学案 - - - 高考独立主格结构

专题: 英语独立主格结构

独立主格结构是一个独立主格的名词或代词（作为逻辑主语）加上一个分词、形容词、副词、不定式或介词短语，其作用相当于状语从句，多用来表示行为方式或者伴随情况，有时也用来表示时间、原因和条件。这种结构多用于书面语中。

一、独立主格结构的特点

1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。

2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词等是主谓关系。 3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。 The test finished, we began our holiday.

= When the test was finished, we began our holiday.

二、独立主格结构的构成:

名词普通格或代词主格 + 现在分词/过去分词/不定式/名词/形容词/副词/介词短语。 1．名词（或代词） + 现在分词

现在分词表示前面的名词或代词主动进行的动作或状态。

He seating himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story. Everyone being ready, the teacher began his class. The food being cooked, the boy was watching TV. 注意：现在分词being或having been在独立主格结构中可以省略。 The weather（being）fine, we decided to go on an outing. 独立主格结构中的being在下列两种情况下一般不能省略， 一是在“There being + 名词”结构中，

There being nothing else to do, we went home. 二是在逻辑主语是代词的情况下。

There being no bus, we had to walk home. It being Sunday, all the offices are closed. 2．名词（或代词） + 不定式（短语）

不定式在独立主格结构中多表示将来的行为，表示“企图” “约定”等，指的是按计划安排要做的事。

The exam to be held tomorrow, I couldn’t go to the cinema tonight.

Many flowers and grass to be planted, our newly-built school will look even more beautiful. 3．名词（或代词） + 过去分词

过去分词表示前面的名词或代词被动完成的动作。

The girls lay on her back, her hands crossed under her head. The workers worked still harder, their living conditions greatly improved. He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard. 4．名词（或代词） + 形容词（短语）/ 副词

形容词（短语）或副词在独立主格结构中说明前面名词或代词的性质、状态 The floor wet, we had to stay outside for a while. He turned to me, his eyes sleepy. The meeting over, we all went home. School over, we all went home. 6．名词（或代词） + 介词短语

A robber burst into the room, knife in hand. He left the office, tears in eyes.

注意：在“逻辑主语+介词短语”构成的独立主格结构里，介词前后的两个名词均不加任何修饰成分(一般不用形容词性物主代词和冠词)。但with 的复合结构不受此限制。例如： The teacher came in, with a book in his hand.

四、With( without) 的复合结构的构成以及句法功能 （一）、with / without +宾语+宾语补足语构成复合结构的几种情况: 1. with+名词/代词+形容词

He doesn’t like to sleep with the windows open.

= He doesn’t like to sleep when the windows are open.

注意：在“with+名词/代词+形容词”构成的独立主格结构中，也可用已形容词化的-ing形式或-ed形式。

With his son so disappointing，the old man felt unhappy. With his father well-known, the boy didn’t want to study. 2. with+名词/代词+副词

The boy was walking, with his father ahead. = The boy was walking and his father was ahead. 3. with+名词/代词+介词短语

He stood at the door, with a computer in his hand.

= He stood at the door, and a computer was in his hand. 4. with+名词/代词+动词过去分词

With his homework done, Peter went out to play.

= When his homework was done, Peter went out to play. 5. with+名词/代词+现在分词

The girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was. = The girl hid her box and no one knew where it was. Without anyone noticing, he slipped through the window. = When no one was noticing, he slipped through the window. 6. with+名词/代词+动词不定式

The little boy looks sad, with so much homework to do.

= The little boy looks sad because he has so much homework to do. （二）、With (without) 的复合结构的句法功能：定语和状语 1. There is a magazine with a modern girl on its cover. (定语) 2. He stood in the rain, with his clothes wet.

= He stood in the rain, and his clothes were wet. (伴随状语) 3 The kid feels excited with so many places of interest to visit.

=The kid feels excited as there are so many places of interest to visit.（原因状语） 4．With the signal given, the train started. = After the signal was given, the train started. （时间状语）

三、独立主格结构的作用： 多用作状语 1.表示时间

His homework done（=After his homework was done），Mary decided to go shopping. Spring coming on, the trees turned green. 2.表示原因

There being no buses（=Because there were no buses），we had to walk home. The key having been lost, she could not enter the room. 3.表示条件

Weather permitting（=If weather permits），we’ll go to play basketball. Time permitting, we’ll visit the Summer Palace. 4.表示方式或伴随

He sat at the table, head down.

I have bought a new coat, the old one being worn out. 动词不定式表示动作没有发生或即将发生， 动词-ed形式表示动作已经结束，

动词-ing形式往往表示动作正在进行。

The manager looks worried，many things to be settled. The manager looks relaxed, many things settled. The man lay there, his hands trembling.

独立主格结构专项练习题

EXERCISE 1: Multiple choices

1.________, they will go and visit the zoo. A. Weather permitting B. Weather permitted C. Weather being permitted D. Weather having permitted 2. The problem , they all went home happily. A. settling B. to be settled C. settled D. to settle

3. A lot of work ______, he had no time to talk with us. A. done B. to do C. doing D. to be doing 4. Everyone________ their seats, the meeting began. A. taken B. taking C. having taken D. to take

