新东方四级30天90分学习笔记

《新东方四级30天90分》 四级考试简介

成绩90分以上需要背4200个单词 成绩70－80分需要背457个单词

单词的重考率极高，比如：available（四级最爱） constrain（六级永陪词汇） 主考时态：容易成为答案的时态

1、过去完成时2、将来完成时3、完成进行时 课程安排：

1. 摸底，讲单词2. 时态，非谓语动词3. 虚拟语气4. 倒装，主谓一致5. 从句6. 综合串讲 长得像的选项有一个是答案

[P56-24]Young people are not _______ to stand and look at works of art; they want art they can participate in.A) conservative B) content C) confident D) generous 注：押头韵去除D。

[P56-29]By law, when one makes a large purchase, he should have _______ opportunity to change his mind.A) accurate B) urgent C) excessive D) adequate 注：押尾韵去除C。 摸底[P56-Unit 17]

21. As we can no longer wait for the delivery of our order, we have to _______it. A) postpone B) refuse C) delay D) cancel 注：postpone 推迟 refuse 拒绝 delay 推迟，拖延 cancel 取消

22. These books, which you can get at any bookshop, will give you _______ you need.

A) all the information B) all the informationsC) all of information D) all of the informations

注：1. information 不可数名词 2. all of 表示of 中的全部，所以后面名词一定要有明确的范围，必须加以限定。而all 没有这个要求。

23. Not until the game had begun _______ at the sports ground.

A) had he arrived B) would he have arrived C) did he arrive D) should he have arrived 注：1. not until 句型 2. 过去完成时与一般过去时成对使用

24. Young people are not _______ to stand and look at works of art; they want art they can participate in.A) conservative B) content C) confident D) generous

注：conservative 保守的 content 满足；内容 confident 自信的 generous 慷慨的

25. Most broadcasters maintain that TV has been unfairly criticized and argue that the power of the medium is _______.A) granted B) implied C) exaggerated D) remedied 注：exaggerated 夸大的

26. These surveys indicate that many crimes go _______ by the police, mainly because not all victims report them.A) unrecorded B) to be unrecorded C) unrecording D) to have been unrecorded 27. I have no objection _______ your story again.

A) to hear B) to hearing C) to having heard D) to have heard

注：object to doing 反对。其中 to为介词。动词跟介词，则相应的名词形式也跟介词 28. The clothes a person wears may express his _______ or social position. A) curiosity B) status C) determination D) significance 注：status 地位，身份

29. By law, when one makes a large purchase, he should have _______ opportunity to change his mind .A) accurate B) urgent C) excessive D) adequate 注：adequate 足够的

30. You will see this product _______ wherever you go.

A) to be advertised B) advertised C) advertise D) advertising

31. The early pioneers had to _______ many hardships to settle on the new land. A) go along with B) go back on C) go through D) go into

注：1. go through 经历困难而完成 congratulation（对新郎）best wishes（对新娘） 2. go along with 陪伴

3. go back on 违背，背弃 4. go into 谈论，谈及

32. The suggestion that the mayor _______ they prizes was accepted by everyone.

A) would present B) present C) presents D) ought to present注：should 省略虚拟

33. Beer is the most popular drink among male drinkers, _______ overall consumption is significantly higher than that of women.

A) whose B) which C) that D) what

34. Peter, who had been driving all day, suggested _______ at the next town.

A) to stop B) stopping C) stop D) having stopped注：suggest doing 建议做... 35. I didn't know the word. I had to _______ a dictionary.

A) look out B) make out C) refer to D) go over注：refer to 查字典

36. The professor could hardly find sufficient grounds _______ his arguments in favour of the new theory.A) to be based on B) to base on C) which to base on D) on which to base 注：on which to do 介词+which+to do 结构相当于定语从句

37. There are signs _______ restaurants are becoming more popular with families. A) that B) which C) in which D) whose 注：同位语从句

38. I think I was at school, _______ I was staying with a friend during the vacation when I heard the news. A) or else B) and then C) or so D) even so 注：or else 否则要不然 39. It is said that the math teacher seems _______ towards bright students. A) partial B) beneficial C) preferable D) liable注：partial 偏袒的

40. In order to show his boss what a careful worker he was, he took _______ trouble over the figures.A) extensive B) spare C) extra D) supreme注：extra 额外的

41. --\ --\. M. Williams _______ to a conference long before then.\A) will have gone B) had gone C) would have gone D) has gone 注：主考时态：将来完成时，过去完成时

42. You _______ him so closely; you should have kept your distance. A) shouldn't follow B) mustn't follow

C) couldn't have been following D) shouldn't have been following 注：本不应该

43. The growth of part-time and flexible working patterns, and of training and retraining schemes, _______ more women to take advantage of employment opportunities. A) have allowed B) allow C) allowing D) allows

注：主谓一致，复杂主语中心词是growth，谓语动词用单数。

44. Everybody _______ in the hall where they were welcomed by the secretary.

A) assembled B) accumulated C) piled D) joined 注：assemble （人群的）聚集 45. Putting in a new window will _______ cutting away part of the roof.

A) include B) involve C) containD) comprise注：involve doing = need doing 需要

46. Living in the western part of the country has its problems, _______ obtaining fresh water is not the least.A) with which B) for which C) of whichD) which注：of which 其中

47. In the _______ of the project not being a success, the investors stand to lose up to $30 million.A) face B) time C) even tD) course 注：in the event of 万一

48. The manager would rather his daughter _______ in the same office. A) had not worked B) not to work C) does not work D) did not work 注：would rather 加一般过去时表示虚拟。

49. _______, he does get annoyed with her sometimes.

A) Although much he likes her B) Much although he likes her C) As he likes her much D) Much as he likes her

50. The British constitution is _______ a large extent a product of the historical events described above. A) within B) to C) by D) at 单词记忆举例：

Ivy 常春藤 gazelle 瞪羚vigor 精力naive 天真的quaint 古怪的 acquaint 使熟悉 背单词的方法： 1、 谐音联想记忆法：

ambition 野心 ambitious野心勃勃的 ponderous沉重的，笨重的 sneer嘲笑,讥笑 exhaust 使精疲力尽 nuisance 讨厌的人 bruise 瘀伤brutal 残忍的curse 诅咒 2、近形对照法：

adapt 适应；adopt 采纳；收养adept 有技巧的；熟练的

coast 海岸线（ocean 海洋）; roast 烧，烤; boast 吹嘘; toast 干杯 2、 形象联想法：

look 看；loom 若隐若现；liberty 自由；blush 脸红；amorous 好色的；morose 郁闷的；mortal 必死的；mental 智力的，精神的

记忆类型：1、视觉型：不断的重复 2、听觉型：自己录自己的讲解，不断的听 3、混合型：记情节，细节

爱情三部曲I：apply 申请 approve 批准 appreciate 感激 attention 注意attract 吸引 arrange 安排 appointment 约会

[P52-42]Niagara Falls is a great tourist ______, drawing millions of visitors every year. A) attention B) attraction C) appointment D) arrangement 注：tourist attraction 旅游胜地

[P52-70]Those gifts of rare books that were given to us were deeply ______. A) appreciated B) approved C) appealed D) applied 注：appeal 上诉 subject to 屈从于，使服从 summit 峰会 高频成为答案词汇： 爱情三部曲

apply 申请 approve 批准 appreciate 感激 attention 注意 attract 吸引 arrange 安排 appointment 约会 engagement 约会

in that = because now that = since regardless of 不管，不顾 in terms of 根据 object to 反对（to为介词） bargain v. 讨价还价；n. 便宜货 pace 节奏 available 可获得的，可得到的 （Are you available? 你是否有时间？） [P1-42]There were no tickets ______ for Friday’s performance. A) preferable B) considerable C) possible D) available

注：1. preferable 喜欢的，更好的 2. considerable 相当多的，大量的； considerate 体贴的，体谅的，考虑周到的

[P3-62]______ we have finished the course, we shall start doing more revision work. A) For now B) Now that C) Ever since D) By now

[P5-48]The match was cancelled because most of the members ______ a match without a standard court. A) objected to having B) were objected to have C) objected to have D) were objected to having 注：objected to doing

[P6-56]Many people complain of the rapid ______ of modern life. A) rate B) speed C) pace D) growth

[P13-58]Liquids are like solids ______ they have a definite volume. A) with that B) for that C) in that D) at that

[P15-34]Every man in this country has the right to live where he wants to, ____ the color of his skin .A) regardless of B) in the light of C) by virtue of D) with the exception of 注：1. in the light of 根据

2. by virtue of 借助于，依靠，由于 3. with the exception of 除了

[P17-57]______ that my head had cleared, my brain was also beginning to work much better.A) For B) Since C) Now D) Despite

[P23-59]He decided to make further improvements on the computer’s design _________ the light of the requirements of customers.

A) an B) for C) in D) with

[P27-43]It is quite necessary for a qualified teacher to have good manners and _________ knowledge.A) extensive B) expansive C) intensive D) expensive 注：通过押头韵排除C，通过押尾韵排除B 重要的词性：

1、动词和名词：名词是动作的发出者或承受者。 2、形容词和名词：形容词修饰名词。 I love a beautiful girl.

3、副词：副词修饰形容词；副词修饰动词；副词修饰副词。 I love a very beautiful girl.

I always love a very beautiful girl.

Not surprisingly, I always love a very beautiful girl. 猪八戒的五大特征： 1. vigorous 精力充沛的 2. glimpse 一瞥

love at the first glimpse 一见钟情

view 风景（不可数） a room with view《看得见风景的房间》；视野 come into view 走进视野 glance 一瞥

gaze 凝视，尤指感兴趣的看（gazelle 瞪羚） peep 偷窥

3. considerate 体贴的；

considerable 相当多的，大量的； 4. consistent 一致的，和谐的； 5. be liable for 对……负责

动词：谓语动词有且只有一个。如果再出现动词只能以非谓语形式存在：-ing, -ed, to do To get a high score, we have to study hard. I came in, followed by two dogs. Seeing is believing.

口诀： 谓语非谓经常混 谓语句中就一个 其余动词非谓语 非谓形式有三种 -ing, -ed 和to do 现在分词表主动 过去分词表被动 目的要用不定式 主宾要用动名词

一、谓语动词常考点：时态、语态、情态、倒装、主谓一致 二、谓语动词的时态（共有16 种）：

时间：过去、现在、将来、过将（虚拟） 状态：一般、进行、完成、完成进行

三、四级考试中主要考的三个时态：过去完成时、将来完成时、完成进行时

1、过去完成时：到过去某个点为止所完成的动作；在过去发生了两个动作，先过去完成时后一般过去时。 过去完成时与一般过去时常常成对出现。

[P2-53]We _________ our breakfast when an old man came to the door. A) just have had B) have just had C) just had D) had just had

[P28-25]Before the first non-stop flight made in 1949, it _________ necessary for all planes to land for refueling. A) would be B) has been C) had been D) would have been

注：时态题，A和D是虚拟语气，应排除。过去完成时所以选C。

A thief who broke into a church was caught because traces of wax, found on his clothes, _______ from the sort of candles used only in churches.

A) had come B) coming C) come D) that came 注：1. because 从句缺谓语

2. 两个逗号中间的found on his clothes 是插入成分

William Penn, the founder of Pennsylvania, _______ defended the right of every citizen to freedom of choice in religion. A) peculiarly B) indifferently C) vigorously D) inevitably

注：1. peculiarly 奇怪地 2. indifferently 冷漠地 3. inevitably 不可避免地

Some people would like to do shopping on Sundays since they expect to pick up wonderful _______ in the marker. A) batteries B) bargains C) baskets D) barrels

[P56-23]Not until the game had begun_______ at the sports ground.

A) had he arrived B) would he have arrived C) did he arrive D) should he have arrived 注：Not until 连词，标明从句。主句倒装，从句不倒装。

Not until the vacation had begun did I pay tuition.

Not until I had met Lily did I realize the importance of English.

Not until I had met Lily did I realize that learning English is so easy. 2、将来完成时：到将来某个点为止所完成的动作。

We'll have learned 3000 words by the end of this year. by then 到那个时候

[P8-45]By the end of this month, we surely _________ a satisfactory solution to the problem.A) have found B) will be finding C) will have found D) are finding

[P8-49]Not _________, the process of choosing names varies widely from culture to culture.A) obviously B) surprisingly C) particularly D) normally [P26-39]

It’s reported that by the end of this month the output of cement in the factory _________ by about 10%.A) will have risen B) has risen C) will be rising D) has been rising

注：rise to 上升到 rise by 上升了 [P54-55]Between 1974 and 1997，the number of overseas visitors expanded ______ 27%.A) by B) for C) to D) in

[P54-54]It is our ______ policy that we will achieve unity through peaceful means.A) consistent B) continuous C) considerate D) continual

注：continuous 连续不断的 considerate 体贴的 continual 时断时续的，断断续续的

[P54-56]Although many people view conflict as bad, conflict is sometimes useful ______ it forces people to test the relative merits of their attitudes are behaviors.

A) by which B) to which C) in that D) so that 注：in that 因为 [P26-34]We gave out a cheer when the red roof of the cottage came _________ view. A) from B) in C) before D) into

[P25-29]Although I like the appearance of the house, what really made me decide to buy it was the beautiful _________ through the window.

A) vision B) look C) picture D) view

[P24-66]I have no objection _________ the evening with them. A) to spend B) to spending C) of spending D) spending

[P43-47]My train arrives in New York at eight o’clock tonight. The plane I would like to take from there _________ by then. A) would leave B) will have left C) has left D) had left 注：时间状语从句，条件状语从句用一般现在时表示将来。

[P43-51]All flights _________ because of the snowstorm, many passengers could do nothing but take the train. A) had been canceled B) have been canceled C) were canceled D) having been canceled 注：because of 介词，此句为单句，谓语动词有一个，所以选非谓语动词。独立主格 [P43-53]Remember that customers don’t _________ about prices in that city. A) debate B) consult C) dispute D) bargain 注：1. bargain 讨价还价 2. debate 辩论，争论 3. consult 咨询4. dispute 辩论,争吵 dispute over

[P45-42]By the end of the year all but two people _________. A) have left B) will leave C) will be leaving D) will have left

[P45-70]Our journey was slow because the train stopped _________ at different villages .A) unceasingly B) gradually C) continuously D) continually

注：1. journey 旅行2. unceasingly 不停地，连续不断地3. gradually 逐渐地 4. continuously 连续不断地 5. continually 时断时续地，断断续续地

[P44-58]These two areas are similar _________ they both have a high rainfall during this season. A) to that B) besides that C) in that D) except that

[P66-41]By the time you get to New York, I ______ for London.

