自考英语二完整讲义 - 图文

自考“英语（二）”完整讲义（1） 2007-9-4 11:40

讲义一

Text A What Is a Decision ？ I.课文内容简介

决策的目的是制定和实现组织目标。作决策的原因是有问题存在、目标和目的不正确、或者有某种东西防碍目标或目的的实现。作决策的过程对管理人员来说至关重要。决策者必须具备从多个可供选择的可能性中确定最佳选择的手段。而多种目标的顺序和重要性也部分地基于决策者的价值观。今天所作的决策可能会对将来产生深远的影响。因此，有经验的管理者能从当前决策看到将来的效果。 段落大意：课文分成三部分

第一、二段：决策的定义 The definition of decision

第三、四段：作决策的一般过程 The general process of making a decision

第五至九段：在管理层次上，多种因素影响决策的制定 Various factors influencing decision making at the managerial level

II.New Words

organizational a. 组织上的 goal n. 目的，目标

objective n./a. 目标，目的/客观的，真实的 accomplish vt. 完成（任务等） predict vt./vi. 预言；预示 accompany vt. 伴随，陪同 implement vt. 实现；完成 constraint n. 强制；强制因素 precedent n. 先例，前例 simplify vt. 简化

tendency n. 趋势，倾向

managerial a. 经理的，管理人的 maker n. 制造者；制造商 achievement n. 完成，达到 attain vt. 达到；完成

optimal a. 最适宜的，最理想的 suboptimization n. 局部最优化 trade-off n. 权衡；物物交换 argue vt./vi. 争辩，争论 budget n./vt. 预算

scheme n./vt.把… 编入预算 define vt. 解释，给…下定义

multiple a./n.多样的，复合的/倍数 profitability n. 赚钱，获利 correctness n. 正确，正确性

unintended a. 非计划中的，非故意的 ongoing a. 进行中的，非故意的 entity n. 存在，实体

skilled a. 熟练的；有技能的 in the way 挡路、碍事 to make a guess at 猜测

and the like 等等，诸如此类 to seek to 追求，争取

in part 部分地，在某种程度上

point of view 观点

词汇精讲

1.goal n. 目标，进球，球门 （ 同义词：aim ，end ， purpose，objective） Her goal is a place at university . 她的目标是在大学任教。

2.objective ： n./a. 目的；目标（尤指较长远的目标）；宗旨/客观的，如实的 派生词：object n. 物体

反义词：subjective n./a. 主语；主观事物；/ 主观的，

用法： Her objective is to get a college education. 她的目标是接受大学教育。 If you don't work hard， you'll never achieve your objectives.

假如你不努力工作，你将永远达不到目的。Achieve表示较难达到的目标。 It is an objective report. 这是一篇如实的报道。 3.accomplish v. 完成（任务）等

The students accomplished the task in less than ten minutes . 学生们在不到10分钟内完成了任务。 4.predict ： v 预言，预示， 预告 同义词：forecast v. 预测，预报

It's hard to predict when it will happen . 很难预见这件事何时发生。 5.accompany ： v. 伴随，陪同

The lonely old man is accompanied by his dog. 这位孤独的老人让他的狗做伴。 All orders must be accompanied with cash. 所有的订货单必须随付现金。 派生词： company n. 公司； v. 陪伴

6.implement v. 实现，实施，履行（诺言）等

The committee's suggestions will be implemented immediately. 委员会的意见将立即贯彻执行。

The changes to the national health system will be implemented next year. 对全国医疗体系的改革将在明年进行。 7.constraint n. 限制， 约束

They told the truth but only under constraint. Constraint on the rules of grammer 他们说了实话但是有所保留（是被迫的）。 语法规则的限制（约束） 8.tendency ： n. 趋势，倾向

There is a growing tendency for people to work at home instead of in offices. 人们在家里而不是在办公室里工作的趋势日益增长。 派生词：tend v. 趋向，倾向 用法：tend to do sth. He tends to get angry when people disagree with him . 当人们不同意他的意见时，他很容易生气。 9.achievement n. 完成，成就，

An Olympic silver medal is a remarkable achievement for one so young . 对一个如此年轻的人来说，获得奥运会银牌是个了不起的成就。 派生词：achieve v. 完成，做到，达到（目的），实现，获得 He will never achieve his objectives if he doesn't work hard . 如果他不努力，将会永远达不到目的。

10.attain ： v. 达到；获得 （长期努力后而获得）同义词：obtain， get

用法： She has made up her mind to attain her goal in life. 她下定决心要达到生活中的目标。 The apple tree has attained to a great height. 苹果树已长得很高了。 11.optimal adj 最佳的

The sailors are waiting for optimal weather conditions before taking off .船员们正在等待出航的最佳天气条件。 12.argue ： vt./vi. 争辩，争论，辩论

用法：

作不及物动词用时，后边可以接with， about 或over（就…争论），for （赞成）或against （反对）

She is always ready to argue over the smallest issues. 她总喜欢为极小的问题进行争论。 He often argues philosophy with James. 他常和詹姆斯讨论哲学。 He argued for immediate action . 他主张立即行动。 They argued against such a policy. 他们反对这种政策。 作及物动词时，表示“说服、用辩论证明”的意思

I argued him out going on such a dangerous journey. 我说服他不做这样危险的旅行。 He argued that man was descended from apes. 他论证人类的祖先是猿。 13.scheme n 计划 方案

He has got a crazy scheme for getting rich before he is 20 . 他制定了一个在20岁之前发财的疯狂计划。 14.multiple adj 多样的 复合的

What the person does next is the result of the multiple influences to which they have been exposed . 一个人下一步会做什么是他受到的多种影响的结果。 15.ongoing adj 进行中的，前进的

No agreement has yet been reached and the negotiations one still ongoing . 目前还没有达成任何协议，谈判仍在进行。 16.entity n 存在 实体

He regarded the north of the country as a separate cultural entity . 他把这个国家的北方看成一个单独的文化实体。 17.skilled adj 熟练的，有技能的

My mother is very skilled at /in dress-making . 我母亲非常擅长做衣服。 Phrases and Expressions

1.（stand， get， be ） in the way 碍事 ，挡道的；妨碍人的

If you are not going to help， at least don't get in the way！ 如果你不愿帮忙，至少别妨碍人家。 The chair is in the way， please move it away. 这把椅子挡着路，请把它移开。 相关短语：

in a way 在某种程度上；在某些方面； 从某一点上看 in no way 决不；一点也不；

in the way of 按照； 就…。 而言 by way of 取道，经由 by the way 顺便问一下 2.to make a guess at 猜测

You might have been able to make a guess at who she was. 你本来能够猜到她是谁。 Can you make a guess at the price ？ 你猜得出价钱吗？ 3.to seek to（inf） 寻求，争取

Power stations are seeking to reduce their use of oil . 发电站正在设法减少石油的使用

4.in part ： 部分地；有些部分；在某种程度上

This was in part due to financial difficulties. 部分是由于财政困难。 The responsibility was in part because of me. 部分责任在我。

5.point of view 视点，视角

The book looks at college life from a student's point of view. 这本书从一个学生的视角来看大学生活。

6.to vary from …to … 从…到…不同，因… 而异 Salary scales vary from state to state. 工资级别因州而异。

7.contribute … to 把… 贡献给…。

We'll contribute ourselves to this career after we graduate . 我们毕业后将为此事业作贡献。

contribute to 导致

Smoking is the main factor contributing to lung cancer. 吸烟是导致肺癌的主要因素。 8.be beneficial to 对… 有利

Jogging is beneficial to our health. 慢跑有利于我们的健康。 Reciting passages is beneficial to improving oral English. 朗读（背诵）短文段落对提高英语口语有利。 III.课文精讲 第一部分 Para.1

A decision is a choice made from among alternative courses of action that are available. The purpose of making a decision is to establish and achieve organizational goals and objectives. The reason for making a decision is that a problem exists， goals or objectives are wrong， or something is standing in the way of accomplishing them. 1.made from among alternative courses of action 是过去分词短语作定语 courses of action 行动方针

that are available 是定语从句，修饰概念短语“行动方针”

2.The reason for making a decision is that a problem exists， goals or objectives are wrong， or something is standing in the way of accomplishing them.

