广外国际会议同传授课教案Teaching Notes o1

Teaching Notes on International Conference Interpreting Course 国际会议同传

授课教案

(The 8 term)

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Unit One

(Week 1)

Introduction & Beginning of Term Warming up

Contents:

1. General introduction of the course: Conference Interpreting

a) On the basis of and extension from the SI course in the 7th term b) Skill-based training plus topic-based training materials c) Key SI skills reinforced

d) New skills such as pre-task preparation and coping tactics 2. Training facilities

a) International standard training booth b) International convention center 3. Warming up:

a) shadowing exercise: listen to the following speech and repeat after the

speaker:

The Educational System in Britain

b) interpreting exercise: listen to the speech for the second time and put it into

Chinese simultaneously:

The Educational System in Britain

C) teacher’s comments

Assignment: Research on Premier Wen Jiabao’s visit to the United States in 2003 and on Sino-US relations in general.

Unit Two

(Weeks 2& 3)

Skill: sight interpretation C-E

Material: ―共同开创中美经贸合作的新局面‖－温家宝在纽约美国银行家协会

举行的午餐会上的演讲

In-class activities:

1. Teacher’s analysis and demonstration

a) pre-interpretation activities

? Outline proper names and difficult or key words, supply possible choices: e.g.: 在此我要特别感谢美国银行家协会（the American Bankers Association）的盛情款待，向多年来为推动中美经贸合作做出积极贡献的各位朋友表示敬意！ ? Divide complicated sentences into separate units of information and sort out the

relationship between units:

e.g.: 互利共赢的/中美经贸关系，不仅给两国人民带来了实实在在的经济利益，/而且成为中美关系发展的/重要基础和强大动力。//至于中美经贸合作的迅速发展，对于周边地区经济繁荣/乃至世界经济增长所起的促进作用，更是有目共睹。 ? Mark the implicit connections between Chinese sentences:

e.g.: 这种互补性，很大程度上来自两国经济资源条件、经济结构以及消费水平存在着很大的差异。//(On the one hand )中国是最大的发展中国家，市场广阔，发展迅速，劳动力成本低，//但资金短缺、科技和管理相对落后。(On the other hand)美国是最大的发达国家，经济总量大，资本充足，科技发达，但劳动力成本高。 ? Join short structures in Chinese into full English sentences where necessary: e.g.: 中国是最大的发展中国家，市场广阔，发展迅速，劳动力成本低: China is the largest developing country, with a huge market, rapid development and low labor cost.

b) C-E Interpretation skills stressed: A linear approach is taken, making full use of all kinds of grammatical devices to joint separate segments in Chinese into logical and well-connected English sentences.

e.g.: 微软、英特尔、摩托罗拉、宝洁、柯达、通用汽车等美国驰名品牌的商品畅销中国市场。

Translation: Products bearing such famous American brands as Microsoft, Intel, Motorola, P&G, Kodak and GM sell quickly on the Chinese market.

A linear approach: Microsoft, Intel, Motorola, P&G, Kodak, GM and other famous American brands have their products popular in the Chinese market.

2. Sight interpretation: students do sight interpretation using the first part of Premier Wen’s speech.

主席先生，女士们，先生们：

在中美建交25周年前夕，我应布什总统的邀请正式访问贵国。纽约是我访美的第一站，在这里能与各位新老朋友欢聚一堂，我感到很高兴。在此我要特别感谢美国银行家协会的盛情款待，向多年来为推动中美经贸合作做出积极贡献的各位朋友表示敬意！并通过你们向伟大的美国人民致以诚挚问候和良好祝愿！

近一段时间，中美贸易方面有些分歧和摩擦。各方面对我此次美国之行颇为关注。我首先要告诉诸位，我这次是为了寻求友谊与合作而来，不是来打―贸易战‖的。

有些分歧问题的产生，实际上是相互不了解。我深信，中美双方通过对话与磋商，可以缩小我们之间的分歧，扩大我们之间的合作。

谈到中美贸易问题，首先要看到一个最基本的事实，这就是25年来我们两国之间的贸易有了巨大的发展。从1979年的不足25亿美元，发展到今天的1000多亿美元，增长了几十倍。这种巨额增长，是不是只对一方有利而对另一方不利？或者说只是中国赚了而美国亏了？不是。事实上，两国都从迅速发展的中美贸易中获得了巨大的利益。

25年前，也许谁也不曾想到，中美经贸合作能有今天这样大的规模。今天，美国在华投资设立企业超过4万家，实际投资430亿美元。美国500强企业中，已有400多家进入中国，大多数企业获利丰厚。麦当劳、肯德基遍及中国大小城市。微软、英特尔、摩托罗拉、宝洁、柯达、通用汽车等美国驰名品牌的商品畅销中国市场。中国人用的胶卷，每10卷中就有7卷是柯达产品。沃尔玛等零售企业在中国也有很大发展。与此同时，在美国的市场上，许多中国商品受到美国消费者的青睐。中国在美国投资设立企业超过700家。

大家知道，经贸关系是两国关系的经济基础。互利共赢的中美经贸关系，不仅给两国人民带来了实实在在的经济利益，而且成为中美关系发展的重要基础和强大动力。至于中美经贸合作的迅速发展，对于周边地区经济繁荣乃至世界经济增长所起的促进作用，更是有目共睹。

中美贸易之所以能迅速发展，根本原因在于两国经济具有极大的互补性.这种互补性，很大程度上来自两国经济资源条件、经济结构以及消费水平存在着很大的差异。中国是最大的发展中国家，市场广阔，发展迅速，劳动力成本低，但资金短缺、科技和管理相对落后。美国是最大的发达国家，经济总量大，资本充足，科技发达，但劳动力成本高。这种差异性和互补性，将在今后长期存在，在经济全球化的大背景下显得更加突出。我认为，这就是中美贸易能够持续快速发展的客观基础。

2. Teacher’s comments on students’ performances.

a) Special attention is paid to whether students are aware of applying the techniques. b) Flexible use of language is encouraged.

3. Sight interpretation exercise using the rest of Premier Wen’s speech.

中国有一句描写登泰山感受的古诗：―会当凌绝顶，一览众山小‖。我们对待中美贸易问题，要有这种高瞻远瞩的战略眼光。诸如美中贸易逆差问题，人民币汇率问题，知识产权保护问题，贵国社会各界甚为关注。所有这些问题，是在中美贸易发展中出现的问题，是可以取得共识，也是可以逐步得到解决的，不应该也不可能影响中美经贸发展大局。滔滔长河有时会卷起漩涡，漫漫历史进程难免会发生波折。随着中美经贸合作规模的扩大，有点摩擦在所难免。只要双方有诚意，这类问题完全可以通过平等协商和扩大合作来加以妥善解决。 两周前，我在北京接受《华盛顿邮报》采访和会见美国朋友时，已就上述―热点‖问题作了阐述。如果在座诸位还有什么问题，稍后我乐意解答。

回顾中美经贸关系发展25年的历史，我们应当从中汲取一些重要的经验和教训。我愿意，就发展中美公平贸易和经济合作提出五条原则，与各位商榷。这五条原则是： 第一、互利共赢。从大处着眼，既要考虑自己利益，又要考虑对方利益。 第二、把发展放在首位。通过扩大经贸合作来化解分歧。

第三、发挥双边经贸协调机制作用。及时沟通和磋商，避免矛盾激化。 第四、平等协商。求大同存小异，不动辄设限和制裁。 第五、不把经贸问题政治化。

这五条原则，是建立在世贸组织框架和国际贸易基本准则基础上的，也是正确认识和妥善处理今后一个时期中美贸易可能出现的分歧和摩擦所需要的。这五条原则的核心和精髓是六个字：发展，平等，互利。发展是动力，平等是前提，互利是目的。我想，这完全符合我们两国之间发展建设性合作关系的要求。