A) would be leaving B) am leaving C) have already left D) shall have left [P63-31]By the time he arrives in Beijing, we ______ here for two days. A) will have stayed B) shall stay C) have been staying D) have stayed 3、完成进行时：更加强调时间性。

现在完成进行时为例：They have been standing there for 3 days.

[P16-45]It seems oil _________ from this pipe for some time. We’ll have to take the machine apart to put it right. A) had leaked B) has been leaking C) leaked D) is leaking 非谓语动词三大类：分词、动名词、不定式 分词常考题型：做状语、做定语 分词作状语形式： ，主谓宾

不管谓语和宾语，只看主语能不能做这件事。 分词作状语题型，不定式不是答案。

永远不是答案的形式：having +v-ed, been+ v-ed, be+ v-ed 过去分词强调被动状态，现在分词强调主动进行。 例：_____, I am listening to the music. A) Standing by Mr. LiuB) Stood by Mr.Liu

注：看主语能不能发出这个动作，还是动作的承受者来选择是-ing还是-ed

[P11-43] No matter how frequently ___, the works of Beethoven always attract large audiences.A) performed B) performing C) to be performed D) being performed 注：“空格+逗号+主谓宾”表示分词作状语。 现在分词的常见形式：

1. 一般式：v-ing 与谓语动词同步发生。 2. being+ v-ed 表示正在被做。

3. having +ed 表示动作发生谓语动词之前。（在四级考试中不是正确答案） Having destroyed their house, they lived in a cave

[P29-22] ___ the earth to be flat, many feared that Columbus would fall off the edge of the earth. A) Having believed B) Believing C) Believed D) Being believed 注：分词作状语题型。

[P57-68] ___ in this way, the situation doesn't seem so disappointing.

A) To look at B) Looking at C) Looked at D) To be looked at

注：分词作状语题型，A和D选项首先排除，situation和look是被动关系，所以选C [P57-69] A lot of ants are always invading my kitchen. They are a thorough ______ . A) nuisance B) trouble C) worry D) anxiety 注：nuisance 讨厌的人 单词记忆：

exhaust 使精疲力尽 sting 蜇，咬 bruise 瘀伤 black and blue 青一块，紫一块，遍体鳞伤的 brutal 残忍的 kagroo 袋鼠 cougar 美洲狮 ignore 忽视 ignorant 无知的

ignorance 无知 ambition 雄心，野心 sneer 轻视，蔑视

独立主格结构：1、名词/代词＋现在分词/过去分词 2、在句中作状语

3、分词的一种，也有分词的几种事时态 4、with/ without复合结构

P41-49] All things _________, the planned trip will have to be called off.

A) considered B) be considered C) considering D) having considered 注：分词题型中 having +ed 都不要考虑

P6-58]The speaker, _________ for her splendid speeches, was warmly received by the audience .A) having known B) being known C) knowing D) known 注：having + v-ed做定语和状语都不会是答案

[P22-44]Homework _________ on time will lead to better grades.

A) done B) be done C) having done D) to have been done [P22-45]The speech _________, a lively discussion started.

A) being delivered B) was delivered C) be delivered D) having been delivered

注：1. 考的是过去式独立主格结构。

2. 按时间顺序，先讲座后讨论，所以选D。

[P37-36]As early as 1647 Ohio made a decision that free, tax-supported schools must be established in every town _____ 50 households or more.

A) having B) to have C) to have had D) having had

[P44-48]The speech which he made _____ the project has bothered me greatly. A) being concerned B) concerned C) be concerned D) concerning 注：1. which he made定语从句本身不是划线的内容的话，可以将其去掉不考虑。 2. concerning 为介词，关于。相当于 about/ over（国外常用）； concerning/ as to（国内考试用）。 3. bother 打扰；brother 兄弟 fiend 魔鬼；friend 朋友 动名词：动作性的名词

1、是名词，可作主语和宾语。

2、两种形式：-ing 形式表示主动Seeing is believing；being + v-ed 表被动 being exposed to。 3、前面可有动作的发出者，即带主语（宾格/所有格）I remember him offering. 4、后面可有动作的承受者，即带宾词 Starving troops is necessary. 5、动名词作主语时谓语动词一定要用单数。 6、动名词的否定前面直接加not。

口诀：动名词功能多 能做主能做宾

主动形式-ing 被动形式being done 可带宾可加主 主为宾格所有格 [P8-44]

After _________ for the job, you will be required to take a language test.

A) being interviewed B) interviewed C) interviewing D) having interviewed 注：介词后缺宾语，应为被动形式。 [P44-45]

_________ in an atmosphere of simple living was what her parents wished for. A) The girl was educated B) The girl educated

C) The girl?s being educated D) The girl to be educated 需要接动名词的动词：

COMPARE: consider object to mind prevent/ permit avoid risk enjoy MISTAKE: miss imagine suggest tolerate appreciate keep escape [P5-49]The teacher doesn?t permit _________ in class.

A) smoke B) to smoke C) smoking D) to have a smoke [P5-51]I appreciate _________ to your home.

A) to be invited B) to have invited C) having invited D) being invited [P8-41]

Jean did not have time to go to the concert last night because she was busy _______ for her examination. A) to prepare B) to be prepared C) preparing D) being prepared 注：be busy doing

[P11-42]Mark often attempts to escape _______ whenever he breaks traffic regulations. A) having been fined B) to have been fined C) being fined D) to be fined [P11-41]I would appreciate ______ it a secret.

A) you to keep B) your keeping C) that you keep D) that you will keep

[P18-58]The man in the corner confessed to _________ a lie to the manager of the company. A) have told B) having told C) being told D) be told

注：1. to 在这里是介词。（having+v-ed唯一正确的一次） 2. to 作介词的词组：object to, look forward to 等 [P19-48]

It’s no use _________me not to worry.

A) you tell B) your telling C) for you to have told D) having told 注：固定句型 It's no use doing. 做什么事情是没有用的

[P20-55]They are considering _________before the prices go up.

A) of buying the house B) with buying the house C) buying the house D) to buy the house [P20-59]He went ahead _________ all warnings about the danger of his mission. A) in case of B) because of C) regardless of D) prior to 注: 1. go ahead 继续 2. mission 任务 [P20-65]

None of the servants were _________ when Mr. smith wanted to send a message. A) available

B) approachable C) attainable D) applicable

不定式的常考形式：作定语，作状语

1、作状语表目的 To become a teacher, you must have a master degree.

2、定语表示将要做，分词作定语表示已完成。the surface to be glued （即将被粘好的）/ the surface glued（已经被粘好的） 3、不定式的省略，如 help，使役动词 have，感观动词 see。 口诀：一个感觉 feel

两个听 hear/ listen to

三个让 have/ make/ get/ let（听力中） 四个看 notice/ watch/ observe/ see 半个 help 两均可 被动以后 to 还原

[P19-53]My sister?s professor had her _________ her paper many times before allowing her to present it to the committee. A) rewritten B) to rewrite C) rewrite D) rewriting 注：have sb. do sth. 让某人做某事 [P20-54]

Silver is the best conductor of electricity, copper _________ it closely. A) followed B) following C) to follow D) being followed 注：1. 独立主格结构

2. 两个名词之间用-ing形式 3. 自然现象用主动形式

[P28-42]Don?t get your schedule _________; stay with us in this class. A) to change B) changing C) changed D) change

[P38-44]They are going to have the technician _________ an electric fan in the office tomorrow. A) install B) to install C) to be installed D) installed

注：1. 主动才能带宾语，have sb. do sth. 结构。 2. technician 技术工人

[P50-67]In Australia the Asians make their influence _________ in businesses large and small. A) felling B) feel C) felt D) to be felt

[P50-42]I'm very sorry to have _______ you with so many questions on such an occasion. A) interfered B) offended C) impressed D) bothered

注：1. interfer 干涉，干扰 2. offend 冒犯 3. impress 印象；express 表达 4. bother 打扰 [P51-46]I have heard both teachers and students _______ well of him. A) to speak B) spoken C) to have spoken D) speak

[P51-52]William Penn, the founder of Pennsylvania, _______ defended the right of every citizen to freedom of choice in religion.

A) peculiarly B) indifferently C) vigorously D) inevitably 注: peculiarly 奇特的

[P58-30]You will see this product _______ wherever you go.

A) to be advertised B) advertised C) advertise D) advertising [P63-16]They noticed a crowd of people in front of the Madeleine _____. A) shouting and cheering B) to shout and cheer

C) to be shouting and cheering D) being shouted and cheered [P2-55]The children went there to watch the iron tower _______

A) to erect B) be erected C) erecting D) being erected

加不定式与doing含义不一样的动词

FROGS:forget remember/ regret go on stop + doing 表示已做的事情 + to do 表示没做的事情

[P10-62]I remember ______ to help us if we ever got into trouble.

A) once offering B) him once offering C) him to offer D) to offer him [P27-40]If I had remembered ______ the window, the thief would not have got in. A) to close B) closing C) to have closed D) having closed 应该类的虚拟语气

1、应该做的事情 I should go!

2、非现实情况的描述 I should be working now! 3、懊悔不已的事情 I should have practiced more. 4、要求类动词后需要用虚拟语气，should 可以省略

如：require 命令；request 要求；reticent 沉默的；retinue 随从 innocent 无辜的；天真的 I DROP CAPS: insist, demmand/ desire require/ request order propose command advice prefer s uggest

[P60-42]You _______ him so closely; you should have kept your distance.A) shouldn't follow B) mustn't followC) couldn't have been followingD) shouldn't have been following

[P59-32]The suggestion that the mayor _______ they prizes was accepted by everyone. A) would present B) present C) presents D) ought to present

注：suggest + that 虚拟语气表建议should 可以省略suggest doing suggest 表明，不接虚拟 [P49-65]The manager of the hotel requests that their guests _________ after 11:00p.m. A) not to play loud music B) shouldn?t play loud music C) don?t play loud music D) couldn?t play loud music [P18-43]He suggested _________ to tomorrow?s exhibition together.

A) us to go B) we went C) we shall go D) we go

[P17-55]I don?t think it advisable that Tim _________ to the job since he has no experience. A) be assignedB) will be assignedC) is assignedD) has been assigned

[P12-44]It is recommended that the project _________ until all the preparations have been made.A) not be started B) will not be started C) is not started D) is not to be started

[P26-28]It is politely requested by the hotel management that radios _________ after 11 o?clock at night.A) were not playedB) not to playC) not be playedD) did not play

It is + adj. + that 句型，should 可以省略的虚拟。

adj.important necessary essential incredible strange naturalpity ashame no wander 与事实相反类的虚拟

1、与现在事实相反：用一般过去时（系动词用were） I wish I were not here.

2、与过去事实相反：用过去完成时 I wish I had passed CET-4.

I wish I could have passed CET-4. (非正式表达方式）

[P56-58]Sometimes I wish I ______ in a different time and a different place . A) be living B) were living C) would live D) would have lived

[P56-56]Although many people view conflict as bad, conflict is sometimes useful it forces people to test the relative merits of their attitudes are behaviors.

A) by which B) to which C) in that D) so that

[P56-57]He is ______ about his chances of winning a gold medal in the Olympics next year. A) optimistic B) optional C) outstanding D) obvious 注：1. optimistic 乐观的2. optional 可选择的3. outstanding 突出的

[P56-64]It is essential that these application forms ______ back as early as possible. A) must be sent B) will be sent C) are sent D) be sent注：It is + adj. +that 句型。 [P11-70]Look at the terrible situation I am in! If only I _________ your advice. A) follow B) had followed C) would follow D) have followed 注：表示与过去事实相反。

[P12-45]I wish I _________ longer this morning, but I had to get up and come to class.

A) have slept B) slept C) might have slept D) could have slept 注：表示与过去事实相反。

3、对将来事实可能出现的现象的否定推测，用虚拟语气。 I wish you couldn't smoke any more. would/ could/ should/ might + v.

用be to 表示将来，虚拟语气中经常出现were to do（考点） I am to go shopping. ---I were to go shopping. If only I were to go shopping.

[P35-47]If only the committee _______ the regulations and put them into effect as soon as possible. A) approve B) will approve C) can approve D) would approve 虚拟条件句

定义：在一个与事实相反的条件的基础之上所得出的应该的亦或是可能的结论。 虚拟条件句的结构：与事实相反类（条件）＋ 应该类（结论） 这两个部分没有必然而直接的联系，在解题时先看结论再看条件。 If Mr. Wang hadn't cultivated me, I shouldn't be working now.

同义词辨析：tame 驯化 breed 繁殖 raise 抚养 cultivate 培养 结论部分：would/ could/ should/ might + 虚拟

规律：如果把空格划在条件部分，一定要选择 were to；

如果把空格划在结论部分，有could/ would/ should/ might +have +v.-ed 为正确答案。

有时一些介词也可以表示条件：In your position I would kill myself. = If I were in your position... 此类词有：otherwise/ but for/ without/ with

虚拟语气中 If 可以省略，但是句序要变，If I were you... 改为Were I you...

[P34-34]________ before we depart the day after tomorrow, we should have a wonderful dinner party. A) Had they arrivedB) Would they arriveC) Were they arrivingD) Were they to arrive [P34-33]Last year the advertising rate ________ by 20 percent. A) raised B) aroused C) arose D) rose [P16-42]

Had he worked harder, he _________ the exams.

A) must have got throughB) could get through C) would get throughD) would have got through 注：条件部分省略了if 用了倒装。

[P28-44]Jean doesn?t want to work right away because she thinks that if she _________ a job she probably wouldn?t be able to see her friends very often.

A) has to ge tB) were to get C) had got D) could have got [P31-42]_________ right now, she would get there on Sunday.

A) Would she leave B) If she leaves C) Were she to leave D) If she had left [P12-46]We didn?t know his telephone number, otherwise we _________ him.

