英汉语言对比研究

英汉翻译

第三讲

Exercises1.

运用直译法 an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth Breakfast without orange juice is like a day without sunshine.(橙汁广告词) cast a shadow over His life hangs on a thread. Marriage, with peace, is this world’s paradise; with strife, this life’s purgatory. I would draw a further conclusion, which I believe is central to assessing China’s future place in the world economy.

2.运用意译法

Good To The Last Drop (饮料广告词) Apple Thinks Different (苹果电脑广告词) If you are unfair to me, I will certainly hang out all your dirty linen. I gave my youth to the sea and I came home and gave my wife my old age.

导入：Lead-in

“一种事物的特点，要跟别的事物比较才显出来。” 吕叔湘 “对于中国学生最有用的帮助是让他认识英语和汉语的差 别。” 吕叔湘 语言对比是指不同语言之间的对比分析，通常是通过 compare (similarities)和contrast (differences)两种途径。 Content of contrastive study: 语音(phonetics)、词汇(vocabulary)、句子结构 (sentence structure)、思维方式(way of thinking)和语 篇(discourse)

第三章 英汉语言的对比英汉语言特点对比 英汉词汇现象对比 英汉句法现象对比

英汉语言对比英语 汉语 综合型vs.分析型 形合 vs.意合 聚集 vs.流散 长句 vs.短句 静态 vs.动态 多被动 vs.多主动 重物称 vs. 重人称

1.Synthetic vs. Analytic 综合与分析

They told me that by the end of the year they would have been working together for thirty years. synthetic 他们告诉我，到(那年)年底，他们在一 起工作就有三十年了。 analytic

Synthetic vs. Analytic A

synthetic language is “characterized by frequent and systematic use of inflected forms to express grammatical relationships. An analytic language is “characterized by a relatively frequent use of function words, auxiliary verbs, and changes in word order to express syntactic relations, rather than of inflected forms”.

Feature of English as a Synthetic Language英语通过词汇的形态变化，表示句子丰富多采的语言 关系和逻辑关系。 形态变化包括性 (gender) 、数 (number) 、格 (case) 、 时 (tense)、体 (aspect)、语态 (voice)、语气 (mood)、 比较级(degree of comparison)、人称(person)、词性 (parts of speech)。

Feature of Chinese as an Analytic Language汉语基本没有形态变化，主要靠词语、词序及暗含逻 辑关系来表达句子的语言意义。

Practice1.听到他这样讲话，我差点笑出来了。 I could have laughed to hear him talk like this. 2. The mountains began to throw their long blue shadows over the valley. 群山开始向山谷投下一道道蔚蓝色长影。 3. 李教授原打算在这干一辈子的，但还是由于种种原 因去了深圳。 Professor Li had p

lanned to work here for the rest of his life, but now he has been to Shenzhen for reasons. 4.一群人立刻把他围住了，向他提出一个又一个问题。 Very soon he was surrounded by a crowd and was snowed under with questions.

2.Hypotactic vs. Paratactic 形合与意合

孟子曰：“鱼，我所欲也；熊掌，亦我所欲也。 二者不可得兼，舍鱼而取熊掌者也。生，我所欲 也；义，亦我所欲也。二者不可得兼，舍生而取 义者也。”

Paratactic(意合)

Mencius said, “ I like fish and I also like bear’s paws. If I cannot have the two together, I will let the fish go and take the bear’s paws. In a similar way, I like life, and I also like righteousness. If I cannot have the two together, I will give up my life to preserve righteousness.”

Hypotactic(形合)

2.形合 vs.意合(hypotactic vs. paratactic)

形合指句子内部的连接或句子之间的连接采用句法 手段或词汇手段。 意合指句子内部的连接或句子之间的连接采用语义 手段。 英语重形合，呈现显性衔接(overt),借助于语言 形式(包括衔接词、关系词、介词、词尾的变化等) 来实现词或句子的连接。 汉语重意合，呈现隐性衔接(covert),不借助语 言形式手段而借助词语或句子所含意义的逻辑联系 来实现词语或句子的连接。

1.跑得了和尚，跑不了庙。 Even if the monk can run away, his temple cannot run with him. 2.谦虚使人进步，骄傲使人落后。 Modesty helps one go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind. 3.冬天来了，春天还会远吗？ If winter comes , can spring be far behind? 4. 好好学习，天天向上。 Study hard and make progress everyday. 5.前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。 While the prospects are bright, the road has twists and turns

6. It’s so cold that the river froze. 天太冷，河水都结冰了。 7. We will not attack unless we ‘re attacked. 人不犯我，我不犯人。 8. It’s easy to change rivers and mountains, but hard to change a person’s nature. 江山易改，本性难移。 9. He spoke so rapidly that we could not clearly understand him. 他说的太快，我不懂他的意思。 10.I can’t trust her, because she is not honest.. 她不老实，我不能信任她。

特点小结：形合(英语):多用连接词、关系词、介词和 分词，以形制意，多用长句， 呈聚集型(一棵大树)。 意合(汉语):少用连接词，以意驭形，多用 短句，呈流散型(一根竹子)。

It was a day as fresh as grass growing up and clouds going over and butterflies coming down can make it. It was a day compounded from silences of bee and flower and ocean and land, which were not silences at all, but motions, stirs, flutters, risings, fallings, each in its own time and matchless rhythm.绿草萋萋，白云冉

冉，彩蝶翩翩，这日子是如此清新可爱；蜜蜂 无言，春花不语，海波声歇，大地音寂，这日子是如此安静。然 而并非安静，因为万物各以其特有的节奏，或动，或摇，或震， 或起，或伏。

翻译技巧：英译汉：省略译法(少用衔接词),分译法 (多用短句) 汉译英：增译法(补充衔接词),合译法(多 用长句)

pact vs. Diffusive 聚集与流散

The boy, who was crying as if his heart would break, said, when I spoke to him, that he was very hungry because he had had no food for two days.

compact男孩哭得心都快碎了，当我问及他时，他说饿极了，有 两天没吃了。

diffusive

本文来源：https://www.bwwdw.com/article/76w1.html