以解决两国贸易不平衡为例。所谓把发展放在首位，就是强调向前看，通过进一步扩大两国贸易来缩小不平衡。大家知道，美中贸易逆差扩大，这不是我们所追求的。但是，靠减少中国对美国的出口，这不是一个好办法。因为这样做，既不利于中国，也无助于解决美国内失业问题，反而会严重损害美国广大消费者和美国在华企业的利益。比较现实的办法是，美国进一步扩大对中国的出口。为此，我们已经以最大的诚意和最大的努力，大幅度增加了对美国农产品和机电产品的进口，并将进一步扩大我所需商品的采购。同时，我们也希望美国承认中国市场经济国家地位，解除对中国高新技术出口的限制。在这方面，我真诚地希望，美国有关方面把那些陈旧观念和不合时宜的做法抛到太平洋去，来一个大胆的与时俱进。 女士们、先生们：

我对中美经贸合作的前景充满信心。也许道路是不平坦的，但前途一定是光明的。纵观国际形势，中美两国经贸合作正面临一个难得的重要战略机遇期。中美在经贸领域相互依存、互利共赢、你中有我、我中有你的格局已经初步形成。我注意到，美国的经济已开始复苏。同时，我还要负责任地告诉诸位，中国的经济将在今后相当长一个时期内保持良好的发展势头。

——中国从总体上已步入工业化和城市化的重要时期。旺盛的国内需求，是经济增长的不竭动力。

——中国体制创新使经济充满活力。市场机制在资源配置中发挥着基础性作用。公有制经济的活力通过改革、改组、改造得到释放，非公有制经济已经有了很大的发展。 ——中国政府调控宏观经济的能力得到增强。我们成功应对了亚洲金融危机的冲击，今年在遭受非典疫情的情况下仍保持8.5%的经济增长。

——中国对外开放的领域进一步扩大，投资环境日益改善。目前，中国是世界上最为安全的地方之一。我们履行加入世贸组织承诺所作的努力是卓有成效的，正吸引着越来越多的各国投资者。

总之，我们有信心使国民经济在今后较长时期内保持7%左右的增长速度。预计到2020年，国内生产总值将达到4万多亿美元。今后三年，中国货物进口总额将超过1万亿美元，服务业也会进一步开放。中国经济的持续快速发展，不仅会造福于13亿中国人民，也将为包括美国在内的世界各国开辟经贸合作的广阔空间，为中美两国企业家提供巨大商机。 中国政府将继续坚定不移地鼓励和保护外国投资者来华投资。中国消费结构和产业结构正在加快升级，对先进技术、设备和服务的需求日趋旺盛。特别是中国东南沿海地区已经具备发展若干个制造业中心的良好条件，西部大开发正在大力推进，东北地区等老工业基地的调整改造已经启动。我们欢迎美国工商金融界的朋友们，抢抓机遇，到中国开拓市场。我们欢迎更多的美国大企业与中国企业合作，也希望中小企业积极跟进。

我可以高兴地告诉诸位，我准备向布什总统提议：提高中美商贸联委会的级别，更好地为拓展两国经贸合作服务。我相信布什总统会同意我这个建议。 女士们、先生们：

中国的发展主要依靠内需，不追求长期、过大的贸易顺差，致力实现进出口的基本平衡。我们希望，双方都以中美关系大局为重，把握先机，增进释疑，积极进取，把中美经贸合作推上新水平！

贵国有句名言：―黄金时代在我们的前面‖。我们愿与美国工商金融界的朋友们一道，共同开创中美经贸合作的新局面！谢谢大家。

4. Discussion and summary: students are asked to raise questions. Teacher invites students to answer the questions and gives his/her own suggestions as well.

Assignment: Back interpretation: Students read the suggested English version of Premier Wen’s speech and put in back into Chinese while reading. Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen,

With the approach of the 25th anniversary of China-US diplomatic ties, I have come to your country on an official visit at the invitation of President Bush. New York City is the first leg of my current trip and I am really delighted to join so many old and new friends here. I wish to express my special thanks to the American Bankers Association for its gracious hospitality, and to pay my respects to all those who have for years dedicated themselves to greater trade and economic cooperation between our two countries. I also wish to convey, through you, my cordial greetings and best wishes to the great American people.

In recent weeks, China and the US have been coping with some differences and frictions over the trade issue. As such, my current visit has been given rather intense attention. Let me first assure you that I have come to this country to seek friendship and cooperation, and not to fight a \war\

Many a difference derives from a lack of understanding. I am convinced that with dialogue and consultation, China and the US are entirely able to narrow their differences and broaden their areas of cooperation.

When talking about China-US trade, we should not overlook one fundamental fact, that is, in the past 25 years, two-way trade has experienced a tremendous expansion. From merely 2.5 billion US dollars in 1979 to over 100 billion today, the increase is dozens of times. Does such a huge increase benefit only one side at the expense of the other? Or is China the winner and theUS the loser? The answer is obviously no. In fact, both countries have reaped tremendous benefits from the rapid expansion of China-US trade.

No one in his wildest imagination could have expected 25 years ago the sheer magnitude of China-US trade and economic relations of today. With over 40,000 US-invested enterprises, the paid-in value of the total US investment in China now stands at 43 billion US dollars. Of the top 500 US companies, more than 400 have come to China, and most of them are making a handsome profit. The McDonald's and KFC chain stores are found in almost every Chinese city, large or small. Products bearing such famous American brands as Microsoft, Intel, Motorola, P&G, Kodak and GM sell quickly on the Chinese market. Of every ten rolls of films used by Chinese consumers, seven are made by Kodak. Wal-Mart and other US retailing firms are also doing successfully in China. At the same time, many Chinese merchandizes have become favored choices of US consumers. The number of Chinese-invested enterprises in the US has surpassed 700.

As we all know, trade and commerce form the economic foundation of our bilateral relations. Being mutually beneficial and win-win, China-US trade and economic ties have not only delivered tangible economic benefits to the two peoples, but underpinned the overall relationship, giving it a powerful driving force for a steady expansion. As for the contribution made by the thriving China-US economic partnership to the prosperity of the surrounding areas and the world economic growth, it is there for all to see.

The reason for such a rapid growth in China-US trade lies, in the final analysis, in the high degree of complementarity of the two economies, which, to a large extent, stems from their big differences in economic resources, economic structures and consumption levels. China is the world's largest developing country with a huge market, fast development and a low cost of labor, but short in capital and relatively backward in technology and management. On the other hand, the US is the world's largest developed country, big in economic size, abundant in capital, and advanced in science and technology. But the cost of labor in the US is very high. Such diversity and complementarity will remain for a long time, and are likely to feature more prominently in the ongoing economic globalization. This, in my view, is the material basis for the sustained and rapid expansion of China-US trade.

Depicting how climbers of the towering Mount Tai feel, an ancient Chinese poem goes, \ascend the mountain's crest; it dwarfs all peaks under my feet.\China-US trade, we also need to take a strategic perspective of vision and foresight. Problems such as US trade deficit with China, the RMB exchange rate, and IPR protection, are of concern to many quarters of US society. But they are also problems that come along with expanded China-US trade, and they can be ironed out gradually since common understanding on them is entirely obtainable. They should not, and will not, stand in the way of the larger interests of China-US trade. As whirlpools are sometimes found in a surging river, the flows of history can also be interrupted by some occasional setbacks. As bilateral trade and economic relations grow in size, some frictions are hardly avoidable. So long as the two sides act in good faith, such problems can be resolved properly through equal consultation and expanded cooperation.

During my interview with The Washington Post two weeks ago and my meetings with American friends at other times, I explained our positions on the above hot issues. If you still have some questions, I will be glad to answer them later on.