A) had telephoned B) must have telephoned C) would telephon D) would have telephoned

[P12-52]_____ quite recently, most mothers in Britain did not take paid work outside the home.A) Until B) Before C) From D) Since

注：not... until... 的句型。

[P13-58]Liquids are like solids _________ they have a definite volume. A) with that B) for that C) in that D) at that

[P2-51]He must have had an accident, or he _________ then.

A) would have been here B) had to be here C) should be here D) would be here 注：1. must have done 表示对过去事实的肯定推测 2. or 表否定

[P2-52]It was essential that the application forms _____ back before the deadline. A) must be sent B) would be sent C) be sent D) were sent

[P3-62]_____ we have finished the course, we shall start doing more revision work.. A) For now B) Now that C) Ever sine D) By now

注：1. for now 眼下，目前 2. now that 既然 3. ever since 自从以来 4. by now 至今为止 特殊句型：

1. would rather 加宾从时用一般过去时表示虚拟。 I would rather you didn't appear in my life.

联想单词记忆: Cupid 丘比特 Venus 维纳斯；金星 volcano 火山

Mars 战神 Apollo 阿波罗，太阳神 Diana 月亮女神 meander 蜿蜒而流 laurel 月桂树，桂冠 cupidity 贪婪 avenue 林荫大 revenue 收入，税入 adamant 坚强的 Adam's apple 喉结

2. would rather 加动词（原形）时表示宁愿，相当于情态动词。 I would rather stay here . 3. would rather 与 than 搭配。

I would rather stay here than go home.

4. It is time... 句型，用一般过去时表虚拟语气。 It is time you picked up a girl.

[P45-57]“You are very selfish. It’s high time you _________ that you are not the most important person in the world, ” Edgar said to his boss angrily.

A) realized B) have realized C) realize D) should realize

[P45-58]These two areas are similar _________ they both have a high rainfall during this season.A) to that B) besides that C) in that D) except that

[P45-60]If I hadn?t stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell, you _________ now. A) wouldn?t be smiling B) couldn?t have smiled C) won?t smile D) didn?t smile 注：混合虚拟语气

首先判断是否是虚拟语气；如果是虚拟语气的话，见到now就是混合虚拟语气

[P41-48]I?d rather you _______ make any comment on the issue for the time being. A) don?t B) wouldn?t C) didn?t D) shouldn?t

[P41-53]If she doesn?t tell him the truth now, he?ll simply keep on asking her until she _____. A) does B) has done C) will do D) would do 注：在条件句中在时间状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来。

[P39-59]You don?t have to be in such a hurry, I would rather you _______ on business first. A) would go B) will go C) went D) have gone

[P31-43]It?s already 5 o?clock now. Don?t you think it?s about time ________?

A) we are going home B) we go home C) we went home D) we can go home [P24-61]To be frank, I?d rather you ________ in the case.

A) will not be involved B) not involved C) not to be involved D) were not involved [P24-66]

I have no objection ________ the evening with them.

A) to spend B) to spending C) of spending D) spending [P14-70]It took him several months to ______ the wild horse. A) tendB) cultivate C) tame D) breed

注：tend to 打算做某事 tend 照料 bar tender 调酒师 bargain 讨价还价，便宜货 (some bargains) bar 酒吧，棍子 embarrass 尴尬 ass 屁股，驴子，笨蛋 donkey 驴

barbarian 野蛮人 barren 贫瘠的 assassin 暗杀者

[P14-69]A completely new situation will _______ when the examination system comes into existence.A) rise B) arise C) raise D) arous 爱情三步曲II：

今天又是一个Friday，俺无事可做idleness，人也很lazy， 班长inform（通知）我，说今晚有个party，

一想到晚会上会assemble（无数）lady，心里感到阵阵(burst) happy， 今晚上帝对俺特别的mercy（仁慈），在墙角居然坐着个fairy（仙女）， lonely（孤单的）的眼神，迷人的appearance（外表）， 给俺留下很深的impression（印象）， 俺决定把握住这次opportunity（机会），【Opportunity knocks only once.】

于是上前说：Hi, baby! 她看也不看就说busy，眼神中透露出indifferently（冷漠）， 于是俺说：俺多少也算是个celebrity（名人）， 这一招果然effective（有效），她抬起眼看了看说really? 于是我摆了个pose说：你看我像不像Snoopy?

她说：切！那我就是lovely kitty。 笑容也变得sunny（阳光的），就这样我认识了我的honey， 这个故事听起来像fantasy（幻想，白日梦） 一致关系： 结构一致

平行并列结构是由平行结构的连接词连接两个或两个以上对等的对象构成的。 SOFTEN 原则：Smile, Open, Forward, Touch, Eye contact, Nod 平行结构标志词 FANOYERMB：for, and, as well as, not...but, not only... but also, neither... nor, other than, yet, either... or, rather than, more than, but

I have nothing to do but call the police. 平行结构的原则：形式对称

[P5-50]I like watching TV _________ to the cinema.

A) more than to go B) than going C) more than going D) rather than to go [P5-51]I appreciate _________ to your home.

A) to be invited B) to have invited C) having invited D) being invited

[P5-48]The match was cancelled because most of the members _________ a match without a standard court. A) objected to having B) were objected to haveC) objected to haveD) were objected to having [P8-47]Having no money but _______ to know, he simply said he would go without dinner. A) not to want anyoneB) not wanting anyoneC) wanted no oneD) to want no one [P8-46]Mr. Wilson said that he did not want to _______ any further responsibilities. A) take on B) get on C) put up D) look up

注：1. take on 承担；流行 2. get on 上车 g et into 钻进车里 3. put up 建立

[P8-41]Jean did not have time to go to the concert last night because she was busy ______ for her examination.A) to prepare B) to be prepared C) preparing D) being prepared

[P9-48]We desire that the tour leader _______ us immediately of any change in plans. A) inform B) informs C) informed D) has informed

[P9-55]In the course of a day students do far more than just _______ classes. A) attend B) attended C) to attend D) attending

[P9-53]Nuclear science should be developed to benefit the people _________ harm them. A) more than B) other than C) rather than D) better than

注：1. rather than 而不是2 . more than 胜过 3. better than 比……好

[P23-54]Not that John doesn?t want to help you, _______ it?s beyond his power. A) but that B) for that C) and that D) in that

注：1. 考的是not... but... 平行结构。2. beyond 超越 beyond one's imagination 超乎想象

[P25-67]Realizing that he hadn?t enough money and _______ to borrow from his father, he decided to sell his watch. A) not wanted B) not to want C) not wanting D) wanting not 代词指代一致：

one... another... one... the other... some... others... one... the others... any 任何（共性） each 每个（个性）

[P19-44]No agreement was reached in the discussion as neither side would give way to _____.A) the other B) any other C) another rD) other 注：neither 两者都不 P19-49]

I have two boys but _______ of them likes sweets. A) both B) neither C) either D) none

注：common sense 常识 nonsense 胡说，谦虚地说

[P1-45____student with a little common sense should be able to answer the question. A) Each B) Any C) Either D) One

[P1-42]There were no tickets _________for Friday?s performance. A) preferable B) considerable C) possible D) available

注：1. preferable 更好的，更可取的具有比较意义的形容词要求和 to 来搭配，如 superior, senior, junior, inferior, A is sencond only to B

2. considerable 相当多的，大量的

[P15-31]The medicine is on sale everywhere. You can get it at ________ chemist?s. A) each B) some C) any D) certain

[P15-34]

Every man in this country has the right to live where he wants to, _________ the color of his skin.A) regardless of B) in the light of C) by virtue of D) with the exception of

注：1. in the light of 根据 2. by virtue of 借助，由于 3. with the exception of 除了，相当于 other than

[P31-39]All the students in this class passed the English exam _________ the exception of Li Ming. A) on B) in C) for D) with

P31-40]Young adults _________ older people are more likely to prefer pop songs. A) other than B) more than C) less than D) rather than 注：rather than 而不是

[P4-41]We had a party last month, and it was a lot of fun, so let?s have ________ one this month.A) another rB) more C) the other D) other [P4-68]

A new technique ________, the yields as a whole increased by 20 percent.

A) working out B) having worked out C) having been worked outD) to have been worked out 注：非谓语动词题型，句首出现名词为独立主格结构。 定语从句引导词：关系代词

1. which 指物，who 指人，人物混用/前面有不定代词/序数词/最高级时用that。 2. which 用在非限制定语从句（有逗号），如：

He always changed his mind, which makes me angry. 3. as 也可以引导非限制定语从句。 as与which 的区别：

1) which只能用在句子中间和后边，而as可用在句首和句尾。 As makes me angry, he always changed his mind.

2) as 搭配：same as/ such as the same watch as you have [P1-43]It wasn?t such a good dinner _______ she had promised us. A) that B) which C) as D) what

[P11-67]___ is known to the world, Mark Twain is a great American writer. A) That B) Which C) As D) It

[P42-58]The British are not so familiar with different cultures and other ways of doing things, _______ is often the case in other countries.

A) as B) what C) so D) that

[P63-17]We had to sleep in our wet clothes, _____ was most uncomfortable. A) in which B) which C) where D) that

[P3-60]The goals _______ he had fought all his life no longer seemed important to him. A) after which B) for which C) with which D) at which 注：1. fight for 为……而奋斗 2. fight with 与谁打架 [P3-56]The engine _______ smoke and steam.

A) gives up B) gives in C) gives away D) gives off 注：1. gives up 放弃 2. gives in 屈服 3. gives away 走漏风声，赠送 4. gives off 释放 [P3-57]

The manager promised to keep me ________ of how our business was going on. A) to be informed B) on informing C) informed D) informing [P42-62]We need a chairman _________.

A) for whom everyone has confidence B) in whom everyone has confidence C) who everyone has confidence of D) whom everyone has confidence on 注：have confidence in 对……有信心 [P60-46]

Living in the western part of the country has its problems, _______ obtaining fresh water is not the least. A) with which B) for which C) of which D) which 注： 1. of which 其中

2. On the one hand, On the other hand, Last but not least（最重要的） 3. face something = be faced with 4. 依照原句型造句：

Learning English has its problems, of which reciting words is not the least.

Students will face a lot of problems, of which improving yourself is not the least [P64-24]This is a subject about _____ we might argue for a long while. A) that B) it C) which D) what 注：作为介词宾语用which不能用that，但in that 除外 介词 + which + to do 其功能相当于定语从句。 The key with which to open the door has been lost. [P59-36]

The professor could hardly find sufficient grounds _______ his arguments in favour of the new theory.A) to be based on B) to base on C) which to base on D) on which to base

注： fici- 做 sufficient 足够的 deficient 缺乏的 efficient 有效的（效率）

effect 有效（结果） proficient 熟练的 bene- 好 beneficial 有益benediction 祝福 [P12-50]You will want two trees about ten feet apart, from _________ to suspend your tent. A) there B) them C) where D) which [P13-59]

When a fire ________ at the National Exhibition in London, at least ten priceless paintings were completely destroyed. A) broke off B) broke down C) broke out D) broke up

注：1. break off 断裂（部分从整体上下来） 2. break up 打碎 3. break out 爆发 主谓一致

从句/ 不定式/ 动名词做主语，谓语是单数。

Seeing is believing. / To see is to believe. 眼见为实。 You got 100 is a mystery to me.

从句在句子中做什么功能即为什么从句。 1、主语从句：

（1）主语从句做主语，谓语动词单数。 （2）主语从句的引导词：how, why, whether, that,what（引导的缺主语或缺宾语的从句）[P7-69]How close parents are to their children _________ a strong influence on the character of the children. A) have B) has C) having D) to have [P13-55]

In some countries, _________ is called “equality” does not really mean equal rights for all people.A) which B) one C) that D) what

2、定语从句主谓一致：取决于其先行词（定语从句所修饰的名词） 3、随前一致：以前面的名词为准。

A with B 取决于A as well as including with together with accompanied by 4、随后一致：not A but B/ not only A but also B+ v. 与B一致 5、就近原则：以靠近的名词为准。 n1 or n2 +v. either n1 or n2 +v. 6、A and B 结构：

（1）A and B 指同一个东西，是单数。

a lawyer and teacher law and order 法律法规

war and peace 战争与和平 bread and butter 基本生活必须品 butterfly 蝴蝶 To love and to be loved 爱与被爱

2）A and B 所指不同，是复数。 a lawyer and a teacher air and water

7、时间/距离/长度/重量做主语，谓语动词单数。 Time is money. 时间就是金钱。 8、百分比结构：取决于后面的名词。

of+n.+v.（由of后的n.决定） one+persent majority minority

9、many a +n./ more than one +n./ a n. or two/ every n1. and n2. 谓语动词都是单数。 10、The+adj. 表示一类人，谓语动词用复数。 The rich are always ridiculous.

[P42-63]Over a third of the population was estimated to have no ________ to the health service.A) assessment B) assignment C) exception D) access

[P43-70]The course normally attracts 20 students per year, ________ up to half will be from overseas.A) in which B) for whom C) with which D) of whom 百分比结构取决于后面的名词。

n1. of n2. 取决于n1.（非百分比结构） [P60-43]

The growth of part-time and flexible working patterns, and of training and retraining schemes, _______ more women to take advantage of employment opportunities.

