综合英语1 Unit 5

Unit 5 Dealing with AIDS

Pre-reading questions:

1. What kind of disease do you know AIDS is?

2. Do you know someone who has contracted AIDS? If he were you friend, would you keep your friendship with him? Words and phrases suggested:

The term—a human viral disease—the immune system—defend the boy from—vulnerable to—harmless in—fatal in—no cure—new drugs Reference:

AIDS is an acronym of the term “Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome”, which is a human viral disease that ravages the immune system, undermining the body’s ability to defend itself from infection and disease. AIDS leaves an infected person vulnerable to opportunistic infections. Such infections are harmless in healthy people, but in those whose immune systems have been greatly weakened, they can prove fatal. Although there is no cure for AIDS, new drugs are available that can prolong the life span and improve the quality of life of infected people. Main idea:

The text relates a true story—unforgettable personal experiences of the writer’s. it tells us how David, the writer’s best friend, suffered

from AIDS, what attitude the writer took towards David, and how much concern he showed to David, i.e. how he helped David deal with AIDS. Questions:

① What is the theme of the text?

The theme of the text is: Dealing with AIDS strengthens the bond of friendship and encourages emotional and mature growth. ② What is the style of the narrative text? Give reasons for your answer.

The style of the narrative text is colloquial and simple because many simple words, colloquial expressions and concise sentences are used, which are easy and smooth to read. Besides, the writer employs many simple sentences and a number of coordinate sentences. Furthermore, most of the complex sentences employed are easy to understand. Structure of the essay

This text is piece of factual narration, telling us a true and unforgettable story the writer experienced.

Part I paragraph 1, the beginning of the text, introducing the theme of the text.

Part II paragraph 2-4, mainly tells us how the author knew David was suffering from AIDS and how he reacted to such a fact.

Part III paragraph 5-7, mainly tells us that the writer kept an active and positive attitude for the sake of his friend David and showed great concern for him.

Part IV paragraph 8, the concluding part, points out the specific date that marked the end of David’s life, describes the writer’s emotions towards David’s death, and informs us how the writer keeps his friend’s memory alive.

Text Explanation bond

1) a uniting force or tie

E.g. The trade agreement strengthened the bonds between the two countries.

2) a written agreement or promise that has legal force E.g. We entered into a solemn bond with them. mature

1) fully grown or developed mentally or physically

e.g. He is not mature enough to be given too much responsibility. 2) (of thought, intentions, etc.) careful and thorough深思熟虑的；考虑周到的

E.g. After mature consideration I entered the competition. carefree

free from anxiety; having no worries or problems E.g. Little children are always carefree.

after finishing our exams we all felt happy and carefree. careful careless

I was just living life up.

I was enjoying life to my heart’s content尽兴地.

live it up: (infml) live in a lively and extravagant way 享乐: Now you've been left some money you can afford to live it up a bit. live up to sth: behave in accordance with sth 依照某事物行事; 表现出符合某事物的标准:

failed to live up to his principles, his reputation, his parents' expectations invincible:

in capable of being overcome or defeated; unconquerable E.g. The champion wrestler seemed invincible. There is no army in the world that is invincible. What does the first sentence of Paragraph 1 tell us?

It points out the significance of dealing with AIDS. In other words, it conveys the theme of the narrative text, which is also the purpose of the writer.

The last sentence of paragraph 1 is a sentence fragment. It is

actually part of the preceding sentence. Why does the author separate them from each other?

By separating them from each other, the author succeeds in accentuating the two parts of the sentence.

If a sentence is divided into two or more than two segments by means of full stops, more information units come into being. As each information unit is to be articulated in accentuated falling tone, it is naturally endowed with emphasis. …so we didn’t hang out as much.

so we did not spend a lot of time together as we had done before we got to high school.

hang out: (informal) visit a place often; spend a lot of time in a particular place

E.g. Where has he been hanging out these days? They normally hang out in the public house. So I called him and he hung up on me.

so I phoned him, but he refused to talk to me on the phone by replacing the receiver.

hang up (on sb): (infml) end a telephone conversation by replacing the receiver

E.g. Last night I called him, but as soon as he heard my voice, he hung up on me.