此句是由that引导的表语从句，表语从句由a problem exist； goals of objectives are wrong； 及something is standing in the way of accomplishing them三个并列句构成。

The reason for … is that 是一个常用的句子。例： The reason for canceling the travel is that they lack of money. 取消旅行的原因是他们手头缺钱。

The reason why … 是另外一个常用的句子。例：There are 3 reasons why they are unwilling to discuss insurance .他们不愿意谈论保险的原因有三个。 Para.2

Thus the decision-making process is fundamental to management. Almost everything a manager does involves decisions， indeed， some suggest that the management process is decision making. Although managers cannot predict the future， many of their decisions require that they consider possible future events. Often managers must make a best guess at what the future will be and try to leave as little as possible to chance， but since uncertainty is always there， risk accompanies decisions. Sometimes the consequences of a poor decision are slight； at other times they are serious. 3.a manager does是省略that的定语从句，修饰先行词everything

当先行词为everything， something， anything， nothing等不定代词时定语从句引导词不可用which， 此句的后半部分 some suggest that …… 是宾语从句suggest v. 认为，提出，建议（其后的宾语从句多用于虚拟语气） 4.although conj.“虽然，尽管”引导让步状语从句

例如：Although my car is very old，it still runs very well . 虽然我的汽车很旧，但是仍然跑得很好。

require vt. 要求，需要 后边由that引导一个宾语从句

5.Often managers must make a best guess at what the future will be and try to leave as little as possible to chance， but since uncertainty is always there， risk accompanies decisions.

make a best guess at 作出最佳猜测，at 表示动作或行为的方向和目标，如：look at （看） ，aim at （瞄准，目的是），throw （a stone） at （向…掷石头），shoot at （射击），laugh at （嘲笑） 本句中what the future will be 是一个介词宾语从句，（作介词at 的宾语）； to leave sth. to chance “凭运气，听任命运的安排，听其自然发展” “as + 形容词（或副词）+ as possible”意思是“尽可能地…； 尽量”。 as little as possible 尽可能少

I tried to be as friendly as possible. 我尽量地表示友好。 Come as quickly as possible. 尽快来。

since uncertainty is always there 是一个原因状语从句。 risk accompanies decisions .风险伴随着决策

6.sometimes … at other times 有时… ，而有时则 …

a poor decision 一个不良决策 第二部分 Para.3

Choice is the opportunity to select among alternatives. If there is no choice， there is no decision to be made. Decision making is the process of choosing， and many decisions have a broad range of choice. For example， a student may be able to choose among a number of different courses in order to implement the decision to obtain a college degree. For managers， every decision has constraints based on policies， procedures， laws， precedents， and the like. These constraints exist at all levels of the organization.

7.“选择”三个词的区别：

alternative adj.两者或多于两者选一个，供选择的，n.替代物 choice 选自己喜欢的，挑出，选出 select 选出最好的，筛选、精选

8.由 if 引导的条件状语从句， 主句中的不定式被动态 to be made作定语， 修饰decision 9.range n. 范围 a broad range of choice 一个很广的选择范围

10.For managers， every decision has constraints based on policies， procedures， laws， precedents， and the like. 本句中based on 是一个过去分词作定语修饰constraints. be based on 表示“建立在…基础上

例：The book is based on a true story. 这本书是以一个真实的故事为依据的。 He was the first to draw a map that was based on all available knowledge， rather than guess or imagination. 他第一个画出以当时所有的知识为基础的地图，而不是基于猜测和想象。 and the like 意思是“等等 （之类的东西）”。

例：He studied painting， music， English and the like. 他学习了绘画、音乐、英语等等。 11.at all levels “在各个层次” Para.4

Alternatives are the possible courses of action from which choices can be made. If there are no alternatives， there is no choice and， therefore， no decision. If no alternatives are seen， often it means that a thorough job of examining the problems has not been done. For example， managers sometimes treat problems in an either/or fashion； this is their way of simplifying complex problems. But the tendency to simplify blinds them to other alternatives. 12.from which 引导定语从句，修饰 courses of action 行动方针 13.a thorough job of examining 一个彻底的考察工作

a thorough job是主语，of examining the problems 修饰job，has not been done是句子的谓语。 thorough a. 彻底的

through prep. 通过，穿过

though conj. 虽然，尽管 （ 同although ） thought n. 思想

14.For example， managers sometimes treat problems in an either/or fashion ： either /or 意思是“非此即彼；二者择一”。

例：We fight， or we don't —— it's an either/or decision. 我们战斗或不战斗-这是二者择一的决定。 第三部分 Para.5

At the managerial level， decision making includes limiting alternatives as well as identifying them， and the range is from highly limited to practically unlimited.

15.At the managerial level， decision making includes limiting alternatives as well as identifying them， and the range is from highly limited to practically unlimited.

在as well as 结构中，强调前者 limiting alternatives ，不强调后者

译为：作决策包括限定选择和识别选择，或者译成：不仅包括识别选择还要包括限定选择（除了包括识别选择外还有限定选择）

practically ad. 实际上，事实上（在口语中译为，几乎，简直）在本文中是几乎的意思。例如：几乎是不可能practically impossible

Para.6

Decision makers must have some way of determining which of several alternatives is best - that is， which contributes the most to the achievement of organizational goals. An organizational goal is an end or a state of affairs the organization seeks to reach. Because individuals （and organizations） frequently have different ideas about how to attain the goals， the best choice may depend on who makes the decision. Frequently， departments or units within an organization make decisions that are good for them individually but that are less than optimal for the larger organization. Called suboptimization， this is a trade-off that increases the advantages to one unit or function but decreases the advantages to another unit or function. For example， the marketing manager may argue effectively for an increased advertising budget. In the larger scheme of things， however， increased funding for research to improve the products might be more beneficial to the organization. 16.An organizational goal is an end or a state of affairs the organization seeks to reach. 一个省略that或which的定语从句，修饰a state of affairs “事物的状态，事态” to seek to do sth. 追求，争取，寻求，设法（去做某事）

17.Because individuals frequently have different ideas about how to attain the goals， the best choice may depend on who makes the decision.

本句中，because 引导了原因状语从句；在主句中，who makes the decision 是作depend on 的介词宾语从句。 18.Frequently， departments or units within an organization make decisions that are good for them individually but that are less than optimal for the larger organization.

两个that引导的都是定语从句，修饰decisions

less than 在此做状语，表示否定的含义， less than optimal “不太理想” 例如：This job is less than perfect. 这份工作不十分理想（完美）。

19.this is a trade-off that increases the advantages to one unit or function but decreases the advantages to another unit or function.

that引导定语从句，修饰trade-off “权衡”

increases 和 decreases 是定语从句的并列谓语 Para.7

These trade-offs occur because there are many objectives that organizations wish to attain simultaneously. Some of these objectives are more important than others， but the order and degree of importance often vary from person to person and from department to department. Different managers define the same problem in differentterms. When presented with a common case， sales managers tend to see sales problems， production managers see production problems， and so on. 20.These trade-offs occur because there are many objectives that organizations wish to attain simultaneously. Because 引导的原因状语从句中，有一个that引导的定语从句，修饰many objectives

21.Some of these objectives are more important than others， but the order and degree of importance often vary form person to person and from department to department. vary from … to … 表示各不相同的意思。

例：The percentage varies from person to person. （税收的） 比例因人而异。 22.When presented with a common case presented with 面对

过去分词短语前面加上when作时间状语。

为了表示明确的时间或条件，有时常在分词前面加上when， while， even if ， even though ， unless 等连词作时间、条件、让步等状语。 （详见语法要点） Para.8

The ordering and importance of multiple objectives is also based， in part， on the values of the decision maker. Such values are personal； they are hard to understand， even by the individual， because they are so dynamic and complex. In many business situations different people's values about acceptable degrees of risk and profitability cause disagreement about the correctness of decisions.

23.The ordering and importance of multiple objectives is also based， in part， on the values of the decision maker. be based on 基于，取决于 in part 部分地，在某种程度上

对于多项目标的排序和重要性，部分地基于决策者的价值观。

24.different people's values about acceptable degrees of risk and profitability cause disagreement about the correctness of decisions.

两个about都是介词短语作定语，修饰前边的名词

不同人关于风险和收益可接受程度的价值观，导致了对于决策正确性的不同意见。 Para.9

People often assume that a decision is an isolated phenomenon. But from a systems point of view， problems have multiple causes， and decisions have intended and unintended consequences. An organization is an ongoing entity， and a decision made today may have consequences far into the future. Thus the skilled manager looks toward the future consequences of current decisions.

