动词与介词搭配

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§4.4 动词词组

1.动词与表示根源和来源的介词连用 (1)from

come from(起源于、出生于、来自),rise from(起源于),derive from(起源于),arise from(发生于、由?而产生),spring from(来自于、崛起于),emerge from(出现于),result from(产生于、起源于),stem from(发生于、滋长于),emanate from(流出于、出生于),grow from(由?而生),originate from(起源于),proceed from (发生于、由?发出),be derived from(临摹、出身于),be descended from(为?之后裔、系出??),copy from(抄录自),translate from (翻译自),quote from(引用自),adapt from(改编自)。 a.I have risen from the ranks to a major.

b.Her money came from a rich uncle.

c.Serious damage may arise from carelessness.

d.These spring from tiny seeds. e.He is sprung from royal blood.他出身皇家。

f.Something has resulted from my efforts.

g.According to the Bible,we are all descended from Adam.

h.This picture is a copy from Raphael. i.Thousands of English words are derived from/derive from Latin. quote from the classics(引自古文),draw water from a well(从井里汲水),drink from a river(临河而饮),draw conclusions from the evi-deuce(由证据中取得结论)。

①originate(来自),当来源是事物时,用from或in皆可;当来源为人时,用from或with皆可。

②come from有两个含义:一是表示“籍贯(出生于何处)”=come of;一是表示“来自何处”。其区别在于动词时态的不同。当表示“籍贯”时,动时用现在时,因籍贯是永远不变的。当表示“来自何处”时为叙述过去的事情,故用过去时或现在完成时。试比较:

a.Where do you come from?你籍贯何处?

(以现在时构成问句)

I come from Beijing.我是北京出生的。 b.Where did/have you come from?你来自何处?

I came/have come from Beijing.我从北京来。

(不一定是北京人)

(2)of

①ask(要求、请求、询问)

ask的对象为人时,可用ask sb.或 ask of sb.;ask sth.of sb.表示“请求某人做某事、或询问某人某事”。 a.May I ask a favour of you? b.May I ask a question of you? c.He asked his way of a hunter. ②beg(请求、要求)

a.He begged a favour of me. b.He begged money of charitable people.

③inquire(询问、探询)

inquire的宾语为人时,不能直接接人,须接介词of再接人,成为inquire of sb.。如欲表示“询问某事”时,须用介词about:inquire of sb.about sth.,意为“询问

某人某事”。inquire的宾语为地方时,接at:I'll inquire at the office and then tell you.我去办公室打听一下再告诉你。 a.I inquired of him the way to town. b.He inquired of me the best way to go.

c.I inquired of him about the matter. d.She inquires of him about her younger brother's conduct. ④require(要求)

如仅表示“向某人要求”时,require后接of再接人,成“require of sb.”的形式。如欲表示“要求某人做某事、向某人要求某物”时,用require sth.of sb.句型。 a.I have done everything that was required of me.

b.What do you require of me?

c.She required an apology of me.她要我道歉。

⑤demand(要求)

demand必须加of再加被要求的人,demand of sb.表示“向某人要求”。demand sth.of sb.表示“向某人要求某物(做某事)”。试比较: a.我要求他答复。

I demand him of an answer. I demand an answer of him.

b.He demands too high a price of me. ⑥come of(出身、出自),be born of(出生)

a.He comes of ancient family. b.She was born of good parents.她出身良家。

a)from与of皆可用以表示“起源、出处”,但何时用from,何时用of,须视动词而定。因此对于from和of所跟的动词必须加以区别熟记。

b)of,from皆可用以表示“种族、门第”,但何时用from,何时用of,亦决定于动词的不同。一般spring,be derived,be descended 接from,come,be born接of。 c)某些动词之后可接from或of,意义相同,但接from居多。此类动词大多表示“获得、期望”之意,如buy,borrow,hire,receive,learn,have(得到),expect,want等。

a.She learned her English of /from an American.

b.All these books may be had of/from any booksellers.

c.Everyone expected great things of/from him.

d)come from表示“籍贯”或“来自何处”。come of则表示“出身、家庭”。试比较:

a.He comes from Tianjin.他籍贯是天津。

b.He came from beyond the seas yesterday.他昨天从海外来。

c.He comes of good family.他出身良家。

d.He came of a poor peasant family.他出身于贫穷农家。 (3)out of

ask out of(由?而发问),pick out of(由?挑选),write out of one's own head(创作),pay out of one's own pocket(自己出钱)。

a.He asked out of curiousity.

b.You will have to pay out of your own pocket.

