TEM8 93-96校对

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TEST FOR ENGLISH MAJORS (1993)

-GRADE EIGHT-

PART I LISTENING COMPREHENSION (30 min) PAPERONE

In this part of the test you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Mark the correct response for each question in your ANSWER BOOKLET SECTION A CONVERSATION

Questions 1 to 5 refer to the conversation in this section. 1. Janet is not happy about Paul' s arrangement because

A. Paul hasn' t told her about the invitation B. the au pair girl will stay at home

C. their children cannot stay at their friend' s home D. Saturday is a bad day for her 2. According to the conversation, we know that Sam Urwin is A. a man in charge of charity in town B. a businessman

C. a schoolmate of Janet' s D. a neighbour of theirs in Canada 3. The following statements about Sam are true except

A. Sam is very fond of duck and goes out shooting ducks a lot B. Sam likes golf better than shooting

C. Sam is Janet' s favourite back in Canada D. Sam pays much attention to his figure 4. Paul will buy the wine at

A. a pub B. a shop where drinks are sold to take away C. Downes' D. a supermarket near his office 5. The conversation takes place

A. in the course of their dinner B. in the kitchen before supper C. in the sitting room after supper D. late in the afternoon SECTION B TALK

Questions 6 to ID refer to the talk in this section.

6. One specific difference between animal brain and human brain is A. the division of sides B. the controlling functions C. the cross-over effect D. the verbal abilities

7. People got to know things like the specialized abilities of the human brain A. during the last decade B. early this century

C. through Dr Rogers Barry D. after many experiments 8. The 'Split Brain Experiments' were considered A. a surgical experiment with the nerve B. a help to the patients' recovery

C. a further proof of what had been known before D. a great step in brain research

9. The right hand was still able to write after the splitting of the brain, because A. verbal ability is located in the left hemisphere B. the left hemisphere has a logic function

C. the right hemisphere can recognize and remember D. information is going through the left hemisphere 10. This talk is mainly about

r-Ak the different functions of the two hemispheres B. the Split Brain Experiments in California

\SECTION C INTERVIEW

Questions 11 to 15 refer to the interview in this section. 11. The woman said that TV is a medium that A. gives kids a lot of good information B. teaches kids to be passive

C. teaches kids something that they cannot learn from books D. gets kids so excited that they literally come out of their chairs

12. The woman pointed out that teachers are forced into the role of having to compete with A. the exciting films that kids are shown in school

B. the kinds of things kids learn from their parents at home C. the kinds of programmes kids watch on TV

D. the good acting of the actors and actresses in films

13. The woman said that she uses a number of educational films in a class she teaches on A. minorities B. history

C. ancient, civilizations D. Black Americans

14. According to the woman, when she shows films in class, the kids always seem to A. miss the really important points

B. appreciate the really important points C. catch the really important points

D. understand the really important points

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15. The woman said that the fact that kids audibly and visibly react the way they do to certain violent scenes in these films is A. pessimistic B. understandable C. very surprising D. sad

SECTION D NEWS BROADCAST

Questions 16 to 20 refer to the news broadcast in this section. 16. The news from Luxemburg tells us that the EC ministers A. are trying to help make peace B. came to visit Luxemburg

C. are involved in Yugoslavia' s ethnic conflict D. have made a successful cease-fire

17. The information concerning President Bush is about A. his attitude towards developing countries B. his opinions of some former USSR republics C. the US action following other countries D. the US recognition of Lithuania TEM8-93-2

18. The tropical storm in Southern India A. was caused by cyclones

B. would have had more serious casualties but for cyclone shelters C. was brought about by the landslides D. loosened top soil in Sri Lanka

19. The number of the female senators in the 102nd Congress was A.3 B.2 C.6 D.4

20. Before she became the first Black woman senator, Miss Carol Moseley Braun A. worked in a country club of men

B. served as an aide in the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission C. was the Recorder of Deeds in Illinois

D. was on the Judiciary Committee in California PART II LISTENING & NOTE-TAKING

Fill each of gaps with ONE word. You may refer to your notes. Make sure the word you fill in is both grammatically and semantically acceptable. The Cinema

The first moving pictures, developed by an (1)______ in the 1890' s were (1)______

different from what we know about cinema today. Because the sound and pictures (2)______ were not (2)______in addition to the smallness of the screens, the (3) ______ (3) ______ which his system was called, was only popularized in its (4)______form. (4) The Frenchmen developed the same principle and succeeded in exporting their

(5)______. Cinematographe, to Europe, India, Australia and Japan. But the films (5)______ were still (6)______and (4)______. After that, great advances were made in cinema. (6) ______ In 1903, with the use of (7)______ cameras, an improvement on the (13) ______ (7) ______ cameras, The Great Train Robbery, which lasted (8)______minutes, was made. (8)______ In the following years, films were longer and the (9)______became larger and other (9)______ refinements were introduced. In the early (10)______, with the development (10)______ of effective (11)______system, the major problem of (11)______ sound and picture (12)______was solved. But oddly enough, for a few (12)______ years, the cameras had to be (13)______again to reduce the (13)______ (14)______of their mechanism. The development of (14)______

(15)______was the last important change in cinema. Though early films (15)______ were generally black and white, people thought they were more (16) ______ (16)______ In 1922, a two-colour system, was used in the first real (15)______films. By using three

main colours, (17)______was improved in 1932. Because of the unstable quality, (17) ______ the scenes, sometimes (18)______, and high cost, it took longer for (15) (18)______

to be accepted. For all the improvements in the (19) ______ of cinema and the changes in the (19)______ style of (20)______, the basics--moving pictures, colour and sound-remain the same. (20)______

PART II PROOFREADING AND ERROR CORRECTION (20 MINS)

?

The following passage contains 17errors. Each line contains a ,naxinurrn of one error and three are free from error. In each case, only one word is involved. For a wrong word, underline the wrong word and write the correct one in the blank provided at the end of the line. For a missing word, mark the position of the missing word with a \blank provided at the end of the line. For an unnecessary word, cross the unnecessary word with a slash \大家论坛club.topsage.com

line. EXAMPLE

When ∧ art museum wants a new exhibit, (1) an It never ╱ buys things in finished form and hangs (2) never them on the wall. When a natural history museum (3)

wants an exhibition, it must often build it. (4) exhibit en build it.

PART III PROOFREADING (15 min)

The following passage contains 17 errors. Each line contains a maximum of one error, and three are free from error. In each case only one word is involved. You should passage and correct it.

What is a drug? Most of people probable think there' s a 1. perfectly simple answer to this question. In fact, if one 2. carries a quick survey on any street corner, one finds that, 3. according to vast majority of people, there are two groups of 4. drugs: those prescribed by doctors and those people take for 5. non-medical use. As medicine and the medical profession are 6. generally self-respectful, there aren' t any objections to the 7. use of prescribing drugs. What most people don' t realize is 8. that when prescribed drugs are usually beneficial, they can 9. also represent a serious problem. There were many people 10. addicted by tranquillizers before doctors began to prescribe 11. them: now there being literally millions who depend on them. 12. An acceptance of the use of drugs for non-medical reasons is 13. largely a matter of a culture. Some Eastern people think the 14. use of alcohol with horror, mainly as a result of religious 15. upbringing. However, these similar people freely use marijuana 16. without a second thought, and this, in turn isn' t accepted 17. in Western culture which accepts alcohol. In most Western 18. societies, the tea-or coffee-break' s now a part of the life, and 19. huge quantifies of these drinks are eaten daily. 20. READING COMPREHENSION (40 min)

Read TEXT A, an extract from a book on economic psychology, and answer questions 41 to 44. TEXT A

A scientist who does research in economic psychology and who wants to predict the way in which consumers will spend their money must study consumer behaviour. He must obtain data both on the resources of consumers and on the motives that tend to encourage or discourage money spending.

If an economist were asked which of three groups borrow most 梡eople with rising incomes, stable incomes, or declining incomes 梙e would probably answer: those with declining incomes. Actually, in the years 1947-1950, the answer was: people with rising incomes. People with declining incomes were next and people with stable incomes borrowed the least. This shows us that traditional assumptions about earning and spending are not always reliable. Mother traditional assumption is that if people who have money expect prices to go up, they will hasten to buy. If they expect prices to go down, they will postpone buying. But research surveys have shown that this is not always true. The expectations of price increases may not stimulate buying. One typical attitude was expressed by the wife of a mechanic in an interview at a time of rising prices. \milk; we'll have less to spend on other things. \prices that has already taken place may be resented add buyer' s resistance may be evoked. This is shown by the following typical comment: \these prices; they are too high. \

Traditional assumptions should be investigated carefully, and factors of time and place should be considered. The investigations mentioned above were carried out in America. Investigations conducted at the same time in Great Britain, however, yielded results that were more in agreement with traditional assumptions about saving and spending patterns. The condition most conductive to spending appears to be price stability. If prices have been stable and people have become accustomed to consider them \policy of maintaining stable prices with occasional sales or discounts is based on a correct understanding of consumer psychology. 21. The best title of the passage is A. Consumer' s Purchasing Power

B. Relationship between Income and Purchasing Power C. Traditional Assumptions

D. Studies in Consumer Behaviour

22. The example of the mechanic' s wife is intended to show that in times of rising prices A. people with declining income tend to buy less B. people with stable income tend to borrow less C. people with increasing income tend to buy more D. people with money also tend to buy less

23. Findings in investigations in Britain are mentioned to show A. factors of time and place should be taken into consideration B. people in Britain behave in the same way as those in America

C. maintaining stable prices is based on a correct understanding of consumer psychology D. occasional discounts and sales are necessary

24. According to the passage people tend to buy more when

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A. prices are expected to go up B. prices are expected to go down C. prices don' t fluctuate

D. the business policy remains unchanged

Read TEXT B, an extract from a popular science book, and answer questions 25 to 28. TEXT B

Weed Communities

In an intact plant community, undisturbed by human intervention, the composition of a community is mainly a function of the climate and the type of soil. Today' , such original communities are very rare 梩hey are practically limited to national parks and reservations.

Civilization has progressively transformed the conditions determining the composition of plant communities. For several thousand years vast areas of arable land have been hoed, ploughed, harrowed and grassland has been cut or grazed. During the last decades the use of chemical substances, such as fertilizers and most recently of weed killers (herbicides) has greatly influenced the composition of weed communities in farm land.

All selective herbicides have specific ranges of activity. They control the most important weeds but not all the plants of a community. The latter profit fronithe new free space and from the fertilizer as much as the crop does; hence they often spread rapidly and become problem weeds unless another herbicide for their eradication is found.

The soil contains enormous quantities of seeds of numerous species 梪p to half a million per m' according to scientific literature 梩hat retain their ability to germinate for decades. Thus it may occur that weeds that were hardly noticed before emerge in masses after the elimination of their competitors. Hence, the knowledge of the composition of weed communities before selective weed killers are applied is not only of scientific interest since the plant species present in the soil in the form of seeds must be considered as potential weeds. For efficient control the identification of weeds at the seedling stage, i.e. at a time when they can still be controlled, is particularly necessary; for the choice of the appropriate herbicides depends on the composition of the weed community. 25. The composition of a plant community -

A. depends on climate and soil type in a virgin environment undamaged by human beings

B. was greatly affected by human beings before they started using chemical substances on the soil C. was radically transformed by uncivilized human beings

D. refers to plants, trees, climate, type of soil and the ecological environment 26. Why are there problem weeds?

A. Because they are the weeds that cannot be eradicated by herbicides.

B. Because all selective herbicides can encourage the growth of previously unimportant weeds by eliminating their competitors. C. Because they were hardly considered before so that their seeds were not prevented from germinating. D. Because they benefit greatly from the fertilizer applied to the farm land. 27. A knowledge of the composition of a weed community A. is essential to the efficient control of weeds

B. may lead us to be aware of the fact that the soil contains enormous quantities of seeds of numerous species C. helps us to have a good idea of why seeds can lie dormant for years D. provides us with the means to identify weeds at the seedling stage 28. The best alternative title for the passage will be A. A study of Weed Communities

B. The Importance of Studying How Plants Live in Communities C. How Herbicides May Affect Farm Land D. Weed Control by Means of Herbicides

Read TEXT C, an extract from a novel, and answer questions 29 to 31. TEXT C

Raju and His Father’s Shop

My mother told me a story every evening while we waited for Father to close the shop and come home. The shop remained open till midnight. Bullock-carts in long caravans arrived late in the evening from distant villages, loaded with coconut, rice, and other commodities for the market. The animals were unyoked under the big tamarind tree for the night, and the cartmen drifted in twos and threes to the shop, for a chat or to ask for things to eat or smoke. How my father loved to discuss with them the price of grain, rainfall, harvest, and the state of irrigation channels. Or they talked about old litigations. One heard repeated references to magistrates, affidavits, witnesses in the case, and appeals, punctuated with roars of laughter梡ossibly the memory of some absurd legality or loophole tickled them.

My father ignored food and sleep when he had company. My mother sent me out several times to see if he could be made to turn in. He was a man of uncertain temper and one could not really guess how he would react to interruptions, and so my mother coached me to go up, watch his mood, and gently remind him of food and florae. I stood under the shop- awning, coughing and clearing my throat, hoping to catch his eye. But the talk was all-absorbing and he would not glance in my direction, and I got absorbed in their talk, although I did not understand a word of it.

After a while my mother' s voice came gently on the night air, calling, Raju, Raju,' and my father interrupted his activities to look at me and say, Tell your mother not to wait for me. Tell her to place a handful of rice and buttermilk in a bowl, with just one piece of lime pickle, and keep it in the oven for me. I' 11 come in later. It was almost a formula with him five days in a week. He always added, Not that I' m really hungry tonight. ' And then I believe he went on to discuss health problems with his cronies.