A review of China-US trade and economic relations in the past quarter of a century reveals certain important experience and lessons that we should bear in mind. Now, I would like to propose the following five principles for fair trade and economic partnership between China and the US for your consideration:

First, mutual benefit and win-win result. Thinking broadly, one should take account of the other's interests while pursuing its own.

Second, development first. Existing differences should be resolved through expanded trade and economic cooperation.

Third, greater scope to coordinating mechanisms in bilateral trade and economic relations. Disputes should be addressed in a timely manner through communication and consultation to avoid possible escalation.

Fourth, equal consultation. The two sides should seek consensus on major issues while reserving differences on minor issues, instead of imposing restrictions or sanctions at every turn. Fifth, do not politicize economic and trade issues.

These five principles are based on the WTO framework and existing norms of international trade. They are essential for a correct understanding and proper handling of possible trade disputes or frictions between our two countries in the years ahead. The core elements of these principles are development, equality, and mutual benefit. Development is our driving force, equality the premise, and mutual benefit our goal. This, in my opinion, also serves the need for a constructive and cooperative relationship to which both sides are committed.

Take the problems of our trade imbalance for example. By putting development first, we mean to take a forward-looking approach that allows us to narrow the trade gap through continued expansion of two-way trade. As you all know, we do not go after an increase of US trade deficit with China. But reducing Chinese exports to the US is no good answer, for so doing serves neither China nor the US in solving its unemployment problem. Instead, it will seriously harm the interests of millions of American consumers and US firms operating in China. A more realistic solution is for the US to expand its export to China. We on our part have demonstrated the utmost sincerity and made our greatest effort by substantially increasing import of farm products and machinery from the US, and placing more purchasing orders for needed American commodities. At the same time, we hope the US will recognize China's market economy status, and lift its export restrictions on high-tech products. I ardently hope that the relevant US departments will make a clean break with those obsolete concepts and anachronistic practices, and throw them into the Pacific Ocean, so as to boldly keep pace with the times. Ladies and Gentlemen,

I for one have full confidence in the future of China-US trade and economic cooperation. The road ahead might not be all smooth sailing, but the prospect is surely promising. Internationally, China-US economic partnership faces a window of rare strategic opportunity. A pattern featuring economic interdependence, mutual benefit and win-win, a pattern of each having something of the other, is taking shape. I have noticed that the US economy has started its long-awaited rebound. And I would like to tell you in a responsible manner that China's economy will maintain a sound growth momentum for a considerably long time to come.

-Chinas a whole has entered the crucial stage of industrialization and urbanization. And the strong domestic demand will keep its economy growing continuously.

- Continued structural innovation has made Chinese economy increasingly dynamic. The market now plays an essential role in the allocation of resources. The public sector has become more vigorous thanks to restructuring, reorganization and upgrading, and the non-public sectors have made giant strides.

- The Chinese Government is more capable of macro-economic control and regulation. We successfully coped with the impact of the Asian financial crisis, and managed to pull off an 8.5 percent growth this year, despite the SARS epidemic.

-China's opening-up is getting even wider and its investment environment better, China is now one of the world's safest places. We have done a fruitful work in honoring our WTO commitments, and more and more foreign investors have been attracted to China.

Given the above, we are confident in our ability to maintain an economic growth rate of around 7 percent for a long time to come, reaching a GDP level of over 4 trillion US dollars by 2020. In the next three years, China plans to import over 1 trillion US dollars worth of goods, and its service sector will open still wider to the outside world. The rapidly growing Chinese economy will not only benefit the 1.3 billion Chinese people, but expand the horizon of trade and economic cooperation between China and other countries, the US included, creating a huge number of opportunities for Chinese and American businesses.

The Chinese Government will continue to encourage foreign investment and protect foreign investors in China. As its consumption structure and industrial structure upgrade, China needs more and more advanced know-how, equipment and services. The southeast coastal region of China, in particular, is well poised to becoming home to a number of manufacturing hubs. Moreover, while we are pressing ahead with the western development program, the large-scale overhaul of Northeast China and other old industrial bases is under way. American business and financial communities are welcome to seize these opportunities and expand their presence in the Chinese market. We want to see more large US firms working together with Chinese enterprises, and we hope the small and medium-sized US firms can also join in.

Let me tell you this, I plan to make a proposal to President Bush to raise the level of the Joint Commission on Commerce and Trade, so as to better serve bilateral trade and economic cooperation. I am sure he will agree with me. Ladies and Gentlemen,

China's development relies mainly on domestic demand. We do not seek long-standing, excessive trade surplus, but work to maintain a basic balance between import and export. We hope the two sides will set store by the larger interests of China-US relations, seize the opportunities by

enhancing trust and dispelling suspicion, and work persistently to bring bilateral trade and economic cooperation to a new high.

As a famous American saying goes, \work together with our friends from the US business and financial communities to open a new chapter in China-US trade and economic cooperation. Thank you.

Unit Three

(Weeks 4& 5)

Skill: E-C sight interpretation

Material: Presentation by Mr. Andrew Stoler at the Shenzhen & WTO Forum 2003 In-class activities:

1. Teacher’s analysis:

a) Major differences between English and Chinese

汉语重内在意念，不重外在形式，句型复杂多样。有整句（有主谓结构），还有大量的零句（词或词组构成）

Grammatical or logic devices are more often used in English, clearly indicating the relations between phrases, clauses and other elements.

b) In E-C interpretation, a linear approach is adopted.

c) For preparation, English sentences are divided into units of information. d) Various E-C translation techniques: Addition, Omission, Conversion Examples:

1）. Among the most important are: the most favoured nation rule/ which ensures that China is not treated less well than/ any other WTO member.

最重要的包括：最惠国待遇保障中国享受与其他WTO成员国同样的待遇。

2）. A separate agreement on import licensing procedures/ ensures that these requirements are not imposed in discriminatory or trade restrictive ways.

还有一个单独的协议涉及进口许可程序，它保证这些规则的实行，不得进行歧视，或者限制进口。

3）. Member governments must provide due process to traders/ in procedures having to do with investigations/ like those conducted for anti-dumping purposes.

成员国政府必须提供合理的程序，给贸易商，涉及与调查有关的程序，象反倾销那样的。

4）. The only exceptions permitted to these non-discriminatory provisions /are those which are allowed in connection with a WTO Member’s participation in free trade agreements or customs

unions.

这些非歧视条款的唯一例外情况是世贸组织成员国参与了自由贸易协定或关税同盟的。

2. Students practice with the first part of the talk by Mr. Andrew Stoler. (世贸组织原副总干事 澳洲阿德雷德大学国际经济法商学院院长)

Slide 1

My presentation this morning will be divided roughly into three sections. First, I want to review some of the fundamentals about how Chinese exporters and those producers making goods for export can make use of China’s membership in the WTO to gain secure access to overseas markets. This is a combination of knowing how the system works in terms of its rules and understanding how your rights to market access are protected under WTO.

Next, I plan to discuss several special problems associated with export trade. My focus will be on antidumping actions against Chinese companies, and on the need to respect intellectual property rights.

In the third section of my talk today, I will discuss what I see as some of the big opportunities today for China to take advantage of ongoing negotiations on a number of levels. Some of these opportunities, for example, reducing tariffs through a multilateral trade negotiation, are opportunities that arise only once every ten years, so it is important not to miss the chance.

Slide 3

Returning to these areas in slightly greater depth, we can start by noting that the big difference for China of now being inside the WTO is that under the WTO system, access to markets on the basis of negotiated concessions is legally guaranteed.

WTO membership also brings with it the advantages of a non-discriminatory environment. No WTO Member is free to treat Chinese exporters any less favourably than the treatment it gives to other countries’ exporters. Often, the treatment is as good as the country affords to its own nationals.

