6-5-美丽中国之-英文字幕相结合-SRT格式（请用word打开）

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NARRATOR: Protected by the Great Wall in the north, 2

00:00:06,571 --> 00:00:09,324 and fed by the Yellow and Yangtze rivers, 3

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China's eastern heartland is the centre of a flourishing civilisation 4

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which spans more than 5,000 years. 5

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To outsiders this is a mysterious land. 6

00:00:34,691 --> 00:00:37,444 It contains dazzling man-made structures. 7

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And it's home to some of China's rarest and most charismatic creatures. 8

00:00:52,851 --> 00:00:54,330 (ROARING) 9

00:00:56,691 --> 00:00:59,683 The people who live here, the Han Chinese, 10

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comprise the largest ethnic group in the world, 11

00:01:02,891 --> 00:01:04,927 and their language, Mandarin, 12

00:01:05,011 --> 00:01:08,447 is the world's oldest

and most widely spoken language. 13

00:01:11,891 --> 00:01:13,768 (SPEAKING CHINESE) 14

00:01:19,211 --> 00:01:24,410 In the last 50 years

China has seen massive development, 15

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bringing many environmental problems. 16

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But the relationship of the Chinese to their environment and its creatures 17

00:01:37,491 --> 00:01:41,643 is in fact deep, complex and extraordinary. 18

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In this programme we will look for clues to this ancient relationship 19

00:01:49,091 --> 00:01:52,288 and what it means

for the future of China.

20

00:02:26,291 --> 00:02:30,284 Our journey starts

at the very heart of China, Beijing. 21

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China's capital is a vast metropolis, home to 15 million people. 22

00:02:41,851 --> 00:02:45,002 This bustling modern city seems an unlikely place 23

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for traditional beliefs and customs. 24

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But beneath the contemporary veneer, 25

00:02:50,091 --> 00:02:53,322 it's possible to see glimpses of a far older China. 26

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Every morning, people head to the parks around the Forbidden City, 27

00:03:05,971 --> 00:03:08,929 to continue a custom which is centuries old. 28

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Many Chinese keep birds as companions, 29

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specifically a type of laughing thrush from southern China. 30

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But they know that cooped up indoors, birds may become depressed. 31

00:03:35,251 --> 00:03:39,130 So they try to brighten their day by meeting other birds. 32

00:03:39,211 --> 00:03:41,520 (BIRDS TWITTERING) 33

00:03:51,051 --> 00:03:54,600 This surprising scene

in the heart of modern Beijing 34

00:03:54,691 --> 00:03:58,240 is a clue

to China's oldest spiritual ambition, 35

00:03:58,331 --> 00:04:02,119 the harmonious co-existence of man and nature. 36

00:04:06,491 --> 00:04:07,970 (WHISTLING) 37

00:04:08,051 --> 00:04:09,609 (BIRDS CHIRPING) 38

00:04:10,131 --> 00:04:12,247 But from the 1950s onwards,

39

00:04:12,331 --> 00:04:15,528 this ancient belief

was to be severely challenged. 40

00:04:27,171 --> 00:04:31,403 After a century of humiliation

and intervention by foreign powers, 41

00:04:31,491 --> 00:04:34,563 Chairman Mao sought to rebuild China's dignity. 42

00:04:43,091 --> 00:04:45,844

Mao believed strongly in self-reliance, 43

00:04:45,931 --> 00:04:49,367 achieved through using all of nature's resources. 44

00:04:54,971 --> 00:04:58,088 Mao's first concern

was to feed the Chinese people 45

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by turning as much land as possible over to grain production, 46

00:05:02,091 --> 00:05:04,047 destroying non-cereal crops 47

00:05:04,131 --> 00:05:06,884 and uprooting fruit trees in the process.