But I didn' t stop to hear further. I made a quick dash back home. There was a dark patch between the light from the shop and the dim lantern shedding its light on our threshold, ,a matter of about ten yards,-I suppose, but the passage through it gave me a cold sweat. I expected wild animals and supernatural creatures to emerge and grab me. My mother waited on the doorstep to receive me and said. Not hungry, I suppose! That'll give him an excuse to talk to the village folk all night, and then come in for an hour' s sleep and get up with the crowing of that foolish cock somewhere. He will spoil his health.

I followed her into the kitchen. She placed my plate and hers side by side on the floor, drew the rice-pot within reach, and served me and herself simultaneously, and we finished our dinner by the sooty tin lamp, stuck on a nail in the wall. She unrolled a mat for me in the front room, and I lay down to sleep. She sat at my side, awaiting Father' s return. Her presence gave me a feeling of inexplicable cosiness. I felt I ought to put her proximity to good use, and complained, Something is bothering my hair, ?and she ran her fingers through my hair, and scratched the nape of my neck. And then I commanded, A story.'

Immediately she began, Once upon a time there was a man called Devaka' I heard his name mentioned almost every night. He was a hero, saint, or

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something of the kind. I never learned fully what he did or why, sleep overcoming me before my mother was through even the preamble. 29. Which of the following was NOT what we can infer from the conversation between Father and the cartmen?

A. Sometimes during lawsuits, one side or the other tricked the law, probably by finding faults in the legal code which were favourable to themselves. B. There were times when the courts came to foolish decisions. C. Matters related to farming were of great interest to them. D. The magistrates were ludicrous.

30. Which of the following occurred before Raju went to sleep?

A. He felt uncomfortable to lie on the mat prepared by his mother and complained that there was something itching. B. After he lay down to sleep he wanted his mother to move as close to him as possible.

C. He learned a lot about the legendary hero Devaka from the story which his mother told him before he went to sleep. D. His father returned soon after he and his mother fell asleep.

31:yibich of the following did NOT happen when his father stayed on at the shop after closing time? – A:His father returned home very late from the shop and ate what had been set aside for him. B. His mother sent him several times to the shop to see if he could call his father home.

C. Around midnight, his father came home and ate the night time meal with him and his mother. D. His father slept for a short while before he got up when the cock crowed.

Read TEXT D, an extract from a book on short-term memory, and answer questions 32 to 35. TEXT D

Psychologists study memory and learning with both animal and human subjects. The two experiments reviewed here show how short-term memory has been studied.

Hunter studied short-term memory in rats. He used a special apparatus which had a cage for the rat and three doors. There was a light in each door. First the rat was placed in the closed cage. Next one of the lights was turned on and then off. %. There was food for the rat only at this door. After the light was turned off, the rat had to wait a short time before it was released from its cage. Then, if k went to the correct door, it was rewarded with the food that was there. Hunter did this experiment many times. He always turned on the lights in a random order. The rat had to wait different intervals before it was released from the cage. Hunter found that if the rat had to. wait more than ten seconds, it could not remember the correct door. Hunter' s results show that rats have a short-term memory of about ten seconds.

Henning studies how students who learning English as a second language remember vocabulary. The subjects in his experiment were 75 students at the University of California in Los Angeles. They represented all levels of ability in English. beginning, intermediate, advanced; and native-speaking students. To begin, the subjects listened to a recording of a native speaker reading a paragraph in English. Following the recording, the subjects took a 15-question test to see which words they remembered. Each question had four choices. The subjects had to circle the word they had heard in the recording. Some of the questions had four choices that sound alike. For example, weather, whether, wither, and wetter are four words that sound alike. Some of the questions had four choices that have the same meaning. Method, way, manner, and system would be four words with the same meaning. Some of them had four unrelated choices. For instance, weather, method, love, result could be used as four unrelated words. Finally the subjects took a language proficiency test.

Henning found that students with a lower proficiency in English made more of their mistakes on words that sound alike; students with a higher proficiency made more of their mistakes on words that have the same meaning. Henning' s results suggest that beginning students hold the sound of words in their short-term memory, and advanced students hold the meaning of words in their short-term memory. 32. In Hunter' s experiment, the rat had to remember A. where the food was B. how to leave the cage C. how big the cage was D. which light was turned on 33. Hunter found that rats

A. can remember only where their food is B. cannot learn to go to the correct door

C. have a short-term memory of one-sixth a minute D. have no short-term memory

34. Henning tested the students' memory of A. words copied several times B. words explained C. words heard D. words seen

35. Henning-concluded that beginning and advanced students A. have no difficulty holding words in their short-term memory B. have much difficulty holding words in their short-term memory C. differ in the way they retain words

D. hold words in their short-term memory in the same way Read TEXT E, a book review, and answer questions 36 to 40. TEXTE

Goal Trimmer

TITLE: THE END OF EQUALITY AUTHOR: MICKEY KAUS

PUBLISHER: BASIC BOOKS; 293 PAGES; $25

THE BOTTOM LINE: Let the American rich get richer, says Kaus, and the poor get respects. That' s a plan for the Democrats? By RICHARD LACAYO

UTIOPIAS ARE SUPPOSED TO BE dreams of the future. But the American Utopia? Lately it' s a dream that was, a twilit memory of the Golden Age between V-J day and OPEC, when even a blue-collar paycheck bought a place in the middle class. The promise of paradise regained has become a key to the Democratic party pitch. Mickey Kaus, a senior editor of the New Republic, says the Democrats are wasting their time. As the U. S. enters a world where only the highly skilled and well educated will make a decent living, the gap between rich and poor is going to keep growing. No fiddling with the tax code, retreat to protectionism or job training for jobs that aren' t there is going to stop it. Income equality is a hopeless cause in the U. S.

\aim he calls civic equality. If government can' t bring everyone into the middle class, let it expand the areas of life in which everyone, regardless of income,

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receives the same treatment. National health care, improved public schools, universal national service and government financing of nearly all election campaigns, which would freeze out special-interest money 梩here are the unobjectionable components of his enlarged public sphere.

Kaus is right to fear the hardening of class lines, but wrong to think the stresses can be relieved without a continuing effort to boost income for the bottom half. \at climbing up the ladder. And we can offer them respect. \And what might they offer back? The Bronx had a rude cheer for it. A good chunk of the Democratic core constituency would probably peel off.

At the center of Kaus' book is a thoughtful but no less risky proposal to dynamite welfare.

He rightly understands how fear and loathing of the chronically unemployed underclass have encouraged middle- income Americans to flee from everyone below them on the class scale. The only way to eliminate welfare dependency, Kaus maintains, is by cutting off checks for all able- bodied recipients, including single mothers with children. He would have government provide them instead with jobs that pay slightly less than the minimum wage, earned-income tax credits to nudge them over the poverty line, drug counselling, job training and, if necessary, day care for their children.

Kaus doesn' t sell this as social policy on the cheap. He expects it would cost up to $ 59 billion a year more than the $ 23 billion already spent annually on welfare in the U. S. And he knows it would be politically perilous, because he suggests paying for the plan by raiding Social Security funds and trimming benefits for upper-income retirees. Yet he considers it money well spent if it would undo the knot of chronic poverty and help foster class rapprochement. And it would be too. But one advantage of being an author is that you only ask people to listen to you, not to vote for you. 36. According to Mickey Kaus, which of the following is NOT true?

A. Methods like evading income tax or providing more chances for job training might help reduce the existing inequality. B. The Democratic Party is spreading propaganda that they could regain the lost paradise. C. Americans once had a period of time when they could obtain middle-class status easily.

D. Income inequality results from the fact that society needs more and more workers who have a high skill and a good education. 37. In Kaus' opinion

A. the government should strive to realize equality in everybody' s income

B. the government should do its best to bring every American into the middle class C. the goal will be easier to attain if we change it from money equality to civic equality

D. it' s almost impossible for the government to provide such things as national health care, improved public schools, universal national service, etc. 38. Kaus has realized that

A. real equality cannot be achieved if the poor cannot increase their income

B. his idea will probably meet with disapproval from the supporters of the Democratic Party C. only the Bronx might cheer for his theory

D. the division of social strata has become increasingly conspicuous 39. The proposal as offered by Kaus

A. will increase the fear and loathing of the unemployed underclass by cutting off checks for all able-bodied recipients B. will. drastically increase the income taxes for taxpayers

C. is supposed to help establish reconciliation between the poor and the rich though the gap may be unbridgeable D. is too costly to be carried out 40. The title of the review suggests

A. giving the poor more financial aid and more job opportunities

B. a fundamental Change in the goal which the Democratic Party uses to appeal to Americans C. the elimination of the unfair distribution of social wealth among Americans D. a modification of the objective to make it more securable PART V SPEED READING (10min)

In this section there are seven passages followed by ten multiple-choice questions. Skim or scan them as required and then mark your answers on the Coloured Answer Sheet.

TEXT F is a newspaper article. Skim it quickly to answer question 41. 41. The most appropriate headline for this newspaper article would be A. Unemployment and sharing of jobs

B. Job sharing 梐n innovation in employment C. Advantages and disadvantages of job sharing D. Work-sharing: half a job is better than none

What exactly is job-sharing? The Equal Opportunities Commission defines as \

whereby two people voluntarily share the responsibility of one full-time position. \between the two sharers. Each person' s terms and conditions of employment are pro-rata those of a full-timer. If each works at least 15 hours a week then they enjoy certain employment rights that ordinary part-time workers do not have.

Part-timers usually earn less per hour than a full-timer, have fewer fringe benefits and less job security. They have virtually no career prospects. Employers often think that working part-time means that a person has no ambitions and so offer no chance of promotion.

But job-sharing bridges that gap and offers the chance of interesting work to people who can only work part-time and that does not mean just married women. As Adrienne Broyle of \梖ormerly the London Job-sharing Project 梡oints out: \they want to job-share and so have more free time. \children. It allows people to study at home in their free time, and means that disabled people or those who otherwise stay at home to look after them, can work. Job-sharing is also an ideal way for people to ease into retirement. \

Many employers are wary of new work schemes, but a survey carried out by the EOC shows that they can profit in various ways from sharing. If one sharer is away sick, at least half the job continues to be done. Skilled workers who cannot work full-time can bring years of experience to a job.

One job-sharer in the EOC survey said \flat out without a tea break. \workers can complement one another' s skills.

But there are financial drawbacks for the job-sharer.

If you become unemployed you should be eligible for Unemployment Benefit. But you have to sign, on as being available for full-time work. So those who

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chose to job-share because they could not work full-time cannot claim the benefit unless they are prepared to sign on for full-time employment.

Pensions are a big stumbling block. Many job-sharers may be ineligible to join company pension schemes. The EOC paper points out that the Local Government Superannuation Scheme excludes people who work under 30 hours a week.

For those who are attracted to job-sharing as a way of easing into retirement, beware. Most occupational pension schemes are based either on the average annual earnings during membership of the scheme, or on the employee' s final salary.

In the latter case, it could mean that a person who has worked for 15 years full-time, and job- share for the next five years for the same firm, will receive a very much smaller pension than if she or he had worked those last five years full-time. TEXT G is an article from a newspaper. Skim it quickly to answer questions 42 to 43. 42: People in Britain were furious at the discovery that A. Blunt retired as Queen Elizabeth' s art curator

B. members of Parliament did not know Blunt was a former Soviet spy C. Blunt was allowed to work for British intelligence during World War it D. Blunt had gone unpunished for years

43. Anthony Blunt packed his belongings and left his fashionable flat because A. had been stripped of knighthood

B. had been informed of the disclosure beforehand C. had passed British secrets to Russia

D. had once served as Queen Elizabeth' s art curator

Britons are fuming over the disclosure that its government knowingly let a former Soviet spy live for years at the upper level of London society.

Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher told Parliament on November 15 that Sir Anthony Blunt, 72, had passed British secrets to Russia during World War II but received immunity from prosecution in 1964 in return for his confession and a pledge to cooperate with security authorities. He retired only last year as Queen Elizabeth' s art curator. Even Lord Home, who was Prime Minister when Blunt confessed, claimed to be startled by the news. Members of Parliament demanded to know how such information could be denied not just to the public but also the Britain' s leaders.

Blunt' s unmasking followed publication of a book about three Britons who led to Russia after spying for the Soviets朑uy Burgess, Donald Maclean and K. Phillby. The book reported a \

Citizens were outraged that Blunt had gone unpunished for so long. Said London' s Daily Mail: \overpowering. \

The Tunes said Blunt never should have been allowed to work for Britain intelligence during Would War u because \and a homosexual, both of which characteristics are normally regarded as grounds of unsuitability for such work ' A day before Thatcher revealed his secret and the Queen stripped him of knighthood, Blunt packed his bags and left his stylish apartment. Many Britons were convinced he had fled after being tipped off by an \

TEXT H is an advertisement. Skim it quickly to answer question 44. 44. what is advertised for sale? A. Houses. B. Seatbelts.

C. Accident insurance. D. Cars. You enjoy

We reinforce the value of our cars with bodies that are protective as well as attractive. And you enjoy peace of mind. Not just you, as a driver. But you, as a member of a society that is increasingly concerned about safety issues. Because we share that concern, we are committed to responsible product qualities. In the new Bluebird, for example, responsible performance means predictable response and handling. To improve active safety by helping you avoid accidents.