25.People often assume that a decision is an isolated phenomenon assume vt. 认为，假定，设想 that 引导宾语从句

made today 过去分词短语作定语，“今天作出的决策”

far into the future 形容词短语作定语，“对将来有深远的影响”

27.Thus the skilled manager looks toward the future consequences of current decisions. the skilled manager “一个干练的管理者，一个有经验的管理者” current a. 当前的，现时的 n. 流，水流，电流，气流 一个干练的管理者可以从当今决策看到未来的结果。 附：重点句

1.The reason for making a decision is that a problem exists， goals or objectives are wrong， or something is standing in the way of accomplishing them. 三个表语从句并列 （第一段）

2.Often managers must make a best guess at what the future will be and try to leave as little as possible to chance， but since uncertainty is always there， risk accompanies decisions. 主从复合句（第二段） 3.For managers， every decision has constraints based on policies， procedures， laws， precedents， and the like. （第三段）

4.For example， managers sometimes treat problems in an either/or fashion； （第四段）

5.Because individuals （and organizations） frequently have different ideas about how to attain the goals， the best choice may depend on who makes the decision. 主从复合句（第六段）

6.Frequently， departments or units within an organization make decisions that are good for them individually but that are less than optimal for the larger orgnization. （第六段）

7.Some of these objectives are more important than others， but the order and degree of importance often vary from person to person and from department to department. （第七段）

8.When presented with a common case， sales managers tend to see sales problems， production managers see production problems， and so on. （第七段） Text B Secrets of Success at an Interview I.New Words

title分析：Secrets：秘密 success n. 成功 succeed v. interview vt./n. 面谈，采访；面试，口试 criticism n. 批评；评论

candidate n. 候选人，候补者；应试者 vague a. 含糊的；不明确的 notion n. 概念；想法，看法

prospect n. 展望，景象；前景，前程 community n. 社区；共同体

unattractive a. 无吸引力的；不引人注意的 indifference n. 冷漠；不感兴趣 interviewer n. 接见者；面谈者 personality n. 个性；人格；品格 prospective a. 预期的；未来的

speechless a. 不会说话的；不说话的

clarification n. 澄清，阐明

correspondence n. 符合，一致；通信

photocopy vt./n. 复印，影印；照相复制本 resume n. 摘要，梗概；个人简历 inefficiency n. 无效；效能差 neat a. 整洁的；简洁的；整齐的

conservative a. 保存的，防腐的；保守的，守旧的

punk n. （俚）阿飞；朋克（70年代以来英国、美国的年轻人中的颓废派）

a.颓废派的

miniskirt n. 超短裙 panel n. 专门小组

intimidate vt. 恐吓，恫吓 clutch vt./vi. 抓住，握紧

grip vt./n. 紧握，紧夹；掌握，控制 painful a. 痛苦的；费力的

rephrase vt. 重新措辞，改用别的话表示 词组：

to apply for 申请

day to day （=day-to-day） work 日常工作 to take the trouble to 不辞劳苦，费力

to put oneself in somebody's place 设身处地 to one's advantage 对某人有利 to ask for 请求，向…要；寻找 in hand 手头上有

to make sure 查明，弄确实；确信 at a disadvantage 处于不利地位

to turn down 拒绝；调小或调低；翻下 重点词汇词组讲解：

1.interview ： vt./n. 面谈，采访

派生词： interviewer（采访者） ， interviewee（被采访者） ， view （观点、见解）/风景）， interview（面试/采访）， preview（预习） ， review （复习） 2.Criticism ： n. 批评；评论

派生词：Criticize v. 批评；critical a. 挑剔的；批评的；关键的 3.prospect n. 展望，景象，前景

There's not much prospect that the war will be over soon. 这场战争很快结束的可能性不大。 4.indifference ： n.冷漠，不感兴趣

派生词：indifferent a. 冷漠的；不感兴趣的。 用法：indifference to 对…。 冷漠 5.inefficiency ： n. 无效，效能差

派生词：efficient a. 有效率的；efficiency n. 效率 6.neat a. 整洁的，简洁的，整齐的

You have got such neat handwriting . 你的书写真工整。 7.conservative a. 保存的，保守的，防腐的

I tend to be rather conservative in such matters . 我在这些事情方面向来比较保守。 8.grip v. 紧握，紧夹，掌握，控制

grip She gripped my hand in fear. 她因害怕紧抓住我的手。 相关的同义词：

seize He seized my hand ， shook it . 他抓住我的手，握着。（握手）

grab He grabbed the money and ran off . 他（急速）抓过钱就跑了。（逃之夭夭）

grasp Grasp the rope with both hands. 用双手抓牢绳索。

hold He was holding a knife in one hand. 他一只手抓着（握着）一把刀子。 catch The child caught a bird . 孩子捉了只鸟。

arrest The police arrested a criminal . 警察抓了个罪犯。 9.to apply for 申请

I decided to apply for it . 我决定去申请。

26.An organization is an ongoing entity， and a decision made today may have consequences far into the future. an ongoing entity “一个发展中的实体，一个运作中的单位” 10.take the trouble to ： 不辞劳苦， 用法：take the trouble to

Some employees have never taken the trouble to find out the actual tasks they will be required to do.有些雇员从来不下工夫去弄清楚要求他们去从事的实际任务。 11.to turn down ： 拒绝

He asked Jane to marry him but she turned him down . 他要简嫁给他，但她拒绝了他。 相关词组：

turn up 出现； turn on 打开；turn off 拐弯，关上；turn out 结果是，最后证明是，制造； II.课文解析

注：课文中「」内的句子为重点句。 The subject of today's talk is interviews.

「The key words here are preparation and confidence， which will carry you far.」

重点句子分析：which 引导非限定性定语从句，修饰preparation and confidence. 注意此处不可用that代替which carry you far 意为“祝你成功” Do your homework first.

「Find out all you can about the job you are applying for and the organization you hope to work for.」

重点句子分析：此句中有三个定语从句，（下边画线的）分别修饰all， the job 和 the organization . 注意后两句中的 for 不能省略

Many of the employers I interviewed made the same criticism of candidates. “They hare no idea what the day to day work of the job brings about. They have vague notions of 'furthering the company's prospects' or o f 'serving the community'， but have never taken the trouble to find out the actual tasks they will be required to do.”

Do not let this be said of you. It shows an unattractive indifference to your employer and to your job.

Take the time to put yourself into the interviewer's place. He wants somebody who is hard-working with a pleasant personality and a real interest in the job.

「Anything that you find out about the prospective employer can be used to your advantage during the interview to show that you have bothered to master some facts about the people who you hope to work for.」 重点句子分析：that引导的定语从句修饰anything

who 引导的定语从句修饰 people.也可以写作for whom you hope to work 译为“你希望为其工作的人

to show 是不定式作目的状语，其中有一个that引导的宾语从句，作动词show的宾语 Write down （and remember） the questions you want to ask the interviewer（s） so that you are not speechless when they invite your questions. Make sure that holidays and pay are not the first things you ask about. If all your questions have been answered during the interview， reply： “In fact， I did have several questions， but you have already answered them all .” 「Do not be afraid to ask for clarification of something that has been said during the interview if you want to be sure what was implied. but do be polite.」

重点句子分析：be sure 肯定，确信

do be polite 是强调语气。例如：Do be careful！

Just before you go to the interview， look again at the original advertisement that you answered， any correspondence from your prospective employer， photocopies of your letter of application or application form and your resume.

Then you will remember what you said and what they want. This is very important if you have applied for many jobs in a short time as it is easy to become confused and give an impression of inefficiency.

Make sure you know where and when you have to report for the interview. Go to the building （but not inside the office） a day or two before， if necessary， to find out how long the journey takes and where exactly the place is.

Aim to arrive five or ten minutes early for the actual interview， then you will have a little time in hand and you will not panic of you are delayed. You start at a disadvantage if you arrive worried and ten minutes late. 「Dress in clean， neat， conservative clothes. Now is NOT the time to experiment with the punk look or （girl） to wear low-cut dresses with miniskirts.」Make sure that your shoes， hands and hair （and teeth） are clean and neat. 重点句子分析：Now 在句中做主语 the punk look 意为“朋克的样子”

「Have the letter inviting you for an interview ready to show in case there is any difficulty in communication.」 重点句子分析：这是个祈使句，inviting you for an interview 是现在分词作定语，修饰the letter

in case 引导条件状语从句， 译为：“以防万一，以免”

You may find yourself facing one interviewer or a panel. The latter is far more intimidating， but do not let it worry you too much.

The interviewer will probably have a table in front of him/her. Do not put your things or arms on it.

If you have a bag or a case， put it on the floor beside your chair. Do not clutch it nervously or， worse still， drop it， spilling everything.

Shake hands if the interviewer offers his hand first. There is little likelihood that a panel of five wants to go though the process of all shaking hands with you in turn. So you do not be upset if no one offers.