A) have allowed B) allow C) allowing D) allows [P60-42]

You _______ him so closely; you should have kept your distance. A)shouldn't follow B) mustn't follow

C) couldn't have been following D)shouldn't have been following [P60-41]

--\--\. M. Williams _______ to a conference long before then.\

A) will have gone B) had gone C) would have gone D) has gone

[P60-44]Everybody _______ in the hall where they were welcomed by the secretary. A) assembled B) accumulated C) piled D) joined [P60-45]Putting in a new window will _______ cutting away part of the roof. A) include B) involve C) contain D) comprise 注：involve doing 表示要求做

[P60-48]The manager would rather his daughter _______ in the same office. A) had not worked B) not to work C) does not work D) did not work

[P54-41]She ought to stop work; she has a headache because she ______ too long. A) has been reading B) had read C) is reading D) read [P54-42]

Niagara Falls is a great tourist ______ drawing millions of visitors every year. A) attention B) attraction C) appointment D) arrangement

[P54-43]I don't mind ____ the decision as long as it is not too late. A) you to delay making B) your delaying makingC) your delaying to make D) you delay to make

[P54-44]The hopes goals, fears and desires _______ widely between men and women, between the rich and the poor. A) alter B) shift C) transfer D) vary 注：1. alter 细微的改变

2. shift 本质上的转变，性质上的转变

3. transfer 转学；调任工作 transform 改变 transport 运输 passport 护照 transplant 移植 transmit （疾病/广播电视节目/文化/语言的）传播 emit 释放 omit 省略

4. vary 差异 vary between/ throughout/ from A to B

[P43-41]A person?s calorie requirements vary ________ his life. A) across B) throughout C) over D) within

[P37-42]Living in the central Australian desert has its problems, ________ obtaining water is not the least.A) for which B) to which C) of which D) in which

[P37-43]Which sport has the most expenses ________ training equipment, players? personal equipment and uniforms? A) in place of B) in terms of C) by means of D) by way of 注：in terms of 根据

[P30-29]Features such as height, weight, and skin color _________ from individual to individual and from face to face.A) change B) vary C) alter D) convert 注：convert （宗教信仰的）改变

[P54-45]Corn originated in the New World and thus was not known in Europe until Columbus found it ______ in Cuba. A) being cultivated B) been cultivated C) having cultivated D) cultivating

[P54-46]The sale usually takes place outside the house, with the audience _____ on benches, chairs or boxes. A) having seated B) seating C) seated D) having been seated 注：seat sb. 给某人安排座位

[P55-47]This kind of glasses manufactured by experienced craftsmen ______ comfortably. A) is worn B) wears C) wearing D) are worn 注：感观动词用主动

[P55-48]Some diseases are _____ by certain water animals.

A) transplanted B) transformed C) transported D) transmitted [P55-49]Wouldn't you rather your child _______ to bed early?

A) go B) went C) would go D) goes coincidence （时间；空间）巧合 意见的）一致 倒装

1、承前否定，前面是否定后面也是否定意义。 nor, neither

I cann't answer, nor can I.

nor 是连词，neither 既是连词又是副词 I cann't answer, but neither can I。

考试中neither和nor同时出现时，通常考得是neither的副词用法。 [P3-59]She never laughed, _________ lose her temper.

A) or she ever did B) nor did she ever C) or did she ever D) nor she ever did 注: lost one's temper 发脾气 [P35-39]

The manager lost his _________ just because his secretary was ten minutes late. A) mood B) temper C) mind D) passion

注: 1. in no mood to do 没有心情做某事 2. mind doing 介意做某事 3. passion 热情，激情 [P22-42]I could not persuade him to accept it, _________ make him see the importance of it. A) if only I could no tB) no more than I could C) or I could not D) nor could I [P27-33]

The organization had broken no rules, but _________ had it acted responsibly. A) neither B) so C) either D) both [P49-57]We don?t need air conditioning, _________.

A) nor can we afford it B) and nor we can afford it C) neither can afford it D) and we can neither afford it注: afford 负担，承担

2、only 在于句首＋状语/状从，部分倒装。 Only at work did he feel happy.

Only when you get 85 will I feel better.

Only you can go with me to the west heaven. （加主语不倒装） [P19-50]Only by shouting at the top of his voice _______

.A) was he able to make himself hear B) he was able to make himself hear C) he was able to make himself heard D) was he able to make himself heard

注: 1. forum 论坛2. summit 峰会3. convention 国际会议，传统，风俗4. conference 一般性的会议 5. seminar 研讨会 [P16-43]Only under special circumstances ________ to take make-up tests. A) permitted are freshmen B) freshmen are permitted C) are freshmen permitted D) are permitted freshmen

注：make-up test 补考 make for 走向 make up for 补偿，弥补

3、否定副词或具有否定意义的词在句首，句子部分倒装。little, no longer, not only... but also, rarely, not until, in no way, scarcely... when, hardly, no sooner... than 主句倒装从句不倒装。

[P6-62]No sooner had we reached the top of the hill _________ we all sat down to rest. A) when B) then C) than D) until [P52-60]

We have been told that under no circumstances _______ the telephone in the office for personal affairs. A) may we use B) we may use C) we could use D) did we use

[P52-59]Some people would like to do shopping on Sundays since they expect to pick up wonderful _______ in the marker. A) batteries B) bargains C) baskets D) barrels 注：1. batteries 电池 2. barrels 桶

4、as, though 表尽管时，句子部分倒装。 Beautiful as she is she is stupid.

[P35-40]Great as Newton was, many of his ideas _______ today and are being modified by the work of scientists of our time. A) are to challenge B) may be challenged C) have been challenged D) are challenging

[P26-26]___ as it was at such a time, his work attracted much attention. A) Being published B) Published C) Publishing D) To be published

P51-48]The house was very quiet, _______ as it was on the side of a mountain.

A) isolated B) isolating C) being isolated D) having been isolated

注：isolate 孤立 stimulate 刺激 prestige 名声，声望 ostrich 鸵鸟 同位语从句Mr. Huang, a CET-4 teacher, is a native to Dalian. 主语同位语从句：

Evidence that Mr. Huang killed himself came out.

1）主语必须是一个概括性名词，如：evidence, news, believe, 想法，标志等。 2）同位语从句用来解释说明名词。

Evidence came out that Mr. Huang killed himself. 同位语从句和定语从句的区别：

I knew the news that he killed himself.（同位语从句） I knew the news that was written by you.（定语从句）

1）同位语从句是用来解释前面的名词，而定语从句是用来修饰、限制前面的名词。 2）同位语从句必须是特殊的概括性的名词，而定语从句可以是任何名词。 3）同位语从句 that 起引导词的作用（从句主谓宾完整），定语从句 that 起关系代词的作用（从句不完整）。 [P59-37]There are signs _______ restaurants are becoming more popular with families. A) that B) which C) in which D) whose

[P53-69]___ evidence that language-acquiring ability must be stimulated. A) It being B) It is C) There is D) There being

注：1. + 名词，选项中的 there be 结构为首选。2. 作表语是形容词优于名词。It is evident that... 3. evident 明显的 dentist 牙医

[P17-53]The mere fact _________ most people believe nuclear war would be madness does not mean that it will not occur.A) that B) which C) whatD) why

[P7-63]Evidence came up _________ specific speech sounds are recognized by babies as young as 6 months old.A) what B) which C) that D) whose 难题、短语

[P1-41]The bridge was named _______the hero who gave his life for the cause of the people. A) after B) with C) by D) from

注：1. be named after 以……命名 2. be named by 被……取名

[P1-46]All _______ is a continuous supply of the basic necessities of life.

A) what is needed B) for our needs C) the thing needed D) that is needed 注：all that = what

[P3-61]I should like to rent a house, modern, comfortable and _________ in a quiet neighbourhood. A) all in all B) above all C) after all D) over all

注：1. above all 首先2. all in all 总的来说3. after all 毕竟、终究4. over all 遍及 5. overall 制服；总的 [P5-44]There were some _________ flowers on the table. A) artificialB) unnaturalC) falseD) unreal

注：1. artificial 人造的2. unnatural 不自然的

3. false 具有欺骗性的“假” false hair 假发false teeth 假牙 4. unreal 不真实的 [P5-47]Children are very curious _________.

A) at heart B) in person C) on purpose D) by nature

注：1. by nature 天性 2. at heart 在心理上（强调内心世界） 3. in person 亲自的 4. on purpose 有目的的、故意的 [P7-67]What _________ would happen if the director knew you felt that way?

A) do you suppose B) you suppose C) will you suppose D) you would suppose 注：do you suppose 做插入语，过去时用did

[P6-54]Important people don?t often have much free time as their work _________ all their time. A) takes away B) takes over C) takes up D) takes in

注：1. take up 占用 2. take away 拿走 3. take over 接管 4. take in 理解；欺骗（口语） I was simply taken in. [P9-56]The French pianist who had been praised very highly _________ to be a great disappointment.A) tuned up B) turned in C) turned out D) turned down

注：1. turn out to be 证明是，结果是2. turn up 出现3. turn in 上交

4. turn down 拒绝；把音量调小[P15-32]You cannot be _________ careful when you drive a car.A) very B) too C) so D) enough

注：not too+adj 再……也不过分

听力篇

考试结构：Section A：10 short conversations 复习的重点 Section B：最可能考三个段子（3 passages）。其次，有可能考复合式听写（Compound Dictation）或听写填空（Spot Dictation）。

提高听力的步骤：第一步，听懂考题；第二步，总结考题规律；第三步，了解考试本身，做类型题。 短对话题型分类：

Section A考题为六种题型。无论每个考题的具体内容是什么，考题的题型总在重复。我们要培养解类型题的能力。比如在态度方向题中，每个考题的内容肯定不同。但题型高度一致，解题的方向也必然相同。

如：Would you go to dance with me tonight?第二人的回答只有两种Yes或No。我们要听的是第二个人的态度方向。这个题问去跳舞吗？而另外的一个完全不同的考题可能会问去看电影吗？去音乐会吗？去野餐吗？去看比赛吗？这些不同的考题在我们的耳朵里就应该是同一类考题。我们要听的是：他在问去还是不去？第二人要回答Yes还是No。而解题点即正确选项一定就在第二人的回答的开头。 听力范围：Campus life

考察对象：College students（在什么都没听清的情况下，异性猜classmate，同性猜roommate） 一、语音问题：连读小练习

1. rush hour 高峰时间，尖峰时刻； 2. cheer up 使振奋，使高兴；

3. check (it) out 借书；办理出院手续；彻底检查；退房（check in 开房）； 4. travel agent 旅行社（travel agency, travel bureau）；financial aid 经济资助； 5. turn down 关掉，拒绝；turn on 打开 二、口语问题：注意语气，语调，语汇。 例如：1. tape 胶带；cassette 磁带。 2. project 作业（homework, assignment）；工程；项目；计划；任务。 3. awful 糟糕的；terrific 特别棒的，好极了（口语中）；可怕的，恐怖的（阅读中）。 4. I can tell that. 我能看得出。

5. I understand that... 我听说……。

6. I have got this one. have= have got have to= have got to (gotta) 7. must 在口语中表猜测

8. I'll take this one. 我要买这个。

9. I won't buy that. = I won't believe that. 我才不信呢。 10. He was my boyfriend.

三、考题内容：生活情景，场景会话

场景题：如何出考题；判断场景的线索词。

比如：book，校内library；校外book store（线索词manager, order）。 四、解题思路比如：交通：traffic jam车：break down 题目分析：Section A为重点（主要为三种题型） but题型：but以后是重点。

这类考题的回答都是：I'd love to, I'd like to, Sounds great, Sounds a lot of fun...... but ......

注：be sold out 售光了 wear out 穿破了； be worn out （指东西）破旧；（指人）非常疲惫check out 借书；出院；彻底检查；退房 figure out 想清楚，弄明白；figure 数字；体形work out 想清楚，弄明白，解决问题；（gym）拼命锻炼make out 分辨出，辨认出help out 帮个大忙hang out 到处闲逛dine out 外出吃饭cook out 野餐 turn out 事实证明

注：1. 一句话后面加一个小尾巴，都是反义疑问句。核心是陈述句。2. sth. doesn't agree with sb. 指某人不适应某种情况。悲惨原则：

第一个人说一件事情，第二个人回答听不清或一点都没听到，一定有麻烦，回答多半是抱怨。

比如：谈论买东西肯定买不到，谈论订房肯定订完了，谈论交通肯定拥挤，谈论车肯定坏掉，谈论考试肯定不及格，谈论野餐肯定下雨。 解题思路：

第一类，有关学习的考题基于学生身份去猜题。关于考试：考试难，时间紧，能否延期。作业难做。论文没做完。选课多。对老师评价：讲课boring，老师strict，作业多。She is one in a million. 当老师要退休的时候对老师的评价才会高。 第二类，生活。学生穷poor，要省钱。时时带着学生证。购物时一定要bargin。杂志不订应该去图书馆读，如：A: Maybe I oughtta subscribe（捐献，订购） to the magazine. B: Why don't you save the money and read it in the library?。在家看比赛没钱买票。

第三类，学生忙，当话题中既包含学习又包含娱乐时体现学生忙，一定选择学习方面。 注：1. gas station 加油站。

2. 口语中的缩略：gas station = gasoline station 生活中也可说成 filling station。 gym = gymnasium 健身房 dorm = dormitory 宿舍

lab = laboratory 实验室（secretary 秘书） ad = advertisement 广告

exhibit= exhibition 展览 （场景：博物馆museum） ob = obvious 明显的 vet = veterinarian 兽医 3. 发音 /v/ /w/ very, visit, well, very well /A/ gas, lab, ad, bad

We really had a bad time last night, you should've been there. 复习解题思路：

1、有关学习的话题基于学生身份去猜题。

2、有关生活的话题基于穷人的角度出发。出现新课程，新活动，学生感兴趣的原因“省时间”或者“省钱”。 3、如果以上两点出现矛盾，则体现学生忙，忙于学习。

场景题：1、出题思路，解题思路。2、判断该场景的线索词。

3、选项的四个特点：(1) 四个选项全是介词结构；(2) 全是to do结构；(3) 全是doing结构；(4) 全是A and B结构（人物关系题）。

4、问题的特点：最常用的四个提问词：What? Where? When? Who? 考题类型：1. but题型占1/3；2. 场景题型占1/3；3. 替换题型1/3。 作业话题：

1、paper 论文：

（1）paper 常用词义：paper 论文；newspaper 报纸；papers 文件；paper 纸 （2）research 查询资料。对应场景library图书馆。

（3）写论文的步骤：第一步，选题topic，选题难，范围广。第二步，查询资料research，图书馆场景。第三步，打出论文。typewriter 打字机，computer 计算机，printer 打印机，laser printer 激光打印机，laptop 笔记本电脑。论文没打完，typewriter/computer坏了break down 或者typewriter需要新的ribbon。 （4）题目难选，资料难查，打字困难（机房总被占）。

奖学金：fellowship；RA 助研：research assistant；TA 助教：teaching assistant 2、presentation 口头演讲，口头报告： （1）同义词：report, speech, address。

（2）考点：I. 着装正式 formal clothes（考试中另一个考到着装正式的考点是interview面试），会出现change。 II. 演讲人的内心感受：nervous紧张的。 3、reading assignment 阅读作业：

文科学生reading list读书清单。抱怨需要读的书多。 吃：（校内、校外）

校内：饭堂cafeteria（不好吃）

校外：restaurant有waiter, menu, order, reserve a table, make a reservation apple pie 苹果派（好吃）可以代表traditional American，比如：This picnic is as American as apple pie. John is as American as apple pie.

apple pie virtue = traditional American virtue 在考题中形容apple pie好吃的句子举例如下： (1) Even my mother's can't match this.