Responsible comfort takes the form of ergonomically correct interiors. To improve active safety by reducing driver fatigue. And, as a part of responsible aesthetics, there are refined body structures. To improve passive safety by helping you escape injury if an accident does occur. Which means that, underneath the Bluebird' s beautifully styled exterior, you have beautifully engineered protection.

A rigid, monocoque frame that guards you. A highly stable body that surrounds you. Front and rear crushable zones that cushion impact. Side-door reinforcement beams that fend off broadside collisions. Not to mention other features like adjustable shoulder-strap anchors and Emergency Locking Retractor seatbelts.

Enhancing not only your safety. But also our view that true beauty reflects inner strength as well as outward appeal. TEXT I is a letter to editor of The Economist. Skim it quickly to answer question 45. 45. The main purpose of the letter is to express the writer' s

A. sympathy for Germany which accepts refugees in large numbers B. condemnation of Britain' s negative attitude towards refugees C. concern for refugees who have been massacred or detained D. demand that Britain accept its share in taking in refugees

Sir_The Economist has often championed the cause of refugees, and argued that they can be assets to the countries that give them shelter.

Today Germany is being overwhelmed with refugees from the east; over 500, 000 this year. Obviously many of these refugees are leaving their own countries for economic reasons, but many more are fleeing for justified fear of persecution and even death, as reports of massacres of Serb Muslims by both Croatian and Serbian troops make all too clear. The current inflow of refugees is a common European problem. At present, Germany absorbs them, and Britain rejects them, sending back even the pitiful handful of Bosnians who have managed to get to its shores.

Some 6,000 Bosnian detainees are being held in camps in unspeakable conditions because there is nowhere for them to go. The European Community has so far failed to find any peaceful way to stop the horrors of \

Surely the most elementary considerations of humanity demand that Britain, as president of the EC, should convene a Community meeting to allocate these refugees among its members, with Britain accepting its share. Cambridge, Shirley Massachusetts Williams

TEXT J is a science report. Skim it quickly to answer question 46. 46. The most appropriate title for this article would be A. The Striking Features of Japanese Macaques

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B. The Functional Role of Japanese Macaques C. The Social Order of Japanese Macaques

D. The Aggressive Behaviour of Japanese Macaques

Among Japanese macaques are these striking features: a few males dominate the troop, several old females attack others of their sex without retaliation and many adult females threaten and chase males. There is clearly a rigid dominance hierarchy analogous to a pecking order.

Aggressiveness is not important in determining rank. The higher a monkey' s status, the fewer the attacks made on him. (Dominance rank is basically linear but there are occasional reversals. )By the same token, high rank does not necessarily entail highly aggtessive behaviour. Having attained his position, the leader, secureand confident, does not need to attack others as much as lower-ranking males.

Nor does size play a vital role. One leader observed was small, had no canine teeth and only one eye. Yet there was never any challenge to his authority.

Ethologists believe an animal' s dominance rank is closely correlated with its mother' s. Sons of high-ranking females may remain at the centre of the troop while others are driven to the periphery. Probably the mother' s influence carries over and this is seen in many macaques fights which turn out to be bluffing matches. Here, as usual, the deciding factor is the monkey' s status. Presumably. the higher the rank of the combatant' s mother, the more self-confident he is and the more certain of victory.

Also important in determining the social order is the functional role of each animal, ranging from watching for predators to rearing a family. The study of such primate societies may help us to better understand human social behaviour.

TEXT K is an article from a book Scan it for the information you need to answer questions 47 to 48. 47. How many years are necessary to double the world' s population at present? A. 37. B. 200. C. 80. D. 50.

48. How many people died of smog in London in 19527 A. About 2000. B. About 4000. C. 120. D. 60.

The Population Bomb I TOO MANY PEOPLE

Figures and numerous facts prove that there are already, and certainly that there will be, too many people. Simply calculating the lengths of time necessary to double the world' s population is enlightening. Impressively, the time required grows even Shorter: 6, 000 years before Chirst, 1, 000, 000 years were necessary to double the population; then about 1, 650 years after Christ only 1, 000; round the 1850' s 200 yea's; in 1930 80 years. Currently, the world' s population doubles every 37 years.

What would happen if the population were to continue doubling in volume every 37 years?

According to recent calculations, maintaining such a rhythm of growth would result in 60 million billion people on the earth in 900 years, which represents 120 inhabitants per square meter.

Optimists believe and often assert that science will indeed fmd solutions to the problem of overcrowding, namely by providing the means to immigrate to other planets. But this solution is totally utopian. In effect, even if it should become possible, 50 years would be sufficient for the 60 million billion persons to multiply to the point of populating Venus, Mercury, Mars, the Moon and the satellites of Jupiter and Saturn with a density equal to that of the Earth. II A DYING PLANET

The world' s population explosion is the source of a whole series of environmental deteriorations, which in time can have disastrous consequences.

Because the population-food imbalance necessitates ' at any price' a growth of agricultural production, methods often harmful to the environment are used without judgment. Examples abound. The construction of colossal dams to irrigate hundreds of thousands of acres can in fact provoke catastrophes. Thus, the Aswan Dam currently prevents the deposit of fertile silts brought each year by the flooding of the Nile. The result will obviously be a decrease in the fertility of the Delta lands. Damming the Mekong risks the same consequences for Vietman and neighbouring countries.

Fertilizers, synthetic pesticides, DDT can be devastating, transforming complex ecosystems, necessary for the conservation of the environment, into simple ecosystems. Monocultures are a case of such mutation.

Certain situations are perceived as ' dangerous only when they become critical enough to cause numerous deaths. Smog is an example. In London in 1952 it caused some 4, 000 deaths. This incident provoked an awakening of conscience and resulted in decisions which have proven efficacious. But smog presents still other dangers: namely, it destroys plants which offer little resistance, and whose oxygen production is indisensable to us, and it changes the earth' s thermal equilibrium.

TEXT L is a description of Boston. Scan it to get the information you need to answer questions 49 to 50. 49. When did the Pilgrims settle in Plymouth, Massachusetts? A. In 1620. B. In 1630. C. In 1690. D. in 1775. 50. What is Cape Cod? A. A renowned university. B. A charming seacoast town.

C. A picturesque and historic town. D. A famous ocean resort.

Boston is the capital of Massachusetts, as well as the largest city and the cultural and commercial certre of New England. The city was founded in 1630, 10 years after the Pilgrims landed in Plymouth. It has been called the \(more than 60 colleges and universities are located in the metropolitan area).

Many museums' , concert halls, and theatres provide cultural and entertainment options梖rom the internationally acclaimed Museum of Fine Arts to the Boston Symphony Orchestra and Bost Pops to an abundant local and pre- Broadway. theatre scene. Seasonally, sports events feature the Boston Celtics (basketball), the Boston Red Sox (baseball), and the New England Patriots (football). On Patriots' Day (officially April 19th, but celebrated on the third Monday in April) thousands of runners from all over the world compete in the Boston Marathon, the nation' s oldest road race, which first took place in 1897.

Prominent among Boston' s many tourist attractions is the Freedom Trail, a walking tour through historic Boston that encompasses 16 of the most treasured sites in American history. The Freedom Trail is an actual red line painted on the sidewalks and streets of Boston. Besides guiding a visitor to the historic sites found along the Trail, it is an excellent way to tour the city, as the Trail winds through many of the city' s diverse neighborhoods.

In the downtown section of the city is Boston Common, the nation' s oldest public park. Early in the city' s history, in 1534, this piece of land was set aside as a military training field and a public cattle pasture. (Many of the streets in downtown Boston are narrow and winding, said to be so because they began as cow paths.) In the late 1600s women who were found guilty of witchcraft were hanged in the Common, and in his boyhood Benjamin Franklin grazed his

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family' s cow there. Next to the Common is Boston' s formal Public Garden, where, in the spring and summer, people enjoy riding in the graceful swan boats on the Garden' s scenic pond.

Just across the Charles River from Boston is Cambridge, home of Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Harvard' s museums are world famous; its Widener Library, with about six million books, is the world' s largest university library. Cambridge also had a part in the American Revolution. It was under an elm tree in the Cambridge Common that George Washington took command of the Continental army on July 3, 1775. South of Boston is historic Plymouth, where the Pilgrims settled in 1620, and Cape Cod, the region' s most famous ocean resort梐 hook-shaped peninsula with 300 miles of long, sandy beaches.

West of Boston are the picturesque and historic towns of Lexington and Concord. It was on Lexington Green in the early morning hours of April 19, 1775 that the captain of the Colonial Militia announced, \that followed, changed the course of history. Lexington is called the birthplace of American liberty. \(commemorating the \梒olonists who remained ready to act as soldiers at a minute' s notice) and the homes of authors Louisa May Alcott, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Ralph Waldo Emerson. Nearby is Walden Pond, made famous by Henry David Thoreau.

North of Boston are the historic and charming seacoast towns of Salem, Gloucester, and Rockport. At Salem, famous for the witchcraft hysteria in 1690, the visitor can see the Witch Museum, as well as the House of the Seven Gables, made famous by Nathaniel Hawthorne. In Gloucester, a bronze statue of the Gloucester Fisherman overlooks the ocean in memory of the more than 10, 000 fishermen who lost their lives at sea. Rockport is best known for its artists' colony and picturesque scenery. Whale-watching expeditions are popular in both Rockport and Gloucester. PAPERTWO

PART VI TRANSLATION (60 min) SECTION A CHINESE TO ENGLISH

Translate the following text into English. Write your translation in the ANSWER BOOKLET.

徐霞客一生周游了十六个省，足迹几乎遍及全国。他在考察的过程中，从来不盲目迷信书本上的结论。他发现前人研究地理的记载有许多很不可靠的地方。为了进行真实细致的考察，他很少乘车坐船，几乎全靠双脚翻山越岭，长途跋涉；为了弄清大自然的真相，他总是挑选道路艰险的山区，人迹稀少的森林进行考察，发现了许多奇山秀景；他常常选择不同的时间和季节，多次重游各地名山，反复观察变换的奇景。 SECTION B ENGLISH TO CHINESE

Translate the following text into Chinese. Write your translation in the ANSWER BOOKLET

The thirty-second day out of Bombay began inauspiciously. In the morning a sea smashed one of the galley doors. We dashed in through lots of steam and found the cook very wet and indignant with the ship: She' s getting worse every day. She' s trying to drown me in front of my own stove!' He was very angry. We pacified him, and the carpenter, though

away twice from there, managed to repair the door. Through that accident our dinner was not ready till late, but it ,4,-,4:2c, ? t matter in the end because Knowles, who went to fetch it, got knocked down by a sea and the dinner went over the

Captain Allistoun, looking more hard and thin-lipped than ever, hung on to full topsails and foresails, and would not 'notice that the ship, asked to do too much, appeared to lose heart altogether for the first time since we knew her. PART III WRITING (45 min)

While some people claim that a person' s essential qualities are inherited at birth, others insist that the circumstances in which a person grows up are principally responsible for the kind of person he/she becomes. Which view do you agree with and why? Requirement:

In the first part of your writing you should present your thesis statement and in the second part you should support the thesis statement with appropriate details. Marks will be awarded for organization as well as for syntactic variety and appropriate work choice. Length:

Not less than 250 words.

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TEST FOR ENGLISH MAJORS (1994) - GRADE EIGHT -

PART I LISTENING COMPREHENSION (30 MIN. )

In Section A, B and C you will hear everything once only. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Mark the correct response for each question in your ANSWER BOOKLET. SECTION A TALK

Questions 1 to 5 refer to the talk in this section. At the end of the talk you will be given ONE minute to answer the following five questions. Now listen to the talk.

1. The plans of the electrical systems are prepared by the project' s [A] designer. [B] electrician.[C] draftsman. [D] contractor. 2. Career draftsmen are often

[A] called \[B] architectural graduates getting training. [C] high school graduates working as tracers. [D] graduates of junior colleges. 3. \

[A] the architect' s rough sketches and directions. [B] the plans and details for the actual construction. [C] the ideas and the specifications for the project. [D] the designer' s handbooks, tables and building codes. 4. The main idea that comes through clearly in this talk is [A] the advantage of taking an architectural drafting course. [B] the benefit of draftsmen working in teams. [C] the importance of accuracy in the drawings. [D] the necessity of having advanced drawing aids.

5. According to this talk, which of the following statements is correct? [A] The project architect is the main member of the architectural team. [B] Only a dozen different types of workers are involved in a project. [C] The job of the draftsman is to provide labor and building materials.

[D] The contractor depends upon the working drawings for his work. SECTION B CONVERSATION

Questions 6 to 10 are based on a conversation between Ann and Lyn. At the end of the conversation you will be given One minute to answer the following five questions. Now listen to the conversation. 6. Lyn has eventually decided to go on a

[A] fly-drive holiday. [B] car-trip. [C] two-city holiday. [D] conducted tour. 7. At the Epcot Center Lyn will

[A] see aquatic displays. [B] visit a large funfair.

[C] visit a technologically-advanced city. [D] visit a film studio. 8. When she visits the Kennedy Space Center, Lyn will be able to

[A] send messages to satellites. [B] learn something new about space. [C] go aboard a spacecraft. [D] operate Mission Control. 9. In order to go on this holiday, Lyn ultimately had to [A] overdraw an account. [B] borrow from her parent. [C] work over time. [D] spend her savings.

10. From the conversation, we get the impression that Lyn is

[A] pragmatic. [B] extrovert. [C] willful. [D] calculating. SECTION C NEWS BROADCAST

Questions 11 to 12 are based on the following news from the BBC. At the end of the news item, you will be given 24 seconds to answer the questions. Now listen to the news.