48

00:05:12,691 --> 00:05:16,320 A campaign to eliminate

crop-raiding sparrows backfired 49

00:05:16,411 --> 00:05:19,483 when insect-eating birds were also targeted, 50

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causing an increase in insect pests. 51

00:05:30,611 --> 00:05:33,409 Efforts to make China self-reliant in steel 52

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resulted in 10% of the country's forests being felled to feed the furnaces. 53

00:05:44,811 --> 00:05:48,645 This had a profound impact on China's environment, 54

00:05:48,731 --> 00:05:52,406 with effects, in some cases, lasting until the present day. 55

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Mao's policy towards the countryside has been described in the phrase, 56

00:06:00,851 --> 00:06:03,411 \ 57

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Quite different from the ancient concept of harmonious co-existence with nature. 58

00:06:13,131 --> 00:06:16,282 As modern China

engages with the outside world, 59

00:06:16,371 --> 00:06:19,488 which of these attitudes seems likely to prevail? 60

00:06:21,091 --> 00:06:22,524 To find the answers, 61

00:06:22,611 --> 00:06:25,489 we'll travel to the far reaches of the heartland 62

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to see how its traditional cultures and unique creatures are faring today. 63

00:06:36,411 --> 00:06:40,165 Beijing has always depended on the North China Plain, 64

00:06:40,251 --> 00:06:42,970 a rich farmland

twice the size of the UK. 65

00:06:45,331 --> 00:06:49,244 The fertility of this plain derives from further west, 66

00:06:49,331 --> 00:06:51,208 from the Loess Plateau. 67

00:06:59,651 --> 00:07:03,690 The mineral-rich soil of

the Loess Plateau is incredibly fertile. 68

00:07:06,371 --> 00:07:10,159 People have lived here for thousands of years, 69

00:07:10,251 --> 00:07:13,084 hollowing their homes out of the soft soil. 70

00:07:13,611 --> 00:07:15,647 (WOMAN SPEAKING CHINESE) 71

00:07:17,851 --> 00:07:19,842 The caves might lack the glamour of Beijing, 72

00:07:19,931 --> 00:07:22,491 but people can survive here. 73

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Warm, secure, but best of all, well fed. 74

00:07:32,131 --> 00:07:33,769 (WOMAN LAUGHING) 75

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As a result of centuries of farming, 76

00:07:37,971 --> 00:07:42,203 the landscape has become scarred

with thousands of water-worn gullies. 77

00:07:47,131 --> 00:07:50,965 But this spectacular erosion has had an unexpected benefit. 78

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The streams which drain the gullies 79

00:07:54,571 --> 00:07:58,359 carry the fertile yellow soil into the plateau's major river, 80

00:08:01,731 --> 00:08:06,088 known to the Han people

as the Mother of Chinese civilisation. 81

00:08:15,411 --> 00:08:18,005 This is the Yellow River. 82

00:08:26,131 --> 00:08:29,282 Each year the Yellow River

carries billions of tons of sediment 83

00:08:29,371 --> 00:08:30,850 from the Loess Plateau 84

00:08:30,931 --> 00:08:34,367 eastwards to the crop fields of the Chinese heartland. 85

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Historically, the Chinese relationship

with the river has been uneasy. 86

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Sediment, building up on the riverbed, has caused the Yellow River 87

00:08:52,611 --> 00:08:54,920 to burst its banks periodically, 88

00:08:55,011 --> 00:08:59,562 unleashing devastating floods, resulting in millions of deaths. 89

00:09:10,531 --> 00:09:15,241

But when tamed with dykes and channels, the river's bounty is legendary. 90

00:09:20,571 --> 00:09:25,042 Even today, half of China's wheat

comes from the Yellow River floodplain. 91

00:09:34,491 --> 00:09:37,369 For thousands of years,

the sediment-rich Yellow River 92

00:09:37,451 --> 00:09:41,444 has underpinned the prosperity of the Chinese heartland. 93

00:09:41,531 --> 00:09:44,807 But increased demand for water by people and industry 94

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now threaten to run the river dry.