5. ________, Mother had to stay at home and looked after him. A. Being ill B. He was ill C. Tom being ill D. To be ill 6.________, there is no school. A. It is Sunday B. It was Sunday C. It will be Sunday D. It being Sunday 7. ________, all the students ran out of the classroom. A. Class was over B. Class is over C. Class over D. When class over 8.________, everything has changed. A. Time goes on B. Time going on C. As time going on D. With time went on 9. He was lying on the grass, his hands________ under his head. A. crossing B. crossed C. was crossing D. were crossed 10. The storm________ their house, they had to live in a cave. A. destroyed B. destroying C. having destroyed D. being destroyed 11. He entered the room,________. A. his nose was red with cold B. and his nose red with cold C. his nose red with cold D. his nose been red with cold 12. Here are the first two volumes, the third one________ next month. A. to come out B. coming out C. will come out D. having come out 13. All things________, I think we ought to give the job to Mike. A. considering B. considered C. having considered D. are considered

14. Ford tried dividing the labor, each worker _____ a separate task. A. assigning B. assigned

C. was assigned D. would be assigned

15. The lecture______, he left his seat so quietly that no one complained that his leaving disturbed the speaker.

A. began B. beginning

C. having begun D. being beginning

16 Such______ the case, there are no grounds to justify your complaints. A. being B. is C. was D. to be

17. Darkness______ in, the young people lingered on merrymaking. A. set B. setting C. has set D. was set

18. With all factors______, we think this program may excel all the others in achieving the goal. A. being considered B. considering C. considered D. are considered

19. A new technique______, the yields as a whole increased by 20 percent. A. to have been worked out B. having worked out C. working out D. having been worked out

20. On the top was the clear outline of a great wolf sitting still, ears_______, alert, listening. A. pointed B. pointing C. are pointed D. are pointing

21.Walter offered us a lift when he was leaving the office, but our work______, we declined the offer.

A. not being finished B. not having finished C. had not been finished D. was not finished

22. There are various kinds of metals, each ______ its own properties. A. has B. had C. to have D. having

23.The article opens and closes with descriptions of two news reports, each _____ one major point in contrast with the other.

A. makes B. made C. is to make D. making

KEYS: ACBCC, DCCAC, CABBC, ABCDA, ADD

EXERCISE 2:

Translate the Chinese in the brackets into English using the nominative absolute 1. (由于是星期天)， we decided to go home.

2. (由向导带路)， we set off on foot into the dark night. 3. (有那么多书要读), I can’t kill time by playing cards． 4. At the gate stood a PLA man,(手里握着枪)． 5. (做完家庭作业)， he went to bed． KEYS：

1. It being Sunday.

2. The guide leading the way/ with the guide leading the way 3. With so many books to read

4. gun in hand / with a gun in his hand

5. The homework done/finished With his homework done/ finished

EXERCISE 3:

Rewriting the following sentences using the nominative absolute

1. His nose was running and his hands were shaking. He left the theater like that. (His nose running and his hands shaking, he left the theater.) 2.When the test was finished, we began our holiday (The test finished, we began our holiday.)

3. After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.

4. She had no money to buy even a bus ticket because she lost her purse just a moment ago. Her purse stolen, she had no money to buy even a bus ticket. 5. I saw deep pools. The water in the pools is as blue as the sky. I saw deep pools, the water blue like the sky.

1. ______ no bus, we had to walk home.

A. There was B. There being C. Because there being 2. ____, I'll go there with you tomorrow afternoon.

A. Time permits B. If time permitting C. Time permitting D. Time's permitting 3. _____, we all went home happily.

A. Goodbye was said B. Goodbye had been said C. Goodbye said D. When goodbye said 4. _____, we all went swimming in high spirits. A. It being fine weather B. It fine weather C. It was fine weather D. It being a fine weather 5. ____, the bus started at once.

A. The signal was given B. The signal giving C. The signal given D. When the signal given 6. She stood there, _____ from her cheeks.

A. tears' rolling down B. tears rolled down C. with tears rolled down D. tears rolling down 7. ____, the leaves are turning green.

A. When spring coming on B. Spring coming on C. Spring came on D. Spring being come on 8. _____, I had to buy a new one.

A. My dictionary losing B. My dictionary having been lost C. My dictionary had been lost D. Because my dictionary lost 9. I used to sleep with the window _____.

A. opened B. open C. opening D to open 10. ____, the hunter went into the forest.

A. A gun on shoulder B. A gun was on his shoulder C. Gun on shoulder D. A gun being on shoulder

11. ____ production up by 60%, the company has had another excellent year. A. As B. For C. With D. Through

12. With a lot of work ____, I have to sit up tonight. A. do B. doing C. done D. to do 13. He stood there silently, his lips_____.

A. trembling B. trembled C. were trembling D. were trembling 14. _____, her suggestion is of greater value than yours. A. All things considering B. All things considered

C. All things were considered D. With all things were considered 15. ______, we will surely succeed.

A. The teacher helping us B. The teacher to help us C. The teacher will help us D. With the teacher helping

16．The thief stood before the policeman，__________ admitting what he had done． A．with his drooping head B．drooping his head C．raising his head D．with his head down

17．__________ ，he can't go out for a walk as usual． A．With so much work to do B．With so much work doing C．With so much work done D．Without so much work to do 18．It's quite strange that the man sleeps with his mouth __________ and his eyes __________ ． A．closed；open B．closed；opened C．closing；open D．closing；opening

19．All things __________ ，the plan trip will have to be called off． A．be considered B．considered

C．considering D．having considering

20．__________ ，we have to get down to business right away． A．As there was no time left B．There is no time left C．There being no time left D．There to be no time left 21．__________ yesterday，we went out for a walk．

A．As a fine day B．It was a fine day

C．It being a fine day D．For it was a fine day 22．The old man stood there，__________ ．

A．with back against the wall B．with his back against the wall C．with back against wall D．his back against wall

1-5 BCCAC 6-10 DBBBC 11-15 CDABB 16-20 DAABC 21-22 CB

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