11. The main function of the proposed Thorp facility is to produce . - [A] weapon-grade material. [B] nuclear fuel. [C] plutonium. [D] spent fuel.

12. On the issue of plutonium, the U.S. feels

[A] satisfied with the current civilian use of the element.

[B] the destruction of the nuclear arms surpasses civilian production. [C] content to export its own nuclear fuel.

[D] the current levels of production should be decreased.

Questions 13 to 15 are based on the following news from the VOA. At the end of the news item, you will be given 36 seconds to answer the questions. Now listen to the news.

13. From the news, we learn a conflict exists between [A] flight attendants and passengers.

[B] management at American and U. S. government. [C] American Airlines and travel agents.

[D] America' s management and flight attendants.

14. According to the management at American Airlines, in 1994 flight attendants would earn [A] from $16,000 to $35,000. [B] around $ 21,000. [C] from $15,000 to $ 33,000. [D] around $ 50,000. 15. American Airlines has cut back its operations because of [A] the strike. [B] enormous losses.

[C] contingency plans. [D] rising air fares.

SECTION D NOTE-TAKING AND GAP-FILLING

In this section you will hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening to the lecture, take notes on the important points. Your

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notes will not be marked, but you will need them to complete a 15-minute gap-filling task on the ANSWER SHEET after the mini-lecture. ANSWER SHEET SECTION D NOTE-TAKING AND GAP-FILLING (-20 MIN. J Fill in each of the gaps with ONE suitable word. You may refer to your notes. Make sure the word you fill in is both grammatically and semantically acceptable. DIET IN THE LAND OF PLENTY

A major nutritional (1) ______ in the United States is being Overweight. (1)______ There is now an abundant supply of food while at the same time we tend to do less (2)______activity. (2)______

We fully renli7e the (3)______of being seriously overweight, and we also ?(3)______ have a strong desire to be (4) ______ in order to look attractive. As a result, (4)______ many people in America try to lose weight by (5)______ A Gallup Poll in (5)______ the year (6)______revealed that 46% of the Americans felt that they were (6)______ overweight.

Hearings held at about that time by (7)______George McGovern disclosed (7)______ TEM8-94-2

that there was a (8)______ billion dollar diet industry in the U. S. (8)______ Today at least 40% of adults in the United States are (9)______ their ideal (9)______ weight. (10)______can be dangerous to your health. Over weight persons (10)______ have a greater chance of dying from (11) ______disease and strokes. (11)______

In order to control their weight, Americans are(12). ______ tricked into (12)______ trying faddish diets. Almost every magazine on the (13)______ or in the (13)______ supermarket features a diet that promises instant and painless (14) ______ (14)______

Eachof these diets has its own magic (15) ______ ; a pill that will help you break (15)______ bad eating habits; a chemical(16)______that will take place between the special (16)______ foods (17)______and will then turn off fat. (17)______

Since there are new diets (18) ______, it is clear that none of them contains the (18)______ right answer. In that case, what should an overweight person do? The

answer is very simple.Weight can be best controlled by eating sensibly, (19) ______ (19)______ moderately, and doing both of these for a (20) ______ (20)______ PART II PROOFREADING AND ERROR CORRECTION (20 MINS)

The following passage contains 17 errors. Each line contains a maximum of one error and three are free from error: In each case, only one word is involved.You should proofread the passage and correct it in the following way.

For a wrong word, underline the wrong word and write the correct one in the blank provided at the end of the line. For a missing word, mark the position of the missing word with a \blank provided at the end of the line. For an unnecessary word, cross the unnecessary word with a slash \line. EXAMPLE

When ∧ art museum wants a new exhibit, (1) an It never ╱ buys things in finished form and hangs (2) never them on the wall. When a natural history museum

wants an exhibition, it must often build it. (3) exhibit

In a competitive and fast-paced modern society, busy

business executives are so engrossing in their work (1) that they incapably know what the word leisure means. (2) The higher an executive' s position is on the business ladder, (3) the more hours he spends on his work, with a view in (4) gaining greater corporate standing or a big pay rise, (5) he, as a rule, for exceeds over the 40-hour working week (6) . The additional stress and tension as well as the shortage (7) of suitable rest and recreation very often has a disastrous(8) affect on his health. Few such executives realize that(9) unless they learn how to relax, they will soon (10) run of stream before they get to the top (11)

of executive ladder. A noted American authority (12) at leisure has said that \(13) executives is to prevent the types of activities that (14)._ are part or parcel of their daily work and to devote (15) themselves totally to have recreational pursuits for at least (16) a part of each day, even it is only for half an hour. (17)

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Those jobs require a great deal of contact with others can

engage in activities that are not quiet and peaceful?far from (19) the madding crowd, far from client and business associates. (20) PART DI READING COMPREHENSION ?(40 MIN.) SECTION A READING COMPREHENSION (30 MIN. )

In this section there are five reading passages followed by twenty multiple choice questions. Read the passages and then mark your answers in your ANSWER SHEET. TEXT A

Panic and Its Effects

One afternoon while she was preparing dinner in her kitchen, Anne Peters, a 32-year old American housewife, suddenly had severe pains in her chest accompanied by the shortness of breath. Terrified by the thought she was having a heart attack, Anne screamed for help. Her frightened husband immediately rushed Ann to a nearby hospital where, to her great relief, her pains were diagnosed as having been caused by panic, and not a heart attack.

More and more Americans nowadays are having panic attacks like the one experienced by Anne Peters. Benjamin Crocker, a psychiatrist and assistant director of the Anxiety Disorders Clinic at the University of Southern California, reveals that as many as ten million adult Americans have already or will experience at least one panic attack in their lifetime. Moreover, studies conducted by the National Institute of Mental Health in the United States disclose that approximately 1.2 million adult individuals are currently suffering from severe and recurrent panic attack.

These attacks are spontaneous and inexplicable and may last for a few minutes; some, however, continue for several hours, not only frightening the victim but also making him or her wholly disoriented. The symptoms of panic attack bear such remarkable similarity to those of heart attack that many victims are convinced that they are indeed having a heart attack.

Panic attack victims show the following symptoms: they often become easily frightened or feel uneasy in situations where people normally would not be afraid; they suffer shortness of breath, dizziness or lightheadedness; experience chest pains, a quick heartbeat, tingling in the hands; a choking feeling, faintness, sudden fits of trembling, a feeling that persons and things around them are not real; and most of all, a fear of dying or going crazy. A person seized by a panic attack may show all or as few as four of these symptoms.

There has been a lot of conjecture as to the cause of panic attack. Both laymen and experts alike claim that psycho,

logical stress could be a logical cause, but as yet, no evidence has been found to support this theory. However, studies show that more women than men experience panic attack and people who drink a lot as well as those who take marijuana or beverages containing a lot of caffeine are more prone to attacks. Dr. Wayne Keaton, an associate professor of psychiatry at the University of Washington Medical School, claims that

there are at least three signs that indicate a person is suffering from panic attack rather than a heart attack. The first is age. People between the ages of 20 and 30 are more often victims of panic attack. The second is sex. More women suffer from recurrent panic attacks than men, while heart attack rarely strikes women before their menopause. The third is the multiplicity of symptoms. A panic attack victim usually suffers at least four of the previous mentioned symptoms while a heart attack victim often experience only pain and shortness of breath.

It is generally concluded that panic attack does not endanger a person' s life. All the same, it can unnecessarily disrupt a person' s life by making him or her so afraid that he or she will have a panic attack in a public place that he or she may refuse to leave home and may eventually become isolated from the rest of society. Dr. Crocker' s advice to any person who thinks he is suffering from panic attack is to consult a doctor for a medical check-up to rule out the possibilities of physical illness first. Once it has been confirmed that he or she is, in fact, suffering from panic attack, the victim should seek psychological and medical help.

16. According to the passage, panic attack is [A] both frightening and fatal. [B] actually a form of heart attack.

[C] more common among women than men. [D] likely to last several hours. 17. One factor both panic and heart attacks have in common is [A] a feeling of faintness. [B] uncontrollable movements. [C] a horror of going mad. [D] difficulty in breathing. 18. It is indicated in the last paragraph that panic attack may [A] make a victim reluctant to leave home any more. - [B] threaten a victim' s physical well-being.

[C] cause serious social problems for the victim' s family. [D] prevent a victim from enjoying sport anymore. 19. Dr. Crocker suggests that for panic attack sufferers [A] physical fitness is not so crucial.

[B] a medical checkup is needed to confirm the illness. [C] psychological and medical help is necessary. [D] nutritional advice is essential to cure the disease. TEXT B

How the Smallpox War Was Won

The world' s last known case of smallpox was reported in Somalia, the horn of Africa, in October 1977. The victim was a young cook called Ali Maow Maalin. His case became a landmark in medical history, for smallpox is the first communicable disease ever to be eradicated.

The smallpox campaign to free the world of smallpox has been led by the World Health Organization. The Horn of Africa, embracing the Ogaden region of Ethiopia and Somalia, was one of the last few smallpox ridden areas of the world when the WHO-sponsored Smallpox Eradication Program (SEP) got underway there in 1971.

Many of the 25 million inhabitants, mostly farmers and nomads living in a wildness of desert, bush and mountains, already have smallpox. The problem of tracing the disease in such formidable country was exacerbated by continuous warfare in the area.

The program concentrated on an imaginative policy of \but the success of the campaign depended on the work of volunteers. There were men, paid by the day, who walked hundreds of miles in search of \

Often these rumors turned out to be cases of measles, chick pox or syphilis ?but nothing could be left to change.

the program progressed the disease was gradually brought under control. By September 1976 the SEP made its first that no new cases had been reported. But that first optimism was short-lived. A three:year-old girl called Amina Salat, from a dusty village in the Ogaden in the south-east of Ethiopia, had given

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smallpox to a young nomad visitor. Leaving the village the nomad had walked across the border into Somalia. There he infected 3,000 people, and among them had been the cook, Ali. It was further 14 months before the elusive \

Even now, the search continues in \trickle ?but each must still be checked by a qualified person.

Victory is in sight, but two years must pass since the \20. All Maow Maalin' s case is significant because he was the [A] last person to be cured of smallpox in Somalia. [B] last known sufferer of smallpox in the world. [C] first smallpox victim in the Horn of Africa. [D] first Somalian to be vaccinated for smallpox.

21. The work to stamp out smallpox was made more difficult by [A] people' s unwillingness to report cases. [B] the lack of vaccine. [C] the backwardness of the region. [D] the incessant local wars. 22. The volunteers mentioned were paid to

[A] find out about the reported cases of smallpox. [B] vaccinate people in remote areas. [C] teach people how to treat smallpox.

[D] prevent infected people from moving around.

23. Nowadays, smallpox investigations are only.carried out [A] at regular two-yearly intervals. [B] when news of an outbreak occurs.

[C] in those areas with previous history of the disease. [D] by a trained professional. TEXT C

The Form Master' s observations about punishment were by no means without their warrant at St. James' s school. Flogging with the birch in accordance with the Eton fashion was a great feature in its curriculum. But I am sure no Eton boy, and certainly no Harrow boy of my day, ever received such a cruel flogging as this headmaster was accustomed to inflict upon the little boys who were in his care and power. They exceeded in severity anything that would be tolerated in any of the Reformatories under the Home Office. My reading in later life has supplied me with some possible explanations of his temperament. Two or three times a month the whole school was marshalled in the Library, and one or more delinquents were hauled off to an adjoining apartment by the two head boys, and there flogged until they bled freely, while the rest sat quaking, listening to their screams...

How I hated this school, and what a life of anxiety Hived there for more than two years. I made very little progress at my lessons, and none at all games. I counted the days and the hours to the end of every term, when I should return home from this hateful servitude and range my soldiers in line of battle on the nursery floor. The greatest pleasure I had in those days was reading. When I was nine and a half my father gave me Treasure Island and I remember the delight with which I devoured it. My teacher saw me at once backward and precocious, reading books beyond my years and yet at the bottom of the form. They were offended. They had large resources of compulsion at their disposal, but I was stubborn. Where my

reason, imagination or interest were not engaged, I would not or I could not learn. In all the twelve'years I was at school no one ever succeeded in making me write a Latin verse or learn any Greek except the alphabet. I do not at all excuse myself for this foolish neglect of opportunities procured at so much expense by my parents and brought so forcibly to my attention by my preceptors. Perhaps if I had been introduced to the ancients through their history and customs, instead of through their grammar and syntax, I might have had abetter record.

24. Which of the following statements about flogging at St. James' s school is NOT correct? [A] Corporal punishment was accepted in the school: [B] Flogging was part of the routine in the school.

[C] Flogging was more severe in schools for juvenile delinquents. [D] The Headmaster' s motive for flogging was then rather obscure. 25. When he was back at home, the author enjoyed [A] playing war games. [B] dressing up like a soldier. [C] reading war stories. [D] talking to soldiers.

26. \[A] had tried to suspend him from school several times. [B] had physically punished him quite a lot. [C] had imposed upon him many of their ideas.

[D] had tried to force him to learn in many different ways. 27. The author failed to learn Greek because -

[A] he lacked sufficient intelligence. [B] he could not master the writing system. [C] of his parents' attitude to the subject. [D] the wrong teaching approach was used. TEXT D

I HAVE A DREAM ----30 Years Ago and Now

Few issues are as clear as the one that drew a quarter-million Americans to the Lincoln Memorial 30 years ago this August 28. \people a bad check\as eloquently as Martin Luther King Jr. whose words on that sweltering day remain etched in the public consciousness: \children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character.\

The march on Washington had been the dream of a black labor leader. A. Philip Randolph who was a potent figure in the civil-rights movement. But it was King who emerged as the symbol of the black people' s struggle. His \sold, bootlegged and resold within weeks of its delivery. The magic of the moment was that it gave white America a new prospective on black America and pushed civil rights forward on the nation' s agenda.