95

00:10:02,491 --> 00:10:07,963 And the source of its fertility,

the Loess Plateau, is also under threat. 96

00:10:08,051 --> 00:10:12,442 Loosened by cultivation,

its soft soil is blowing away. 97

00:10:21,931 --> 00:10:25,048 The North China Plain

is choked with dust storms 98

00:10:25,131 --> 00:10:27,770 that even loom over Beijing, 99

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so much so that the Chinese government 100

00:10:30,451 --> 00:10:33,887 has made improving

the city's air quality a priority 101

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in the run up to the Beijing Olympics. 102

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Heartland China's life-support system is in trouble. 103

00:10:42,371 --> 00:10:46,330 Yet in a few places

it's still possible to find landscapes 104

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that appear to have remained untouched. 105

00:10:54,451 --> 00:10:57,204 At the southern edge of the North China Plain 106

00:10:57,291 --> 00:10:59,805 lie the Qinling Mountains. 107

00:10:59,891 --> 00:11:02,325 At 1,500 kilometres long, 108

00:11:02,411 --> 00:11:05,767 they run like a backbone through the middle of China. 109

00:11:22,891 --> 00:11:27,328 Deep within the mountains

is a maze of remote valleys and forests, 110

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home to strange and wonderful creatures. 111

00:11:30,251 --> 00:11:31,969 (MONKEYS CALLING) 112

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These are golden snub-nosed monkeys, a species unique to China. 113

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Seldom seen, they are frequently heard. 114

00:11:47,331 --> 00:11:51,404 Their strange child-like calls and extraordinary appearance 115

00:11:51,491 --> 00:11:53,766 may have inspired the local tales 116

00:11:53,851 --> 00:11:56,809 of a Yeti-like

wild man of the mountains. 117

00:12:07,291 --> 00:12:11,079 As winter temperatures drop to minus 10 degrees Celsius, 118

00:12:11,171 --> 00:12:13,844 their dense fur keeps them warm. 119

00:12:17,731 --> 00:12:22,043 Mutual grooming not only keeps

their precious fur in good condition, 120

00:12:22,131 --> 00:12:25,407 but also helps to reinforce bonds within the troop. 121

00:12:38,331 --> 00:12:41,641 In summer,

the monkeys go around in huge bands, 122

00:12:41,731 --> 00:12:43,642 but at this lean time of the year 123

00:12:43,731 --> 00:12:46,643 they split up

into smaller foraging parties. 124

00:13:10,251 --> 00:13:11,889 In the dead of winter, 125

00:13:11,971 --> 00:13:14,439 the monkeys are forced

to rummage around the rocks 126

00:13:14,531 --> 00:13:17,443 for a few meagre morsels of lichen and moss. 127

00:13:24,291 --> 00:13:26,361 As the world

surrounding their mountain home 128

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has filled up with towns and crop lands, 129

00:13:29,411 --> 00:13:33,802 the snub-nosed monkeys' habitat has changed dramatically. 130

00:13:33,891 --> 00:13:37,042 Today there are just 10,000 left in existence. 131

00:13:39,611 --> 00:13:41,124 (SAWING) 132

00:13:47,491 --> 00:13:50,289 To the people who live in the Qinling Mountains,

133

00:13:50,371 --> 00:13:54,728 the forest and its wildlife are a resource to be used, 134

00:13:54,811 --> 00:13:57,086 the basis of their livelihood. 135

00:14:00,891 --> 00:14:05,043 These people share the forest

with an even more elusive inhabitant. 136

00:14:05,131 --> 00:14:08,328 It's probably China's most famous animal, 137

00:14:08,411 --> 00:14:10,686 but very few have ever seen it. 138

00:14:17,611 --> 00:14:21,650 Unlike the monkeys,

this creature has a very specific diet, 139

00:14:23,371 --> 00:14:24,565 bamboo. 140

00:14:30,891 --> 00:14:33,325 It's a wild giant panda. 141

00:14:43,731 --> 00:14:46,803

Secretive, and sensitive to noise, 142

00:14:46,891 --> 00:14:51,407 the giant panda is often gone

before anyone can get close to it.

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The panda has long been known in China. 144

00:15:03,971 --> 00:15:07,850 It was mentioned in dictionaries more than 2,000 years ago 145

00:15:07,931 --> 00:15:11,162 and the Imperial Garden is said to have housed one. 146

00:15:14,291 --> 00:15:18,807 In the dense bamboo of the forest one panda rarely sees another, 147

00:15:18,891 --> 00:15:22,645 instead they communicate by subtle scent signals. 148

00:15:24,771 --> 00:15:28,730 At a metre-and-a-half long and 135 kilos, 149

00:15:28,811 --> 00:15:32,406 the giant panda

is a member of the bear family. 150

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But its bear-like digestive system is built for eating meat, 151

00:15:37,051 --> 00:15:39,281 not this tough, fibrous stuff.

