. Fitzgerald is largely credited with coining the term “The Jazz Age”. It can also be known as “The Roaring Twenties” and “The Dollar Decade.”

篇二：十二个月的意思

一月：睦月（むつき）

睦月的意思是，睦表示对人尊重，关心他人，与他人保持友好关系。 正是因为这样，一年的开始用睦月最合适。

二月：如月（きさらぎ）

如月的意思是“欢庆”。

三月：弥生（やよい）

弥生的意思是“新生”，一到春天，花草皆露新芽，初生之象。

四月：卯月（うづき）

卯月的意思是“生长”，正是草木发芽、万物苏醒之际，代表无尽的活力与发展力。

五月：皐月（さつき）

皋月的意思是“热暑”，因为从这个季节开始天气会逐渐变得炎热。

六月：水無月（みなづき）

水無月的意思是“没有水的月”，象征日本的雨季。 这或许是出于对天神的虔诚谢意而起的名字， 因为天神把雨全部降到地球上面，所以天上就会 没有雨水了。

七月：文月（ふみづき）

文月的意思是“书信往来的月”，也许正在你焦急等待之时会有信来。

八月：葉月（はづき）

葉月的意思是“离家出门”，因为对于日本人来说这是一个传统的旅游季节。

九月：長月（ながつき）

長月的意思是“夜长的月”，可能是因为从这个时侯开始夜晚将会变得漫长的原因吧。

十月：神無月（かんなづき）

神無月的意思是“神仙离开的月”，据说这是因为在这段时间里，日本各地的各路神仙都会聚集到“出云”这个地方来开会。在日本除了“出云”这个地方把“神無月”叫作“神有月”之外，其他的地方都会叫作“神無月”。“神有月”的意思是“神仙回来的月”。

十一月：霜月（しもつき）

霜月的意思是“结霜的月”，因为从这个季节开始天气会逐渐变得寒冷。

十二月：師走（しわす）

師走的意思是“连平时很悠闲的老师都会变得繁忙”。这反映出在新的一年到来之前， 大家都会忙于筹集钱财和还清欠债的习惯。 总而言之，对于每一个人来说这是一个非常繁忙的。

篇三：做一个真正的佛教徒,你够虔诚吗

做一个真正的佛教徒，首先要学会拜佛。一开始要清楚是为什么要拜，要不然，拜了一辈子佛也不清楚拜佛有什么含义。

“佛陀”的意思是一个完全的觉悟者、完全开放的遍知一切者。我们拜佛的时候，双手合掌就像一朵莲花，莲花出淤泥而不染，表示佛陀不受轮回习气之染，另外一个意义是我们将自心本有的如来藏比喻成一朵莲花。双手置于胸前，就是要让我们的掌与心结合，意思是我的内心也是一朵莲花，只是它还有贪、嗔、痴、嫉妒、傲慢等烦恼和所知障碍的污染存在，也就是在这些习气还未破除之前佛性就像是在淤泥中的莲花。在随着我们学佛修行，学会对众生慈悲，学会布施、持戒、忍辱、精进、禅定和空性智慧以后，一切轮回中的所知障和烦恼障就会慢慢破除。清净障碍、污染后，自心本性就像莲花一样出淤泥而不染。

头顶之下是身体，而无始以来身体造作了许多杀生、偷窃、邪淫等等恶业。将双手合掌放在头顶上，表示忏悔身体所作的所有业力，同时也代表对佛陀遍知一切的大智慧与大慈悲完全皈依的心态。接着，手掌往下移动，停在喉咙和嘴之间。嘴和喉咙是发出语言的地方，代表忏悔语言所造作的妄语、绮语、两舌、恶口伤人等一切罪业。另外一层含意是：因为佛的梵天妙音是从嘴中流露出来的，所以我们也要成就。就如佛的语圆满，要善说无碍。再往下移，双掌再次放在胸前，代表忏悔由心所造作的贪念、嗔恨、邪见等等业力。

接着我们屈身下拜，额头、双掌，加上双膝盖，就是所谓的五体。当五体碰到大地的时候，我们观想贪、嗔、痴、嫉妒、傲慢五毒在当下完全清净。如果做大礼拜就把整个身体伸直趴在地上，表示不只是五毒，还包括一切所知障及烦恼障，全部彻彻底底地忏悔。当我们站起来时，象征希望得到佛的所有一切智慧，包括身口意以及事业、功德等等一切智慧。

用这样的方式，一方面忏悔自己的业力，一方面怀着感恩的心来拜佛，才能真正达到我们消除自身业力、增长福报的目的。

我们在西藏习惯点酥油灯，作为一个信徒，这是一种信仰、一种修行方式，也是一种虔诚的供养方式。佛不会吃这些水果，也不会要这些香、这些灯，他不需要这些东西，因为佛不会食人间烟火。靠我们的虔诚心来做这些纯洁的供养，很殊胜，这就够了，主要还是要在我们内心当中慢慢转变。通过供佛，佛像能够提醒我们：我们所跟随的佛，有伟大的思想和精神，佛的大慈大悲、佛对众生的宽容都值得我们好好学习，这就是真正的修行。如果用世俗的方法崇拜佛，我们就又误入歧途了，这叫迷信。佛教一直以来就提倡打破迷信，这是对的。因为人一旦迷信，什么都乱了。佛教有悠久的历史和完整的传承文化，又有合情合理的教规、教理，如果我们能够有福报真正接触并切入进去，就会让智慧增长并让心灵得到升华。

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