When the march was planned by a coalition of civil rights, union and church leaders, nothing quite like it had ever been seen. Tens of thousands of blacks streamed into the nation' s capital by car, bus, train and foot, an invading army of the disenfranchised singing freedom songs and demanding rights. By their

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very members, they forced the world' s greatest democracy to face an embarrassing question: How could America continue on a course that denied so many the simple amenities of a water fountain or a lunch counter? Or the most essential element ?of democracy the vote?

Three decades later, we still wrestle with questions of black and white, but now they are confused by shades of gray. The gap persists between the quality of black life and white. The urban underclass has grown more entrenched. Bias remains. And the nation is jarred from time to time by sensational cases stemming from racial hate. But the clarity of the 1963 issue is gone. No longer do governors stand in schoolhouse doors. Nor do signs bar blacks from restaurants or theaters; It is illegal to deny African-Americans the vote. There are 7,500 black elected officials, including 338 mayors and 40 members of Congress, plus a large black middle class. And we are past the point when white American must look to one eloquent leader to answer the question \does the Negro want ?\

The change is reflected in the variety of causes on the wish list of this year' s anniversary march on Washington. Health care reform. Job training. Religious freedom for American Indians. Statehood for the District of Columbia. Head Start for young people. Security for the disabled. And an end to racism. The compelling issue of 1963 ?discrimination ?today is more a matter of dark hearts than evil laws. And the legislative agenda of modern?day marchers is American, not black.

28. According to the passage, the recording of King' s speech became a best-seller largely because [A] the march was a dream of the black people in U. S.. [B] it presented a new way of looking at Afro ?Americans. [C] tens of thousands of people listened to the speech. [D] the speech was basically dressed to the black people.

29. From the passage we learn that the original march on Washington [A] highlighted the hypocrisy of America' s democratic system. [B] was made up of one particular segment of black society. [C] reflected previous demonstrations. [D] was also attended by white people.

30. \[A] the questions now concern American Indians. [B] racial hate in the U.S. is diminishing.

[C] the future is promising for the issue of human rights. [D] the clarity between the black and white is gone. 31. It is implied at the end of the passage that [A] color discrimination is no longer a problem.

[B] existing laws against racial discrimination need amending. [C] present-day causes of protest are more diversified than before. [D] all black Americans have become better off. TEXT E

Bandwagon

Ever hear of the small, rat條ike animal called the lemming? Lemmings are arctic rodents with a very odd habit: periodically, for reasons no one entirely knows, they mass together in large herd and commit suicide by rushing into deep water and drowning themselves. They all run in together, blindly, and not one of them ever seems to stop and ask, \are driven to perform their strange suicide rites by common instinct. People choose to \the unwilling victims of the bandwagon appeal.

Essentially, the bandwagon urges us to an action or an opinion because it is popular?because \appeals to the strong desire in most of us to be one of the crowd, not to be left out or alone. Advertising makes extensive use of the bandwagon appeal (\the Pepsi people\more citizens are rallying to my cause every day,\

One of the ways we can see the bandwagon appeal at work is in the overwhelming success of various fashions and trends which capture the interest (and the money) of thousands of people for a short time, then disappear suddenly and completely. For a year or two in the fifties every child in North America wanted a coonskin cap so that they could be like Davy Crockett; no one wanted to be left out. After that there was the hula hoop craze that helped to dislocate thousands of Americans. More recently, what made millions of people rush out to buy their very own \

The problem here is obvious, just because everyone' s doing it doesn' t mean that we should too. Group approval does not approve that something is true or is worth doing. Large numbers of people have supported actions we now condemn. Just a generation ago, Hitler and Mussolini rose to absolute and catastrophically repressive rule in two of the most sophisticated and cultured countries of Europe. When they came into power they were welled up by massive popular 'support from millions of people who didn' t want to be \

Once the mass begins to move ?on the bandwagon ?it becomes harder and harder to perceive the leader riding the bandwagon. So don' t be a lemming, rushing blindly on to destruction because \this what is best for me?...\

As we have seen, propaganda can appeal to us by arousing our emotions or distracting our attention from the real issues at hand. But there' s a third was that propaganda can be put to work against us ?by the use of faulty logic. This approach is really more subtle, than the other two because it gives the appearance of reasonable, fair argument. It is only when we look more closely that the holes in the logic fibre show up. 32. The writer cites the mass suicide of lemmings in order to [A] raise public awareness. [B] support his point of view. [C] justify bandwagon appeal. [D] discredit their habit. 33. In the passage, bandwagon appeal refers to [A] a mass consensus among young people. [B] a universal way of thinking.

[C] the pursuit of a moral code of behavior.

[D] the desire to support a popular course of action.

34. Which of the following is NOT given by the writer to show bandwagon appeal at work? [A] Fighting for America. [B] Advertising.

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[C] Political campaigning. [D] Following fashion.

35. In the writer' s opinion, propaganda can cause more harm by [A] arousing our emotions. [B] distracting our attention. [C] using false reasoning. [D] presenting popular issues. SECTION B SKIMMING AND SCANNING (10 MIN. )

In this section, there are seven passages followed by ten multiple!' choice questions. Skim or scan them as required and then mark your answers in your ANSWER BOOKLET TEXT F

First read the following question. 36. In the passage, the writer [A] elaborates on the three arguments. [B] develops the three arguments. [C] opposes the three arguments.

[D] modifies the three arguments. Now go through TEXT F quickly and answer question 36.

BRAINS VERSUS COMPUTERS

In science fictions there is to be found the recurrent theme of omniscient computer which ultimately takes over the

arings of human life and affairs. Is this possible? I believe it is not; but I also believe that the arguments commonly idvanced to refute this possibility are the wrong ones. First, it is often said that computers \do I detect the process of thinking? I present \computer scans its data with a photoelectric organ we call a \can be demonstrated on the monitor-tube of a computer or on the corresponding device ?an electroencephalogram ?for the student. Lastly, information based on the data is transcribed by means of a mechanical organ called a \man and machine differ only in the appliances they use.

Secondly, it is said that computers \that I was born with an innate ability to solve equations or to identify common members of the British flora; I, too, had to be programmed for these activities, but I happened to call my programmers by different names, such as \

Lastly, we were told that computers, unlike human beings, cannot interpret their own results. But interpretation is always of one set of information in the light of another set of information; it consists simply of finding the joint pattern in two sets of data. The mathematics of doing this is cumbersome, but well known; the computer would be perfectly willing to do the job if asked. TEXT G

First read the following question. 37. The author of the article intends to

[A] complain about that the electricity bill is more than the New Yorkers can afford. [B] show that the federal government should grant favors to private companies.

[C] raise a protest with the government for ignoring Senator Boxer' s suggested solution.

[D] inform the public that the federal government is spending the taxpayers' money irrationally. Now go through TEXT G quickly and answer question 37.

In New York City, customers pay as much as 12 cents a kilowatt hour for their power. But some lucky Westerners can leave the lights on all night without worrying, since Uncle Sam is footing part of the bill. The government hydroelectric program, whose power comes from dams built with public money, is an example of irrationality in our federal government. We all pay, but only selected people benefit.

The Western Area Power Administration \states. Surprisingly, the taxpayer subsidy benefits profit-making utilities as well as municipalities. The result: private

companies pay only a small amount of money for federal electricity. \Western Power Administration via the Colorado River Commission,\pany, one of several utilities getting the cheap federal electricity. \costs us almost three cents to produce. \

including Las Vegas casinos. So the next time you go to Vegas and stroll the gaily lighted Strip, remember that you are about to lose twice. Once at the slots, and the second time when you realize it' s your electricity that' s helping light up the night. Ten years ago, the then ?Rep. Barbara Boxer suggested a solution: the government should auction off

taxpayeri' financed power at market rates. Now a Senator, Boxer should put on her gloves to fight for the idea again. The money could pay off some of the $10 billion in subsidized loans that the five federal power administrations still owe the U. S. Treasury ?and the U.S. taxpayer. TEXT H First read the following question.

38. One factor, repeatedly emphasized in the passage, is that the Cobuild Dictionary [A] is different from other dictionaries in many aspects. [B] shares many similarities with other dictionaries. [C] is suitable for advanced learners of English.

[D] is compiled with the help of the latest computer technology. Now go through TEXT H quickly and answer question 38. The Cobuild Dictionary

This dictionary is for people who want to use modern English. It offers more and more accurate information on the way modern English is used than any previous dictionary. It is a useful guide to writing and speaking English as well as an aid to reading and understanding.

This dictionary looks rather like most others if you don' t look so closely. Actually it is quite new and different. The techniques used to compile it are new and use advanced computer technology. For the user the kind of information is different, the quality of information is different, and the presentation of the information is different.

For the first time, a dictionary has been compiled by the thorough examination of a representative group of English texts, spoken and written, running to many millions of words. This means that in addition to all the tools of conventional dictionary makers ?wide reading and experience' of English, other dictionaries and of course eyes and ears ?this dictionary is based on hard, measurable evidence. No major uses are missed, and the number of times a use

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occurs has a strong influence on the way the entries are organized. Equally, the large group of texts, called the corpus, gives us reasonable grounds for omitting many uses and word-forms that do not occur in it. It is difficult for a conventional dictionary, in the absence of evidence, to decide what to leave out, and a lot of quite misleading information is thus preserved in the tradition of lexicography.

This dictionary makes a break with such traditions. We have gone back to basics and collected many millions of words, and put them into a very large computer. The words came from books, magazines, newspapers, pamphlets, leaflets, conversations, radio and television broadcasts. The aim was to provide a fair representation of contemporary English.

No sets of texts, however large, can be fully relied on; all the same the information from the texts has been analyzed and appraised by a team of lexicographers, whose professional knowledge has also been used wherever there is only a small amount of evidence of the usage of a word of phrase.

The quality of information in this dictionary is different from others. With our textual evidence it is possible to be precise about the shape of phrases and the extent of their variation; the relative importance of different senses of a word; and the typical environment in which a word or phrase is used. Even when statements like this are already familiar, they are made with a different kind of authority in this book. TEXT I

First read the following question.

39. The general tone of the letter can be described as

[A] informal and outraged. [B] polite but clearly angry. [C] formal but mild. [D] unsympathetic.

Now go through TEXT I quickly and answer question 39.

754 West End Avenue Round valley, N.Y.

December 31, 1993.

Manager

Anyder' s Department Store

New York 5, N.Y.

Dear Sir,

For a number of years my wife and I have been dealing with Snyder' s and have bought several home appliances as well as other merchandise. I have a Snyder' s charge account, which I have used a great deal, as your records will show. My son runs in Snyder' s sneakers; my small daughters run in and out of Snyder' s rompers. My walls are painted with Snyder' s One-Coat Satin Paint. My lawn is mowed with a Snyder' s gas-powered motor; my clothes washed in a Snyder' s Handy Spindri; my hamburgers done in the backyard in summer on a Snyder' s mobile barbecue pit. In short, much of what I have has been yours.

Until now the service on all this stuff has been, if somewhat grumpy here and there, at least adequate. That is why I am shocked and hurt at the treatment. We have been receiving recently at the rather heavy hands of your installation men, who, frankly, have been beating the stuffing out of the gas range I bought two weeks ago. The installation ?or lack of it ?has been based on incompetence or both. Apparently none of the \much about getting the range in properly or taking the necessary safety precautions ?with the result that much of the work that ought to have been done by Snyder' s has been thrust off on the Town Service people, who, I can assure you, are getting weary of adjusting a range sold by a competitor. There have been gas bubbles and outright leaks, and this morning, after another so-called repair visit by one of your men, the house was filled with gas fumes ?to the fatigue of my mother-in-law, not to mention the kindergarten canary that is boarding with us during Easter vacation. We were saved only through the fortunate presence of a house painter, who shut off the main inlet because \

If this negligence had been the work of an arrogant fly-by- night outfit doing me a \a reliable organization like Snyder' s bills me for an installation which never seems finished and causes me great inconveniences and near grief, something is remiss somewhere. Living as I do on the psychic reward which at my company passes for a salary, I can ill afford it. I thought that as manager you would' want to know all this.

Sincerely yours, Robert Crumbleton TEXT J

First read the following questions.

40. The country that is providing most of the money for the project is [A] Switzerland. [B] Uganda. [C] France. [D] The Netherlands.

41. How many years' of relevant professional experience is the applicant expected to have? [A] Two years. [B] Three years. [C] Ten years. [D] Six years. Now go through TEXT J quickly and answer questions 40 and 41.

IUCN

The World Conversation Union

Technical Advisor

Uganda National Wetlands

Conservation

Management Program

IUCN is providing technical support to the Department of Environment (DEP) of the Ministry of Natural Resources, Uganda is implementing an innovative and multi ?disciplinary program to promote the long ?term conservation and sustainable use of Uganda' s wetland resources. The second three ?year phase of the program commenced in July 1992 with funding from the Government of the Netherlands. A major goal of IUCN' s support is to build the capacity of the DEP Wetlands Unit to coordinate wetlands conservation and management initiatives and to promote effective policies and planning for wetlands management. Activities initiated to date include, amongst others, establishment of wetlands inventory capabilities, development and dissemination of a natural policy framework and awareness and training.