152

00:15:45,611 --> 00:15:50,002 And to make matters worse,

the bamboo leaves are frozen solid. 153

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But the panda has devised a cunning way of breaking the ice off. 154

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It rubs the bamboo over its snout. 155

00:16:02,411 --> 00:16:03,764 Unlike other bears, 156

00:16:03,851 --> 00:16:07,844 the panda can't fatten itself up and hibernate through the winter. 157

00:16:07,931 --> 00:16:09,364 Bamboo is so low in energy 158

00:16:09,451 --> 00:16:12,602 that the panda must spend most of the day eating. 159

00:16:13,851 --> 00:16:18,003 Once it has exhausted one area, it must move on to the next. 160

00:16:21,931 --> 00:16:25,719 The panda's paw

is surprisingly un-bear-like, too. 161

00:16:25,811 --> 00:16:28,609

It's flexible,

with an enlarged wrist bone 162

00:16:28,691 --> 00:16:30,966 which allows it to grasp and manoeuvre the bamboo 163

00:16:31,051 --> 00:16:35,124 with a dexterity and precision that a monkey would be proud of. 164

00:16:36,411 --> 00:16:39,084 Twisting the bamboo leaves into a cigar shape 165

00:16:39,171 --> 00:16:41,287 makes them easier to munch. 166

00:16:51,931 --> 00:16:56,561 Hungry pandas once roamed

across vast tracts of bamboo-rich forest 167

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that covered much of China's heartland. 168

00:17:04,971 --> 00:17:07,041 But since the 1950s, 169

00:17:07,131 --> 00:17:10,646 logging has fragmented

the Qinling Mountain forests. 170

00:17:10,731 --> 00:17:15,247 Its remaining wild pandas are now confined within isolated reserves.

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In the last 50 years, China's heartland has been subjected to desertification, 172

00:17:26,891 --> 00:17:29,724 drying rivers and deforestation, 173

00:17:29,811 --> 00:17:33,167 affecting not only people, but wildlife, too. 174

00:17:39,131 --> 00:17:42,760 The relationship between

the Chinese people and their environment 175

00:17:42,851 --> 00:17:45,365 appears to be out of balance. 176

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But if we dig a little bit deeper, 177

00:17:47,611 --> 00:17:51,809 there are some surprising

and intimate connections even today. 178

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Clues to the nature of these links can be found in everyday life, 179

00:18:01,531 --> 00:18:04,329 even in the centre

of China's capital city. 180

00:18:09,931 --> 00:18:12,047 In the parks of Beijing, 181

00:18:12,131 --> 00:18:16,124 Mandarin ducks keep a close watch over their young. 182

00:18:16,211 --> 00:18:19,362 Believed by the Chinese to pair for life, 183

00:18:19,451 --> 00:18:24,081 they have been seen for centuries as a symbol of love and fidelity. 184

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Images of these birds are believed to improve personal relationships. 185

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As a result, Beijing's Mandarin ducks are highly protected. 186

00:19:08,051 --> 00:19:10,804 The alleyways

of the capital's ancient hutongs 187

00:19:10,891 --> 00:19:13,928 are home to a very different kind of creature. 188

00:19:16,291 --> 00:19:20,967 Each day Zhou Guoguang

tends his brood of pigeons, 189

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his chance to escape the pressures of city life for an hour or two. 190

00:19:25,531 --> 00:19:27,123 Up here on the rooftops, 191

00:19:27,211 --> 00:19:30,647 Zhou is confident

his charges will be safe. 192

00:19:30,731 --> 00:19:32,164 But in the streets below 193

00:19:32,251 --> 00:19:35,800 lurk dangerous spirits that scavenge and steal. 194

00:19:41,691 --> 00:19:46,685 Deeper into the hutongs,

the influence of modern Beijing recedes. 195

00:19:56,171 --> 00:19:58,890 These alleys

are full of ancient beliefs. 196

00:19:59,891 --> 00:20:01,802 (SPEAKING CHINESE) 197

00:20:18,011 --> 00:20:19,603 (BICYCLE BELL RINGING) 198

00:20:21,691 --> 00:20:26,446 As night falls,

spirits emerge from their hiding-places.