Shake hands firmly － a weak hand suggests a weak personality， and a crushing grip is obviously painful. Do not drop the hand as soon as yours has touched it as this will seem to show you do not like the other person. Speak politely and naturally even if you are feeling shy. Think before you answer any questions. If you cannot understand ask： “Would you mind rephrasing the question， please？” The question will then be repeated in different words.

If you are not definitely accepted or turned down on the spot， ask： “when may I expect to hear the results of this interview？”

If you do receive a letter offering you the job， you must reply by letter （keep a photocopy） as soon as possible. Good luck ！

语 法 As的用法 I.语 法

1.AS的用法

（1）用作介词时的基本词义，“作为，担任”，“像，似”。

介词短语在句子中可担任的成分：状语、定语、宾语补语和表语 （2）用作副词表示程度，as … as … 结构中

（3）用作连词，引导状语从句（比较、让步、时间、原因和方式状语从句） （4）用作关系代词，引导定语从句， （5）As用于常用习语中

2.过去分词、现在分词、不定式作定语的区别 分词作定语：

过去分词作定语，修饰名词、代词，表示被动、已经完成。 现在分词作定语，修饰名词、代词，表示主动、正在进行。 单个分词一般置于所修饰的词之前，但也有例外。

例如 an extended family 一个扩展了的家庭 / a singing girl 一个唱歌的女孩 a developed country 发达国家 / a developing country 发展中国家 the people concerned 有关人员

分词短语一般放在所修饰的词之后，例如：

A decision is a choice made from among alternative courses of action. Have the letter inviting you for an interview …

现在分词的被动式和过去分词都表示被动，区别在于前者表示修饰的词正在承受的行为，而后者表示修饰的词已承受过了的行为。

例如： The problem being discussed is important. 正在讨论的这个问题很重要。 The problem discussed yesterday was important. 昨天讨论的那个问题很重要。 现在分词的完成主动式，表示动作已经完成。having done

现在分词的完成被动式，表示动作已经被完成。the decision having been made 不定式作定语

不定式作定语应当放在所修饰的中心词之后。例如：We have plenty of work to do.

一般来讲，不定式作定语时，表示动作将要发生。另外，还要注意的是不定式有三种时态，也有被动态。 3.分词短语作时间、条件、让步状语

为了表示明确的时间或条件，有时常在分词前面加上when， while， even if， even though， unless 等连词作时间、条件、让步等状语。

例如：

When presented with a common case， sales managers tend to see sales problems， production managers see production problems， and so on.

当面对同一件事例时，销售经理易于看到销售问题，生产部经理看到生产问题，等等。 Facts are terrible things if left spreading and unexamined. 如果听任事实泛滥不加检测，那是可怕的事。 Don't leave the building unless instructed to do so. 除非接到通知，不要离开这幢大楼。 II.练 习

1.单词英译汉

goal， objective， accomplish， predict， accompany， implement， tendency， achievement， argue， budget， define， entity， 2.词组英译汉

in the way， in part， point of view， contribute to， to apply for， in hand， to turn down 3.句子英译汉

（1）A decision is a choice made from among alternative courses of action that are available.

（2）Often managers must make a best guess at what the future will be and try to leave as little as possible to chance. （3）If there is no choice， there is no decision to be made.

（4）For managers every decision has constraints based on politics， procedures， laws， precedents and the like. （5）For example， managers sometimes treat problems in an either/or fashion.

（6）Decision makers must have some way of determining which of several alternatives is best - that is， which contributes the most to the achievement of organizational goals.

（7）In the larger scheme of things， however， increased funding for research to improve the products might be more beneficial to the organization.

（8）Some of these objectives are more important than others， but the order and degree of importance often vary from person to person and from department to department. 4.Text A 汉译英

决策者应该能够对将来作出最好的推测。

Decision makers should be able to make a best guess at what the future will be. 有人认为经理们所作的一切均与决策有关。

Some people believe almost everything a manager does involves decision. 没有正确的选择就没有正确的决定。

If there is no proper choice， there is no proper decision.

不同的人对同样的问题有不同的看法，所以解决的办法也不同。

Different people have different ideas about the same problem； their solutions to the problem are， therefore， also different.

决策者往往是公司业务发展的关键。

Decision makers often play the key role in the development of the business of a company. Decision makers are usually key people who determine the company's business development.

历年考题

1.Almost everything a manager does______（involve） decisions. Indeed， some suggest that the management process is decision making. （99.4）

答案是involves. 考点： involve 为谓语动词，应该用一般现在时。a manager does为省略了引导词that的定语从句修饰先行词everything.

2.If there is no choice， there is no decision______（make）。 （99.4） 答案是to be made .考点：to be made 是动词不定式作定语修饰decision.

3.Almost everything a manager does______decisions； indeed， some suggest that the management process is decision making. （00.4） A. imposes B. improvise C. involves D. indicates 答案为C.

4.I have no idea what's standing______accomplishing our goals and objectives. （ 03.10） A.in the way of B.by way of C.on the way of D. in one's way of 答案为A

5.For managers， every decision has constraints_____（base） on policies， procedures， laws. （03.04） （04.10） 答案为 based， 考点：过去分词短语作后置定语 6.When _____（present） with a common case， sales managers tend to see sales problems and production managers see production problems.（02.10）

答案为presented. 考点： present 是过去分词短语作时间状语。 7.An organization is a group of people， and a decision______（make） today may have consequences far into the future. （02.10）

答案是made. 考点：make 是过去分词作定语，修饰decision. 8.汉译英：通常管理者必须对未来的情况作出最佳的预测。

答案：Often managers must make a best guess at what the future will be.

讲义二

Text A Black Holes 课文简介

本文主要介绍了黑洞的概念，黑洞是怎样产生的，以及有关黑洞的一些研究。

对于黑洞的研究才刚刚起步，因此黑洞对于我们来说还很神秘，需要我们的不断探索。 什么是黑洞？ What is a black hole ？

宇宙中有一些点，它们的体积趋向于零而密度变得无穷大。由于具有强大的吸引力，物体只要进入离这些点一定距离内，就会被这强大的吸引力吸收掉，连光线也不例外。因此，没有任何信号能从这个范围内传出，这个范围的边界被称为“视界”（event horizon） .视界里面的情况人类无法看到，所以科学家称之为“黑洞”。

一颗燃烧尽了的恒星由于自身的重力而不断塌陷，最后就会形成黑洞。尽管关于黑洞的理论是正确的，但是科学家一直在寻找黑洞存在的证据。 课文分为三部分：

Paragraph 1 What is a black hole ？

Paragraph 2 - paragraph 4 The theory of black holes Paragraph 5 Speculations about black holes are endless . New Words

1 astronomer n.天文学家 2 escape vi./vt.逃跑；避免

3 exert vt.尽（力）；发挥（威力等） 4 explode vt./vi.使爆炸；爆炸 5 density n.密集度，稠密度 6 collapse vt./vi./n.倒塌，崩溃 7 supernova n.超新星 8 daytime n.白天，日间 9 dwarf n.矮子 10 neutron n.中子

11 shrink vt./vi./n.收缩，缩小/退缩，畏缩 12 gravity n.严肃，认真；严重性 13 marble n./a.弹子，大理石 14 boundary n.分界线，边界 15 observer n.遵守者，奉行者

16 interchangeable a.可交换的，可互换的 17 constant a./n.永恒的，经久不变的 18 measurement n.衡量，测量 19 implication n.含意，暗示 20 basis n.基础，根据

21 launch vt./n.发射，投射；发动，发起（运动） 22 galaxy n.星系，银河系

23 observatory n.天文台；了望台

24 convincing a.有说服力的，使人信服的 25 binary a./n.二，双，复

26 twin a./n.双胞胎的，双胞胎 27 companion n.同伴，同事 28 speculation n.推测，猜测 29 swallow vt.吞咽 30 mankind n.人类

31 operate vi./vt.运转，起作用；动手术

词组

1 to research into 研究

2 speculation about 关于…猜测 3 to swallow up 吞没，耗尽 4 to make use of 利用

To reduce to 归纳，简化，迫使 To apply to 适用于，应用 词汇精讲：

1 escape v.逃跑，避免

A lion has escaped from its cage. 一头狮子从笼子里跑出来了

2 exert： vt.用尽；尽力；运用；行使；施加，产生（影响等） 用法：exert pressure on sb.给…施加压力

She exerted herself all year to earn good marks.她整年努力以期获得好分数。

He's been exerting a lot of pressure on me to change my mind.他一直在施加种种压力要我改变主意。 Black holes exert very strong gravity.黑洞产生很强的引力。 3 explode v.爆炸，突发 xplosion n. explosive a.