So once again I blew it off.

so I didn’t take it seriously./so I once again gave up my effort to talk to him.

The word “it” in “blew it off” has no exact meaning. …I confronted him as to why we were not friends anymore. I asked him face to face to explain why we were not friends any more. confront

1) come face to face with, esp. with defiance or hostility E.g. I wish to confront my accuser in a court of law. 2) come up against; encounter

E.g. Walking in such a jungle, you will confront danger at every turn. as to

with regard to; concerning

E.g. We are puzzled as to how it happened.

He is very uncertain as to whether it is the right job for him. break down

1) lose control of one’s feelings

E.g. He broke down and wept when he heard the news. 2) cease to function because of a mechanical or electrical fault E.g. The telephone system has broken down.

3) fail to have any results; collapse E.g. Negotiations between the two affect

1) have an influence on (sb/sth); produce an effect on: The tax increases have affected us all.

2) (of disease) attack (sb/sth); infect （指疾病）侵袭（某人[某物]）; 感染:

Cancer had affected his lungs.

3) cause (sb) to have feelings of sadness or sympathy; touch We were deeply affected by the news of her death. When I got home things started to make sense When I came home, I began to understand things. make sense

1) have a understandable meaning

E.g. These words are jumbled up and don’t make sense. 2) be sensible,; have or show sense

E.g. It doesn’t make sense to buy that very expensive leather coat when these cheaper ones are just as good. Then I felt so bad that we had grown so far apart.

Then I felt extremely sorry that we had become so widely separated./ Then I felt very unwell that we had failed to understand each other as a result of a complete lack of exchange of feelings, thoughts, etc.

David had had unprotected sex once and now had to pay with his life.

David had had sex with a girl once. As no protective measures were taken, he contracted AIDS and had been suffering from it. Now he had to pay for it with his life. I had to handle it all on my own. I had to cope with it completely by myself. handle

1) touch, lift or hold with the hands E.g. The box is too heavy for me to handle. 2)operate with the hands; manipulate

E.g. He is very skillful at handling the machine. 3) cope with or dispose of

E.g. A successful businessman should know how to handle problems efficiently. … as if he had a plague:

as though he was a carrier of a plague plague:

1) an attack of disease causing death and spreading quickly to many people

e.g. Europe suffered many plagues in the Middle Ages.

2) ~ of sth, large numbers of a pest that invade an area and cause

annoyance or damage 侵扰一地造成破坏的大量有害动物 A plague of locusts destroyed all the crops in this area.

Once again I realized that our friendship meant everything to me.

Once more I fully understood that our friendship was most invaluable to me.

I couldn’t turn my back on him… .

I could not avoid seeing or refuse to help him…

turn one’s back on: refuse to be involved with, esp. unfairly or unkindly

E.g. He turned his back on his relatives, though he was a millionaire.

He is very kind to me. I cannot turn my back on him now that he needs my help. I stuck it out.

despite the fact that I might catch the disease and lose most of my friends, I showed a strong will, maintained close contact with David, and lent him help whenever necessary.

stick it out: continue with sth. to the end, despite difficulty or unpleasantness

e.g. Although we are faced with many difficulties, we must stick it out and accomplish the research project on time.

for fear that

because of anxiety that; in case of

e.g. I dare not go there for fear that he will see me.

They all dare not say what was in their mind for fear that it might cause trouble.

So how could I blame them since I could have done the same thing?

So how could I find fault with them? I would have done the same thing if David and I had not been the best of friends./

So how could I consider them to be unfriendly? I would have acted in the same manner if I had been one of them? …he had full blown AIDS.

…he suffered terribly from AIDS, which had spread all over his body and which tormented him very severely./

…he came down with AIDS, which had grown fatal and which was torturing him terribly. go through sth.

experience, endure or suffer sth.

e.g. She’s gone through a difficult time recently.