2.动词和表示推断的介词连用 (1)from

judge from/by(由?判定、由?判断),conclude from(由?判定),infer from(由?推论、由?推断),deduce from(由?推论、由?推断),judge from/by appearance(以貌取人),speak from experience (经验之谈),paint from nature(模仿自然作画、写生)。 a.Judging from what you say,he ought to succeed.

b.Judging from/by his appearance,he seems to be a man of good conduct. (2)by

judge by,know by(由?知),call by(据?而叫),tell by(由?知),recognize a person by the voice(依声音辨别某人)。

a.A man is usually judged by what he does.

b.He is called by the name of his father.

c.A man is known by the company he keeps.

观其所交,而知其人。 3.动词和表示比较的介词连用 (1)to

compare to(把?比作),liken to(与?相象),prefer?to(较喜欢?而不喜欢?),其中to为介词。

a.Life is compared to a voyage.人生好比航海。

b.Life is likened to an act of the stage.人生好比舞台上一幕戏。 c.I prefer death to dishonour.

d.I prefer working to doing nothing. (2)with

compare with(与?比较),contrast with(对照、对比),increase with(随?而增加),vary with(随?而变化)。 a.His English cannot compare with mine.

b.That will show a great increase compared with today.

c.I contrast this picture with that. d.You may contrast this book with another one.

e.An army's power increases with its size.

f.The size varies with the temperature.

4.动词和表示原因及动机的介词连用

(1)from

suffer from(受?之苦),act from(由?而行动),die from被用做表示死亡之原因时,其含意是由于外界添加的刺激或影响而致死的,而不是出于本人自身的原因。常见的还有:die from some unknowncause,die from a blow,die from fatigue,die from a wound,die from over- work,die from drinking too much wine,die from hunger,die from the memory of the world(为世人所忘),die from/of apoplexy,die from weakness,die from the effects of overexposure to the sun。

a.He suffers from a great loss in business.

b.He is now suffering from influenza. c.He acked from a sense of duty.责任感使他采取了行动。

d.The baby died from lack of care.

e.He died from a blow.

f.The little child died from eating to excess.

g.She died from some unknown cause. (2)of

die of用于表死亡的原因时,最常用的是“因?疾病而死亡”,of在此用法中常用:die of a disease,die of(an)illness,die of sorrow/love,die of diphtheria,die of/from apoplexy,die of a decline,die of disappoint- ment,die of hunger,die of thirst,die of a broken heart,die of/with grief,die of old age,die of exhaustion,die of a fall,die of fever(consumption,cold,smallpox,typhoid fever,congestion of the brain)。 a.He died of a heart attack. b.She died of high fever. (3)at

at常和表示情绪或感情的动词连用,如wonder,marvel,tremble,shudder,rejoice,cry,blush,weep,grieve,hesitate,laugh等。die at 亦表示死亡的原因,常用如下情形:die at the stake(焚死、受火刑而死),die at one's post(殉职)。

a.People wonder at his learning. b.They rejoiced at the news of his safe return.

c.She trembled at the sound of bursting.