199

00:20:30,731 --> 00:20:32,449 The yellow weasel. 200

00:20:38,411 --> 00:20:39,844 Some people believe 201

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that offending this crafty predator can bring bad luck, 202

00:20:43,891 --> 00:20:47,770 so they turn a blind eye

to the weasel's night-time marauding. 203

00:20:50,971 --> 00:20:55,123 Old beliefs, coupled with

a rising awareness of conservation, 204

00:20:55,211 --> 00:20:59,124 are helping the yellow weasel survive in the middle of Beijing, 205

00:20:59,211 --> 00:21:01,486 despite killing the odd pigeon. 206

00:21:09,691 --> 00:21:10,965 In the south of China, 207

00:21:11,051 --> 00:21:14,566 the relationship with nature appears more brutal. 208

00:21:14,651 --> 00:21:17,848

Cantonese cuisine is famous for its diversity, 209

00:21:17,931 --> 00:21:19,364 summed up in the saying, 210

00:21:19,451 --> 00:21:22,761

\except a table.\ 211

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And though the government has banned the consumption of wildlife in China 212

00:21:28,491 --> 00:21:32,245 and most of the meat here

comes from captive-bred animals, 213

00:21:32,331 --> 00:21:35,767 a significant amount

is taken illegally from the wild. 214

00:21:53,211 --> 00:21:57,443 This restaurant in Hong Kong specialises in serpents. 215

00:21:57,531 --> 00:22:00,284 Most are harmless rat snakes, 216

00:22:00,371 --> 00:22:05,286

but with the odd cobra on the menu, one false move could spell trouble. 217

00:22:14,451 --> 00:22:16,362 Chau Ka-Ling has lost count

218

00:22:16,451 --> 00:22:19,727 of the number of times she's been bitten, 219

00:22:19,811 --> 00:22:23,520 so she always carries a Chinese herbal remedy, 220

00:22:23,611 --> 00:22:25,090 just in case. 221

00:22:27,251 --> 00:22:32,245 We might turn our noses up

at such a strange choice of food, 222

00:22:32,331 --> 00:22:35,846 but eating snakes

is more than just a matter of taste. 223

00:22:35,931 --> 00:22:39,128 The Cantonese believe

it can help to clean the blood, 224

00:22:39,211 --> 00:22:42,521

increase vitality and beautify the skin. 225

00:22:45,691 --> 00:22:47,602 In such a crowded land, 226

00:22:47,691 --> 00:22:51,127 a tradition of eating everything with very little waste 227

00:22:51,211 --> 00:22:53,771

could be seen as commendable thrift. 228

00:22:57,731 --> 00:22:59,801 The problem is

that there are so many people 229

00:22:59,891 --> 00:23:02,121 eating wild food in south China, 230

00:23:02,211 --> 00:23:06,204 that the illegal supply chain

stretches well beyond its borders, 231

00:23:06,291 --> 00:23:10,443 contributing to the disappearance of wildlife not only within China, 232