The hero has gone through numerous hardships and difficulties.

I must keep a positive attitude for his positive

1) characterized by displaying certainty, acceptance, or affirmation

e.g. We expected a positive answer, but they said no. 2) very sure; quit certain; confident

e.g. We must keep a positive attitude towards patients suffering from cancer. sake.

—For his benefit I must maintain an active and cheerful attitude, showing a firm belief that he would be able to conquer his disease. stress

1) a state of extreme difficulty, pressure, or strain

e.g. He is under a lot of stress because his wife is seriously ill. He presided over the economy during the period of its greatest stress.

2) importance, significance, emphasis placed on sth. e.g. The government put great stress on this issue. I pushed all my emotions aside and was strong for him.

I managed to conceal my emotions and tried to appear strong for his sake.

I still had to be the strong one and keep everything in.

—I still had to be the one with a strong will and restrain myself from revealing my emotions.

keep sth. in: not express (an emotion); restrain sth. e.g. He could hardly keep in his indignation.

Hearing the news, she could scarcely keep in her excitement. stuff

1) the material out of which something is made or formed; substance材料，原料

You cannot use this kind of stuff to make a kite. 2) unspecified material or thing东西

She put that stuff over there, which she had bought from a store. maintain

1) keep up or carry on; continue

e.g. He maintains good relations with all his friends. 2) preserve or retain

e.g. One should maintain one’s composure in trying moments. outlook

1) a point of view; an attitude

e.g. A positive outlook on life is very important to success. 2) view on which one looks out

e.g. The house has a pleasant outlook over the valley. deal with sth.

1) attend to (a problem, task, etc); manage sth 处理（问题、 任务等）; 料理某事:

You dealt with an awkward situation very tactfully. Haven't you dealt with (ie replied to) that letter yet?

2) take or have sth as a subject; discuss sth 以某事物作为内容; 讨论某事物:

The next chapter deals with verbs.

I’ll deal with decimals小数in the next lesson. At night I would wonder if he would make it through.

At night I would doubt if he would be able to live through the night. mark

1) indicate or denote sth.; be a sign of

Today’s ceremony marks 100 years of trade between our two countries.

2) to distinguish or characterize

I like the exuberance that marks her writings. in a way

to a certain extent, but not entirely

e.g. The changes are an improvement in a way. In a way that rich man is charitable and generous. All the emotions that I had held in came rushing out…

—all the emotions that I had controlled or suppressed came bursting out…

hold in: restrain, control or check

e.g. He’s incapable of holding himself in when he gets extremely excited.

The man beat the table hard because he could not hold in his anger. grateful

thankful; expressing gratitude

e.g. I am grateful to you for helping me out of the difficult situation. I am very grateful to all the teachers who have taught me at this university.

I now educated people about aids, which to me is keeping David's memory alive.

I now teach people knowledge about AIDS, which to me means keeping my thoughts of David alive./

I now impart knowledge about AIDS to people, which is a way of my remembering him or keeping up his memory in my mind. Keep sth. alive: cause sth. to remain living; make sth. continue to exist

After-reading discussion

1. How is the concluding part related to the beginning? The ending part is related to the beginning in the following aspects: 1) The first sentence in the beginning points out the good effect of

dealing with AIDS, and the last two sentences in the conclusion illustrate the point.

2) In the beginning, the specific date is given when the word AIDS came into the writer’s life, and in the conclusion the actual date is made clear that marked the end of David's life.

3) The beginning draws the reader’s attention to the fact that the writer had been the most carefree person in the world before his friend caught AIDS, while the concluding part says that having done so much, he is no longer that carefree teenager, being busy in educating people about AIDS.

2. What are the advantages of the first narration used in the text?

1) The first person narration makes it easier or more convenient for the writer to insert his feelings and describes his psychological activities.

2) As the story is told in the first person narration, the activities and events narrated are treated as personal experiences of the writer’s, and therefore, they are more believable.