The system provides important legal protections for exporters and,

As a result of China’s commitments made under its protocol of accession to the WTO, it is now much easier for Chinese companies to import into China foreign-origin components required in the manufacture of goods for export of for sale on the local market.

Slide 5

Antidumping is becoming more and more of a problem in international trade. It is a particularly serious problem here in China because many foreign countries treat China as a non-market economy. Exporters need to know how to protect themselves against harassment.

China accepted some very important obligations on respecting intellectual property rights when it joined the WTO. It is important for Chinese exporters and those producing for the domestic market to respect others’ intellectual property rights. At the same time, your own intellectual property rights are now legally protected under the WTO.

Slide 7

There are some very important opportunities for Chinese firms in negotiations going on at at least three different levels in 2003-2004. Where you are aware of access barriers to your exports, you should be in touch with Beijing to inform negotiators where you would like to see foreign measures liberalised. At the top of the opportunities list is the multilateral trade negotiation launched in Qatar two years ago. More than 170 countries are involved in this negotiation and there are a wide range of topics under discussion in addition to regular market access negotiations.

Just over two years ago, when China was negotiating its own accession to the WTO, foreign countries used the accession negotiation to gain increased access to the Chinese market. Today, China is in the WTO and China has the opportunity to demand that other countries seeking entry into the WTO should open their markets to goods and services from China.

Finally, China is now party to free trade agreement discussions with a number of economies. Here in Shenzhen, I imagine that you are very eager to take advantage of the new CEPA agreement with Hong Kong. China has also agreed to establish an FTA with the ASEAN countries and to examine whether an FTA with Australia might be a good idea. There are many opportunities in these actual or future negotiations.

2. Students model for the rest of the class with the same material.

3. Class discussions of the difficulties encounters and teacher’s comments. 4. Sight interpretation with the second part of the presentation

Slide 9

China’s participation in the WTO guarantees Chinese exporters access to markets for industrial products, for food and agricultural products and for services.

Many ways in which the access is guaranteed are the same for the three sectors, but there are also some important differences in approach.

Slide 11

For industrial products, WTO Members’ tariff rates are listed at their legally-bound maximum level. Actual , applied tariffs may be lower, but the country cannot charge duties higher than the rates bound in its schedule.

Most tariffs are ad valorem and based on the value of the imported good. Thanks to the WTO Customs Valuation Agreement, imports – with very rate exceptions – need to have their value set as the transaction cost.

In the past, countries used to require importers and manufacturers to mix certain amounts of domestically-sourced products with those imported. These local content requirements are now outlawed in the WTO.

Customs officials are bound by WTO rules not to charge fees for formalities that are disproportional to the costs of services provided.

Quantitative restrictions are strictly prohibited, with the exception of the remaining textiles and clothing measures and their possible use in connection with safeguards actions.

Slide 13

Prior to the last round of negotiations, many countries banned imports of certain agricultural goods or used extremely restrictive quotas to protect themselves against imports. The effects of these restrictions was quantified and converted into tariffs applied in conjunction with tariff rate quotas where ―in-quota‖ amounts are set according to special current and minimum access requirements.

For a limited time, special safeguards may be used on tariffied products in a way that might limit access, but only for short periods.

An agreement on sanitary and phytosanitary measures ensures that artificial health and safety-based barriers are not introduced.

Like for goods, the market access commitments made by WTO members on agricultural products are bound in their WTO schedules – providing a certain amount of legal certainty for exporters.

Slide 15

For services trade, access commitments are also bound in schedules of commitments that guarantee access for foreign services providers. In the case of services, commitments are made according to four modes of delivery known as Cross-border, consumption abroad, movement of natural persons and commercial presence. Schedules also contain information about certain horizontal limitations, for example, visa restrictions or requirements to gain approval for foreign direct investment.

In services, it is possible to gain access to a market, but be denied national treatment. For example, a country may allow foreign universities to deliver programs on its territory but deny these universities the same subsidies it pays to national institutions.

In some cases, access to the services market may be conditioned by access to goods trade. For example, what use is there to being given the right to provide distribution services for mangoes unless the importation of mangoes into the country is permitted?

Slide 17

With China in the WTO, Chinese exporters have gained the right to a non-discriminatory trading environment, guaranteed by certain key WTO rules and agreements. Among the most important are:The most favoured nation rule which ensures that China is not treated less well than any other WTO Member.

National treatment: This means that for a wide range of purposes, for example, taxation, application of regulations in the trade area, etc., Chinese firms are not treated on the same basis as nationals of the country in which they are operating.

The technical barriers to trade agreement ensures that Chinese goods cannot be arbitrarily blocked from access to markets through the introduction of unjustifiable product standards.

A separate agreement on import licensing procedures ensures that these requirements are not imposed in discriminatory or trade restrictive ways.

The only exceptions permitted to these non-discriminatory provisions are those which are allowed in connection with a WTO Member’s participation in free trade agreements or customs unions.

Slide 19

Chinese exporters have gained an impressive number of legal protections as a result of China’s participation in the WTO. WTO guarantees transparency in rules and regulations and the way in which product standards are developed. Member governments must provide due process to traders in procedures having to do with investigations like those conducted for antidumping purposes.

Many goods must be transshipped through one or more countries prior to reaching the final country of destination. Under WTO, the right of transit for these products is guaranteed. Restrictions on trade or payments tied to balance of payments difficulties are very heavily regulated and it is now very difficult for countries to abuse the use of trade restrictions for this purpose. Intellectual property rights are protected under the TRIPS agreement.

And very importantly – where countries do not respect their obligations, China now has the right to challenge their behaviour under the WTO’s dispute settlement system. As you know, recently, China was among those that successfully challenged the United States steel safeguards measures in the WTO.

Slide 21

Many businesses need to import components for incorporation in the products they are producing either for the domestic Chinese market or for export. Importing has been greatly liberalised by China’s joining the WTO.

Export performance, trade balancing, foreign exchange balancing and prior experience requirements were all eliminated when China joined WTO.

In order to accelerate availability of trading rights to Chinese firms, minimum registered capital requirements were relaxed to RMB 5 million for year 1, RMB 3 million for year 2 and RMB 1 million for year 3.

Beginning in 2005, China has committed that all enterprises in China will be permitted to freely import and export goods throughout the customs territory of China.

Slide 23

Antidumping is an increasing problem in international trade. China is now among the worst affected by antidumping actions. Many of these actions have been taken by developed country trading partners of China, but many are also imposed by developing countries.

It is important for Chinese exporters to understand the rules and avoid dumping. Often, because many countries persist in treating China as a non-market economy, Chinese companies caught up in a dumping case will fare less well than those in other countries. An important part of protecting yourself against antidumping harassment is to keep the right production and sales records.

Slide 25

This chart shows the alarming rise in antidumping actions over recent years.

Of particular concern is the rising number of antidumping actions taken by developing countries. At 191 actions in 2001, developing countries’ use of antidumping actions exceeded developed countries’ use by 22 percent. And the trend has continued.

Slide 26

This may seen a bit elementary – and I apologize for that, but it is important to understand the rules that apply in the case of antidumping. Understanding the rules helps you to protect yourself against harassment.

Products are considered to be dumped when they are sold for export at a price seen as less than their normal value. The difference between the normal value and the lower export price is the dumping margin.

Normally, antidumping duties are assessed at a level equal to the dumping margin. So, if the ―normal value‖ price in China for a mobile phone is $50 and the phone is exported to Korea for $35, the dumping margin is $15 or 43 percent – the amount of antidumping duty that would be needed to bring the export price back to the normal value of $50.

But ―normal value‖ is not an entirely straight-forward concept. Slide 28

Generally, the ―normal value‖ should be the price of the good when sold for a profit in the Chinese market.