00:23:10,531 --> 00:23:12,806 but from other countries, too. 233

00:23:18,291 --> 00:23:21,249 A visit to a traditional Chinese medicine shop 234

00:23:21,331 --> 00:23:25,119 reveals another aspect

of the use of animals and plants. 235

00:23:27,891 --> 00:23:31,008 Dr So has been practising for over 20 years. 236

00:23:33,731 --> 00:23:37,770

The most important part of his diagnosis

is the pulse, 237

00:23:37,851 --> 00:23:39,967 examined in several places. 238

00:23:43,291 --> 00:23:47,603 Dr So also observes

the colour of the tongue and eyes, 239

00:23:47,691 --> 00:23:50,842 and asks questions

about the patient's taste, 240

00:23:50,931 --> 00:23:53,491 smell and even dreams. 241

00:23:58,251 --> 00:24:00,287 (BOTH SPEAKING CHINESE) 242

00:24:01,211 --> 00:24:06,239

Once satisfied with his diagnosis, he'll write a prescription, 243

00:24:06,331 --> 00:24:08,799 using a script unique to doctors. 244

00:24:11,531 --> 00:24:13,283 Chinese traditional medicine 245

00:24:13,371 --> 00:24:17,205 uses an incredible array

of animals, vegetables and minerals 246

00:24:17,291 --> 00:24:20,920

to treat the individual rather than the illness, 247

00:24:21,011 --> 00:24:25,402 aiming to restore the harmony

of opposing but complementary forces, 248

00:24:25,491 --> 00:24:27,925 known in China as yin and yang. 249

00:24:30,851 --> 00:24:33,126 The concept is rooted in the ancient belief 250

00:24:33,211 --> 00:24:35,406 that the universe is harmonious 251

00:24:35,491 --> 00:24:37,686 and that people

are intimately connected to, 252

00:24:37,771 --> 00:24:40,524

and affected by, their environment. 253

00:24:44,531 --> 00:24:47,967

Despite the seemingly bizarre nature of the ingredients, 254

00:24:48,051 --> 00:24:49,484 Chinese traditional medicine 255

00:24:49,571 --> 00:24:53,405

has been successfully treating people for thousands of years.

256

00:24:58,411 --> 00:25:00,971 But although the use

of endangered wildlife ingredients 257

00:25:01,051 --> 00:25:03,645

in medicine is now banned in China, 258

00:25:03,731 --> 00:25:07,770 some wild animals and plants are still used illegally. 259

00:25:07,851 --> 00:25:10,365 Once again nature bears the cost. 260

00:25:16,331 --> 00:25:19,607 But Chinese tradition

has borrowed from nature in other ways 261

00:25:19,691 --> 00:25:22,842

which are not in the least exploitative. 262

00:25:22,931 --> 00:25:25,399 In ancient Chinese philosophy, 263

00:25:25,491 --> 00:25:28,608 man was considered

part of the natural world 264

00:25:28,691 --> 00:25:31,205

and able to benefit from its wisdom. 265

00:25:50,251 --> 00:25:52,082 Thousands of years ago

266

00:25:52,171 --> 00:25:54,969 Buddhist monks

on sacred Shaolin Mountain 267

00:25:55,051 --> 00:25:58,361 incorporated their observations of wild creatures 268

00:25:58,451 --> 00:26:00,681 into a system of exercises 269

00:26:00,771 --> 00:26:03,763 to help the flow of energy and build strength. 270

00:26:14,891 --> 00:26:19,089 This animal-inspired art-form became kung fu. 271

00:26:42,931 --> 00:26:45,650 Today, ancient Shaolin Mountain, 272

00:26:45,731 --> 00:26:49,724 the place where kung fu began, remains its prime training centre. 273

00:26:51,011 --> 00:26:53,047 Shi Yanting is a master. 274

00:26:53,891 --> 00:26:55,688 (SPEAKING CHINESE) 275

00:27:01,811 --> 00:27:04,279

Students from all over the country

come here to learn 276

00:27:04,371 --> 00:27:07,727 the ancient knowledge

derived from the natural world. 277

00:27:22,411 --> 00:27:25,881 The emphasis today

is perhaps more on the physical 278

00:27:25,971 --> 00:27:30,487

rather than the philosophical elements that underlie kung fu, 279

00:27:30,571 --> 00:27:33,131

but it's a significant re-awakening. 280

00:27:38,771 --> 00:27:40,090 This seven-year-old 281

00:27:40,171 --> 00:27:43,959

is perfecting the devastating punch of the praying mantis. 282

00:27:51,171 --> 00:27:54,846 When combined and perfected, these animal forms, 283

00:27:54,931 --> 00:28:00,130 such as mantis, monkey and crane, become an unstoppable force. 284

00:28:28,491 --> 00:28:31,881 Ancient Chinese philosophy took nature itself

285

00:28:31,971 --> 00:28:35,122 as the inspiration

for its most fabulous creature. 286

00:28:36,251 --> 00:28:39,800 Fertile rivers may have shaped this civilisation, 287