d.He shuddered at the sight of blood. e.He hesitated at the difficulty. f.She always laughed at a good Joke. (4)for

die for表死亡原因时,有指“为某一目的、事业而死”的意义:die for one's

country,die for one's faith,die for some cause(为了某种事业而死),die for a crime(因罪而死)。

a.They died for their motherland. b.He died for his country. (5)with

with表示原因时,是指由于外界的某种变化而影响到体内或内心的某种变化的心理原因。常与如下动词连用:chatter,tremble,quiv- er,shiver,shake,shudder,totter,burst,foil,burn,kindle,seethe (激动),simmer(激动),cry,exclaim,weep。die with表示死亡原因时,多用于由于某种感情、情绪而导致的死亡。如die with horror,die with/for joy(由于病极而死),die with laughing。 a.His voice trembled with angry.他的声音因愤怒而颤抖。

b.She shook with laughter.她笑得全身抖动。

c.The people seethed with discontent.人们因不平而骚动。 d.He almost burst with laughter.他几乎放声大笑起来。

e.She died with horror.她吓死了。 f.She died with/for/from overjoy. (6)over

over指由于某原因或事件而产生的心理活动或感情冲动,常和如下动词连用:cry,weep,laugh,rejoice,mourn,grieve等。 a.We laugh over his foolish operation.

b.She was crying over her misfortunes.

c.She wept over her sad fate.

d.We all rejoice over the victory. e.She grieved over her misfortunes. f.He is foolish as to cry over a novel. g.They rejoiced over the glorious victory. (7)in

die in表示死亡原因时,用于下列情形:die in battle(战死),die in one's bed(老死),die in poverty,die in annoy,die in a ditch,die in childbed/child birth(因生产而死),die in one's boots(横死、死于非命),die in harness(殉职)。

a.He died in his bed. b.He died in his boots. (8)on

die on表示死亡原因时,常指如下情形:die on the scaffold(死在刽子手之手),die on the battlefield(战死)。 (9)by

die by表示死亡原因时,常指如下情形:die by violence(死于非命、横死、惨死),die by the sword(死于刀剑之下),die by hanging (缢死),die by pestilence(死于流行的疾病),die by one's own hand (自杀),die by drowning(溺死)。 5.动词和表示理由的介词连用

for常与dismiss,punish,blame,suffer,reward等动词连用,表示赏罚的理由,如win a medal for bravery,suffer for one's sins,sent to prison for stealing。

a.Heaven has rewarded him for his honesty.

b.He was rewarded for saving the girl's life.

c.He was punished for stealing. d.He was dismissed for neglecting his work.

e.You will suffer for your wickedness some day.

suffer for和suffer from有区别,suffer for后接的原因大都是主语做的坏事(如犯罪等),而suffer from后接不是原因,而是遭受的对象,意即给主语带来痛苦的东西(如贫穷、疾病等)。for与apolo- gize,make up连用,表示“补偿”之意。 f.You should apologize for your rudeness.

g.We must make up for lost time. 6.动词和表示品质、材料、构成成份的介词连用

(1)of

表示“材料、由?做成”,of后的材料与成品性质相同,只发生物理变化。(注意与from的区别),常用的有:make of,build of,form of,weave of,create of,常用作被动语态。表示“组成成分”,of常与下列动词构成成语:consist of(由?组成),be composed of,be made up of,be formed of。consist of中无be动词,以上几个成语可以互相换用。

a.Bottles are made of glass. b.This house is built of stones. c.The cloth is woven of silk and gold. d.Man consists of soul and body. e.Water made up of oxygen and hydrogen.

f.Japan is formed of four large islands.

(2)from,out of

from表示“由?制成”,是指成品与原材料之间发生了质的变化即化学变化,如:Wine is made from pineapple.

当材料变质与否不明时,可用of或from。若以材料为主语,而以成品为宾语,则用into,而不使用from或of,而out of表示“由?做成的、什么材料被做成为什么成品”之意。

a.Bread is made from/of flour and water.

b.Flour is made into bread. c.We make paper into many things. make of原是make out of的省略形式,故make out of也指物理变化,当make和of分开时,用make out of,否则用make of。试比较:

d.Many useful things are made of paper.