But there are many important exceptions to this rule.

Slide 30

―Normal value‖ cannot be the same as the price of the good when sold for profit in China:

-- If there are no sales of the like product in the ordinary course of trade. And by sales in the ordinary course of trade, it is assumed that the volume of sales cannot be insignificant.

-- Proper comparisons of prices may not be possible due to particular marketing situations in the home market. For example, maybe the producer and seller of the product only markets the product through a related distributor in the Chinese market. Perhaps there are quality differences between the good sold on the Chinese market and the good sold for export.

-- Finally, and this is very important in the case of China, home market prices are rejected for normal value purposes by many foreign countries because they consider either that China is a non-market economy where prices and costs are artificial or that artificial non-market economy prices prevail in the specific sector under investigation.

Slide 32

In addition to considerations that can affect normal value, there are a number of issues that can affect what is used as the export price of the good – for antidumping purposes.

Normally, the export price will not be ―usable‖ in its original amount if it is between related exporters and importers, if it is not at the same level of trade or is affected by quantity discounts or

physical differences in the like products. Also, investigating authorities normally look at several transactions and if the prices are different for different sales, then averaging methodologies need to be developed.

All of this is pretty much out of control of the exporting firm, although it is important to understand which figures are being used in case you need to argue the merits of the action at a later date.

Slide 34

In those cases where normal value cannot be determined with reference to the price of the product in the home country market, investigating authorities have a number of fall-back options. These include using:

Price of exports to third country market when considered as above cost Or

Constructed normal value: Cost of production

Reasonable amount for selling, general & administrative costs Reasonable amount for profit

Slide 36

Antidumping actions are difference from nearly every other trade action because they are concerned NOT with the actions of governments, but rather with the behaviour of individual companies. This means that it is up to each and every individual exporting company to take steps to protect itself against being caught up in a foreign investigation. Of course, an important first step is to avoid dumping. Sometimes, however, dumping can happen almost by accident, so it is important to prepare for the worst and protect your interests.

A first important step is timely response to the questionnaire sent out by the authorities. If at all possible, you do not want to give the investigators an excuse to reject your information because it arrived too late.

Second, you need to keep the right kind of business records. Records on prices and costs are particularly important in rebutting a presumption of non-market economy status. In Korea, Chinese exporters of gas lighters were able to successfully document their case for market economy treatment in part because of the good information they were able to supply to the Korean authorities.

Slide 38

Finally, a word about the kinds of records you should keep. Generally, investigating authorities are supposed to use exporters’ own records in the investigation when:

Reflect cost of production and sale

Cost allocations historically utilized (especially for amortization & depreciation periods, capital allowances and other development costs)

Records kept in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in exporting country

Slide 40

In the WTO, protection of intellectual property rights is taken very seriously. Under the Agreement on trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights, legally enforceable protection is mandated for copyright, trademarks, patents, industrial designs, geograohic indications and lay-out designs.

The agreement has its roots in business concern over the huge amount of piracy and counterfeiting that takes place every year around the world. The arrival of digital products and digital copying techniques has made the problem even worse and huge amounts of money are being lost to IP pirates everyday.

And the problem is not related only to digital or industrial products. The World Health Organisation estimates that 25% of medicine in developing countries is counterfeit.

Under WTO, respect for intellectual property rights is extremely important and is taken very seriously. Penalties under enforcement provisions can be severe.

Slide 42

Some of the actions that can be taken under the TRIPS Agreement to enforce intellectual property rights include:

1. Judicial injunctions – or legal orders to cease infringing intellectual property rights.

2. Payment of damages to rights holders can be ordered by judicial authorities in WTO member countries.

3. Destruction of infringing goods. It is normal procedure when counterfeit goods are seized in border operations to destroy the goods.

4. And there are important criminal penalties for commercial scale violations, including: Destruction of means of production Fines and Imprisonment

Assignment: 1. Produce a list of WTO-related vocabulary.

2. E-C sight interpretation Slide 44- the end

Slide 44

Chinese exporters seeking enhanced market access opportunities are in a position to benefit from at least three separate routes to greater trade liberalisation in negotiations that are underway now.

There is, of course, the multilateral trade negotiations underway at the WTO in Geneva and known as the Doha Round. The timetable for completion of these negotiations is the end of next year. Current plans call for bringing the negotiations to a close at a Ministerial meeting to be held in Hong Kong, China.

Negotiations by other countries that are still seeking accession to the WTO present another important opportunity to gain access to these countries’ markets.

And China, like most countries these days, is actively exploring bilateral and regional trading arrangements. For the most part, these agreements are likely to be negotiated and phased in over a period of many years, so there is time to plan your objectives for the relevant markets.

Slide 46

The Doha Round is a complex and difficult negotiation, involving more than 170 countries. But it presents very significant opportunities for export-oriented business. The core of the negotiation is enhanced access to markets for goods, services and agricultural products. Also important from China’s viewpoint, are the Rules Group negotiations where there are possibilities to fix some of the problems now caused for Chinese exporters by the way other countries conduct their antidumping investigations.

Reducing and eliminating trade-distorting subsidies to agriculture is another key are of the negotiations. Trade facilitation negotiations offer the prospect of moving goods more rapidly through ports and customs clearance procedures.

The objective is to complete the negotiations by the end of 2004. The World Bank has estimated that world output could expand by as much as $520 billion with a successful outcome to the talks. This means a lot of new opportunities for China.

Slide 48

The Doha Round’s final approach to reducing tariffs has yet to be decided, however, there are encouraging signs that WTO members are moving in the direction of employing what has come to be called the Swiss Formula approach. Using this formula means that higher tariffs would be cut proportionately more than lower tariffs. That approach also helps to reduce problems associated with tariff escalation – where more highly manufactured products attract higher tariff rates – and tariff peaks (tariff rates in developed countries above 15%).

In addition to the formula, WTO Members have discussed going for additional liberalisation through the development of sectoral arrangements like those of the Uruguay Round where many tariff rates were reduced to zero.

Slide 50

Non-tariff barriers are also on the table in this negotiation. In this exercise, we are concerning ourselves with perfectly ―legal‖ measures that interfere with trade. The barrier may be generalised among many WTO Members or it may be the rule or policy in just one WTO country. An example of the former is the non-market economy rule now applied by many countries for antidumping purposes and subject to negotiation in the Rules Negotiating Group. Other non tariff barriers might involve particular product standards, or product-specific taxes. WTO’s Doha Round offers and important and unique opportunity to reduce or eliminate such problems.

Slide 52

The proposed negotiation in the WTO of new rules and approaches to facilitating trade should be supported strongly by both exporters and importers. The idea is to speed up customs clearance of merchandise and reduce the amount of time goods spend in port facilities. Under the

proposed agreement, countries would undertake to employ advanced electronic clearance and release procedures and discuss ways to:

Enhance measures to speed trans-shipments across third countries,

Reduce to the minimal level necessary any applicable import/export fees and formalities; and

Make trade regulations and rules more transparent so that both importers and exporters can more perfectly understand the trade regime of a particular country.

A great deal of practical good can result from a negotiation on trade facilitation measures.

Slide 54

Another very important area where there are opportunities to negotiate enhanced market access are the various WTO negotiations on accession to the Organisation of new members. When China was negotiating its own accession to the WTO, many demands were put on it to reduce barriers and open up markets. Now Chinese exporters have the chance to demand additional access commitments of those countries still in the accession process.

Among the countries now negotiating their accession to the WTO are some very important actual and potential markets: Russia, Ukraine, Vietnam and Saudi Arabia, to name just a few.

Slide 56

Finally, there are some interesting possibilities to gain new market access through negotiations taking place outside of the WTO where China is in various stages of considering bilateral or regional free trade arrangements. China has concluded a closer economic partnership agreement with Hong Kong, China. I imagine that this will make trading easier for exporters and importers here in next-door Shenzhen. That agreement enters into force in just a couple of weeks.