A bomb exploded at one of London's busiest railway station this morning.

今天上午一颗炸弹在伦敦最繁忙的火车站爆炸了。 4 collapse v.n.倒塌， 崩溃

例句 参考教材第34-35页的 word Study 2

5 shrink： （shrank， shrunk ） v.退缩；畏缩；n.收缩；缩小

用法： The gross national product shrank one percent last year.去年国民生产总值减少了1%. Washing wool in hot water will shrink it .在热水中洗羊毛会使它缩水。 We will never shrink back before difficulties .我们在困难面前决不退缩。 6 boundary n.分界线，边界

We crossed the state boundary at midnight. 我们在午夜穿过了州界。

7 constant adj.不断的，经常的；永恒的，始终如一 n……常数 He is in constant trouble with the police.他总是不断和警察惹麻烦。 There are no constants at all.根本没有不变的事物。 对比同义词：

continual 时断时续的 It continually shrinks by the force of its own gravity continuous 连续不间断的 The brain needs a continuous supply of blood. 大脑需要不断的供血。 constant强调不变，永恒

8 implication： n.牵连；涉及；卷入；含意；暗示 派生词：imply v.暗示，含意

用法：She seemed by implication to acknowledge that fact.她似乎含蓄地承认了那事实。 The implication of your statement is that I was wrong.你这话的弦外之音是我错了。 9 launch： v.发射，发动 n.发射

The launch of the third man-made satellite turned to be a great success.第三枚航天器的发射结果是巨大成功。 In the 1980's our country launched a number of satellites.80年代我国发射了多颗卫星。

10 convincing ： a.令人信服的；有说服力的； 派生词：convince v.使人信服，使… 相信 用法：She is very convincing .她很另人信服。

Convince sb.of sth.使某人确信某事； convince sb.that 从句

We failed to convince him of his mistakes.我们没能使他相信他是错误的。

Careful observation convinced them that it was so.仔细的观察使他们相信情况是这样的。 11 companion ： n.同伴，同行，伴侣，同事

派生词：company n.同伴，陪伴 ； accompany v.陪同，陪伴 用法：He is a good companion on the journey.他是个好旅伴。

表示“同事”的词：associate， colleague， fellow official， fellowworker， co-worker 12 operate ： v.操作，运行，起作用；动手术 派生词：operation n.操作

用法：The machine isn't operating properly.机器运转不正常。 He operated on the eyes of the patient.他给病人的眼睛动了手术。 Has the medicine started to operate ？ 药物开始见效了吗？ 词组：phrases

1.to research into 研究

She is researching into possible cures for AIDS. 她正在研究治疗艾滋病的方法。

2 speculation about ： 关于… 的猜测

We heard all kinds of speculation about the cause of the President's death.我们听到关于总统死亡原因的种种猜测。 People have much speculation about the government's intentions.对政府的意图，人们作了许多猜测。 3 to swallow up ： 吞没；并吞

His wife's clothes bill swallowed up his wages .老婆买的衣服耗尽了他的工资。

The fog swallowed up the whole city.雾笼罩全城。

She swallowed the medicine with the help of some water.她用水把药咽下了。 His figure was swallowed up in the dark.他的身影消失在黑暗中。 4 to make use of ：利用= to take advantage of

We should make good use of our leisure time.我们应该好好利用休闲时间。 He was making full use of his opportunity.他正充分利用他的机会。 to reduce … to 简化，归纳，迫使

Months' bombing reduced the city to ruins. 几个月的轰炸使这个城市变成了废墟 5 to apply to 适用于

It does not apply to you.它不适用于你。 课文详解 Black Hole

What is a black hole？ Well， it's difficult to answer this question， since the terms we would normally use to describe a scientific phenomenon are inadequate here.Astronomers and scientists think that a black hole is a region of space （not a thing ） into which matter has fallen and from which nothing can escape - not even light.So we can't see a black hole.A black hole exerts a strong gravitational pull and yet it has no matter.It is only space - or so we think.How can this happen？ 第一部分 Para.1

1 since 引导的是原因状语从句，定语从句we would normally use to describe a scientific phenomenon 修饰先行词the terms “术语”

inadequate = not enough

2 句中 “ into which” 以及后面的 “ from which” 两个都是引导的定语从句，修饰先行词 a region of space “空间区域”。如果which 在定语从句中作介词的宾语，那么这个介词可以提到从句前，构成“介词+which”引导的定语从句。这里注意两个搭配 fall into ； escape from

3 A black hole exerts a strong gravitational pull and yet it has no matter.It is only space - or so we think. a strong gravitational pull 一个很强的引力 = gravity yet = but 但是

so we think.是倒装句，“我们认为如此” （ we think so ）

The theory is that some stars explode when their density increases to a particular point； they collapse and sometimes a supernova occurs.From earth， a supernova looks like a very bright light in the sky which shines even in the daytime.Supernova were reported by astronomers in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.Some people think that the Star of Bethlehem could have been a supernova.The collapse of a star may produce a White Dwarf or a neutron star - a star， whose matter is so dense that it continually shrinks by the force of its own gravity.But if the star is very large （much bigger than our sun） this process of shrinking may be so intense that a black hole results.Imagine the earth reduced to the size of a marble， but still having the same mass and a stronger gravitational pull， and you have some idea of the force of a black hole.Any matter near the black hole is sucked in.It is impossible to say what happens inside a black hole.Scientists have called the boundary area around the hole the “event horizon.” We know nothing about events which happen once objects pass this boundary.But in theory， matter must behave very differently inside the hole. 第二部分 Para .2

4 The theory…a supernova occurs.此句是复合句：that some stars explode when their density increases to a particular point 是表语从句； when their density increases to a particular point 是时间状语。 注意to a particular point 是固定搭配表示“达到某一点”

此句讲了超新星supernova产生的步骤，注意有四个不及物动词vi.的用法 explode increase collapse occur

From earth， a supernova looks like a very bright light in the sky which shines even in the daytime. which 引导定语从句，修饰light

6.Some people think that the Star of Bethlehem could have been a supernova.

有人认为圣诞星可能是一颗超新星。could have + 过去分词 表示对以前发生的行为或动作的推测。 I could have told you about it， but I don't remember it now.我可能给你说过这件事，但我现在记不得了。 7.The collapse of a star…a star， whose matter is…gravity.

whose 引导非限定性定语从句，修饰star . 注意 so… that 的用法 8.Imagine the earth…a black hole.

该句的主要结构是“imagine… ， and you …”而“reduced … to marble ”和“having … pull”分别为过去分词和现在分词短语作定语，修饰the earth. mass 质量

have some idea 略知一二

For example， if a man fell into a black hole， he would think that he reached the center of it very quickly. However an observer at the event horizon would think that the man never reached the center at all. Our space and time laws don't seem to apply to objects in the area of a black hole. Einstein's relativity theory is the only one which can explain such phenomena. Einstein claimed that matter and energy are interchangeable， so that there is no “absolute” time and space. There are no constants at all， and measurements of time and space depend on the position of the observer. They are relative. We do not yet fully understand the implications of the relativity theory； but it is interesting that Einstein's theory provided a basis for the idea of black holes before astronomers started to find some evidence for their existence. It is only recently that astronomers have begun specific research into black holes. In August 1977， a satellite was launched to gather data about the 10 million black holes which are thought to be in the Milky Way. And astronomers are planning a new observatory to study the individual exploding stars believed to be black holes. Para. 3

9.For example， …very quickly

本句是表示与现在事实相反的虚拟语气。主句谓语动词用would think ， if引导的条件状语从句谓语动词用过去时fell .