Due to the departure of the previous incumbent, we are now looking for a technical advisor to continue the process of transferring wetland management skills to the head of the DEP Wetlands Unit (the program leader) and his team of motivated professional staff. Based in Kampala, the Advisor will provide technical expertise in wetlands management with particular emphasis on community participation, sustainable development, district planning, training at district level, and awareness. The successful applicant will hold a postgraduate degree in environmental science and at least ten years professional experience relating to wetland management, preferably in Africa. He/she should have a broad understanding of related fields particularly rural development, community extension work, tropical agriculture, and remote sensing techniques. Management experience, good interpersonal skills, and an ability to organize and motivate others will be essential attributes.

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Applicants should submit their curriculum vitae, Uganda Country Office, P.O. Box 10950,

Kampala, Uganda, Fax: 256-41-242298, by November 12, 1993 (extended from October 30). Alternatively, applicants may be sent to the Coordinator, IUCN, Wetlands Program, Rue Mauvemey 28, CH-1196 Gland, Switzerland. Further information on project goals, job responsibilities, duration of appointment and terms and conditions of employment will be sent to suitably qualified candidates only. TEXT K

First read the following questions.

42. Kennedy made it clear his support for the Peace Corps in.

[A] Michigan. [B] Washington. [C] New York. [D] San Francisco. 43. The Peace Corps was created on

[A] February 6, 1961. [B] March 1, 1961. [C] August 30, 1961. [D] January 21, 1961.

Now go through TEXT K quickly and answer questions 42 and 43. PEACE CORPS HISTORICAL CHRONOLOGY

January 14, 1960 Congressman Henry Reuss introduces a bill calling for study of a \plan. It was passed.

__________________________________________________________________________________________

June 15, 1960 Senator Hubert Humphrey introduces a bill calling for establishment of a \was defeated.

__________________________________________________________________________________________

October 14, 1960 President candidate John F. Kennedy addresses students at the University of Michigan in a 2:00 p. m.impromptu speech challenging them to give two years of their lives to help people in countries of the developing world. Inspired by the speech students form \World Responsibility\__________________________________________________________________________________________

November 2, 1960 One week before election, Kennedy makes formal commitment to a \in San Francisco.

__________________________________________________________________________________________

January 20, 1961 President Kennedy includes what becomes basic Peace Corps philosophy in his Inaugural Address:

\those peoples in the huts and villages of half the globe struggling to break the bonds of mass misery, we pledge our best efforts to help them help themselves.\

__________________________________________________________________________________________

January 21, 1961 Kennedy appoints Sargent Shriver as head of a task force to study the feasibility of a Peace Corps. Shriver enlists the help of Harris Wofford. Together they draw up plans and invite suggestions from various quarters. __________________________________________________________________________________________

February 6, 1961 Shriver receives copy of \

recommends that the Peace Corps be established immediately and on a large scale. February 24, 1961 Shriver delivers to Kennedy the task force' s report on the Peace Corps stressing speed, independence, originality and size.

__________________________________________________________________________________________

March 1,1961 President Kennedy issued Executive Order creating the Peace Corps. Three days later, Sargent Shriver is appointed its first director.

__________________________________________________________________________________________

August 30, 1961 President Kennedy hosts ceremony at the WhiteHouse Rose Garden in honor of the first group of Peace Corps Volunteers departing for service in Ghana. The 51 Volunteers serve in secondary school education programs. __________________________________________________________________________________________

September 12, 1961 Tom Livingston of Wood Dale, Illinois, is the first Volunteer on duty ?an English teacher at Ghana Secondary school, Dowdowa, Ghana. __________________________________________________________________________________________

September 22, 1961 Congress approves legislation formally authorizing Peace Corps with the mandate to \following objectives: (1) To help the people of interested countries and areas in meeting their needs for trained manpower; (2) To help promote a better understanding of Americans on the part of the people served; and (3) To help promote a better understanding of other peoples on the part of Americans. TEXT L

First read the following questions.

44. When did Britain begin her offshore gas production? [A] In 1960. [B] In 1965. [C] In 1967. [D] In 1973.

45. In 1982 ?83 the British Gas Corporation and its subsidiary companies netted a profit of [A] ?188 million. [B] ?4,200 million. [C] ?,326 million [D] ?,958 million.

Now go through TEXT L quickly and answer questions 44 and 45. GAS

Public supply of manufactured gas in Britain began in the early nineteenth century in Westminster in central London.

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For many years gas was produced from coal but during the 1960s, when growing supplies of oil were being imported, there was a switch to producing town gas from oil-based feedstocks. However, a more significant change began in the late 1960' s following the first commercial natural gas discovery in UKCS in 1965 and the start of offshore gas production in 1967. Supplies of offshore natural gas grew rapidly and natural gas has now replaced town gas in the public supply system in Great Britain. Originally used exclusively for lighting, gas is now used for domestic cooking and beating and for industrial and commercial purposes.

The 1948 Gas Act brought the industry in Great Britain under public ownership and control in 1949. As a result of the change to natural gas necessitating more centralized control of production and transmission, the British Gas Corporation was set up in 1973 under the 1972 Gag Act to replace the Gas Council and area gas boards. The 1982 Oil and Gas (Enterprise) Act gives power to permit the disposal of assets held by the Corporation, and curtails the Corporation' s statutory monopoly in the supply of gas for fuel purposes so as to permit private companies to compete in this supply.

In 1982- 83 the turnover of the Corporation and its subsidiary companies amounted to Z5,958 million, of which sales of gas accounted for ?,326 million pounds. After interest payments and taxation there was a profit of ?188 million. Recently the Corporation has been wholly selffinancing. It has repaid all its long; ?term debt to the Government. The Corporation has a large investment program, amounting to ?,200 million (at current prices) in the five years from 198287, a large part of which is accounted for by investment in the Gough and Morecamble fields. The Corporation has about 101,000 employees.

Natural gas is not available in Northern Ireland and the industry there, which is controlled by nine municipal undertakings and four private sector companies, uses town gas produced from oil feedstocks. However, the Government of Britain and the Irish Republic have negotiated an agreement under which natural gas from the latter' s offshore Kinsale field will be supplied to Northern Ireland through a pipeline extension to be built between Dublin and Belfast. PART IV TRANSLATION(60 MIN. ) SECTION A CHINESE TO ENGLISH

Translate the following underlined part of the TEXT into English. Write your translation on ANSWER HEET THREE.

人是一个非常复杂的矛盾体。为了不受干扰地工作，常常要逃避世俗的热闹，可一旦长期陷入孤境，又感到痛苦，感到难以忍受。一般情况，我喜欢孤独。

我的最大爱好是深思默想。我可以一个人长时间地独处而感到愉快。独享欢乐是一种愉快，独自忧伤也是一种愉快。孤独的时候，精神不会是一片纯粹的空白，它热染是一个丰富多才的世界。情绪上的大欢乐和大悲痛往往都在孤独中产生。孤独中，思维可以不依照逻辑进行。孤独更多地产生人生的诗情——激昂的和伤感的。孤独可以使人的思想向更遥远更深邃的地方伸展，也恩能够使你对自己或环境作更透彻的认识和检讨。 当然，孤独常常叫人感到无以名状的忧伤。而这忧伤有时又是很美丽的。我喜欢孤独。但我也很惧怕孤独。 SECTION B ENGLISH TO CHINESE

Translate the following underlined part of the TEXT Into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET THREE.

Michael Jordan, a basketball player in whom commentators have discerned qualities and supernatural powers, has etired from the game that made him one of the world' s best known and best paid sportsmen, earning a reputed $36 a year.

Last week' s announcement was premature by most people' s measurement 桱ordan is 30 and at the height of his laying and earning power ?but it was not, by his own account, taken hastily, rashly or under any duress. \

After three championships with the Chicago Bulls, a second gold medal with the US team at the 1992 Olympics, and 1 the accolades the game can bestow, Jordan felt his motivation sli-Dping away. \

But this explanation may appear too simple to satisfy the sceptics, who have recently discovered that Jordan does not lead an untroubled private life. First came allegations that he gambled ?in a country where gambling is mostly illegal ?and that his gambling was out of Control. Then his father was shot dead on July 23.

The most lurid speculation suggests these facts are linked. If Jordan could lose $1 million to one of his golf partners, as has been alleged, could he not have run up a more substantial debt to a more substantial organization, one that employs a lot of men with vowels at the end of their names and bulges in their jackets?

PART V WRITING (60 MIN. )

Personal Appearance: Looks Really Count

Or do they? Looks aren' t everything, the saying goes. Write a passage of about 300 words agreeing or disagreeing with the topic. In the first part of your writing you should present your thesis and in the second part you should support the thesis statement with appropriate details. In the last part you should bring what you have written to a natural conclusion with a summary or suggestion.

Marks will be awarded for organization as well as for synthetic variety and appropriate word choice. Write your essay on ANSWER SHEET FOUR.

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TEST FOR ENGLISH MAJORS (1995)

----GRADE EIGHT--

PART I LISTENING COMPREHENSION (30 MIN.)

In Section A, B and C you will hear everything once only. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow Mark the correct response for each question on your Colored Answer Sheet. SECTION A TALK

Questions 1 to 5 refer to the talk in this section. At the end of the talk you will be given 15 seconds to answer each of the following five questions. Now listen to the talk .1. The speaker is

[A] explaining the credit system. [B] recommending the tutor system.

[C] introducing a short summer course. [D] talking to some college students.

2. A student with a 75% attendance record will only receive a certificate if she has [A] completed the individual assignments. [B] submitted good reasons for this. [C] undertaken the required group work. [D] carried out the necessary private study. 3. In the speaker' s opinion, the method of evaluation is [A] more demanding. [B] under review. [C] better than before. ID] optional.

4. According to the speaker which of the following is a rule? [A] No cooking in rooms. [B] No smoking on campus. [C] No accommodation for friends. [D] No consumables in classrooms. 5. The general tone of this talk can be described as [A] impartial. [B] dominthing.

[C] authoritative. [D] condescending. SECTION B CONVERSATION

Questions 6 to 10 are based on a conversation between Pauline and her friend. At the end of the conversation you will be given 13 seconds to answer each of the following questions. Now listen to the conversation. 6. Pauline failed to catch the flight because

[A] her ticket was not confirmed. [B] she booked her ticket at the wrong place. [C] she didn' t have the right documents. [D] her visa had run out. 7. Which of the following did not occur? Pauline

[A] visited one of London' s parks. [B] went to the airport by taxi.

[C] contacted the airline by telephone. [D] stayed the night in London. 8. In Ibiza, Pauline took a taxi because

[A] she had too much luggage. [B] nobody came to pick her up. [C] the plane was delayed. [D] her friend' s home was far away.

9. Pauline learned her friend' s address in [A] Newcastle. [B] Gatwick. [C] London. [D] Luton. 10. From the conversation we get the impress: [A] some official agencies in London are [B] taxi drivers abroad always overcharge. [C] customs formalities in Britain are flexible. [D] travel agents tend to misinform people. SECTION C NEWS BROADCAST

Questions 11 and 12 are based on the follow end of the news item, you will be given 30 seconds to answer the two questions. Now listen to the news. 11. The weather on the wedding day was [A] cold. [B] warm. [C] foggy. [D] rainy. 12. The wedding reception was held

[A] in Edinburgh. [B] on Deeside. [C] at Balmoral. [D] near York.

Questions 13 to 15 are based on the following news from the VOA. At the end of the news item, you will be given 45 seconds to answer the three questions. Now listen to the news. 13. Rachel Whiteread is

[A] a traditional artist. [B] a sculptor.

[C] an interior decorator. [D] a house designer.

14. Which of the following was not considered for this year' s Turner Prize? [A] A model containing a large amount of rice. [B] A sculpture showing the inside of old houses. [C] A display made up of fish and glass.

[D] A sculpture involving colored neon lights.

15. What made Rachel Whiteread unhappy was the fact that [A] she knew her creation was to be pulled down. [B] she got the prize as the worst artist.

[C] she was ridiculed and mocked by newspapermen. [D] she was regarded as a hypocrite and the worst artist. SECTION D NOTE-TAKING AND GAP-FILLING

In this section you will hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening to the lecture, take notes on the important points. Your notes will not be marked, but you will need them to complete a 15-minute gap-filling task on the ANSWER SHEET after the mini-lecture. ANSWER SHEET

SECTION D NOTE-TAKING AND GAP-FILLING [20 MIN.]

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Fill in each of the gaps with ONE suitable word. You may refer to your notes. Make sure the word you fill in is both grammatically and semantically acceptable. Computers

There are millions of computers in the world today. As computers process extremely (1) information at (1) a very fast speed, they are changing various aspects of our lives. And the introduction of (2) has accelerated (2) this change and also led to (3)computers. (3) Computers are widely employed in banking for (4) cheques. They are also used in (4)

(5) and for the payment of standing orders. The (5) newly developed Electronic Funds (6) System (6) could allow the computer controlling it to become the centre of a wider (7) . (7) TEM8-95-2

The most popular use of computers in (8) is in (8) keeping (9) located on hospital wards and even in (9) operating theatres. Computers are also involved in assisting (10) through the immediate provision of the (10) (11) medical data, previously often only to be (11) found in published material.

Computers are revolutionizing the production of

(12) . For example, the reporter can put his story (12) , known as (13) , directly into the computer, (13) and this then appears on a (14) When he is satisfied (14 ) with a reporter' s work, the (15) can access (15) the final version and make any further alterations. By .means of a special (16) , the articles can then be (16) organized into (17) and finally the whole is auto- (17) matically transferred to the (18) section. (18) Because of the application of computers, significant changes have taken place in the type of (19) done (19) by many people and more importantly in the (20) (20) people needed to do the work.