We make many things out of paper. e.Many things are made of bamboo. We make many things out of bamboo. 虽然把make和of分开,但表示“造就成?、当成是?”的意义时,则仍使用of而不用out of。

f.I will make a teacher of you.我将使你成为教师。

g.She will make a fool of him.她将愚弄他。 (3)in

表示“用?原料、用?语言”意义,in常和write,speak,cast em- broider,paint,answer等动词连用。

a.He painted in oils,but I painted in water-colors.

b.You must write letters in ink.

c.Can you answer it in English? d.The design is embroidered in gold. e.The statue was cast in bronze. f.He did not write it in ink,but with a pencil.

在表示“材料”时,in常和with混用,须特别注意。in表示“材料”,而with表示“工具”,如“我将用墨水写封信”是:I shall write a letter in ink.而不是用with ink,因为ink为原料而非工具,再如下例则更易混错:write in

pencil/chalk;表示“工具”之意时,则须用write with a pencil/a piece of chalk。判别方法:

①物质名词:表示材料,此时一般用in。 ②普通名同:可表示材料与工具,当该名词前无冠词也不是复数形式时,一般表示材料用in;如有冠词或用复数形式,一般表示工具,用with。in表示“穿戴衣服、鞋子”

等时,常和be dressed,clothed,clad(穿衣),attired(穿着),arrayed(穿着)等连用。

a.We usually write in blue ink. We usually write with pens or pencils. b.Don't write a letter in pencil. Don't write a letter with a pencil. c.She was dressed in a blue hat with a red flower on it.

b.In spring the mountains are clothed in verdure. (4)with

with用于表示材料时,常指“用?装饰、用?充满”之意,常与下列动词连用:abo und,fill,crowd,pack,cram,teem,load,pave,cover,stud(散布),decorate,ornament,sprinkle(撒),stain(沾污),spread,line(排列着),furnish(供应),

equip,stock,arm(装备),store,如a path paved with brick,a career paved with good intentions,a sea studded with islands,load one's stomach with food。 a.India abounds with rain. b.The bottle was filled with water. c.The road is paved with stones. d.The river teems with fish.(Fish teem in this river.)

e.He went home loaded with honours. f.The city was all decorated with flags on National Day.

g.We are well provided with food and clothing.

h.His hands were stained with dye. 7.动词和表示状况、情况的介词into连用

常见的该类成语有:get/run into debt(负债),get into trouble,fly into a passion/rage(大发脾气),fall into disgrace(失宠),come into plan (开始活动),fall into an error(犯错误),burst into flame/tears,come into force,come into fashion/style(流行),put into execution(实行),put into effect(实施),put into one's head(使想起),get into favour (受欢迎),get into business(做生意)。

a.Man is liable to fall into error. b.When did the new style of dress come into fashion?

c.He flew into a passion.

d.That type of evening dress came into style shortly after the war. 8.动词和表示目的、目标的介词连用 (1)for

for可以表示目的,for也可表示“希望、愿望”的目的,常和下列动词连用:hope,wish,crave,hanker(渴望),sigh(热望、思念),pine(渴慕),yearn,long,hunger,thirst。hope for the best,yearn for home,hunger for knowledge,hanker for affection。

a.They fought for independence. b.They went out for a picnic. c.We are going for a bath. d.We hope for fine weather. e.The mother yearns for her children. f.Never thirst for riches. 上述long,yearn,crave,hanker,thirst,hunger等后也可接after,意义不变,只是语气较for强,而现代英语以接for较为普遍。for又可表示“搜索、寻求”的目的,常和look,seek,search,hunt连用,构成成语:search for/after truth,hunt

for/after a lost book。for还可表示“祈求”的目的,常和ask,beg,pray,apply连用。

a.I'm looking for my pen.

b.The teacher is searching for the missing papers.

上述for除look后均可换为after,look for意为“寻找”,look after意为“照顾、照料”。试比较:

a.I'm looking for my watch. b.I'll look after his children. ask for表示“恳求、请求”之意。注意以下几点:

①当表示“要求某物”时用ask for sth.,当表示“要求某物被如何”时,用ask for sth.to be done。

a.The beggar asked for a loaf of bread.

b.He asked for the door to be shut. ②表示“向某人要求某物”时,用ask sb.for sth.。

Don't come and ask me for money so often.