China and ASEAN member countries have agreed to progressively lower barriers to each others’ exports with a view to achieving an FTA in ten years time.

And, China and Australia have recently announced agreement to conduct a feasibility study of a possible FTA. That study is due to be completed by October 2005.

When one combines all of these regional and bilateral opportunities with the enormous opportunities of the WTO negotiations, the picture is extremely exciting.

Slide 58

We are living in an exciting time for international trade and development. This is true generally, but even more so in China where a rapidly expanding domestic economy coincides with increasing exports and additional opportunities through ongoing trade negotiations. Here in Shenzhen, you are well-placed to take advantage of these opportunities.

The possibilities open to you through WTO participation are significant. What’s even more important is that the new liberalisation opportunities, once achieved, will be backed by the legal guarantees of the WTO.

Neither the opportunities, not the guarantees would have been possible if China had not decided to join the WTO. I think you will agree with me that the experience of the past two years has demonstrated that WTO membership has been valuable to China.

I hope you have gained something from what I have had to say today. It’s been a pleasure speaking to you. Thank you very much for your attention.

Unit Four

(Weeks 6&7)

Skill: SI with text

Material: 多哈发展议程谈判的地位(tape),a speech by Raymond Krommenacker (世贸组织培训与技术合作亚太区域协调人) In-class activities:

1. Warming up: Listen to the first part of the speech and repeat after the speaker in the original language.

Your Excellencies, Honoured Guests, Distinguished Business Leaders, Ladies and Gentlemen,

It is an honour and privilege for me to participate in this Conference and to be able to

share with you some views on the multilateral trading system, the status of the Doha Development Agenda Negotiations and the opportunities and challenges for China of intensified engagement at the WTO. But let me start by expressing my appreciation to the Convenors of the Conference for having me join you at this important event. I would also like to thank our hosts for their warm welcome and extend my congratulations to all those responsible for making this impressive gathering possible.

China completed its long process of accession to become a Member of the WTO in

December 2001, just a few weeks after the launch of the Doha Round of multilateral trade negotiations. Two years later, we are celebrating China's smooth integration into the multilateral trading system. Her continuing story of outstanding economic success is a tribute to the vision and professionalism of China's policymakers. Progressive liberalisation of trade and investment has played a key role in China's economic growth and development over the past 25 years, and China is today providing inspiration for other developing country Members of the WTO through

the leadership role that it is taking in the organisation.

It is an unhappy coincidence that this second anniversary celebration should be taking

place amidst disappointment in the WTO over the setback to the Doha Round that occurred at the 5th Ministerial Conference in Cancún, Mexico in September 2003.

Ministers at Cancún were unable to reach consensus on how to carry our work forward in

key areas including agriculture and non-agricultural market access. There were significant differences in the views of Members on how to handle the Singapore Issues - investment, competition policy, transparency in government procurement and trade facilitation. A solution to these issues in the WTO – and the sooner the better - will foster the kind of enabling business environment that you are aspiring to and which you deserve in your role as key contributors to the growth of the global economy.

2. Sight interpretation: put the following into Chinese while reading it.

The need to get the DDA negotiations back on track as soon as possible cannot be

over-emphasized. Although some notable successes had been achieved in the past such as reducing average tariffs on manufactures from a high of 40% in the 1940s to less than 4% in the OECD countries, there still remain serious impediments to trade in agriculture, in industrial goods and in services. Tariff peaks and developed country tariffs which escalate with the level of processing are of particular concern for developing countries. But so too are high tariffs between developing countries. Barriers to trade tend to be concentrated in agriculture, food products, textiles and clothing and other manufactured goods in which developing countries have comparative advantage. In agriculture, these impediments are also severely compounded by the fact that developing countries also have to compete in markets where huge subsidies abound – to the tune of 1 billion dollars a day in OECD countries.

Delivery on the Doha mandate on agriculture should help countries such as China to

address its concern to raise rural incomes in order to avoid excessive migration to urban centres. It would broaden existing, and open new, avenues for China's agricultural exports, while at the same time levelling the playing field by reducing or phasing out trade-distorting domestic support and export subsidies. As a result of trade liberalization, no doubt some sectors in China may contract in the short-run but others will expand. Moreover, under the WTO framework effective ways to

support rural areas exist, such as research into improving productivity and introducing the results of that research, market information, pest and disease control, credit programmes, as well as measures to promote diversification of production away from the least efficient sectors. Overall, full delivery on the Doha mandate for further reform in agriculture will ultimately improve China's competitive position relative to other countries.

With respect to industrial goods, China stands to gain very substantially from further

liberalization in this sector. Although following reductions made in successive trade rounds, tariffs are less of an issue for market access in industrial products, they are still important impediments to trade. And we should not forget that the impact of high tariffs is borne by domestic consumers as well as user industries in the form of more expensive goods and services. These costs tend to hit the poorest hardest, and hamper the competitiveness of user industries. The negotiations offer the chance for Members, who have not already done so, to increase the level of their tariff bindings to help create a more predictable climate for trade and investment. It also offers the opportunity to tackle non-tariff barriers which have grown as industrial tariffs come down.

Equally, further liberalization and rule-making in the services negotiations offers great

scope to China just as it does for other countries. The WTO's General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) is a relatively new agreement and hence the commitments made in the last round of trade negotiations generally reflect the status quo of market opening. The World Bank has estimated that welfare gains from a fifty per cent cut in protection in the services sector would be five times larger than for non-services sector trade liberalisation. Ranging from accountancy to telecommunications, and to construction and tourism, services are the largest and most dynamic component of both developed and developing country economies.

China has a service sector which is growing in importance. In the future, more jobs will

need to be created in the service sector in order to absorb China's adjustment from an agricultural/rural society to an urban society. Apart from being a potentially huge exporter of services, China also stands to gain very significantly from an improvement in its own service infrastructure. All the more developed economies have an efficient services sector which accounts for more than one half of GDP.

It is impossible for any country to prosper today under the burden of an inefficient and

expensive service infrastructure. Producers and exporters of any product will not be competitive

without access to efficient banking, insurance, accountancy, telecoms and transport systems. China's financial services sector, in particular, has a huge potential to expand and to provide key services to companies and consumers. Without the spur of competition they are unlikely to excel in this role and this will be to the detriment of overall economic efficiency and growth. China's services sector also needs to obtain the know how and technology applied in services industries in more developed countries. China has, so far, played an active role in the services negotiations. It needs to maintain this constructive approach and help convince other developing country members to be more active in the services negotiations.

3. Simultaneous Interpreting: Listen to the above part again and put it into Chinese while listening with reference to the script. 4. Simultaneous Interpreting:

The Doha Round also covers strengthening of existing WTO rules as well as the

possibility of extending them to other areas. Amongst other things, we are looking at how to strengthen WTO disciplines on anti-dumping. It is important that we have strong disciplines to prevent unfair trading practices, but at the same time these should not be used to undermine liberalisation achieved. Clearly, China has a lot to gain from strengthening the disciplines on anti-dumping. As an exporter, China is subject to far more anti-dumping measures than any other country. Since 1995, its exports have been subject to 324 anti-dumping investigations.

The negotiations are exploring ways of making special and differential treatment

provisions for developing countries more precise, effective and operational to assist these countries to participate more actively in international trade. Accommodating the concerns many developing countries have about the implementation of WTO agreements that were negotiated in the last round of trade negotiations are also being considered in the negotiations. The negotiations are also aimed at clarifying and improving the WTO's dispute settlement mechanism, which is a central element in guaranteeing security and predictability to the multilateral trading system.