(2) I took the last one, and it was out of the world.

(3) You wouldn't have to force me to take another helping.

注：1. A and B结构，考人物关系 2. 选项B非主流，应排除。 3. fine 罚款。pay the fine, check the fine 考试中涉及到fine罚款的两个场景：

（1）交通traffic: break traffic rules, speeding。（2）图书馆library：过期罚款。 注：1. rewrite 重写，改写

2. upset 从考试痛苦可猜想该选项；modest 从西方文化可直接排除该选项。 东西方文化差异：

1、西方人不谦虚。一般都self-confidence。

2、西方人崇尚个人奋斗。借钱肯定不借；借笔记一般也不成；对钱看的很重，很敏感。 3、西方人表达直接。

注：1. transfer 转机，换车

2. board 登上（交通工具）

机场场景：1、票已售完。2、接人晚点。3、送人伤感。 机场线索词：

airplane 飞机；flight 航班；take off 起飞；land 降落；circle 盘旋；wing 机翼，侧面建筑（常用），鸡翅；terminal 候机大厅，终端（常用），终点站 交通话题：

1、交通堵塞：traffic jam, back up, heavy 2、交通违章：要罚款

3、交通晚点：behind schedule 注：gas 汽油 打电话场景：

1、约人约不到：make an appointment 主要指约医生 2、约会去不了：come up, reschedule, fit sb. in

3、电话打不通，打错了：run out of coin, cut off（被中断；hang up 主动挂断）

相关词汇：receiver 听筒 hook 钩slot 投币孔dial 拨号telephone book = yellow pages 电话簿（yellow press 黄色出版物） 医院场景：

1、医生难找。2、病情如何。3、有病耽误课。miss the class 缺课 缺课的原因： (1) 生病get ill(2) 睡过了头over sleep(3) 交通问题，车坏了等。 医院场景常用线索词： 治疗 treat（过程）；治愈 cure（结果）

【study 表过程；learn 表结果。search 表过程；find 表结果。try 表过程；manage 表结果】 学校医务室 infirmary

学生健康中心 students health center 医疗中心 medical center 诊所 clinic 病房 ward

开处方 prescribe；处方 n. prescription；按方抓药 fill the prescription；还按原方抓药 refill the prescription 急诊室 emergency department 呕吐 vomit 购物场景：

1、超市supermarket：购买生活用品 supplies（便宜）

2、百货公司department store：服装；家用电器 appliance（贵） 注：1. 反义疑问句，表达陈述观点。 2. must表猜测

熟词的多种用法：run into sb. = happen to sb. 碰巧碰到某人

My nose has been running the whole morning. 整个早上我都在流鼻涕。 run it down to me = tell me the whole story 告诉我，娓娓道来 I've got the runs. 拉肚子

机场场景：1、票已售完。2、接人晚点。3、送人伤感。 注：Madam：女士，夫人（较正式）； Ma'am 口语中常用 注：1. receptionist 前台，接待员 2. air hostess 空姐

3. shop assistant 售货员

4. blanket 毛毯，毯子。carpet 地毯。rug 小地毯 5. take-off 起飞；脱衣服。

注：1. How are you doing? 普通打招呼

How are you feeling? 用于对方生病时打招呼 2. out of bed 离开床了

生病场景：1、医生难找2、病情如何3、有病耽误课

注：1. breakfast 的构词法：break 打破 + fast 禁食 = breakfast 早餐 brunch 早午餐

2. fruit juice 果汁。orange juice 橘子汁。lemonade 柠檬汁。

3. be used to doing sth. 习惯于。 选项中一般有 be accustomed to do sth. 或 adapt 替换。 used to do 过去常常。选项中一般有 was always 或 not now 表现在不做。

听力时注意doing和do的区别来区分两种题型。

4. allergy 敏感症。 be allergic to （生理上的过敏）对什么过敏；不喜欢 sensitive （心理上的过敏）敏感的 I have sth. allergy. 我对……过敏。

总体原则：1、短对话：听到什么不选什么。考的是替换关系。2、段子题：听到什么选什么。 注：1. much adv. 修饰adj. & v.

very adv. 修饰adv. & adj. 如：Thank you very much. 和 very good

2. would have traveling 省略结构，省略了seen即would have (seen) traveling 注：1. operator 接线员

2. 修理fix, repair, mend（真实修理；抽象表达弥补） 修理场景：

常修理家电：电视 television，冰箱 fridge，烤箱 oven 打招呼：

非正式：Hi! What's going on? What's new? What happens? What's up? = Wassup 正式：How do you do?

道别：非正式：See you (later/ again/ then/ tomorrow) 正式：Goodbye for now. 注：填表格表达方式 fill in/ fill out/ fill up

Nationality（国籍）: Chinese（中国人） Mandarin（普通话） 打工场景：

1、找到工作高兴（考题不多）。2、失去工作伤心。3、拒绝工作令人奇怪。（-ing表客观；-ed表主观） 找工作的步骤：

1、搜集信工作息，来源如下：classified ad 分类广告 help and wanted section 供求关系版 bulletin board 公告板 flier 传单

2、打电话确认工作是否还available：make a phone call。 3、准备工作简历resume v. 重新开始；n. 个人简历。 4、面试interview：需携带证书certificates；需出示身份证明identification；判断你是否具有qualification；出示推荐信referrence letter。 注意发音：

keys – kiss sheep – ship steel/ steal -- still break up 分手；下课 = let us out下课（meet 上课） make up 重归于好 old flame 旧情人 date 约会 a big date 玩通宵的约会

a blind date 被人介绍的第一次约会（相亲） stand sb. up 约会爽约，放鸽子 注：must 表猜测。

语气题：重复反问型：第二个人用不可思议的语气重复第一个人话中的词，认为第一个人的表达的程度不恰当，然后进一步申述自己的意思。在四级考试中重复的多是形容词，认为程度不够。 例句1：A: It's a bit warm out today.

B: Warm? You can fry an egg on the sidewalk. 例句2：A: Mary seems happy with her grades.

B: Happy? She could hardly contain herse

工作场景：1、找到工作高兴。2、失去工作伤心。3、拒绝工作令人奇怪。 听力中的虚拟语气：

1、与过去相反：might have/ could have/ should have 把后面内容反过来为正确选项。 2、与现在相反：if I were you I would 应理解成 you should 语气词总结： 1、糟糕系列： It's too bad What a pity Tuff luck. It's (really) tuff. Oh no. Uh uh Shit Fuck 2、吃惊系列： (Oh) Boy! (Oh) Man! Oh my! Oh dear！ Oh my God/ Goodness. Wow！ 3、赞美系列：wonderful terrific my favorite cool super cool ultra cool 4、赞同和否定系列：Yeah. You bet. Uh huh.Nope.

5、脏话系列： dummy idiot moron jerk asshole s.o.b. = son of bitch 注：1. Do you mind if I ... 生活中常常省略为Mind if I ... 回答相反。 2. Not at all. 理解成no

节日：Christmas 圣诞节；Valentine's Day 情人节 健忘表达方式：

1. forgetful: He is forgetful. Isn't he forgetfull? （有责备的语气） How forgetful he is! （语气更强） 2. absent minded

表示人内向：shy embarrassed keep to oneself keep one's mind/ thought to oneself

conscious （stream of consciousness 意识流） self-conscious 自我意识 注：bedroom 卧室 living room 起居室，客厅 rest room 厕所 住房场景：1、房子难找。2、房子太贵。3、房子太吵。

段子题：词汇（很少考生词含义） 题材（抛弃题材，注重结构）抓共性，总结规律 （一）解题步骤Procedure to follow： 1、看选项：找相同的词；找数字

在听题之前先看选项。四个选项纵向看，找相同的词，反复出现的词一定是段子所叙述的对象，确定文章的论述范围、论述主题。另外如果选项中有数字，迅速记下来，段子题中听到什么数字选什么，原则上不考数字计算。如P64 Test14的第一个段子。

文章的结构类型：

1、介绍型 introduction：介绍新的概念。说明起源、发展过程、现状、展望未来，对我们的影响和用途（正负两方面）。【听力中常考】

2、讨论型 discussion：根据问题进行讨论，分析原因一、原因二，最后说明如何解决。

3、对比型 comparison：两种观点、流派、理论进行对比，比较两种的优缺点，最后突出自己的观点。 2、听两头：选熟悉的选项。

文章的两头是一篇文章的重点，文章的开头是观点（Idea），即文章的Topic。而中间是细节，是用来支持观点的论据（examples）。听段子，听结构。文章的开头与结尾要出考题。一般正确选项基本会是原文的重现（copy）。所以，最好能作到边听边记。 结尾提示词：（1）有重复词出现。（2）表结果连词出现：therefore, so, that, as a result 等。 做题原则：听到什么选什么。

1、适合边听边看选项：选项短，问的是细节题，问题的顺序与行文顺序一致。 2、集中精力听完文章：选项长，主线题，问的是中心思想。

中间抓小词：极端词（细节题）

每个文章的题材不同，但考题有极大的共性。掌握了考题的共同特点，我们可以以不变应万变。文章可以听的不是很清楚，但几个重要的词一定要抓住。并在练习的过程中注重培养对这几个词的敏感。我们所要听的只有五个词： First, most, because【前三个百分百出考题】, only, just 【后两个常出考题】(but).

这五个词是经典的考点。其中如果First, Most, Because出现一定要出考题。Just与Only也非常重要，基本会出考题。其实，这一点在阅读中也有非常明显的体现。听到这些词意味着找到了正确选项。

五种逻辑关系：1、并列：and2、转折：but3、让步：though, although, even though, in spite of, despite 4、因果：because5、递进： 用常识猜题：正常思维推理。

听力考试的Section A的短对话是学生生活的场景对话。问其中一人的观点，诸如：What does the man mean? 或What does the woman imply?不难发现，这样的考题是在问第三人的想法，非常主观。而相比之下，Section B的段子则截然不同，段子叙述的都是客观的事实。针对事实性的文章，我们应学会运用常识来推出正确选项。文章开头抓名词，名词概念为文章讨论的对象。如一题中问：What is the topic of this talk? 选项中找electric car。What is the advantage of the electric car over the traditional gas-fueled car? 我们不需要对段子听得很清楚就可以轻易地想出答案：没污染！比如：silk。再比如问：如果南极洲的冰帽融化，将对地球产生什么影响？What will happen if the ice cap of Antarctica melts? 我们立即会想到海平面会上升！所以，听段子时，我们需要客观冷静。有时，要跳出原文来客观地审视考题。 （二）段子题的分类及对策 1、主观题 又称态度题（Attitude）问Speaker对所叙述的对象的态度，或褒或贬。典型的问题类似：What is the speaker?s impression of…?; What is the speaker?s attitude to/ toward…? 段子题中一般是褒的态度。 考题特点：选项出现四个形容词。

解题方向：Speaker的态度反映在文中的形容词或副词。注重fortunately, luckily, unfortunately这样的具感情色彩的词。但凡听力中的段子，Speaker对于谈论的对象，不论是人物还是事物，都可能有双向评论。但在CET听力中，如果未能听出态度方向。只要选正态度就可以了！因为反驳的文章要比介绍性的文章复杂的多。典型的段子往往会说一个人对人类社会，或对某一团体有着伟大的贡献。或叙述某个组织，某个机构有创新性的，划时代意义的活动。 2、客观题

比如数字题。问及时间，多少，年代。问：When; How many...; How much? 在Section A中的数字题的对策是听到什么不选取什么，即把听到的数字在选项中要排除掉，因为Section A这部分要考察对数字的进一步运算能力。你听到的一定是原始数据，而不是最终结果（正确选项）。但是，在Section B的段子中，对策完全要反过来。即听到哪个数字就要选那个数字。段子中的数字不考运算。

考题特点：比较明显。选项都有数字（或年代，或时间等）。

解题对策：听题前第一步看选项时，如果看到数字题，把笔入在此题处，随时准备记录。听到什么，选什么。如有两个数字出现。先都记下来。在听问题时再进一步排除。

Questions 14 to 17 are based on the passage you have just heard. 14. Why is Toluker prison called an open prison? 考开头

15. What is the essential characteristic of Toluker prison? 考结尾“Because” 16. How long did Barb Crook stay in the Toluker prison? 客观数字题 17. What is the speaker?s attitude toward this type of prison? 态度方向题 注：work 起作用。同义词help；do some good；do any good。 注：1. gonna = going to

2. wanna = want to 抓客观题（数字题）

体会文章两头（主线题） 抓小词（细节题）

段子题题型：1、主观态度题（找积极态度，正面评价）2、客观题（数字题，听到什么选什么） 3、宏观题（中心思想题） 4、细节题（注意中间的提示词） 3、宏观题

宏观题考察文章的整体思想把握，即中心思想题（Main idea/ Topic题）。一篇文章的首尾是这篇文章的灵魂，体现Speaker的观点。

考题特点：What is the passage mainly about? What is the passage talking about? What is the main idea of this talk? 等。 解题对策：对于中心思想题。我们可以从三方面来把握。

一、从选项入手。选项中出现的多次重复的词一定是中心词（Key word），正确的main idea选项应该包括，围绕这个中心词来叙述。

二、从段子入手，要特别注意文章的两头。尤其是文章的开始两个句子最重要。开头一定出考题！具体需要听的是文章开头的名词。选答案时要优先选含有该名词的选项。

三、从段子后面的问题入手。这样也可以提供中心词的线索。大多数的考题都问及的词一定就是此段的中心词。 线索词：

（1）段子开头的名词 （2）文章中间的高频词

（3）选项中有如下小词出现：development；evolution；formation；new；effect；and。 4、细节题：first；most；because；just；only

题型总结：1、but 题型2、场景题（线索词）3、主观题（找积极态度，正面评价）4、客观题（数字题，听到什么选什么）5、宏观题（中心思想题）6、细节题（注意中间的提示词）7、替换题 替换题paraphrase：

1、词组与词的替换（一般题干中出现词组；选项中出现词）。 比如：call off = cancelbehind schedule = late, delay 2、词与词替换（同义词或者反义词替换）

比如：interesting = stimulating, fascinating, not boring 态度方向题、建议题（考得较少） 态度方向（Yes or No）题型

选项中一般有两个相反选项。短对话中第一个人提出一个观点或一个一般疑问句，第二个人的回答Yes or No，后面再进一步解释原因。

表示“Yes”“赞同”的一组词：And...；I'll say；You said it.；You can say that again.；and how；isn't it, though；aren't they, though；You bet.；Of course；Certainly；Indeed；Sure.