10.Our space and time laws don't seem to apply to objects in the area of a black hole. 我们的时空法则似乎不适用于黑洞区内的物体。（介词短语作定语） 11.We do not yet…relativity theory； but it is…for their existence. yet： still

此句中的it为形式主语，实际主语为that引导的主语从句 before引导时间状语从句

12.It is only recently that astronomers have begun specific research into black holes. 此句是强调句，强调状语only recently. 强调结构为 It is + 被强调部分 + that …

13.a satellite was launched to gather data about the 10 million black holes which are thought to be in the Milky Way. （about引导的介词短语作定语修饰data） which 引导定语从句修饰 holes data 的单数为datum

14.Exploding 和believed to be black holes 均为分词作定语，修饰stars

The most convincing evidence of black holes comes from research into binary star systems. Binary stars， as their name suggests， are twin stars whose position in space affects each other. In some binary systems， astronomers have shown that there is an invisible companion star， a “partner” to the one which we can see in the sky. Matter from the one which we can see is being pulled towards the companion star. Could this invisible star， which exerts such a great force， be a black hole？ Astronomers have evidence of a few other stars too， which might have black holes as companions. Para.4

15.The most…affects each other.

as 的用法，引导非限定性定语从句。修饰Binary stars “双星系” whose 引导定语从句修饰 twin stars

16.下面的几句话中的which 用作定语从句的引导词，可用于限制性定语从句，也可用于引导非限制性定语从句。that 则不可用于引导非限制性定语从句。

The story of black holes is just beginning. Speculations about them are endless. There might be a

massive black hole at the center of our galaxy swallowing up stars at a very rapid rate. Mankind may one day meet this fate. On the other hand， scientists have suggested that very advanced technology could one day make use of the energy of black holes for mankind. These speculations sound like science fiction. But the theory of black holes in space is accepted by many serious scientists and astronomers. They show us a world which operates in a totally different way from our own and they question our most basic experience of space and time. 第三部分 Para.5

17 There might be…a very rapid rate.

swallowing up stars at a very rapid rate是现在分词短语作定语，修饰hole at the center of our galaxy 是状语 story 比较真实的故事

fiction 不太真实的故事同义词：novel 18 They show us…space and time.

此句中which 引导限定性定语从句修饰world

注意介词 in 和 from 的用法，它们各自的搭配为 in a way和 different…from 译为：他们给我们展示了一个跟我们自己的截然不同的世界。 重点句：

1.Well， it's difficult to answer this question， since the terms we would normally use to describe a scientific phenomenon are inadequate here. （第一段）

2.Astronomers and scientists think that a black hole is a region of space （not a thing ） into which matter has fallen and from which nothing can escape - not even light. So we can't see a black hole. （第一段）

3.The theory is that some stars explode when their density increases to a particular point； they collapse and sometimes a supernova occurs. （第二段）

4.Some people think that the Star of Bethlehem could have been a supernova. （第二段）

5.The collapse of a star may produce a White Dwarf or a neutron star - a star， whose matter is so dense that it continually shrinks by the force of its own gravity. （第二段）

6.Imagine the earth reduced to the size of a marble， but still having the same mass and a stronger gravitational pull， and you have some idea of the force of a black hole. （第二段）

7.For example， if a man fell into a black hole， he would think that he reached the center of it very quickly. （第三段）

8.but it is interesting that Einstein's theory provided a basis for the idea of black holes before astronomers started to find some evidence for their existence. （第三段）

9.It is only recently that astronomers have begun specific research into black holes. （第三段） 10.And astronomers are planning a new observatory to study the individual exploding stars believed to be black holes. （第三段） 11.Binary stars， as their name suggests， are twin stars whose position in space affects each other. （第四段）

12.There might be a massive black hole at the center of our galaxy swallowing up stars at a very rapid rate. （第五段）

13.They show us a world which operates in a totally different way from our own and they question our most basic experience of space and time. （第五段） Text B Worlds within Worlds New Words 1.planet n.行星

2.revolve vi.旋转；绕转

3.solar a.太阳的，日光的；利用太阳光的 4.largely ad.1.大量地；2.主要地

5.glitter vi.闪闪发光，闪烁 n.闪光

6.cloudless a.无云的，晴朗的

7.unlikely a.未必可能的；靠不住的 8.astronaut n.宇航员

9.thrilling a.1.令人激动的；2.颤动的，震颤的 10.outer a.外部的

11.whereas conj.而，却；反之

12.lesser a.较小的，更少的，次要的

13.concerned a.1.有关的；2.关切的，担心的

14.microscopic a.1.显微镜的；2.微观的；3.微小的，细微的 15.whilst conj.1.当…时；2.然而；3.虽然，尽管 16.plateau （[复]plateaus或plateaux） n.高原 17.tropical a.1.热带的；2.炎热的 18.coloured a.有色的

19.religion n.宗教；宗教信仰

20.circumstance n.[pl.]情况，环境；境遇 Phrases and Expressions 1.a great many 很多 2.above all 首先，首要 3.as a rule 通常；一般说来 together with 和

First of all let us consider the earth （that is to say， the world） as a planet revolving round the sun.The earth is one of nine planets which move in orbit round the sun.These nine planets， together with the sun， make up what is called our solar systems.How this wonderful system started and what kept it working with such wonderful accuracy is largely a mystery but astronomers tell us that it is only one of millions of similar systems in space， and one of the smallest.

The stars which we see glittering in the sky on a dark and cloudless night are almost certainly the suns of other solar systems more of less like our own， but they are so far away in space that it is unlikely that we shall ever get to know very much about them.About our own solar system， however， we are learning more every day.

Before the American and Russian astronauts made their thrilling journeys into outer space it was difficult for us to realize what our earth looked like from hundreds of thousands of miles away， but the photographs which the astronauts were able to take show us the earth in space looking not very different from what the moon looks like when we look at it from the earth.The earth is， however， very different from the moon， which the American astronauts have found to be without life or vegetation， whereas our earth is very much alive in every respect.The moon， by the way， is called a satellite because it goes round our earth as well as round the sun.In our words， it goes round the sun with our earth.

The surface of our earth is covered by masses of land and larger areas of water.Let us consider the water areas first.The total water area is about three times as large as the land area.The very large separate areas of water are called “oceans” and the lesser areas are called “seas.”

In most of the oceans and seas some of the water is found to be flowing in a particular direction ―that is to say， from one part towards another part of the ocean or sea concerned.The water which is flowing in this manner is said to be moving as a “current.” There are many thousands of currents in the waters of the oceans and seas， but only certain of the stronger and better marked currents are specially named and of great importance.There currents are important because they affect the climate of the land areas close to where they flow and also because they carry large quantities of microscopic animal and vegetable life which forms a large part of the food for fishes.

The nature and characteristics of the surface of the land areas of the earth vary a great deal from area to area and from place to place.The surface of some areas consists largely of high mountains and deep valleys whilst， in other areas， most of the surface consists of plains.If one made a journey over the Continents one world find every kind of surface including mountain ranges， plains， plateaux， deserts， tropical forestlands and empty areas covered permanently by ice and snow.

When thinking and learning about the world we should not forget that our world is the home of a vary great many different people ― peoples with different coloured skins， living very different lives and having very different ideas about a great many important things such as religion， government， education and social behaviour.

The circumstances under which different people live make a great difference between the way in which they live and the way in which we live， and it ought to be our business to try to understand those different circumstances so that we can better understand people of other lands.Above all， we should avoid deciding what we think about people different from ourselves without first having learned a great deal about them and the kind of lives they have to live.It is true to say that the more we learn about other people ， the better we understand their ideas and， as a rule， the better we like those people themselves. 词汇讲解：

1.revolve v.旋转，绕转

The earth revolves round / around the sun.地球绕着太阳转。

2.solar adj.太阳的，日光的，利用太阳光的 例：the solar system 太阳系 3.whereas ： conj.而，却，反之

He must be about sixty， whereas his wife looks about thirty.他一定有60岁了，而他的妻子看起来只有30岁。

You eat a massive plate of food for lunch， whereas I have just a sandwich.你中午吃了一大盘食物，而我只吃了个三明治。

4.concerned ： 有关的，关心的，担心的

I was quite a shock for all concerned.这对所有有关人士都是一个震惊。 Her job is something concerned with English.她的工作和英语有关。 5.tropical adj.热带的，炎热的

I'd love to live somewhere with a tropical climate. 我想生活在某个属于热带气候的地方

August was almost tropical this year.今年八月十分炎热 6.circumstance n.环境，情况，境遇

We can't decide until we know all the circumstances. 我们只有在了解所有的情况后才能作出决定。 词组

1.a great many ， a good many 很多 （ 后边加可数名词） 2.above all ： 最重要的，尤其；首先

Above all ， don't forget to write.最重要的是别忘了写信。

In choosing the curtain for a room， you should consider the material from the point of view of texture， its weight， its pattern - but its colour above all .在挑选房间窗帘面料时，你应该考虑质地、重量和图案等，但最重要的是颜色。

3.as a rule ： 在多数情况下，通常，一般而言 = usually As a rule I'm home by six.我通常六点前在家。

As a rule， I only read detective novels.通常我只读侦探小说。 4.together with ： 和，连同

These new facts， together with the other evidence， prove the prisoner's innocence.这些新的事实连同其他证据证明这个犯人清白无辜。