The value of the Doha Round for China, like China's membership in the WTO, however,

goes well beyond the business of trade. Tremendous reforms have been accomplished by China and much of the groundwork for further reforms has been laid. The Doha Round by breaking down the remaining barriers to trade and bringing economies closer together will help ensure that the momentum for change in China continues. WTO, like China, cannot stand still. There is much

to be done to ensure that the multilateral trading system evolves in tandem with the global economy and meets the needs of business people and consumers around the world. It would be a waste if the Doha Round were to go dormant and the hard won gains made in the negotiations, so far, squandered. It would be equally tragic if China and other Members do not fully seize the opportunities offered by the Doha Round to improve the lives of their peoples.

Without further progress in the Doha Round, there is a strong risk that regional and

bilateral arrangements would distract attention from multilateral negotiations. Already bilateral and regional trading arrangements are a prominent feature of the trading system. Today, there are around 250 agreements currently in force and there could be close to 300 by 2005. While regional trade agreements could bring economic benefits and bolster international cooperation, they are to be seen as a complement to, and not a substitute, for multilateral liberalization. Regional agreements must be carefully designed and managed if they are not to result in mutually inconsistent provisions that ultimately increase the costs of doing business across borders and raise uncertainty as regards the applicable rules. If only partial liberalization is pursued, as is the case in some bilateral agreements, we know that these exclude so-called \more often than not to sectors of particular interest to developing countries, most notably agriculture. Any deal in agriculture and many other areas that may matter to you will only be possible in a multilateral setting.

China's economic relations with the world are simply too large and too pervasive to be

managed effectively through a maze of arbitrary, shifting and unstable bilateral deals. China's best guarantee of coherent and consistent international trade policies, just as it is for other countries, is to be found inside the rules-based multilateral trading system. This is the best way to resist bilateral pressures or threats of unilateral action. It is also the best way to sustain and promote domestic economic reform - knowing that China's efforts in this direction are being matched by its trading partners who share the same obligations under the WTO Agreements.

So far, China's participation in the WTO dispute settlement system has been limited ( it

was a co-complainant in the Steel case) and it has yet to be a defendant in WTO dispute settlement. However, the flipside to a slowdown in the negotiations is the potential rise in dispute settlement activity. While the willingness of Members to bring their trade disputes to the WTO is an important signal of confidence in the system, it also indicates that there are issues that still need to

be worked out amongst Members. Dispute settlement is a vital function of the WTO but it is a tool of last resort to be used only if rights are impaired. Members will always need the negotiating mechanism of the WTO to lead the way to find mutually beneficial compromises to difficult issues. It is in the interest of all Members to push ahead with the negotiations and to find ways within the Round to deal with frictions that are likely to arise as economies come closer together and to create new opportunities for trade.

China has achieved in one generation what in the past would have taken countries, three,

or maybe four, generations to do. This has been possible mainly because of China's own pragmatic economic policies and its willingness to stay on the road of reform despite having to encounter painful adjustment. But it has also been because of China's willingness to embrace the brave new world of opportunity and risk, which globalization represents. China is, today, at the very centre of this process and its future path to growth and development will be inextricably linked to the prosperity of the global economy.

As this event demonstrates, the business community is ready and able to be a frontrunner

in realizing this country's vision of a bright economic future. Your willingness to act is praiseworthy and the theme of this conference could not be more topical. We need public-private interaction to ensure that the Doha Development Agenda meets your development expectations. Negotiators need your support and input on how the multilateral trading system can best help develop huge economic potentials.

The contribution of trade to growth and development is widely acknowledged. It looms

large in many of the goals and targets of the Millennium Declaration, for instance in the 18th target relating to the role of trade and the multilateral trading system in spreading the benefits of new technologies. A crucial function is thereby assigned to the private sector. Business needs to seize the opportunities offered by further trade liberalization. On the export side, the reduction of trade barriers extends the market for individual firms, particularly for those located in small countries. Access to a larger market makes it easier for a company to reach a critical mass of demand that allows it to exploit economies of scale and further specialize in what it can do best. As regards imports, when manufacturers have access to a broad variety of specialized inputs on international markets, their productivity improves, their costs are reduced and their output increases.

Let's refer to the services negotiations. The WTO services negotiations have been

progressing in a positive manner. Although the services negotiations have been free from the kind of conflict and tension that seemed to characterize other areas of negotiations, failure to move ahead on more contentious issues in Cancún risks to hinder significant progress in services in the short term. Since January 2000, a large number of proposals have been submitted by WTO Members on a wide range of sectors and several horizontal issues, as well as on movement of natural persons. Participants have also submitted initial requests for specific services commitments (by 30 June 2002) and initial offers.

Even if services negotiations have not been subject to much conflict, Members may be

holding back more ambitious offers in anticipation of developments in other negotiating areas of the Doha Agenda.

The most prominent market access issue for many developing and least-developed countries

is \ There is a reason for a dose of optimism. First, Members are virtually starting from point zero. Second, given rapidly ageing populations, many developed countries have no alternative but to re-think their labour market policies. Third, developed country governments may have learned that \4\is not about immigration or large-scale labour movements, but concerns only the temporary presence of foreign service providers. Fourth, although the target groups are different (accountants and business consultants versus construction workers and nurses), a certain parallelism of interests between developed and developing countries has emerged and may contribute to establishing positive trade-offs even within this mode.

As far as services are concerned, much scope exists for further liberalization, both

autonomously and to take advantage of the value of binding commitments under the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS). The positive list approach of the GATS allows Members to work progressively towards market-opening, at different speeds for different services sectors and services modes of delivery. The importance from a development perspective of well-priced, efficient and generally available infrastructural services such as financial services need to be highlighted. There is need also for accompanying regulatory reforms at the domestic level, and in some cases reforms that precede liberalization.

The financial services sector plays a pivotal role in the efficient allocation of resources across

time and space in an uncertain environment. The sector's role in the economy can be summarised in terms of five functions: facilitating the trading, hedging, diversification and pooling of risk; allocating resources; monitoring managers and exerting corporate control; mobilising savings; and facilitating the exchange of goods and services.

The financial services sector's relevance for economic development is beyond doubt. But

does openness to trade in financial services improve the functioning of the financial services sector? If the answer is yes, trade liberalisation in financial services will improve the performance of the liberalising economy as a whole. For the banking sector, the evidence points to the affirmative. Case studies and cross-sectional econometric analysis find that the presence of foreign banks exerts competitive pressure on local banks and that there is a significant decline in their overhead costs following the entry of foreign banks. In addition, foreign banks often bring new products and may stimulate improvements in domestic supervision and regulation. Thus, although foreign banks often limit their activities to niches in the local market, their mere presence increases competition and improves the performance of local banks, forcing them to improve the range and quality of services provided. Moreover, entry of foreign banks also stimulates the improvement of bank supervisory and legal frameworks.

The gains from liberalisation in developing countries depend on the extent to which

liberalisation expands the financial market and on the quality of financial sector regulation. In the financial services sector, trade liberalisation may increase the exposure to risks related to external shocks and to exchange rate volatility. For these reasons in developing countries with less well-developed financial sectors, poor prudential provisions, and non-market arrangements such as administrative credit rationing and interest rate controls, setting the regulatory framework right is likely to be as important a step as fostering competition from foreign suppliers, and perhaps one that should precede the latter.

For the multilateral trading system to fulfill its full potential, it needs to respond effectively to

the immediate development needs of developing countries. This may call for selective special and differential treatment. These endeavours should not be guided by the assumption that disengagement and minimal commitments are the best recipe for supporting the development process through the WTO. Rather than that, effective special and differential treatment provisions that are acceptable to the whole membership require a judicious blend of flexibility and

discipline. Provisions must be focused and responsive to real development needs, they must deal with policy design and timing questions. This means that solid analysis of the real nature of development challenges should take precedence over politically-driven assertions.