表示“No”的一组词：Are you kidding/ joking/ serious?；No kidding/ joking.；Who told you that?；Says who? Says you.

理发场景线索词：

trim 修剪 bang 刘海 parting 头发分缝 I want to parting to the left.back 背头 I want to all back.pigtail 辫子ponytail 马尾辫 ripple 小波浪

建议题型suggestion第一个人有麻烦时，第二个人提出一个建议，或者安慰第一个人。 表示建议：You should You ought to (oughta)

Shouldn't you比you should 语气强烈的多

Why not How about What about If I were you I would had better Let

It's high time... 早就应该这么做了（表达强烈主观愿望，选项中找should） It's time... It's right time...

It's about time... It's just time...

写作的重要性 6分最低限，只要结构不出错，得分应该为9分。 评判作文

四级考试作文主要看内容、结构、语言三个方面。

内容不跑题即可，注意：1.不要妄图以情动人；2.不要妄图在构思上出奇制胜。

结构上牢记总分总：先写主题句(Topic Sentence)，再写分论点，最后写总结句(Conclusion)。 语言最重要，往往使评分产生重大差异，语言要模仿和包装。 基本表达

人们认为：it is generally/ widely believed/ held/ agreed that

越来越：be increasingly + adj., be on the rise, the growing number of 万能理由（Omnipotence）

1. 方便：convenient/ convenience 2. 效率：efficient/ efficiently/ efficiency

3. 节省和浪费：save time/ money/ space; economical, thrift

waste time/ money/ space; costly, lavish 4. 人的心理健康：independent, cooperative, competitive,

considerate, confident, creative, sociable, perseverance; selfish, isolated, conserative 5. 人的身体健康：health, disease, strong, strength, energetic 6. 娱乐：colorful, pleasure,joy, recreation, entertainmentm, relax tired, boring, lonely

7. 环境：environment, pollute, poisonous, dirty 8. 安全和危险：safe, danger, risk

9. 经验：experience, social experience, enter the society 10. 人际：humane, fair, unfair, help, assist, freedom, freely 写完之后修改注意：（内容方面尽量不要修改） 1、字母大小写 2、怪符号 3、单词拼写 4、主谓一致 5、动词时态 6、名词单复数

实例一

题目：Bicycles――An Important Means of Transport in China提纲：（1）为什么自行车在中国这样普及（2）和汽车的比较（3）自行车在中国的前途 Score: 8

Bicycle is an important means of transport in China. The important reason of it is the economy of Chinese. The use of bicycle in China is widely because people in China have not high wage. They can only afford a bicycle, and they have no money to buy a car which is too expensive. So Chinese usually buy a bicycle, and use it to go to work, or go to travel and so on. The other reason is the large population of China. All these made the bicycle become the important means of transport.

The bicycle, compared to the car, is not too expensive and it is easy to learn and to use and it can save the surface of putting it. It doesn?t ask to build the garage like car. This point is very important to China, because of the lack of land. It isn?t too expensive, so Chinese can afford it. It doesn?t need any oil, and it can?t cause the polusion. All of these are the good needs compared to the car.

In the future, bicycle will be widely used. And it will be in good demand. People will produce much more modern bicycles. Score: 14

Bicycles are very popular in China. Almost every family in the city has two or three bicycles. During the rush hour, you can see that thousands of people -- man and woman, old and young -- ride their bicycles to work and study. That is why China is called “the kingdom of bicycles”.

注：1. 第一句总写，第二句和第三句分写，最后总写。 2. During the rush hour 分词结构开头。

3. 破折号内容为同位语,句式多变化。

Compared with cars, bicycles are superior in many ways. First, they are cheap, convenient and easy to ride. Second, riding bicycle is good for health. Third, they bring no noise nor air pollution. Though cars are faster and more comfortable, they are too expensive. They consume plenty of oil and they pollute the air. Sometimes, it is difficult for a driver to park his car. Moreover they often cause traffic jams and accidents. 注：1. Compared with cars 分词结构开头。

2. be superior to/ be inferior to 优于/ 低于

3. thirst, second, third 英语语言有层次感，信号词 4. cheap 便宜，最好用inexpensive

5. be good for health 对健康有好处（万能理由） 6. Moreover 表示递进

In my opinion, the future of bicycle is very promising. Since China is a developing country and has a large population, I think, riding bicycle is appropriate to Chinese present conditions. It will be an important means of transportation for quite a long time.

注：promising 有前途的 a promising young man Score: 11

There millions of bicycles in today?s China. Bicycles are very important means of transport in people?s daily lives. Because to ride a bicycle is very simple, to buy a bicycle will not cost so much money, to park a bicycle needs just a small room and to ride a bicycle does not need oil but the rider?s strength, bicycles are popular all over the world, especially in China.

注：第一句应该用there be结构

Compared with a car, a bicycle is much cheaper. It is more suitable for China as a developing country. And a bicycle has almost caused no pollution but a car has. On the contrary, a bicycle is too slow, it costs more times than a car.

I think the population of China?s bicycle will be kept for the long run. Because it will be replaced by a car, a bus and so on in some developed areas in China, and it will be made a wide use in the developing areas in China, the number of bicycles in China will be the same as today but I believe that it?s quality will be improved.

I、对比观点选择题：1.有人认为……； 2.另外一些人认为……； 3.谈谈你的观点和看法。（最好写成4段）

实例二 99年6月真题

Reading Selectively Or Extensively?

Outline: 1. 有人认为读书要有选择2. 有人认为应当博览群书 3. 我的想法 How should we read? Should we read selectively or extensively? Everyone has his own view. Some people think we should read selectively. They argue that with the development of modern science and technology, more and more books are published. It is impossible for us to read all the books. What?s more, there are many bad books that are poisonous to our mind, and we shouldn?t read them. Since we can?t read all the books and we shouldn?t read bad books, we must read selectively. But others may not agree, they emphasize that today's society is not what it was. If one man has many kinds of knowledge, he will have more chances to succeed. If a man knows much in one field but knows nothing in other fields, he may be useless. Since we must have many kinds of knowledge, we must read extensively. Who?s right? I think both of them have something right. But I think we should read extensively first. We should read books in many fields, and read selectively in one field. 典型的对比观点选择题的文章逻辑结构： （启）Paragraph I：（1）引出将要评论的事物或者是观点； （2）简明扼要的提出人们在这个问题上的两种不同看法。 Score: 14分 How should we read? Should we read selectively or extensively? Everyone has his own view.（启） 注：第一句提出问题，第二句提出两种见解 典型的对比观点选择题的文章逻辑结构： （承）Paragraph II：（1）提出一种观点或优点；（2）本段的支持性分论点；（3）本段总结（可以省略）。 Some people think we should read selectively. They argue that with the development of modern science and technology, more and more books are published. It is impossible for us to read all the books. What’s more, there are many bad books that are poisonous to our mind, and we shouldn?t read them. Since we can?t read all the books and we shouldn?t read bad books, we must read selectively.（承） 注：1. 本段总分总结构

2. they argue that = they think that 3. with the development of... 随着……的发展 4. what's more 递进关系，moreover 5. bad = pornographic 色情的 & violent 暴力的 典型的对比观点选择题的文章逻辑结构：（转）Paragraph III：（1）承上启下的过渡句； （2）提出另一种观点或缺点；（3）本段的支持性分论点（4）本段总（可以省略）。 But others may not agree, they emphasize that today's society is not what it was. If one man has many kinds of knowledge, he will have more chances to succeed. If a man knows much in one field but knows nothing in other fields, he may be useless. Since we must have many kinds of knowledge, we must read extensively.（转） 注：1. But 转折词（信号词） 2. they emphasize that = they think that 3. today's society is not what it was 现代社会今昔非比 4. 许多知识 a wide range of knowledge/ a large scope of knowledge/ much knowledge； 获取知识 acquire/ get knowledge 5. knows nothing→little；he may be useless→he may not be of great use to the society 后者比前者更委婉 典型的对比观点选择题的文章逻辑结构：（合）Paragraph IV：（1）平衡两种看法；（2）给出自己的观点。 Who?s right? I think both of them have something right. But I think we should read extensively first. We should read books in many fields, and read selectively in one field.（合） Score: 11分 When it comes to reading, some people think that reading selectively is a good way, but some other people do not agree with them, they think that reading extensively is better. 注：结构非常好，可以套用。 Those people, who think that reading selectively is better, believe that good books are as many as bad books. Those good books can give us pleasure and knowledge, while those bad books can only lead us to the wrong way. So, they suggest that we should only choose the good books to read and never touch the bad books. 注：1.“people, who...,”应去掉逗号，改为限制性定语从句。 2. as many as bad books 改为 as many as bad ones 3. lead us to the wrong way 改为 lead sb. astray 4. they suggest that = they think that 5. touch 碰（闪光点词汇：如教材P7：shouldering the responsibility of doing sth. 肩负起责任） But, the other people, who hold that reading extensively is better, think that one kind of books can only give us one aspect of knowledge. Even the best book only contains one field of information. So, they can easily come to the conclusion that “to know more, to read more”. So they believe that reading extensively is better. 注：1. hold 认为 同样表示“think”的词还有argue, emphasize, believe, suggest, claim, insist, maintain, agree, hold 2. the best book 在西方国家是“圣经”的意思 3. to know more, to read more 错误，中式英语 To my point, we should choose good books to read and read good books as many as possible. By this way, we can increase the quality and quantity of reading. 范文22. Is Television a Blessing or a Curse? Now, it is generally accepted that television plays an important part in people?s lives. But, there is an ongoing heated discussion as to whether television is a blessing or a curse. 注：it is generally accepted that 人们通常认为

As is often pointed out by some people, television keeps one better informed about current events, allows one to follow the latest developments in politics and science, and offers an endless series of programs which are both instructive and stimulating. The most distant countries, the strangest customs and the most attractive scenes of nature are brought right into one?s room.

注：1. As is often pointed out by some people = Some people think that 2. “使……”不用make，而用keep, allow, offer

However, other people insist that television is a curse rather than a blessing. They argue that it has brought about many serious problems. The major one is its effects on young people. They are now so used to getting their information,

education and entertainment from television that their literacy as well as physical ability has been greatly weakened. Even worse than that, vulgar commercials and indecent programs may cultivate their bad tastes, distort their viewpoints towards human life to such a degree that their minds might be corrupted.

In summary, television has both advantages and disadvantages. Whatever effects it has, one thing is certain, television in itself is neither good nor bad. It is the uses to which it is put that determines its value to society.

范文5. Travelling

People who like travelling have their reasons. They maintain that travelling can help them expand their scope of knowledge, especially geographical and historical learning. They go on to point out that touring will provide more chance for them to enjoy food and try on clothes that they otherwise cannot possible have. 注：geographical and historical 押尾韵，如：押头韵 clear & clean

Those who dislike travelling have their reasons. They would argue that travelling means a considerable amount of money and energy. For example, traffic and accommodation require money and walking while seeing sights often tires you.

In practice, travelling does more good than harm. If your finance and health permit, you might as well do some travelling from time to time. It will at least enable you to get familiar with people and things that you will probably grow to like and love.

注：1. in practice = I think 2. does more good than harm 好处比坏处多，其他表达方法：be superior to/ inferior to 比如：the advantages are superior to the disadvantages 3. enable 使

范文1. Is a Test of Spoken English Necessary?

A test of spoken English will be included as an optional component of the College English Test (CET). Some people argue that it is absolutely necessary to hold a test of spoken English in China because we have been informed frequently that a Chinese student who has been learning English for over ten years cannot even communicate with a native speaker. Sometimes even those top students who excel in grammar and writing skills find their English inadequate to express their thoughts freely. A test of English will bring the college students an awareness of the importance of oral English, and will thus help them with their communicating skills.

使句子具有表现力的手段：1、用形容词修饰名词；2、副词修饰动词、副词修饰形容词

On the other hand, some others still maintain that a good command of reading and writing skills will be enough for the English learners. To some extent their opinion derives from the fact that students are already under considerable pressure from their opinion derives from the fact that students are already under considerable pressure from their coursework. Another required test will only add to their burden. Moreover, some students may take the shortcut by focusing on several guessed questions according to the fixed format of the test, hoping for a coincidence to bring them good luck.

In my opinion, a test of spoken English will do more good than harm. Since China will continue its policy of opening and reform, the ability to speak English fluently is a must for anyone who wants to surpass others in a highly competitive society. Whether I take the test or not, I shall spare no efforts to practice oral English in the remaining years of my college study.

范文21. Should smoking be banned?

Should smoking be banned? Answers to this question vary greatly. Some people are in favor of the idea of smoking. They always say that it can get rid of the tiredness and make them refreshed. And they also say that giving and being given cigarettes is a sign of friendship. Therefore, they carry cigarettes with them wherever they go. 注：1. vary greatly 许多种2. be in favor of = agree/ be of the opinion that 3. get rid of the tiredness and make them refreshed 使人神清气爽

4. Giving and being given 给与被给。主、被动关系在英文中用现在、过去分词表达。

But other people consider it very harmful to people?s health. They have heard the official reports that one person in the world dies from smoking every second. And they have heard the doctor?s warning that smokers are more likely to have lung cancer and to increase their chances of having heart attack. In addition, smoking pollutes the air and may cause fire accidents. Thus it has become a major threat to people?s life and property.