PART II PROOFREADING AND ERROR CORRECTION (20 MINS) Air quality in Britain has improved considerably in the

last thirty years. Total emissions of smoke in the air have risen by (1) over 85 percent since 1950. The domestic smoking control program (2) has been particularly important in achieving this result. London and (3) other major cities are no longer have the dense smoke-laden (4) \(5) increased about 70 percent since 1958. (6)

Since 1990, everyday air pollution data from the British (7) monitoring network has been made available to the public by (8) the Department of the Environment' s Air Quantity Bulletins. (9) These give the concentrations on three main pollutants - ozone, (10) nitrogen dioxide and sulphur dioxide - and grade air quality on (11) a scale between \(12) features in television and radio weather reports, appears (13)

in many national and local newspapers. Therefore, the data are also (14) available on the special free telephone number and on videotext systems. (15) A comprehensive review of the issue of urbanized air (16)

quality was announced in January 1992. Three independent committees (17) of which experts have been established to advise on different (18) aspects of the problem, and will set guidelines and targets for air (19) quality. The network also being extended and upgraded at a cost (20) of 10 million pounds.

PART III READING COMPREHENSION [40 MIN.] SECTION A READING COMPREHENSION [30 MIN.]

In this section there are six reading passages followed by a total of twenty multiple-choice questions. Read the passages and then mark your answers on your Colored Answer Sheet. TEXT A

David Frost - Autobiography

[Part one] by David Frost

Looked at one way, it is faintly ludicrous that Sir David Frost should be writing his autobiography already. That he should have written just the first 30 years' worth might be thought strange. Here he is, not yet 55 years old, producing a volume of 528 pages that takes us no further than 1969.

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It is, true, the period of his life that established his name and fortune, that swift rise from undergraduate cabaret turn to star host on both sides of the Atlantic, joint founder of an ambitious ITV company and long since able to invite show business stars, business tycoons and a British Prime Minister to breakfast at three days' notice. (An event recalled in his book with such empty indifference that you cannot decide whether the comprehensive name-dropping is intended to impress or just a habit.)

And yet David Frost, a significant figure in British television, certainly in the rapidly changing environment of the 1960' s, remains something of a mystery. Never far from positions of influence, wealthier from his broadcasting activities than all but the biggest moguls, he is in many ways on the edge of things.

His book, like his career, perhaps, is as fascinating as it is unsatisfactory. The length is due to its liberal resort to program transcripts, which yield verbatim exchanges with his many interviewees as well as detailed recall of the highs and lows of That Was The Week That Was and the scripting process that achieved them.

The private Frost is to be caught only in passing, as he remains true to his preface: \tried always to include the former.\

The outcome is, I think, an insider' s book, dependent on remembering the times or knowing the people. But at that level, it is highly suggestive of its era, offers a view from a unique angle, yields some new insights - into the formation of London Weekend Television, for instance - and earns its place in the history of British Television. Like its author. 16. The autobiography covers the author' s [A] last thirty years. [B] life after 1969. [C] life before 1969. [D] first 55 years. 17. David Frost is [B] a famous movie star.

[A] an influential TV host. [D] a fascinating novelist. [C] an ambitious politician.

18. The autobiography is described as an insider' s book because it requires a knowledge of [A] all his personal experiences.

[B] his unique insights into British history. [C] the development of British television. [D] what was really happening in the 1960s. TEXT B

He Came in on Cat Paws

Quietly, almost unnoticed by a world sunk into the Great Depression, Germany on Jan. 30, 1933, was handed to a

monster. Adolf Hitler arrived, not in jackboots at the head of his Nazi legions but on cat paws, creeping in the side door.

The president, Field Marshal Paul von Hindenburg, 85 and doddering, hated Hitler and all he represented. In 1931, after their first meeting, Hindenburg said Hitler \monarchist - won with the votes of socialists, Unions, Centrist Catholics and Liberal Democrats. Hitler - Catholic, Austrian and a former tramp - carried upper-class Protestants, Prussian landowners and monarchists.

Nearly senile and desperate for any way to establish order in the fractious environment, Hindenburg fell prey to intriguers. Papen began plotting to bring himself to power and his supposed friend Schleicher to the top of the army. Papen offered Hindenburg a government with Hitler' s support but without Hitler in the cabinet. Hindenburg made Papen chancellor and Schleicher defense minister.

In the July 1932 parliamentary elections, the Nazis won 230 of 608 seats, and Hitler demanded the chancellorship; Hindenburg refused. Papen lost a confidence vote in August, and his government fell after losing in the fourth election in a year in November. Schleicher, whose very name means \turned on Papen, persuading Hindenburg to name him chancellor. Hitler' s propagandist Joseph Goebbels noted: \

To get revenge, Papen proposed sharing power with Hitler in January 1933; Hitler agreed, but with Papen as vice chancellor. Ever eager for order, Hindenburg shifted once again and fired Schleicher. \\of them I was betrayed 57 times. Don' t ever speak to me of German loyalty!\

At noon on Jan. 30, 1933, Adolf Hitler was sworn in as chancellor. Within one month, the Reichstag burned and civil liberties were suspended. Within two months, the Enabling Act stripped parliament of power and made Hitler dictator. On April 1, Hitler decreed a boycott of Jewish business. On April 4, he created the Reich Defense Council and began secretly rearming Germany. On July 14, Hitler made the Nazi Party \

As they sowed, so they reaped. In the BloodPurge of 1934, a Nazi SS squad murdered Kurt yon Schleicher in the doorway of his home. Franz von Papen lingered on, so powerless an errand boy for Hitler that he was acquitted at the Nuremberg trials. 19. The author says that Hitler came into power \[A] he seized power illegally.

[B] he seized power by military force.

[C] he quietly took advantage of the internal conflict. [D] he cleverly took advantage of the Depression. 20. Hitler first asked to be made chancellor when

[A] Papen lost a confidence vote. [B] Hitler had won a third of the votes. [C] Hindenburg fired Schleicher. [D] Schleicher was fired. 21. The chancellor was held by

[A] Papen, Schleicher, and then Hitler. [B] Schleicher, Papen, and then Hitler.

[C] Hindenburg, Schleicher, and then Hitler. [D] Hindenburg, Papen, and then Hitler. TEXT C

Mercedes-Benz Gets Turned Upside Down

Iris Rossner has seen eastern Germany customers weep for joy when they drive away in shiny, new Mercedes-Benz sedans. \and keep saying how lucky they are,\on bottles of champagne as their national flag was hoisted above a purchase. And she has seen American business executives, Japanese tourists and Russian

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politicians travel thousands of miles to a Mercedes plant in southwestern Germany when a classic sedan with the trade mirk three-pointed star was about to roll off the assembly line and into their lives. Those were the good economic miracle of the 1960s and ended in 1991.

Tunes have changed. \has changed drastically. We are now in a pitched battle. The Japanese are partly responsible, but Mercedes has had to learn the hard way that even German firms like BMW and Audi have made efforts to rise to our standards of technical proficiency:\

Mercedes experienced one of its worst years ever in 1992. The autornaker' s worldwide car sales fell by 5 percent from the previous year, to a low of 527,500. Before the decline, in 1988, the company could sell close to 600,000 cars per year. In Germany alone, there were 30,000 fewer new Mercedes registrations last year than in 1991. As a result, production has plunged by almost 50,000 cars to 529,400 last year, a level well beneath the company' s potential capacity of 650,000.

Mercedes' competitors have been catching up in the United States, the world' s largest car market. In 1986, Mercedes sold 100,000 vehicles in America; by 1991, the number had declined to 59,000. Over the last two years, the struggling company has lost a slice of its US market share to BMW, Toyota and Nissan. And BMW outsold Mercedes in America last year for the first time in its history. Meanwhile, just as Mercedes began making some headway in Japan, a notoriously difficult market, the Japanese economy fell on hard times and the company saw its sales decline by 13 percent in Thai country.

Revenues will hardly improve this year, and the time has come for getting dOwn to business. At Mercedes, that means cutting payrolls, streamlining production and opening up to consumer needs - revolutionary steps for a company that once considered itself beyond improvement. 22. The author' s intention in citing various nationalities' interests in Mercedes is to illustrate Mercedes' [A] sale strategies. [B] market monopoly. [C] superior quality. [D] past record. 23. Mercedes is having a hard time because [A] it is lagging behind in technology. [B] Japan is turning to BMW for cars. [C] its competitors are catching up.

[D] sales in America have dropped by 13%. 24. In the good years Mercedes could sell about [A] 527,500 cars. [B] 529,400 cars. [C] 600,000 cars. [D] 650,000 cars.

25. What caused the decline of Mercedes' sales in Japan? [A] Japan is a very difficult market. [B] The state of the economy there.

[C] Competition from other car companies.

[D] BMW and Audi' s improved technical standards. TEXT D

Send in the Clones

\off the mark, the real news was almost as fantastic: researchers at George Washington University Medical Center in Washington, D. C., split single human embryos into identical copies, a technology that opens a pandora' s box of ethical questions and has sparked a storm of controversy around the world.

Claiming they began the experiments to spur debate, the researchers got more than they bargained for. The Vatican condemned the technology as perverse; one German magazine called the research \to infertile couples.

The news also left many people wondering what, precisely, the technology is all about. The headlines conjured up futuristic images of armies of clones, or human beings reconstructed from a few cells - a sort of Jurassic Park for humans. But what researchers Robert Stillman and Jerry Hall actually did was to extend a technique that has been used in livestock for more than decade. The physicians, who specialize in helping infertile couples conceive, used in vitro fertilization to create .17 human embryos in a laboratory dish. When the embryos had grown enough to contain two to eight cells. The researchers separated them into 48 individual cells. Two of the separated cells survived for a few days in the lab, developing into new human embryos smaller than the head of a pin and consisting of 32 cells each. Though no great technical feat, the procedure opens a range of unsettling possibilities. For example, parents could have one embryo implanted in the mother' s womb and store its identical siblings indefinitely. The spare embryos could be implanted later, allowing parents to create an entire family of identical children of different ages. Spare embryos could also be sold to other families, who would be able to see from an already born child how their embryo would turn out. Even more bizarre, a woman conceived from a split embryo could give birth to her own twin.

Issues to come. Such scenarios raise thorny issues about the rights of parents and the meaning of individuality. Some ethicists maintain that parents have the right to do with embryos what they will, including having twins born very apart But others fear that the procedure unacceptably alters what it means to be a human being, especially when the younger twins are forced to see older versions of themselves. \self and individuality?\

Amid the controversy, one thing seems certain: the experiments will continue. While cloning is forbidden, in Germany among other countries, fertility researchers proceeding in the United States, largely without federal funding or regulation. The researchers must obtain approval only from their hospitals or clinic' s board. Without federal oversight, the highly competitive fertility business may soon use the new technology to attract clients. As Hall told the scientific journal Science last week, \

26. The news that scientists were able to split human embryos into identical copies has [A] pleased many infertile couples. [B] caused much heated debates.

[C] been condemned all over the world.

[D] been proclaimed as a scientific breakthrough.

27. According to the passage, the research opens the possibility that [A] infertile couples could conceive.

[B] human beings could be produced outside the mother womb. [C] a woman could give birth to her own twin. [D] people would all look alike

28. In the United States, the experiments are

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[A] wholly funded by the government. [B] discouraged by the people in general. [C] supervised by the government. [D] commercially promising. TEXT E

Language and Thought

It is evident that there is a close connection between the capacity to use language and the capacities covered by the verb \have identified thinking with using words: Plato coined the saying, \

soul is talking to itself'; J. B. Watson reduced thinking to inhibited speech located in the minute movements or tensions of the physiological mechanisms involved in speaking; and although Ryle is careful to point out that there are many senses in which a person is said to think in which words are not in evidence, he has also said that saying something in a specific frame of mind is thinking a thought.

Is thinking reducible to, or dependent upon, language habits? It would seem that many thinking situations are hardly distinguishable from the skillful use of language, although there are some others-in which language is not involved. Thought cannot be simply identified with using language. It may be the case, of course, that the non-linguistic skills involved in thought can only be acquired and developed if the learner is able to use and understand language. However, this question is one which we cannot hope to answer in this book. Obviously being able to use language makes for a considerable development in all one' s capacities but how precisely this comes about we cannot say.

At the common-sense level it appears that there is often a distinction between thought and the words we employ to communicate with other people. We often have to struggle hard to find words to capture what our thinking has already grasped, and when we do find words we sometimes feel that they fail to do their job properly. Again when we report or describe our thinking to other people we do not merely report unspoken words and sentences. Such sentences do not always occur in thinking, and when they do they are merged with vague imagery and the hint of unconscious or subliminal activities going on just out of rage. Thinking, as it happens, is more like struggling, striving, or searching for something than it is like talking or reading. Words do play their part but they are rarely the only feature of thought. This observation is supported by the experiments of the Wurzburg psychologists reported in Chapter Eight who showed that intelligent adaptive responses can occur in problem-solving situations without the use of either'words or images of any ltind. \tendencies\

Again the study of speech disorders due to brain injury disease suggest that patients can think without having adequate control over their language. Some patients, for example, fail to fmd the names of objects presented to them and are unable to describe simple events which they witness; they even find it difficult to interpret long written notices. But they succeed in playing games of chess or draughts. They can use the concepts needed for chess playing or draught playing but are unable to use many of the concepts in ordinary language. How they manage to do this we do not know. Yet animals such as Kohler' s chimpanzees can solve problems by-working out strategies such as the?invention of implements or climbing aids when such animals have no language beyond a few warning cries. Intelligent or \various capacities for thinking situations which are likewise independent of language. 29. According to the theory of \[A] talking to the soul. [B] suppressed speech.