00:28:39,891 --> 00:28:41,609 but the Chinese believed 288

00:28:41,691 --> 00:28:46,560

that the rivers themselves were formed and controlled by a dragon. 289

00:28:47,931 --> 00:28:50,445 Unlike the destructive dragon of the West, 290

00:28:50,531 --> 00:28:53,284

the Chinese dragon was benevolent, 291

00:28:53,371 --> 00:28:55,931

provided it was treated with respect. 292

00:29:03,691 --> 00:29:08,287

The ancient Chinese called themselves descendents of the dragon 293

00:29:08,371 --> 00:29:12,364 and knew they needed to live

harmoniously in the dragon's realm. 294

00:29:16,931 --> 00:29:19,047 This respect for the dragon 295

00:29:19,131 --> 00:29:22,089 has relevance today

for a remarkable creature 296

00:29:22,171 --> 00:29:25,766

which lives around the paddy fields of China's other great river, 297

00:29:25,851 --> 00:29:27,250 the Yangtze. 298

00:29:28,051 --> 00:29:29,404 (SHOUTING) 299

00:29:46,651 --> 00:29:51,167 This fearsome-looking beast is a Chinese alligator, 300

00:29:51,251 --> 00:29:53,287 known as the muddy dragon. 301

00:29:54,611 --> 00:29:58,729 Despite its association

with the mythical Chinese dragon, 302

00:29:58,811 --> 00:30:04,329

the reptile has long been regarded

by country people as a fish-eating pest, 303

00:30:04,411 --> 00:30:08,006 and has been persecuted

almost to the point of extinction.

304

00:30:15,571 --> 00:30:20,486 There are only around 150

Chinese alligators left in the wild, 305

00:30:20,571 --> 00:30:24,086

and it's mainly down to the care and protection offered by dedicated people 306

00:30:24,171 --> 00:30:28,847

like retired farmer Chang Jin Rong that any survive at all. 307

00:30:31,531 --> 00:30:35,285 Today, most Chinese alligators live in captivity. 308

00:30:35,371 --> 00:30:38,283

At this breeding centre near Xuancheng, 309

00:30:38,371 --> 00:30:42,080 Chinese alligators gather

for their extraordinary courtship. 310

00:30:43,091 --> 00:30:44,570 (BELLOWING) 311

00:30:50,131 --> 00:30:52,850

The males bellow to attract a mate. 312

00:30:53,971 --> 00:30:56,041 As it travels through the water, 313

00:30:56,131 --> 00:30:59,168

the sound is both heard and felt by the female. 314

00:30:59,251 --> 00:31:01,082 (BELLOWING CONTINUES) 315

00:31:11,371 --> 00:31:14,568

The bellowing is her cue to investigate. 316

00:31:25,411 --> 00:31:28,528 In the alien world

of the Chinese alligator, 317

00:31:28,611 --> 00:31:31,683 these two will be able to learn much about each other 318

00:31:31,771 --> 00:31:34,490

using the scent glands under their jaws. 319

00:31:38,331 --> 00:31:42,529 Satisfied with her choice,

the two swim off together before mating. 320

00:31:50,731 --> 00:31:53,165 The muddy dragon

owes its continued survival 321

00:31:53,251 --> 00:31:56,641 to a government initiative a quarter of a century ago, 322

00:31:56,731 --> 00:32:00,201 which created the

captive breeding centre at Xuancheng.

323

00:32:09,891 --> 00:32:11,643 Having dug a little deeper, 324

00:32:11,731 --> 00:32:14,040 it does seem

that ancient beliefs about nature 325

00:32:14,131 --> 00:32:16,725

still have resonance in modern China. 326

00:32:18,731 --> 00:32:22,804 Far upstream, along one of the Yangtze's mountain tributaries, 327

00:32:22,891 --> 00:32:24,927

another ambitious conservation project 328

00:32:25,011 --> 00:32:28,242 is attempting to save

China's most famous creature. 329

00:32:32,251 --> 00:32:36,847

China's first captive breeding centre for the giant panda opened in 1983. 330

00:32:52,891 --> 00:32:55,644 This is Wolong Reserve, 331

00:32:55,731 --> 00:33:00,680 a far cry from the bamboo forests where wild pandas live. 332

00:33:00,771 --> 00:33:05,003

Every spring, male and female pandas are ferried around the site 333

00:33:05,091 --> 00:33:08,401 in the hope that introductions will lead to romance. 334