③如欲表示“要求某人做某事”用ask sb.to do sth.。

Ask him to do it for you.

ask after意为“问候、问安”。apply to sb.for sth.意为“向某人请求某物”。 a.He is applying for an appointment. b.We shall apply to friends for help. beg与ask的用法相同。pray的常用句型为:pray for sth.,pray to God/sb.for sth.,pray for peace,pray for pardon。 a.He prayed to God for help. b.The peasants are praying for rain.

for还可表示“劳心、劳力”的目的,常和work,labour,toil (辛劳工作),read,study,struggle,strive,compete,contend,contest,try,scramble等动词连用。strive for liberty,try for a prize,strive for the truth,struggle for influence/power,strive for mastery,contend for a prize,compete for custom,scramble for seats。

a.He labours for the happiness of mankind.

b.Some toil for money,some for fame. c.We must strive for independence and liberty.

for还可表示“准备”的目的,如prepare for,make preparation for (为?准备),prepare,ready后接against则表示“预防、防备”之意。

a.I have been preparing myself for the entrance examination.

b.Have you made any preparation for your trip?

for还可表示“有?才能、资格”,常用的成语有:be qualified for (有?的资格),be cut out for(有?的才能),have talent for(有?的才能),have a genius for(有?的天才),have(no)ability for/in(有/无做?的力量),have great talent for(有?的天才),have a turn for(有?的天才),have a talent for music(有音乐天才),have an eye for the

picturesque(有审美眼光),have a good ear for music(对音乐有高超的鉴赏力),be gifted for something(做某事有天赋)。 a.He has an aptitude for languages. b.He is not cut out for that sort of work.

c.He has great talent for painting. d.He has a good ear for music.

for还可表示“嗜好、喜好”的目的,常见的成语有:have a tastefor(喜好),have a fondness for(喜欢),have a liking for(喜欢),have a weakness for(偏好),have a fancy for(喜好),go in for(爱好),care for(喜欢),have an inclination for(爱好),have a taste for art,have a weakness for music。

a.He has a liking for wine. b.Do you care for some more tea? for后接表示“同情”的目的,常和动词care,fear,grieve,weep,blush,tremble连用。

a.I don't care for myself,but I fear for the children.

b.I tremble for your safety. for还可表示“向?地方、以?为目的地”,后接地点名词,常构成下列短语:start for,leave?for,set out for,set off for

(动身前往),sail for,be bound for(启程往),make for(向?移动),head for (向?出发),embark for(搭往?)。 a.I shall leave for Beijing in a few days.

b.He set off for France this morning. to也可用于表示“目的地”,但与for不同。for只是表示“面向?的目地”,没有到达之意。而to则表示“到达?目的地”,有“到达”之意。因此在上述所列的成语后不可接to。试比较:

a.a train for Guangzhou向广州开出的列车

(仅向广州方向,广州并非一定是停靠站)

a train to Guangzhou开到广州去的列车(广州为停靠站)

b.He has gone to Japan.他已抵达日本。

He had left for Japan.他已出发往日本去。

be intended for,be destined for意为“成为?职业的人、以?为职业、命中注定如何”。be born(for)a poet(天生的诗人),intend on for(立志要使?成为?),be educated for the law(被培养成为律师)。

a.I felt that he was destined for something great.

b.My father intended me for a physician.