John， together with his brother， has gone to the party.约翰连同他的兄弟一起去参加宴会了。

注意together with 作插入语时，句子的谓语动词的数取决于前面的主语。

重点句子：

1.The stars which we see glittering in the sky on a dark and cloudless night are almost certainly the suns of other solar systems more or less like our own， but they are so far away in space that it is unlikely that we shall ever get to know very much about them. which 引导定语从句

so… that…结果状语从句中it为形式主语

2.The earth is， however， very different from the moon， which the American astronauts have found to be without life or vegetation， whereas our earth is very much alive in every respect. which引导非限定性定语从句，修饰the moon vegetation 植物

whereas = while 然而

alive意为“有活力的”，在句中作表语。类似的形容词还有afraid， alone， alike， asleep， awake， aware等

in every respect 在每一个方面

3.In most of the oceans and seas some of the water is found to be flowing in a particular direction － that is to say， from one part towards another part of the ocean or sea concerned. to be flowing不定式作主语补语

concerned 是分词作定语，修饰the ocean or sea

4.There are many thousands of currents in the waters of the oceans and seas ，but only certain of the stronger and better marked currents are specially named and of great importance. Thousands/hundreds of + 名词复数 Eg.Hundreds of meters

此处waters指的是“大片的水，水域” peoples 表示人种

woods 表示森林，树木

5.The circumstances under which different people live make a great difference between the way in which they live and the way in which we live， and it ought to be our business to try to understand those different circumstances so that we can better understand people of other lands. 三个定语从句，由under which 和 两个in which 引导， 第一个：under which different people live 修饰 circumstances 第二个：in which they live 修饰 the way 第三个：in which we live 修饰 the way ought to = should 应该 business 责任，业务

it是形式主语，真正主语是to try to understand those different circumstances 目的状语从句，由so that引导 other lands 其它国家

6.Above all， we should avoid deciding what we think about people different from ourselves without first having learned a great deal about them and the kind of lives they have to live. 注意动词 avoid 后接动名词作宾语 decide 判定

what 引导宾语从句作deciding的宾语

they have to live 是省略连词的定语从句，修饰lives

7.It is true to say that the more we learn about other people， the better we understand their ideas and， as a rule， the better we like those people themselves. 注意 the more …， the better…， the better … 比较结构 Unit 2 补充语法知识

that 与 which引导定语从句的异同点 ：

2. debate ： 争论，辩论

用法：to debate on 对… 进行辩论；

Lincoln debated Douglas on this issue. 林肯与道格拉斯就这个问题进行了辩论。 Education is the current focus of public debate. 教育是当前公众争论的焦点。 同义词：dispute

3. legal ： a.法律上的，合法的 派生词： illegal a. 不合法的 4. request ： vt/n. 请求，要求

搭配：request for 要求… ； make a request for 要求；at sb‘s request 应…之要求； 例：He made a request for immediate help. 他要求立即给予帮助。

The singer gave one more song at our request. 歌唱家在我们的要求下又唱了一首歌。 They made a request to release the prisoners.他们要求释放犯人。

其他用法：request 后接that 从句时，从句的谓语动词用虚拟语气“should + 动词原形”的形式。例：He requested that he （should）stay for more days. 他请求再住一些天。 5. criterion ： 标准，准则复数：criteria （批评、判断、决定的标准和准则） 例： What criteria do you use to judge a good wine？ 你用什么标准判断酒的好坏？ 同义词：standard 标准 （客观的、公正的标准，可用于比较、衡量事物） 例： The standard of living has improved greatly.生活的标准已经大大提高。 6. ensure ： vt. 保证，保护；赋予

用法：ensure sb. that 确保…。 ensure sth.

I can ensure that he will come at 12 o'clock.我能保证他将在12点钟来。 他的才能将保证他得到成功。 His ability will ensure his success. 7. oppose vt. 反对

派生词：opposition n. 反对；opponent n. 对手 用法：be opposed to 反对，

We are firmly opposed to this dirty political deal. 我们坚决反对这场肮脏的政治交易。 What he said was totally opposed to the facts. 他说的与事实完全相反。 He is very much opposed to my going abroad . 他非常反对我出国。 区别：oppose 与be opposed to

They opposed the plan. 他们反对此计划。（表示动作）

They were opposed to the plan 他们反对此计划。（表示态度） 8. disabled ： 伤残的，使失去战斗力的

派生词：disable v. 使不能… ； able adj. 有能力的；enable v. 使能够………；unable a. 不能的，没有能力的； 用法：

the disabled 残疾人

disable sb. from doing sth. 使某人不能干… ， 使某人丧失能力；

一场事故使他再也不能打篮球了。 An accident disabled him from playing basketball. enable sb. to do sth. 使某人能作某事

乘飞机使我们几个小时就能越过太平洋Flying enables us to go across the Pacific in a few hours.

be able to do sth. 能够做某事

我们能说英语。 We are able to speak English. be unable to do sth. 不能做某事

我们不能在9点钟之前到。 We are unable to get there before 9 o‘clock. 9. sensitive ： adj. 敏感的，灵敏的 派生词：sense n. 感觉，感知； 用法：be sensitive to 对 …很敏感

Her reply showed that she was very sensitive to criticism. 她的回答表明她对批评非常敏感。

他对天气变化很敏感。He is sensitive to the change of weather.

词组精讲：

1. to debate on ： 关于… 进行辩论

Lincoln debated Douglas on this issue. 林肯与道格拉斯就这个问题进行了辩论。 2. to make request for ：要求

He made a request for immediate help. 他要求立即给予帮助。 3. to opposed to ： 反对

He is very much opposed to my going abroad . 4. to open up ： 打开，开办，开辟

We shall open up the resources of the NW areas of our country. 我们将开发我国西北地区的资源。

They are preparing to open up a national debate. 他们正准备展开一场全国性的争论。 5 to take … into account ： 考虑到；估计

We must take local conditions into account. 我们必须考虑到当地的条件。

You must take her inexperience into account. 你必须考虑到她无经验而予以体谅。 相关词汇：to take … into consideration 考虑到 6. need for ： 对… 的需要

There's a growing need for cheap rented housing in the large cities. 大城市对廉租房的需求不断增加。 课文句子精讲 Text A

Euthanasia ： For and Against

“We mustn‘t delay any longer …… swallowing is difficult …… and breathing， that’s also difficult. Those muscles are weakening too …… we mustn‘t delay any longer.” 第一部分： paras.1 —— paras 4 Para. 1

1. “We mustn‘t delay any longer…” 我们不可以再拖延了 mustn‘t 不应该，不可以

not any longer 不再，再也不 ， no longer 不再

These were the words of Dutchman Cees van Wendel de Joode asking his doctor to help him die. Affected with a serious disease， van Wendel was no longer able to speak clearly and he knew there was no hope of recovery and that his condition was rapidly deteriorating. Para.2

2. affected with a serious disease 为过去分词短语作原因状语；句中there was no hope of recovery and that his condition was rapidly deteriorating 是knew 的两个宾语从句。

本句的意思是：范o万德尔身患重病，再也不能清楚地说话。他知道他没有希望康复，身体状况正在急剧恶化。

Van Wendel‘s last three months of life before being given a final， lethal injection by his doctor were filmed and first shown on television last year in the Netherlands. The programme has since been bought by 20 countries and each time it is shown， it starts a nationwide debate on the subject. Para.3

3. Van Wendel‘s last three months of life … …were filmed

不可数名词前面有单位词修饰，谓语的数与单位词的数一致。 例：Two bottles of beer were served .

4. 句中“being given a final， lethal injection by his doctor”为被动结构的动名词短语，用作介词 “before”的宾语。句中“film” 用作动词，表示“将故事拍成电影”。

本句的意思：范o万德尔 生命的最后三个月，在接受医生给他打的最后致命一针之前，被拍成了电影并于去年首次在荷兰电视上播出。

5. 句中“since ”为副词，表示“从那以后”； each time 引导的是时间状语从句。

本句译为：“从那时起，已有20多个国家购买了这个节目，每次播放都引起对这个问题的全国性大辩论。

The Netherlands is the only country in Europe which permits euthanasia， although it is not technically legal there. However， doctors who carry out euthanasia under strict guidelines introduced by the Dutch Parliament two years ago are usually not prosecuted. The guidelines demand that the patient is experiencing extreme suffering ， that there is no chance of a cure， and that the patient has made repeated requests for euthanasia . permits=allows

Para.4

6. which引导定语从句修饰country ， although 引导让步状语从句 it is not technically legal 根据法律是不合法的。

technically ad. 严格按法律意义地，严格遵循某些规章制度地 （备注：荷兰在2001年四月已立法）

本句译为：“尽管它根据法律是不合法的，但是荷兰是欧洲唯一允许安乐死的国家。”

7. who carry out euthanasia under strict guidelines introduced by the Dutch parliament two years ago 是定语从句修饰doctors.而其中 “ introduced …。 ago” 为过去分词短语作定语，修饰guidelines.介词under 在此表示“根据，按照”。 主句： doctors … … are usually not prosecuted.

