微观经济学chapter_06

复旦经院-微观经济学

Chapter 6 Production 生产

复旦经院-微观经济学

Topics to be DiscussedThe Technology of Production(生产技术) Isoquants(等产量线) Production with One Variable Input (Labor) (一种可变投入的生产) Production with Two Variable Inputs (两种可变投入的生产) Returns to Scale(规模报酬)Chapter 6 Slide 2

复旦经院-微观经济学

IntroductionOur focus is the supply side.(供给侧) The theory of the firm will address: How a firm makes cost-minimizing production decisions(厂商如何作出最低成本的生产决策) How cost varies with output(生产成本如何随产出 变化) Characteristics of market supply(市场供给的特征 ) Issues of business regulation(商业法规)

Chapter 6

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复旦经院-微观经济学

The Technology of ProductionThe Production Process Combining inputs or factors of production to achieve an output (生产过程：一系列生产要素结合得到某种产出) Categories of Inputs (factors of production)(生产要 素：投入品) Labor(劳动力) Materials(原材料) Capital(资本)Chapter 6 Slide 4

复旦经院-微观经济学

The Technology of ProductionProduction Function(生产函数):Indicates the highest output that a firm can produce for every specified combination of inputs given the state of technology. 生产函数描述在技术水平一定情况下，每一特定的 投入品组合下企业的最高产出 Shows what is technically feasible when the firm operates efficiently. 生产函数描述了企业有效运行的技术可行性

Chapter 6

Slide 5

复旦经院-微观经济学

The Technology of ProductionThe production function for two inputs: 两种投入的生产方程 Q = F(K,L) Q = Output(产出), K = Capital(资 本), L = Labor(劳动力)

Chapter 6

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复旦经院-微观经济学

IsoquantsFor a given technology AssumptionsFood producer has two inputs Labor (L) & Capital (K)

Chapter 6

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复旦经院-微观经济学

IsoquantsObservations: 1) For any level of K, output increases with more L(给定资本数量，产出随劳动力增加而增 加). 2) For any level of L, output increases with more K (给定劳动力数量，产出随资本增加而增加). 3) Various combinations of inputs produce the same output(不同的投入品组合可生产出相同的产出 ).

Chapter 6

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复旦经院-微观经济学

IsoquantsIsoquants(等产量线)Curves showing all possible combinations of inputs that yield the same output 由生产出同一产量的不同投入品组合形成的 曲线

Chapter 6

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复旦经院-微观经济学

Production Function for FoodLabor Input Capital Input 1 1 2 3 4 5 20 40 55 65 75 2 40 60 75 85 90 3 55 75 90 100 105 4 65 85 100 110 115 5 75 90 105 115 120

Chapter 6

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复旦经院-微观经济学

Production with Two Variable Inputs (L,K)Capital per year 5 4 3 2 Q3 = 90 1 1Chapter 6 The isoquants are derived from the production function for output of of 55, 75, and 90.

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The Isoquant Map

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Q2 = 75 Q1 = 55 4 5Labor per yearSlide 11

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复旦经院-微观经济学

IsoquantsInput Flexibility The isoquants emphasize how different input combinations can be used to produce the

same output.(等产量线着重回答为了得到相 同产出可以使用的不同投入组合) This information allows the producer to respond efficiently to changes in the markets for inputs(等产量线信息使生产者可以有效应 对投入品市场的变化).

Chapter 6

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复旦经院-微观经济学

IsoquantsThe Short Run versus the Long Run

Short-run(短期):Period of time in which quantities of one or more production factors cannot be changed(这期间一种或几种生产要素不能 改变). These inputs are called fixed inputs(固定投 入品).

Chapter 6

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复旦经院-微观经济学

IsoquantsThe Short Run versus the Long Run

Long-run(长期)Amount of time needed to make all production inputs variable (所有的投入品均可变).

Chapter 6

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复旦经院-微观经济学

Production with One Variable Input (Labor)Amount of Labor (L) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10Chapter 6

Amount Total of Capital (K) Output (Q) 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 30 60 80 95 108 112 112 108 100

Average Product --10 15 20 20 19 18 16 14 12 10

Marginal Product --10 20 30 20 15 13 4 0 -4 -8Slide 15

复旦经院-微观经济学

Production with One Variable Input (Labor) Observations: 1) With additional workers, output (Q) increases, reaches a maximum, and then decreases. 初期， 投入的劳动力增加则产出增加 ；后期则开始下降

Chapter 6

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复旦经院-微观经济学

Production with One Variable Input (Labor)Observations: 2) The average product of labor (AP), or output per worker, increases and then decreases. 劳动的平均产出先增加后减少

Output Q AP = = Labor Input LChapter 6 Slide 17

复旦经院-微观经济学

Production with One Variable Input (Labor)Observations: 3) The marginal product of labor (MP), or output of the additional worker, increases rapidly initially and then decreases and becomes negative. 劳动的边际产出初期迅速增加之后开始下降并变为负值

Output Q = MPL = Labor Input LChapter 6 Slide 18

复旦经院-微观经济学

Production with One Variable Input (Labor)Output per Month

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Total Product

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A: slope of tangent = MP (20) B: slope of OB = AP (20) C: slope of OC= MP & AP

0 1Chapter 6

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10 Labor per MonthSlide 19

复旦经院-微观经济学

Production with One Variable Input (Labor)Outpu t per Month Observations: Left of E: MP > AP & AP is increasing Right of E: MP < AP & AP is decreasing E: MP = AP & AP is at its maximum Marginal Product

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Average Product

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10 Labor per MonthSlide 20

复旦经院-微观经济学

Production with One Variable Input (Labor)Observations:When MP = 0, TP is at its maximum 边际产出为零，总产出达到最大值 When MP > AP, AP is increasing 当边际产出大于平均产出，平均产出上升 When MP < AP, AP is decreasing 当边际产出小于平均产出，平均产出下降 When MP = AP, AP is at its maximum 当边际产出等于平均产出，平均产出最大

Chapter 6

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