for亦可表示“为了?目的”,常和go,come,send,call连用。

a.I am going out for a walk. b.Have you sent for the doctor? for还可以表示“为了谁、给予谁”,常和make,buy,set,write,read连用。go for a walk/ride,swim,etc.,run for one's

life(逃命),work for one's living(为生计而工作),read for pleasure(以读书为乐趣)。

a.Here I read a letter for you. b.These books are written for Chinese students. (2)at

at表示“动作的目标或方向”,常构成如下成语:look at,stare at,glance at,gaze at,glare at,wink at,aim at,drive at,throw at,knock at,strike at,rush at,let drive at,dash at,fire at,shoot at,fling at,tap at,run at,make at,come at(攻击),smile at,laugh at,jeer at,jest at,point at,frown at/on,sneer at,mock at,spit at,bark at(吼叫),snart at(咆哮),growl at(咆哮),snap at(怒吼),storm at(向?咆哮),murmur at/against(发牢骚、诉怨),grumble at/about/over(发牢骚、诉委屈),point

at(暗指、暗示),hint at(暗指、暗示),guess at(猜着),catch at(抓住),get at(取得),grasp at(抓住),snatch at(抢取),reach at(伸手以取、想得到)。 look,gaze后还可接on,但意义略有不同,look at,gaze at只表示“一动作的方向或目的”,而look on和gaze on则表示“熟视”,带有感情色彩,试比较: a.She gaze at him.她注视着他。(视线的目的点)

b.She gazed on him with rapture. 她欣喜若狂地凝视着他。(含感情色彩) at还可表示“到达”之意,常和end,get,land,stop等动词连

用,表示“向某地方”,运动方向为终止点。

a.The train arrived at the station. b.I landed at America.

(3)against,after

against表示“停靠、对着”的东西,beat against,lean against。

a.The rain was beating against the windows.

b.The ladder leans against the wall. after表示“愿望、渴望”的目的,常与下列动词连用:long(渴望),yearn(思慕),hanker(渴求),hunger(渴望),thirst(渴望),pine(思慕),sigh(渴望)。

a.We ought to hunger after knowledge. b.The mother long after an

opportunity of seeing her children. after还可表示“追求、寻求”的目的,常构成下列成语:run after (追求、追赶),seek after(追求),search after(追求),inquire after (问候)。

a.All men search after happiness. b.She inquired after her sick sister. 9.动词和表示结果的介词连用 (1)to

to表示“由某动作所产生的结果”。be broken/dashed/cut/torn to pieces(被打成、摔成、切成、撕成碎片),be burnt to death(被烧死),be beaten to death(被打死),be starved to death(饿死),be frozen to death(冻死),be born to riches(生来就富有),be moved to tears (感动地流下了泪水),be tired to death(累死)。

a.The house is falling to ruin.房子倒塌了。

b.He torn the letter to pieces.他把信撕得粉碎。

c.The glass was broken to pieces.玻璃杯被打碎了。

d.He took the watch all to pieces while I waited.

当我在等候的时候,他把这只表全拆了。 e.The mother sings the child to sleep.母亲唱歌使小孩入眠。

f.Don't provoke me to angry.不要激我生气。

g.He drinks himself to death.他酗酒而死。

h.He was frozen to death.他被冻死了。 (2)into

into表示“变化的结果”,常和本身含有“转变”意义的动词连用:turn(变心),change(改变),grow(变成),convert(转变),transform (改变),develop(发展),degenerate(转变),unite(联合),divide (分割),distribute(分类、类别),burst(突发、猝发),break

(突然),translate(翻译),render(使成、致成),do(做、制作),be made into(制造、产生),be spun into(编制、杜撰),be woven into(编、编排)。 burst into表示由一种状态变成另一种状态之意,如burst into tears/laugh(突然大哭/笑),break into也是此义,如break into a loud laugh(突然大笑)。 convert rags into paper(将破布变成纸),convert securities into cash (将证券变成现款),convert pounds into francs(将英磅换成法郎),laugh oneself into convulsion(捧腹大笑),talk black into white(指黑为白、指鹿为马),develop into a flower(长成花),degenerate into weeds (退化为杂草)。

into也可表示由外力而造成的影响:talk sb.into doing sth.(说服某人做某事),reason sb.into doing sth.(说服某人做某事),frighten sb.into doing sth.(恐吓某人做某事),surprise sb.into doing

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