注：1.They have heard the official reports that ... 官方报告表明.. 2. be more likely to 更有可能，更容易3. chance 可能

There is some truth in both arguments, but human?s life and property outweighs anything else. If smoking brings us illness and death, why not have it banned by the government? Without cigarettes, can’t we come up with better ways to express our friendship and to make us refreshed?注：1. outweigh 比……重要，同样的表达：be superior to/ be inferior to。overweight 超重2. 最后用两句反问句结尾，非常精妙。

课后作业 Private Cars

写成4段的首段写法： ① In recent years, with fast economic growth, private cars have appeared in many families in China. People's attitude

toward private cars varies widely.

② With the increase in the general standard of living, some ordinary Chinese families begin to afford a private car. Yet, people's opinions of private cars vary from person to person/ public attitude toward it varies greatly/ widely./ is quite of the contrary./ differs sharply. ③ In recent few years, the phenomenon/ issue/ problem of owning a private car has been brought to public attention/ in the limelight. People's views on/ opinions of owing a private car vary widely. 写成3段的首段写法：

With the development of modern society/ science and technology, / With the improvement of people's living standard, more and more people can own private cars. cars are entering ordinary families.

the growing number of people/ people in ever increasing numbers can have access to private cars.(此句是引言) 支持段的主题句：

Some people claim that/ As is pointed out that/ It is generally believed that/ It is widely accepted that, there are some advantages of owning a private car.

There is no doubt that private cars benefit people hugely. 支持段的分论点：

① 方便 First, private cars provide people with the most convenient form of transportation.

② 舒适 Second, it is comfortable for people to travel in, especially in changeable weather/ raining days/ sand storm. ③ 炫耀 Third, only a private car can show a person's social status/ achievement/ success/ prosperity in his or her career.

否定段的主题句：① However (Nonetheless/ Nevertheless/ But), there are some disadvantages of owing a private car/ Every coin has two sides.

② While enjoying the convenience that private cars bring us, we should not ignore the problem they create/ produce/ introduce/ make. ③ Despite/ In spite of/ For all the advantages, they brings their own disadvantages/ problems/ negative effects ④ Like anything else, private cars also have their own weakness/ limits. ⑤ However, private cars are not without shortcomings/ faults. ⑥ Yet other speak of the problems private cars have brought. They complain that......

⑦ However, private cars may also bring with it problems our society had not previously faced.

⑧ Despite the increase in efficiency and convenience generated by private cars, the changes they bring could very well lead to potentially adverse consequences. 否定段的分论点：

① 占有空间 On the one hand, private cars take up/ occupy too much space. ② 交通事故 On the other hand, a driver should be careful/ cautious while driving, otherwise, car accidents are more likely to happen.

③ 污染环境 What's more/In addition, private cars give off/ discharge/ release CO which pollute the environment/ air. 注意：所谓上义词是指抽象、概括和笼统的，就是比较superordinate的词；而下义词就是具体的东西，即subordinate的东西。 第四段（总结段）的写法：

① Despite all the disadvantages mentioned above, I still think that the advantages outweigh/ are greater than the disadvantages. As for the above problem, I'm sure they will be settled by the scientists in the future/ It is only a matter of time for the problems to be solved.

② Unquestionably, the challenge of private cars means we all should consider how we can control them, so that they will not control us.

③ Whether the private cars are a blessing or a curse is a difficult question to answer, yet the desire for the comfort and independence a private car can bring will not be elminated.

④ Anyway/ Anyhow/ In any case, whether the effect is good or bad, one thing is certain: private cars have changed and will continue to change the way of our transportation, our leisure and our life. 选择题型变体逻辑结构（My View on Sth.） 选择性观点的变体的文章写作逻辑结构：

Paragraph I:（1）引出将要评论的事物或者是观点； （2）简明扼要的提出人们在这个问题上的两种不同看法。 Paragraph II:（1）提出作者观点（本文主题句）；

（2）举例加以论证。

Paragraph III:（1）总结全文（再次强调作者观点）

范文17. My View on Fate

There is no consensus of opinions among people as to the view of fate. Some people believe that everyone is born to a certain that he can not change, while some other people think that every man is the master of his own life. 注：1. consensus 相同意见

2. 第一句话可以套用，如范文18：There is no consensus of opinions among people as to the view of wealth. 3. while 轻微转折和对比，强转折用词but, however 4. master 主人

As far as I am concerned, I agree with the latter opinion. There is a saying, “Everyone is the architect of his own

future.” Which means one?s fate is decided in his own hands. In fact, no one is destined to a certain fate in his or her life. Those who claim that they were born to fail or be unlucky just can?t realize how much inner strength and ability they have. We must depend on ourselves to changes our lives and make us successful and happy.

注：1. 第一句as far as与I agree重复，把后半句改为the latter opinion seems more reasonable。 2. architect 建筑师，archor 弓箭手

3. In fact 前后是转折关系，之前从正面阐述，之后从反面阐述

范文17. My View on Fate （续）

Let’s take Helen Keller, an extraordinary American woman, for example. When she was only 19 months old, she became blind and deaf. Instead of accepting her misfortune helplessly, she showed great courage and unconquerable spirit in fighting against her destined fate and was awarded the President?s Medal of Freedom in 1964 because of the achievements she had made for helping the blind, the deaf and the speechless. This story tells us that a wise man is always creating his own fate rather than waiting for good luck. 注：1. 本段开始举例

2. Let's take……for example 中间是插入语，表示强调，举例不宜太长。

In conclusion, I believe that everyone is born equal and is the builder of his own fate We can have good fortune only if we take pains and work hard. We should bear the following saying in mind, “Every man is the master of his own fate.” 注：bear sth. in mind：把……牢记在心

范文13. The Way to Success

第二段：Strong will, perseverance and diligence are the three essentials of success. A man of strong will and perseverance always has an inflexible spirit. He sticks to his cause no matter how tough it might be. Dr. Sun Yat-sen was such a man. Many of his attempts failed, but he held to his purpose with firmness and finally succeeded in overthrowing the Qing Dynasty. Diligence means steadiness in one?s work and study. Su Qin stabbed himself in order to keep attentive to studies. Marx often worked 15 hours a day. Life is short and we have many things to do. Without diligence no one can achieve anything.

II、社会热点话题写作逻辑结构

Paragraph 1: (1) 概括性的引出要评论的事物或观点（general）；

(2) 具体描述这个事物或者观点（或者是我对这个现象/ 事物的基本看法specific）。 Paragraph 2: (1) 作者对该现象货问题的基本看法，即文章的论点句； (2) 支持性的细节分论点（至少两点）； (3) 本段总结（可以省略）。

Paragraph 3: (1) 总结全文，定下结论（通常为我的对策或看法）。

四级作文试题2000年1月

Directions:

For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic How I Finance my College Education. You should write at least 100 words, and base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below: 1. 上大学的费用（tuition and fees）可以通过多多种途径解决。 2. 哪种途径适合我（说明理由）。

How I Finance My College Education How I Finance My College Education

第一段：首先，应该是用一种描述性的语言引出讨论的重点：

Nowadays/ At present/ Currently/ These days/ Today, tuitions and fees for college students are 【more expensive】 much higher than ever before. How to finance my college education has become a matter of concern. 第二段：有多种的方法，例如：1.向父母; 2.银行贷款 3.打工挣钱

第二段主题句：There are many ways to support my college education financially./ Ways to support my university study

financially vary greatly/ are various. 第二段分写：

In the first place, I can get/ gain/ obtain all the money from my parents.

In the second place, I can apply for/ ask for a bank loan, especially set up/ established for college students/ undergraduates.

What’s more, I can find a part time job to earn enough money. 第三段：我所赞同的方法（阐述原因，为何不选其他的方法）。

Personally/ As far as I?m concerned/ In my opinion/ From my point of view/ To my way of thinking/ As I see it, I prefer the bank loan for the following reasons.

For one thing, my parents are not rich enough to afford me.

For another, I will not have enough time and energy to study after finishing my part-time/ temporary/ odd jobs.

In addition, I believe I can hunt a rewarding/ dream job after graduation, and then I will be able to pay off/ pay back/ return/ give back.

Therefore /So /Hence,..... 使文章富有表现力的手段： 1、使用有难度的词汇；

2、使用形容词修饰名词，用副词修饰动词或整个句子； 3、使用被动语态；

4、使用倒装句；(not only... but also...；only...)

5、尽可能地使用名词，而不是习惯中的动词和形容词。

绿化我们的城市

第一段：

近年来，随着工商业的迅猛发展，许多大城市中树木的数量大幅度降低。人们作出各种努力防止树木被砍伐，但是，认识到绿化城市也同样重要。 普通版

Recently, with the development of businesses and industries, more and more trees have disappeared in big cities. We have tried our best to prevent people from cutting trees. But, it is important to realize to make our cities green. 润色版

In contemporary society, while our industries and businesses have experienced a(n) rapid/ fast/ amazing/ marked/ fantastic development, the number of trees in many large cities has declined/ decreased/ reduced sharply/ dramatically. Although remarkable efforts have been exerted to prevent more trees from being cut, the realization of making cities greener is still of great importance. 注：区分industry 和 industrial

绿化我们的城市（续）

第二段：

绿化城市会带来很多好处。其一，绿化城市能够净化空气。科学研究已经证明树木通过吸收作用可以降低大气中碳化合物的含量。其二，它能够美化城市。到处是花草树木，我们会欣然地感到自己置身于美丽的花园中。最后，绿化城市能够带来大量木材，这是解决自然资源短缺的有效办法。 普通版

There are many advantages in making cities greener. First, it makes our air clean. Scientific research has proved that trees can reduce a great amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere through absorption. Second, it adds to the beauty of our cities. With trees and flowers everywhere, there is a pleasant feeling that we live in a beautiful garden and are closer to nature. Finally, it will bring us a lot of timber. And this is an effective way to solve the problem of lack of natural resources. 润色版

What benefits can the program of making cities greener bring to us? First, the air will be cleaner. Scientific experiments have already proved that trees can reduce air pollution by producing a lot of oxygen. This will improve the quality of the urban environment. Second, our cities will look more beautiful. Just imagine the city which is full of trees and flowers. What an attractive garden it is! What?s more, by making cities greener, we can provide our industry with timber the precious natural resources.

绿化我们的城市（续）

第三段：

绿化城市需要全国人民共同努力，人们不仅要广泛认识到城市绿化对城市环境的贡献，还应该同心协力栽植更多的树木

并保护它们不受商业使用的侵犯。 普通版

Making cities greener requires people?s efforts all over the country. And people should not only realize that it is important to make cities greener for its contribution to urban environment, but also plant trees and protect them from being used in business. 润色版

Making cities greener requires more than widespread awareness; it calls for an immediate commitment to planting more trees and growing more flowers.

(Making cities greener requires the whole nation?s efforts. And not only should most people gain the awareness of the significant contribution of making cities greener to urban environment, but also make a commitment to the protection of more trees against business.) 句型变化

A. (1) We can imagine the beautiful surroundings. (2) There are many trees along the streets. (3) There is a clean river in the city. (4) There are many fishes in the river. (5) There are willow trees on the one side. (6) There are some pieces of grassland on the other side. (7) There are many flowers on them.

B. (1) Just imagine the beautiful surroundings if we have made our cities greener. (2) Green trees line the streets. (3) A clean river winds through the city, in which a lot of fishes abound. (4) On the one side stand rows of willow trees. (5) On the other side lies a stretch of grassland sprinkled with many yellow and red flowers. 1. There be...

1) a. There are fewer and fewer citizens who like to see films. b. Films are now losing their appeal for many citizens.

2) a. There are many people who complain of severe housing shortages. b. Housing shortages become the source of great complaint. 2. If

1) a. If you compare the two methods carefully, you will find the difference. b. Careful comparison of the two methods will show you the difference. 2) a. If we only apply book knowledge, we will not get good result.

b. The application of book knowledge alone will not bring you good result. 3) a. If there is no pollution, man can certainly survive.

b. Man can certainly survive in the world where there is no pollution. 3. In order to

1) a. In order to prevent the problem becoming too serious to solve, we must take an immediate step. b. An immediate step must be taken before the problem becomes too serious to solve. 2) a. In order to build a stable and prosperous nation, people should make new efforts. b. New efforts will bring ... 4. More and more

1) a. More and more people now prefer to stay at home and watch TV.

b. People in ever increasing numbers prefer to stay at home and watch TV.

2) a. More and more people who become more and more rich can afford a motorcycle.

b. The growing number of people who become increasingly rich can now afford a motorcycle. 3) a. More and more teenagers smoke cigarettes in recent years.

b. Teenage smoking is on the rise/ increase/ decrease/ decline in recent years. 4) a. More and more teachers are needed with the development of economy.

b. There is an increasing demand for teachers with the development of economy. 5) a. More and more trees have disappeared in the city.

b. There is a sharp decline in the number of trees in the city. 社会热点话题

写作练习：Jobs for Graduates 1) 大学生难找工作 2) 原因很多 3) 解决的办法

With the fantastic development of modern society, people in ever increasing numbers have access to tertiary education （高等教育）. As a result, job-hunting is now becoming headache for most graduates.

范文23：Nowadays, college graduates come to realize that it is not easy to get a rewarding job. Most/ Many of them

can not get a job right after graduation.

The job market for college students/ graduates is getting tighter and tighter. According to a survey, only 80% of college graduates of the class of 2002 found jobs the year they graduated, compared with 95% in 2000. Why do college graduates find it increasingly difficult to get jobs? 第二段细节论证 分析原因：

1、Among the most convincing/ important reasons given/ cited/ offered/ identified by people for this problem/ phenomenon, one should be stressed/ emphasized/ mentioned... 2、One may regard/ see/ view/ think of the trend/ increase/ phenomenon as a sign of/ result of/ response to/ reaction to ... 3、The increase/ change/ failure/ success in ... mainly/ largely/ partly results from/ arises from is due to/ owing to/ attributable to the fact that/ several factors ... Several years ago, many students were enrolled in/ admitted to/ taken in/ matriculated popular major, so that the supply is superior to/ outweigh/ exceeds the demand. Many graduates are reluctant to work in the remote areas/ western provinces/ developing areas/ less developed country. Graduates without working experiences are now losing their appeal for many international cooperations, such as ... 国家制定法律法规 个人接受教育

III、图表题（table, bar graph, pie chart, line graph） 图表题的写作逻辑结构：

Paragraph I:（1）概括描述图表：趋势描写；

（2）具体描述图表：必要数据支持（细节性）。 Paragraph II:（1）提出自己理由和观点（本段主题句）；

（2）细节性分论点（主要是原因，用于支持自己的观点，至少两点）。 Paragraph III:（1）预测未来和提出解决方法； （2）总结全文和表达作者自己观点 【标题】Changes in People?s Diet

Directions: Write a three-paragraph composition to:

1. State the changes in people?s diet in the past five years. 2. Give possible reasons for the changes. 3. Draw your own conclusion.