3) The first person narration seems to make what is related and described more vivid, more specific, and more thought-provoking because the writer tells you directly his unforgettable personal experiences, which are more likely to arouse your emotion.

Exercises ? Paraphrase:

We were invincible until the word AIDS came into my life. David and I were so strong that we couldn’t believe we would be attacked by any disease before the word AIDS appeared in my life. We didn’t hang out as much.

We didn’t spend as much time together as before.

I confronted him as to why we were not friends anymore. I asked him face to face to explain why we were not friends any more.

I couldn’t turn my back on him when he needed me the most. I couldn’t go away from him when he needed me badly.

All the emotions that I had held in came rushing out. I was unable to control my bursting emotions any more. ? Grammar:

1. Usage of any, each, all, every, some or their compounds; 2. Nouns in countable meaning and uncountable meaning ? Translation:

1. It is a systematic attempt to strengthen our competitive ability. 2. The police in this district know where the thieves hang out.

3. The agreements signed will break down all the barriers to free trade.

4. It was a very difficult situation, but he handled it quite successfully.

5. He is my best friend. I just can’t turn my back on him now that he needs my help.

6. So long as you work hard, you are bound to succeed and realize your ambition sooner or later.

7. Although he hates the job, yet he is determined to stick it out because he needs the money to support his family.

8. That cancer patient kept an optimistic attitude towards his disease, persisted in combating it, and conquered it in the end.

9. This university has a staff of more than 2,000, including about 150 professors and over 500 associate professors.

10. The concert was held to mark the 75th anniversary of the composer’s death.

TEXT II AIDS (Acquired Immuno-deficiency Syndrome) Main Idea:

This article gives a detailed introduction to the disease AIDS. First, it gives a general introduction to the disease; then the article elaborates the following three aspects: the AIDS virus, what happens

after infection and how AIDS spread, from which we get a good understanding of the disease. Questions for discussion:

1. What is the function of the human body’s immune system? The system is responsible for fighting disease-causing substances that have entered the body.

2. What fact about the disease is the public aware of? The disease is spreading quickly and anyone can be at risk. 3. How does the virus damage the human immune system? It destroys central white blood cells that are essential for human immune system.

4. What happens after one contracts the AIDS virus?

Some people may act as carriers, remaining healthy but still able to infect others. The average time for AIDS to fully manifest itself is one to two years.

5. What is an opportunistic infection?

An infection that normally does not cause disease but produces devastating and eventually lethal diseases when the body’s immune system is impaired and unable to fight off infection, as in AIDS and certain other diseases. 6. How is AIDS spread?

Scientists have identified three ways that HIV infections spread:

sexual intercourse with an infected person, contact with contaminated blood, and transmission from an infected mother to her child before or during birth or through breastfeeding.

7. Why should health care workers who perform invasive procedures be tested for the AIDS virus?

The health care worker who performs a medical procedure in which a part of the body is entered, as by puncture or incision is more likely to contract the disease.

8. What should we do to protect ourselves from AIDS? An open question.

Memorable Quotes:

Mary Baker Eddy (1821-1910)

Mary Baker Eddy was an influential American author, teacher, and religious leader, noted for her groundbreaking ideas about spirituality and health, which she named Christian Science. She articulated those ideas in her major work, Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures, first published in 1875. Four years later she founded the Church of Christ, Scientist, in Boston, Massachusetts, which today has branch churches and societies around the world. In 1908 she launched The Christian Science Monitor, a leading international newspaper, the recipient, to date, of seven Pulitzer

Prizes.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Born: November 12, 1815, Johnstown, New York Died: October 26, 1902, New York, New York

Elizabeth Cady Stanton was one of the first leaders of the American woman's rights movement. An excellent writer and speaker, she and Susan B. Anthony formed the National Woman Suffrage

Association in 1869 and worked together to secure women's right to vote. Throughout her life, Elizabeth Cady Stanton was a spokesperson for the rights of women, and her daughter, Harriot Stanton Blatch, carried on her mother's work.

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