本句的意思是：不过，执行安乐死的医生如果遵守荷兰议会两年前制定的严格准则，通常不会遭起诉。

8. 三个that 引导的都是demand 的宾语从句，说明执行安乐死必须同时满足这三个条件。demand 在此表示“规定”，而不是“要求”的意思，因此，其后所接宾语从句也没有用（should）+ 动词原形的虚拟语气形式。

本句的意思是：这些准则要求，病人必须正在经受极大的痛苦，没有制愈的可能，并且病人一再恳求安乐死。 introduce：推行

In addition to this， a second doctor must confirm that these criteria have been met and the death must be reported to the police department.

9 a second doctor must confirm that these criteria have been met and the death must be reported to the police department.

a second doctor = another doctor 另外一名医生 第二部分 para.5 —— para.10

Should doctors be allowed to take the lives of others？ Dr， Wilfred van Oijen， Cees van Wendel‘s doctor， explains how he looks at the question：

Para.5 提出问题 Should doctors be allowed to take the lives of others？

10 Cees van Wendel‘s doctor， 是 Dr， Wilfred van Oijen的同位语。此句的主语和谓语被同位语所分开。，谓语是 explains ， how he looks at the question：是宾语从句。 life的复数是lives

“Well， it‘s not as if I’m planning to murder a crowd of people with a machine gun. In that case， killing is the worst thing 1 can imagine. But that‘s entirely different from my work as a doctor. I care for people and I try to ensure that they don’t suffer too much. That‘s a very different thing.” Para.6

11 as if = as though 仿佛，好像…似的

引导方式状语从句，一般用虚拟语气，如果与事实相符，也可用陈述语气。 12 In that case ， 在那种情况下 case n. 情况，事例，案例，病例

killing is the worst thing 1 can imagine. 杀人是我能想象出的最残忍的事情 Para.7 、8（两位反对安乐死的人和他们的观点）

Many people， though， are totally against the practice of euthanasia， Dr. Andrew Ferguson， Chairman of the organization Healthcare Opposed to Euthanasia， says that “in the vast majority of

euthanasia cases， what the patient is actually asking for is something else. They may want a health professional to open up communication for them with their loved ones or family - there‘s nearly always another question behind the question.”

13 Many people， though， are totally against the practice of euthanasia， 此句中的though = however

14 Chairman of the organization Healthcare Opposed to Euthanasia， 是Dr. Andrew Ferguson，的同位语。此句的主语和谓语被同位语所分开。

Britain also has a strong tradition of hospices - special hospitals which care only for the dying and their special needs. Cicely Saunders， President of the National Hospice Council and a founder member of the hospice movement， argues that euthanasia doesn‘t take into account that there are ways of caring for the dying. She is also concerned that allowing euthanasia would undermine the need for care and consideration of a wide range of people： “It’s very easy in society now for the elderly， the disabled and the dependent to feel that they are burdens， and therefore that they ought to opt out. I think that anything that legally allows the shortening of life does make those people more vulnerable. 15 “president of the National Hospice Council and a founder member of the hospice movement” 是Cicely Saunders 的同位语。此句的主语和谓语被同位语所分开。

“ that euthanasia doesn‘t take into account that there are ways of caring for the dying 是argue 的宾语从句；在宾语从句中，there are ways of caring for the dying 是take 的宾语从句。 此句的意思是：国家晚期病人收容所委员会主席和收容运动发起人茜西里？桑得斯认为安乐死没有考虑到总会有办法照顾临终病人。

16 “ that anything that legally allows the shortening of life does not make those people more vulnerable” 句中第一个that是think 的宾语从句的引导词，that legally allows the shortening of life 是定语从句，修饰anything .

vulnerable 是形容词作宾语补语

Many find this prohibition of an individual‘s right to die paternalistic. Although they agree that life is important and should be respected， they feel that the quality of life should not be ignored. Dr. van Oijen believes that people have the fundamental right to choose for themselves if they want to die： “What those people who oppose euthanasia are telling me is that dying people haven’t the right. And that when people are very ill， we are all afraid of their death. But there are situations where death is a friend. And in those cases， why not？”

Para.9

17“what those people who oppose euthanasia are telling me” 是主语从句，that dying people haven‘t the right 是表语从句；在主语从句中，who oppose euthanasia 是定语从句，修饰people. 本句的意思：那些反对安乐死的人告诉我的是临终之人没有这个权利。 and that （time） when …

18Why not 是一个省略句， 意思是：Why not help them die？ Why not have euthanasia？

But “why not？” is a question which might cause strong emotion. The film showing Cees van Wendel‘s death was both moving and sensitive. His doctor was clearly a family friend； his wife had only her husband’s interests at heart. Some， however， would argue that it would be dangerous to use this particular example to support the case for euthanasia. Not all patients would receive such a high level of individual care and attention. Para.10

19Some， however， would argue that it would be dangerous to use this particular example to support the case for euthanasia.

that 引导宾语从句， 从句中 it 是形式主语，不定式 to use 是实际主语 20Not all patients would receive such a high level of individual care and attention. 并不是所有的病人都能得到如此高水平的个别护理和关照。 accept 是主动的接受

重点句

Euthanasia ： For and Against

“We mustn‘t delay any longer …… swallowing is difficult …… and breathing， that’s also difficult. Those muscles are weakening too …… we mustn‘t delay any longer.”

These were the words of Dutchman Cees van Wendel de Joode asking his doctor to help him die. Affected with a serious disease， van Wendel was no longer able to speak clearly and he knew there was no hope of recovery and that his condition was rapidly deteriorating.

Van Wendel‘s last three months of life before being given a final， lethal injection by his doctor were filmed and first shown on television last year in the Netherlands. The programme has since been bought by 20 countries and each time it is shown， it starts a nationwide debate on the subject.

The Netherlands is the only country in Europe which permits euthanasia， although it is not technically legal there. However， doctors who carry out euthanasia under strict guidelines introduced by the Dutch Parliament two years ago are usually not prosecuted. The guidelines demand that the patient is experiencing extreme suffering ， that there is no chance of a cure， and that the patient has made repeated requests for euthanasia . In addition to this， a second doctor must confirm that these criteria have been met and the death must be reported to the police department.

Should doctors be allowed to take the lives of others？ Dr， Wilfred van Oijen， Cees van Wendel‘s doctor， explains how he looks at the question：

“Well， it‘s not as if I’m planning to murder a crowd of people with a machine gun. In that case， killing is the worst thing 1 can imagine. But that‘s entirely different from my work as a doctor. I care for people and I try to ensure that they don’t suffer too much. That‘s a very different thing.”

Many people， though， are totally against the practice of euthanasia， Dr. Andrew Ferguson， Chairman of the organization Healthcare Opposed to Euthanasia， says that “in the vast majority of euthanasia cases， what the patient is actually asking for is something else. They may want a health professional to open up communication for them with their loved ones or family - there‘s nearly always another question behind the question.”

Britain also has a strong tradition of hospices - special hospitals which care only for the dying and their special needs. Cicely Saunders， President of the National Hospice Council and a founder member of the hospice movement， argues that euthanasia doesn‘t take into account that there are ways of caring for the dying. She is also concerned that allowing euthanasia would undermine the need for care and consideration of a wide range of people： “It’s very easy in society now for the elderly， the disabled and the dependent to feel that they are burdens， and therefore that they ought to opt out. I think that anything that legally allows the shortening of life does make those people more vulnerable. Many find this prohibition of an individual‘s right to die paternalistic. Although they agree that life is important and should be respected， they feel that the quality of life should not be ignored. Dr. van Oijen believes that people have the fundamental right to choose for themselves if they want to die： “What those people who oppose euthanasia are telling me is that dying people haven’t the right. And that when people are very ill， we are all afraid of their death. But there are situations where death is a friend. And in those cases， why not？”

But “why not？” is a question which might cause strong emotion. The film showing Cees van Wendel‘s death was both moving and sensitive. His doctor was clearly a family friend； his wife had only her husband’s interests at heart. Some， however， would argue that it would be dangerous to use this particular example to support the case for euthanasia. Not all patients would receive such a high level of individual care and attention. Text B Advantage Unfair New Words

1 conspiracy n. 1.阴谋，密谋；2.阴谋集团，阴谋帮派

2 old-boy n. 1.老同学；2.（招呼用）老朋友，老弟，老兄 3 network n. 1.[纺]网眼织物；2.网状物，网络

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