You should quote as few figures as possible. 【短文】Changes in People?s Diet

In the past five years there have been many changes in people?s diet. Grain, as the main food of most Chinese, is now playing a less important role, while the proportion of some high-energy foods, such as milk and meat, has increased. What has caused these changes? I think there are two reasons. First, people now have more money. The price of meat and milk is much higher than that of grain, so in the old days people couldn?t afford them. Now they have enough money to buy both meat and milk. Second, people nowadays pay more attention to the elements of their diet. They look for a well-balanced diet that will be good for their health.

In short, there have been changes in people?s diet in the past five years because of financial and health reasons, and there will be further changes in the future

【修改版】

As can be seen from the table, the past five years has witnessed dramatic changes in people?s diet. Grain, as the staple food of most Chinese, is now playing a less important role in their diet, while the consumption of high quality food such as meat, milk and fruit has greatly increased.

There are two factors leading to the change. For one thing, people now enjoy a higher standard of living. In the old days few families could afford meat and milk every day, which often meant a big chunk of the family income. But now people have enough money to taste a rich verity of foods. For another, people of today attach more attention to nutrition. They are not merely content to fill the stomach. They are seeking the most reasonable diet which will do good to their health.

In a word, with people?s standard of living getting higher and higher, changes in their diet will be more obvious and greater.

图表题的适用句型：

1. As we can see from the chart/ graph/ table/ diagram, ... 2. The chart/ graph shows/ displays that ... 3. As can be shown in the table ...,

4. The figures/ statistics in the chart reflect/ show/ reveal that ..., 5. It is clear/ apparent from the chart/ table that ... V、谚语格言题逻辑结构 Paragraph I：（1）点明要阐释的谚语或名言（ general ）；

（2）用自己的话解释这一谚语或名言的意思，有时有正反两面的逻（specific ）。 Paragraph II：（1）作者对该谚语或名言的观点态度，即文章的论点句；

（2）支持性的细节分论点，举例子论证（至少两点，有时有正反两面的逻辑）； Paragraph III：总结全文，定下结论（通常为阐明其现实或更深远意义）。

Practice Makes Perfect

Practice is the key to success in all fields of activity. It is practice alone which enables us to build up speed and efficiency. When we accomplish something perfectly without wasting effort, this is the result of long practice.

【改写为】An English proverb says/ One of the greatest men once remarked/ Nearly every civilization has its own equivalent to the proverb: \to build up speed and efficiency. When we accomplish something without wasting effort, this is the result of long practice.

Practice Makes Perfect（续）

Take the study of English for example. Only practice can enable us to spell words correctly and master the rules of grammar. And it is only through practice that we can become fluent in speaking and writing, there is no other way. Another good example is sports. Practice is the only way to become stronger and run faster. Besides, in team games practice is what improves our sense of cooperation and helps the team to win. 【改写为】History/ Our society abounds with the examples of \......（正反两方面都举例子） On the other hand/ On the contrary, no practice will only lead us to failure. There is hardly/ scarcely a man who can achieve success without practice. All evidence points to/ justifies/ lends supports to the fact that practice is the key to success in all fields of activity. 举例一般为：英语学习；体育锻炼

To sum up, there can be no achievement which is not based on a solid foundation of practice.

【改写为】For us college students, the saying/ proverb has a profound and realistic significance: there can be no achievement which is not based on a solid foundation of practice 课后复习（self-study Program）

1、课堂讲解内容：体会用词艺术和丰富的句式

2、写作练习：2002年6月真题（Student Use of Computers） 3、记忆写作万能理由和基本表达

4、完型填空练习：完成Passage 1--Passage 3 做题步骤：

（1）通读全文，了解文章大意；

（2）初选答案（排除法、优选法）； （3）寻找线索； （4）回头补缺； （5）核实答案。 图表题：2002年6月考题

Topic: Student Use of Computers (at least 150 words)

1、 上图所示为1990、1995、2000年某校大学生使用计算机的情况，请描述其变化； 2、请说明发生这些变化的原因（可从计算机的用途、价格或社会发展等方面加以说明）； 3、你认为目前大学生在计算机使用中有什么困难或问题。

2002年6月的图表题作文：

As is shown by the bar graph, the average number of hours a student in a certain university spends on the computer per week increased dramatically over the period from 1990 to 2000. In 1990, it was less than two hours. And in 1995, it hit/ reach four hours. And in 2000, the number soared to（飞速上升） nearly twenty hours, which is over ten times than that of 1990.

注：soared to/ boom/ shoot up/ rocket/ jump 飞速上升 climb 上升很慢 shrink 下降，缩水

第一段还有一种写法：……In 1990, the number was less than 2 hours, while the figure hit 4 hours（或者这样写：while in 1995,）as compared with that of 1990, it had almost doubled. And what impress us most is that the figure soared to..., which…

Obviously computers are becoming increasingly popular for males and for females. A multitude of factors could account for the rise. In the first place, computers facilitate us in more aspects of life. Also, the rapid development of the internet enlarges our demands for using computers. We can easily contact friends in remote places through the internet. In the second place, the prices of computers are getting lower and lower, which enable more students to purchase them.

However, there still exist some problems, such as, poor quality, out-of-date designs and so on. And how to balance the time between using computers an studying is also a serious problem. Anyhow, we will benefit a lot from computers as long as we use them properly. IV、书信题的写作方法： （一）信封格式：

名字、信箱、地域范围由小到大，写在右下角（与我们相反）。 （二）信纸格式： 日期：背月份的缩写

称呼（后面的标点是逗号）:Dear Sir or Madam, To whom it may concern, 正文：空4个字节或者顶格写，段与段之间空行） 签名：sincerely yours 书信写作的五点要求： 1、开门见山说意图

2、咨询/ 建议1、2、3、 3、不同内容可分段 4、感谢客气不可少 5、期待回信成老套 （三）开头段： 1、 告知对方你的身份（假如对方不认识你） Dear Sir/ Mr. Prometheus,

I was a student at your college, enrolled in Philosophy Department. / I am a… at your…

/ I am a … at your college, enrolled in the… course. / My name is…, I am… 2、 问候收信人（假如他/她是你的朋友） Dear Prometheus,

Hello / Hi. How are you? / I hope everything is fine. / How are things going with you? / How are you getting on in / getting along with…..? 3、 解释写信的原因 （1） 致谢：

I deeply appreciate your courtesy and I hope to reciprocate your favor when the opportunity arises. / I am greatly indebted to you for (the double) you have gone to on my behalf. / Thank you for your letter about studying in Canada. / I am writing to tell you how grateful I am for… / I would like to thank you most sincerely for… （2） 抱怨：

I am writing to complain about the poor service at your dining-room.

/ I am writing to express my dissatisfaction with / at… / I wish to make a complaint about… / I am writing to draw your attention to…. / I am afraid I have got a complaint about…. （3） 致歉：

I would be grateful if you would be so kind as to provide me with certain essential information regarding the following aspects.

/ I am writing to you because I am unable to…. / I an terribly sorry that….

/ I would like to express my apologies for not being able to…. （4） 询问：

I would like to obtain /request/seek/inquire about some information about… / I am writing to ask if you can do me a favor.

/ I would like some detailed information on/about…. （四）结尾段： 1、发出请求

（1）Please give this matter your immediate attention.

（2）I would very much appreciate it if……as soon as possible.

（3）Please render me some valuable advice which is conductive to my final decision. 2、提供帮助

（1）I hope these……will be helpful, and please feel free to contact me for more information.

（2）……will be taking responsibility for you and if you should need any assistance, she/he will be pleased to help you 3、 再次表示歉意或感激

（1）Thank you for your kind assistance.

（2）Please accept my heartfelt thanks and deepest gratitude, now and always. （3）I am sorry that I cannot……, and trust that you will understand.

（4）In addition, let me apologize for any inconvenience I may have caused. （5）I shall feel obliged by a reply at your earliest convenience. （6）Once again, I am sorry for any inconvenience caused. 4、 期盼回信：R.S.V.P.

（1）I look forward to your prompt response. （2）Looking forward to a prompt reply, （3）I expect to hear from you very soon. （4）I hope to receive your reply shortly.

（5）I am already eagerly awaiting your reply to this first letter. 书信题范文：2001.6

Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a letter.

Suppose you are Zhang Ying. Write a letter to Xiao Wang, a schoolmate of yours who is going to visit you during the week-long holiday. You should write at least 100 words according to the suggestions given below in Chinese. 1． 表示欢迎 2. 提出度假安排的建议 3．提醒应注意的事项 A Letter to a Schoolmate June 23, 2001 Dear Xiao Wang Example I:

Dear Xiao Wang,

I am very happy to learn that you are going to visit me during the week-long holiday. My parents will also be happy to see you again. I am sure you will enjoy every minute here.

I know you like swimming. A river lies not far away from my home. We can go swimming there. I think it would be very pleasant and refreshing to swim in such hot summer days. In every big room of my home there is an air-conditioner. We can watch TV, play VCDs or read books very comfortably at home.

A mountain about two miles away from here is beautiful and it is worth touring. We can go there on foot. When we

climb to the top of the mountain, we can have a wonderful birds eye view of the whole village.

Just phone me before you set off. There is no need for you to take anything. I?ll prepare everything for you. I am looking forward to seeing you soon. Yours, Zhang Yin

公文信函: 2002.1

Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic:

A Letter to the University President about the Canteen Service on Campus You should write at least 100 words, and base your composition on the outline given in Chinese below:

假设你是李明，请你就本校食堂的状况给校长写一封信，内容应涉及食堂的饭菜质量、价格、环境、服务等，可以是表扬，可以是批评建议，也可以兼而有之。 January 12th, 2002 Dear Mr. President, Li Ming

freshman 大一 sophomore 大二 junior 大三 senior 大四 Example II:

Dear Mr. Prometheus,

I am a student at your TOEFL class and I am writing to explain my absence from classes since March 11, 2001.

On March 10, 2001, I was involved in a serious motor vehicle accident. I was transported to the hospital in an ambulance, where I was treated for a broken ankle, fractured collarbone, and 3 bruised ribs. My doctor advised complete bed rest for 6 weeks, and as a result, I have been unable to attend classes since March 11, 2001.

I am concerned about keeping up with my studies, and have been doing the required readings, as assigned by you. My biggest concern is whether I will be able to participate the final class. Would you please advise me regarding my courses, specifically if there will be any special consideration given to me in light of my current situation? Thank you for your kind assistance.

I look forward to hearing from you soon. Sincerely, Janet,

Student No… 题型总结：

对比观点选择题：4段 社会热点话题：3段 图表题： 书信题： 格言题：

描写叙述题：

http://www.gzneworiental.org/ 完型填空 做题技巧

（一）Prep Tips for Cloze I．做题步骤：

1、通读全文，了解文章大意；文章两种模式：总分、对比； 2、初选答案（排除法、优选法）； 3、寻找线索； 4、回头补缺； 5、核实答案。 II．出题重点： 1．词语的辨析：

1）同义词； 2）反义词； 3）形近词；

形近词举例：Test 2

... or down frightening hillsides to towns __87__ in deep valleys. 87. A) lying B) laying C) laid D) lied 注：说谎：lie lied lied lying

躺：lie lay lain lying

放置，下蛋：lay laid laid laying 2．逻辑关系：

1）列举/种属关系：

such…as; especially; in particular; specifically; for example; for instance; likely; 2）因果关系：

because (for); due to; owing to; thanks to; since; for; as; for the reason that; seeing that; 3）并列/递进：

besides; likewise; moreover; also; too; what?s more; apart from; except; furthermore; not noly…but also….; in addition; 4）转折/让步关系：

however; but; never the less; nonetheless; whereas; still; though; although; anyhow; anyway; in any case; yet; 5）对比关系：

by contrast; in contrast; by comparison; like; as…as; on the contrary; conversely; oppositely; ….than….; 逻辑关系举例1：Test 4

Sometimes homework is returned 76 brief written comments but without a grade. 76. A) by B) in C) for D) with 逻辑关系举例2：Test 2

The United States is well-known for its network of major highways designed to help a driver get from one place to another in the shortest possible time. __71__ these wide modern roads are generally __72__ and well maintained, with __73__ sharp curves and many straight __74__, a direct route is not always the most _ 75__ one. 71. A) Although B) Since C) Because D) Therefore 72. A) stable B) splendid C) smooth D) complicated 73. A) little B) few C) much D) many 74. A) selections B) separations C) series D) sections 75. A) terrible B) possible C) enjoyable D) profitable

3．固定结构的识别：提高阅读的速度、对于内容有合理的预期、有利于总体把握文章：

either…or…; neither…nor…; too…to…; so…that…; not…until…; hardly…when…; no sooner…than…; not only…but also…

固定结构举例：Test 3

76 geography books focus on a small area 77 a town or city. Others deal with a state, a region, a nation. Or an 78 continent. Many geography books deal with the whole earth. Another 79 to divide the study of 80 is to distinguish between physical geography and cultural geography. The former focuses on the natural world; the 81 starts with human beings and 82 how human beings and their environment act 83 each other. but when geography is considered as a single subject, 84 branch can neglect the other. 76. A) Some B) Many C) Most D) Few 77. A) outside B) except C) as D) like 81. A) second B) later C) next D) latter 2． 搭配：

例如：a. + n.; ad. + v. ; take advantage of….; make use of….等； 3． 动词用法：

1）主谓一致； 2）时态； 3）语态； 4）非谓语动词； 4． 介词用法：

1）介词与名词； 2）介词与动词； 3）介词与形容词；

本文来源：https://www.bwwdw.com/article/7emw.html