00:33:10,771 --> 00:33:12,727 (MEN CHATTERING) 335

00:33:36,611 --> 00:33:41,639

Scientists have been trying to encourage the pandas to breed naturally, 336

00:33:41,731 --> 00:33:44,450 but it's difficult to get the conditions right 337

00:33:44,531 --> 00:33:49,241 since few people have ever seen

how panda courtship happens in the wild. 338

00:33:54,131 --> 00:33:58,602

Meanwhile, artificial insemination has proved highly successful. 339

00:34:01,331 --> 00:34:06,405 At just five weeks old,

this baby needs 24-hour care. 340

00:34:06,491 --> 00:34:10,803 It's simply too precious

to be entrusted to its natural mother, 341

00:34:10,891 --> 00:34:13,849

who may have

little experience of parenthood. 342

00:34:20,251 --> 00:34:22,606 After initial teething problems, 343

00:34:22,691 --> 00:34:25,080 Wolong's artificial insemination programme 344

00:34:25,171 --> 00:34:28,208 has been remarkably successful. 345

00:34:28,291 --> 00:34:33,081

In 2006, the reserve reared 16 cubs, 346

00:34:33,171 --> 00:34:36,607 and there are now more

captive-bred pandas at Wolong 347

00:34:36,691 --> 00:34:40,684 than can be safely released back into the shrinking wild habitat. 348

00:34:44,811 --> 00:34:49,168 In nature, giant pandas

learn survival skills from their mother, 349

00:34:49,251 --> 00:34:52,448 but have little contact with other pandas. 350

00:34:52,531 --> 00:34:56,160 These youngsters

may have exceptional social skills,

351

00:34:56,251 --> 00:34:59,800 but they wouldn't have a clue how to survive in the wild. 352

00:35:02,331 --> 00:35:06,006 For the majority,

their future lies in zoos. 353

00:35:09,531 --> 00:35:11,123 While the ultimate value 354

00:35:11,211 --> 00:35:14,362 of captive breeding projects like this is debatable, 355

00:35:14,451 --> 00:35:16,362 there are places in China 356

00:35:16,451 --> 00:35:20,683

where animals are being successfully protected in their wild habitat. 357

00:35:32,651 --> 00:35:34,642 Right at the top

of the Qinling Mountains 358

00:35:34,731 --> 00:35:37,291

lives a rare and mysterious creature 359

00:35:37,371 --> 00:35:40,920 that has inspired legends

as far away as ancient Greece. 360

00:35:42,411 --> 00:35:45,847 The size of a buffalo

and with a temper to match, 361

00:35:45,931 --> 00:35:51,563 this is the original owner

of the golden fleece, the golden takin. 362

00:35:55,171 --> 00:35:57,639 Golden takin make their way to the top of the mountains 363

00:35:57,731 --> 00:35:59,687 for the breeding season. 364

00:36:00,691 --> 00:36:04,240 It's an opportunity for the males to prove their mettle. 365

00:36:09,451 --> 00:36:12,363 They are formidable

and aggressive creatures. 366

00:36:44,891 --> 00:36:49,282 Now victorious, this male

will have access to the females. 367

00:36:52,971 --> 00:36:55,439

Despite living high on the mountains, 368

00:36:55,531 --> 00:37:00,286 golden takin were once hunted

to near extinction for their meat. 369

00:37:00,371 --> 00:37:03,044

In a return

to the laws of ancient China, 370

00:37:03,131 --> 00:37:08,285

there's now a government ban on poaching and the takin is officially protected. 371

00:37:14,371 --> 00:37:16,646 Attitudes towards nature in China 372

00:37:16,731 --> 00:37:20,519 are clearly complex

and rooted in tradition, 373

00:37:20,611 --> 00:37:23,444 and in the Qinling Mountains there is one story that shows 374

00:37:23,531 --> 00:37:26,443 just how valuable

these traditions can be. 375

00:37:39,131 --> 00:37:43,363

Every morning a flock of crested ibis leave their roost, 376

00:37:43,451 --> 00:37:46,727 close to the village of Yangxian, in search of food. 377

00:37:48,371 --> 00:37:52,808

Traditionally, the birds' departure marked the start of the farmers' day. 378

00:37:55,651 --> 00:37:59,121

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