5. Class discussion and summary: Students are encouraged to raise questions. Students discuss

problems encounters during practice. Teacher gives comments on students’ performances. Assignment: 1. Improve the WTO-related vocabulary

2. Simultaneous Interpreting

Furthermore, I would like to put some emphasis on key features of WTO activities related to

the effective participation of WTO Members in the negotiations. WTO technical assistance and training are heavily geared towards building the necessary human capital. A three-month intensive Trade Policy Course, which involves Asian academics and practitioners with a view to building local capacity for analysis, will be held in Hong Kong, China in 2004. Many other initiatives, such as joint research projects with Asian think tanks and Ph.D. mentor programmes, are on their way. Furthermore, 29 high officials from Asian and Pacific economies attended the Doha Development Agenda Advanced Course on DDA negotiating issues from 27 October to 1 November 2003 at Beijing. All our efforts must be measured against how effectively the WTO transfers knowledge and skills on a durable basis. We appreciate that China may also be preoccupied with supply-side constraints. We are for this reason active in forging effective partnerships with relevant agencies that provide trade-related support that the WTO is not equipped to deliver.

This WTO Advanced Programme is designed to assist Senior Government Officials

(Vice-Ministers) of WTO Members and Observers from developing economies and economies in transition with analytical tools needed to formulate appropriate negotiating positions on issues central to the Doha Development Agenda. It also provides senior negotiators with the opportunity to benefit from the insights of officials from other economies in their region. This is a significant new initiative that will assist in the more effective participation of economies in the Doha negotiations and work programme.

The Advanced Programme for Senior Government Officials is being organized in a number

of regional centres in developing regions, in partnership with regional development institutions.

Member governments are be key partners, while collaboration is sought from academic centres of excellence and research institutions. In the Asian and Pacific region, the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and Pacific (UNESCAP) is the regional partner. The Ministry of Commerce (MOFCOM) in Beijing is the key governmental partner of the WTO and UNESCAP. For this particular programme in 2003, the WTO and UNESCAP also collaborated with Peking University. Three-fourths of the funding was provided by the WTO, and the remaining one-fourth by UNESCAP. In addition, four other regional institutions were also invited to participate in this course. These were the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN), the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC), the Pacific Islands Forum (FORSEC) and the Asian Development Bank (ADB). This quadripartite cooperation is a positive illustration of the strategic partnership and synergies between four (regional, national and multilateral) entities and developing economies, to increase their technical capacity in trade negotiations. This particular Advanced Training Programme focused its work on the discussions of WTO trade negotiations issues under the Doha Development Agenda negotiations. This Beijing Advanced Programme represented an opportunity to discuss further these key issues and identify possible ways to compromise between WTO Members.

We hope that despite the recent setback at Cancún, senior officials will continue to persuade

their governments to engage and ensure realization of the opportunities offered through a genuine development agenda at the multilateral level. Successful negotiations are negotiations in which the outcome is balanced, with positive results for strengthening global demand, increasing growth, and at the same time generating benefits for all our Members. Such an outcome is only possible with the full engagement by Ministers steering the process and directing their trade negotiators in Geneva.

In November 2003, Dr. Supachai, Director-General of WTO, made the point that \

is too important to all of us to allow out setback at Cancún to keep us from our objective – an ambitious and balanced round that delivers better market access and more equitable rules for all our member governments and for the people they represent. While acknowledging the reality of the obstacles that lie ahead, I believe that we do now have a new opportunity, based on the real progress we have made, and on the lessons we have learned, to produce a much better result in the end.\

At the General Council meeting of 15 December 2003, Dr. Supachai emphasized that \

order to move ahead and to seize the window of opportunity that lies in front of us we will need delegations to translate the political will and support of Ministers into practical flexibilities. Reactivating the negotiation groups and other bodies will not automatically translate into further progress, unless delegations engage constructively and show a genuine willingness to negotiate. Our collective task is indeed to find that elusive link between political will and concrete progress\

At the Cancún Ministerial Conference, H.E. Mr. Lu Fuyuan, Minister of Commerce of China,

emphasized that, \our way to a well-off society, we need, more than ever an equitable and reasonable international economic new order, we need new fruits out of the DDA, and we need to participate in, reinforce and advance the multilateral trading system.(...)Ours is a colourful world. Countries having different civilizations and social systems and taking different roads to development should respect one another and draw upon one, another's strong points to realize mutual benefit and reciprocity and should develop side by side by seeking common ground while shelving differences. We believe that all Members should have equal participation in the WTO negotiations with their interests fully respected and reflected. The overwhelming majority of WTO Members are developing ones. Therefore enabling developing Members to genuinely benefit from the negotiations essentially safeguards the success of the DDA. Disregarding such an important basic fact will only result in a more zigzag and lengthy DDA process\

Thank you very much!

Unit Five

(Week 8)

Skill: pre-task preparation Relay & professional behavious

Materials: A speech in French provided by a guest speaker

In-class activities:

1. Teacher’s lecture on pre-task preparation.

? general background information

? topic-specific preparation: speakers background, speech outline, related materials ? vocabulary preparation

? various sources: magazines such as Beijing Review, Fast East Economic Review,

newspapers like China Daily and the Internet, such as the official government website, on-line dictionaries like the Kingsoft Online Dictionary. ?

2. French-Chinese-English Relay exercise: Teacher explains the relay mechanism and will invite

two students of French and a native speaker of French for assistance. Cooperation with partners is stressed.

3. Demonstration by teacher.

4. Pairs of students take turns to do the exercise.

5. Teacher’s comments and class discussion.

Assignments: prepare for a mock conference on the theme of Guangzhou’s bid to host the 2010 Asian Games. For details see Teacher Notes for Week 9-11.

Unit Six

(Weeks 9, 10 &11)

Mock Conference

Skill: Integrated Skill Training

Theme: Guangzhou bidding for hosting 2010 Asian Games

Venue: GDUFS International Convention Centre

Roles:

1 MC (from Guanzhou side)

8 Representatives from Olympic Council of Asia

5 Representatives from Guangzhou 2010 Asian Games Bidding Committee 16 Simultaneous interpreters

Arrangements:

? A class of 30 will be divided into two groups, with 14 persons in one group and 16 in the

other. The 14-member group will be responsible for preparing and delivering presentations on the conference, with the MC, the 8 representatives from Guangzhou side briefing on eight different aspects of preparation done by GZ for the bidding and answering relevant questions raised by the 5 representatives from OCA.

? The other group will form 8 pairs, each pair interpreting simultaneously for 35 to 40 minutes.

? All speeches, presentation materials and procedures will be prepared and designed by

students from the 14-member group themselves.

In-class activity: Mock conference.

? teacher as observer ? pair discussion

? self assessment by students ? teacher gives comments ? summary

Unit Seven

(Weeks 12,13 & 14)

Mock Conference

Skill: Integrated skill training

Theme: Consultative Conference on Shenzhen as an International City & Sustainable Development

Venue: GDUFS International Convention Centre

Roles: Group A: Counsel Generals of 7 countries in Guangzhou & Xiamen.

Group B: 8 representatives from industrial, business and academic communities, 4 Chinese

and 4 foreign guests.

Group B: 14 simultaneous interpreters in 7 pairs. Host: 1 Vice major of Shenzhen In order to be fair, speakers for the first mock conference during week 9-11 must switch to be simultaneous interpreters for this conference and vice versa. The host sets the programme makes sure that every participants understands the agenda.

Pre-task preparation: Students either prepare a speech to be delivered on the conference according to the assigned roles or prepare to deliver SI service for the conference.

In-class activity: Mock conference.

? teacher as observer ? pair discussion

? self assessment by students ? teacher gives comments

? summary and briefing on final exam

The End

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