[C] speaking nonverbally. [D] nonlinguistic behavior.

30. Which of the following statements is true in the author' s opinion? [A] Ability to use language enhances one' s capacities. [B] Words and thought match more often than not. [C] Thinking never goes without language.

[D] Language and thought are generally distinguishable.

31. According to the author, when we intend to describe our thoughts, [A] we merely report internal speech. [B] neither words nor imagery works.

[C] we are overwhelmed with vague imagery. [D] words often fail to do their jobs.

32. Why are patients with speech disorders able to think without having adequate control over language? [A] They use different concepts. [B] They do not think linguistically. [C] It still remains an unsolved problem. [D] Thinking is independent of language. TEXT F

Spring Funeral

They decided to bury him in our churchyard at Greymede under the beeches; the widow would have it so, and nothing might be denied her in her state.

It was magnificent morning in early spring when I watched among the trees to see the procession come down the hillside. The upper air was woven with the music of the larks, and my whole world thrilled with the conception of summer. The young pale windflowers had arisen by the wood-gale, and under the hazels, when perchance the hot sun pushed his way; new little suns dawned, and blazed with the real light. There was a certain thrill and quickening everywhere, as a woman must feel when she has conceived. A sallow-tree in a favored spot looked like a pale gold cloud of summer dawn; nearer it had poised a golden, fairy bushy on every twig, and was voiced with a hum of bees, like any sacred golden bush, uttering its gladness in the thrilling murmur of bees, and in warm scent. Birds called and flashed on every hand; they made off exultant with streaming strands of grass, or wisps of fleece, plunging into the dark spaces of the wood, and out again into the blue.

A lad moved across the field from the farm below with a dog trotting behind him - a dog, no, a fussy, blackleggecl lamb trotting along on its toes, with its tail swinging behind. They were going to the mothers on the common, who moved like little gray clouds among the dark gorse.

I cannot help forgetting, and sharing the spink' s triumph, when he flashed past with a fleece from a bramble bush. It will cover the bedded moss; it will weave among the soft red cow-hair beautifully. It is a prize; it is an ecstasy to have captured it at the right moment, and the nest is nearly ready.

Ah, but the thrush is scornful, ringing out his voice from the hedge! He sets his breast against the mud, models it warm for the turquoise eggs - blue, blue, bluest of eggs, which cluster so close and round against the breast, which round up beneath the breast, nestling content. You should see the bright ecstasy in the eyes of a nesting thrush, because of the rounded caress of the eggs against her breast.

Till the heralds come- till the heralds wave like shadows in the bright air, crying, lamenting, fretting forever. Rising and falling and circling round and round, the slow-waving pewits cry and complain, and lift their broad wings in sorrow. They stoop anguish and protest, they swing up again, offering a glistening white breast to the sunlight, to deny it in black shadow, then a glisten of green, and all the time crying and crying in despair.

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The pleasants are frightened into cover, they run and dart through the hedge. The old cock must fly in his haste, spread himself on his streaming plumes, and sail into the wood' s security.

There is a cry in answer to the pewits, echoing louder and stronger the lamentation of the lapwings, a wail which hushes the birds. The men came over the brow of the hill, slowly, with the old squire walking tail and straight in front; six bowed men bearing the coffin on another shoulder, treading heavily and cautiously, under the great weight of the glistening white coffin, six men following behind, ill at ease, waiting their turn for the burden. You can see the red handkerchief knotted round their throats, and their shirt fronts blue and white between the open waistcoats. The coffin is of new unpolished wood, gleaming and glistening in the sunlight; the men who carry it remember all their lives after the smell of new, warm wood. 33. What seems to have been predominant in the mind of the narrator during this episode? [A] Death. [B] Sadness. [C] Life. [D] Nature. 34. In what sense are the lapwings \[A] They welcome the approaching summer. [B] They warn other invading birds.

[C] They tell the coming of the procession. [D] They report the change of weather. 35. Why were there twelve coffin bearers? [A]?To follow tradition. [B] To divide the task.

[C] To accompany the squire. [D] To pay respects to the dead. SECTION B SKIMMING AND SCANNING [10 MIN.]

In this section there are several passages followed by ten multiple-choice questions. Skim or scan them as required and then mark your answers on your Colored Answer Sheet. TEXT G

First read the following question. 36. The purpose of the passage is to

[A] show the harm viruses can bring to us.

[B] compare the results of different experiments. [C] describe the growth of cancer. [D] explain the way to prevent cancer.

Now skim the TEXT Below and answer question 36.

Viruses And Cancer

In 1911, a New York scientist succeeded in producing tumors in chickens by inoculating them with a filtrate of tumor tissue containing no cells. His experiments were the first clear demonstration of the role of a virus in one type of malignant tumor. His discovery failed to arouse much interest, however, and only a few workers continued this line of research. But in the 1930s, two important cancer-virus discoveries were made.

First, scientist succeeded in transmitting a skin wart from a wild rabbit to domestic rabbits by cell-free filtrates. Moreover, in the domestic rabbits the warts were no longer benign, but malignant. As observed with the chickens, the filterable agent, a virus, could seldom be recovered from the malignant tumor which it had induced.

Second, in 1936, workers discovered that breast cancer in offspring of mice occurred only if the mother came from a strain noted for its high incidence of breast cancer. When one of the simplest possibilities was explored - that something was transmitted from the mother to the young after birth - it was found that this something was a virus in the milk of the mothers. When high breast-cancer strain offspring were nursed by low breast-cancer females, the occurrence of cancer was dramatically reduced. In contrast, feeding young mice of low breast cancer strains with milk from mice of high cancer strains greatly increased the incidence of breast cancer.

Credit for bringing the attention of investigators back to viruses is also probably due to two other discoveries in the 1950s. A scientist showed that mouse leukemia could be transmitted by cell-free filtrates. Newborn animals had to be used for these experiments.

Government scientists have succeeded in isolating from mouse leukemia tissue another agent, which has produced salivary gland cancers in mice. After the agent had been grown in tissue culture, it produced many different types of tumors, not only in mice but also in rats and hamsters. This many-tumor virus removed all previous doubts about virus research in cancer. Up until then, it was believed that the few known cancer viruses could each produce only one kind of tumor in one species of animal. Now this concept was shattered, and the question of viruses as a cause of human cancer assumed new significance. TEXT H

First read the following question. 37. The general tone of the letter is [A] dogmatic. [B] personal. [C] impersonal. [D] persuasive. Now Odin the TEXT Below and answer question 37.

August 6, 1992

Dear Colleague,

Until recently, attention to perceived problems in American higher education from academic and non-academic leaders alike focuses on the content of college curricula. This preoccupation also limited the scope of initial reform efforts in the area of general education. As faculty and administrators became involved in the complex of issues raised by general reform. However, they began to grapple with a new set of questions related, but not restricted, to the content of courses and programs.

* Can we rethink new contents and materials in isolation from questions of pedagogy?

* What, if any, are the pedagogical implications of the current interest in global and domestic cultural relations?

* Now can we integrate the acquisition of fundamental analytical and communication skills with the study of new materials and world cultures?

* Which claims are common and which are competing among distinct versions of multi-culturalism? To what moral and/or social ends are they linked?

* How can we sustain the intellectual and institutional renewal accomplished in the process of general education reform? In the interest of pursuing these important questions, we have designed a program which brings together specialists in the fields of general education reform, pedagogical innovation and multicultural curricula. We have also included faculty who have recently inaugurated a successfully revised program in general education at their institution. We invite you to attend the three days of presentations, discussions, and workshops in Chicago. We also invite faculty currently involved in any aspect of general education revision to consider leading a session during the conference. I hope you will join us for this conversation.

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Sincerely,

Elizabeth 0' Connor Chandler

Director, Institute on Issues in Teaching and Learning TEXT I

First read the following question.

38. The index is most probably from a book on [A] religion. [B] political history.

[C] national economies. [D] anthropology.

Now skim the TEXT Below and answer question 38. Podgorny, Nikolai, 305

Police, 10, 21. See also Policy implementation institutions; Secret police Policy implementation

institutions, 385-388; in Chile, 422-428; in Egypt, 414-417; in France, 399-404; in Germany, 393-399; in Nigeria, 410-414; in Soviet Union, 404-410; in Tanzania, 417-422; in United Kingdom, 388-393

Policy-making institutions 332; in Chile, 374-381; comparison of, 381-383; in Egypt, 363-369; in France, 345-351; in Germany, 339-345 ; in Nigeria, 356-363 ; in Soviet Union, 351-356 in Tanzania, 369-374; in United Kingdom, 332339 Poliburo, Soviet, 231, 293, 353-354

Political culture, 10-12 French, 167-168, 583-585; German, 112, 580-581; Soviet 127, 587-588; in United Kingdom 575-577 Political opposition, see dissent Political participation, 153-154; in Chile, 191; in Egypt, 181-185; in France, 167-172; in Germany, 162; in Nigeria, 176; opportunity for, 155-157; rewards and incentives for, 154-155' risks of, 155; in Soviet Union, 172-176; in Tanzania; 185; in United Kingdom, 157-162

Political parties, 2, 10 Chilean, 34, 93, 252-260, 621; and economic expectations, 523; Egyptian, 77-78, 140,242,248, 621; French, 221-229, 286, 620; function of, 21-22, 199, 202-203; German, 111, 167, 212-221, 280, 620; importance of, 262, Nigerian, 179, 233-242, 621; organization of, 250-251; performance of, 203-204, 212, 220-221, 228-229, 233, 241-242, 247-248, 251-252, 259-260; in Soviet Union, 28, 229-233, 620; in Tanzania, 88, 248-252, 621; of totalitarian systems, 570; in United Kingdom, 204-212, 620

Political performance, in Chile, 563-569 : comparison of, 569-571; in Egypt, 556-557; in France, 536-538; in Germany, 530; in Nigeria, 550-551; in Northern Ireland, 526-528; in Soviet Union, 541-544; in Tanzania, 660; in United Kingdom, 322-328

Political systems, 9-10; and change, 605, civil service in, 419-420 ; comparing, 19-22 ; developed vs. developing systems, 21-22; economic organization of, by; and interest groves, 101; leadership selection, 328-329; policy implementation

in, 385-388; redicting future for, 573-575; and threat of coercion, 6; traditional vs. modern, 20-21 Politics: categories for 3; comparative, 2; defined, 4; vs. government, 3; primacy of, 4-9 Pompidou, Gorges, 227, 342, 448

Popular Republican Movement (MRP), French, 226

Popular Unity Coalition, Chilean, 257-258, 259, 321,325, 379, 565

Population growth: in Chile, 615; in Egypt, 32, 135, 552,615; in France, 534, 614; in Germany, 614, in Nigeria,614; in Soviet Union, 615, in Tanzania, 615; in United Kingdom, 614 Portales, Diego, 92 Poujade, Pirre, 120, 285 Powell, Enoch, 106 Power, political, 6, 7, 8

Progmatism, British, 157-158 Prats, Carlos, 380

Precedent, British reliance on, 484 Premier, French, 348:349

Presidency: Chilean, 375, 474-476, 514, 563-566; Egyptian. TEXT J

First read the following question.

39. The author leads the reader to believe that, as the Clintons begin their vacation, the local inhabitants are [A] indifferent. [B] restless. [C] afraid. [D] curious.

Now skim the TEXT Below and answer question 39.

PRESIDENTIAL INVASION

Finally, on the afternoon of his 47th birthday, seven months after he took the oath of office, the President came to rest on a New England island so small it has no traffic lights. Martha' s Vineyard, a 260-sq-km haven of quaint shingled houses, quiet country gardens, yacht-studded harbors and stunning beaches, has many attributes to recommend it, not the least of which is that its inhabitants are sufficiently celebrity-trained so that no one stares into opera diva Beverly Sills' grocery cart at Cronig' s or gawks at Jackie Onassis riding her bike near her house in Bay Head. A President - no big deal.

A live-and-let-live attitude toward the famous is one reason Martha' s Vineyard won out over a number of other possibilities. Not that the decision came easily, or could have been carried out if seven- day-advance-purchase airline tickets were a factor. Unlike most U. S. Presidents, Clinton is a man without a country house.

Clinton doesn' t even take off weekends, and he delayed making holiday plans as if he were putting off minor surgery. Some people wondered if a man who had not got away for four years on a regulation vacation would make it five.

Enter Vernon Jordan, close advisor to Clinton and a man \Vineyard for 20 years, and he pointed out that it met all the First Family' s requirements, it has beaches, a golf course (18 golf carts were shipped in for the Secret Service), a good price (former Defense Secretary Robert McNamara donated his house), and enough celebrities to be interesting without being rarefied.

But while the Vineyard might be perfect for the Clintons, there was some apprehension that the First Vacationers would not be perfect for a tiny community already stuffed to the gills with artists, writers, journalists, psychiatrists and academics so set in their reverse-chic ways that no newcomer could hope to adapt. TEXT K

First read the following questions.

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40. How long did Alex Harper work as an engineering writer? [A] Less than eight years. [B] More than eight years.

[C] For exactly eight years. [D] From 1983 to the present. - ? 41. What is his present academic field of interest? [A] Business administration. [B] Electronics. [C] Engineering. [D] Communication.

Now scan the TEXT Below and answer questions 40 and 41. ALEX M. HARPER

938 Middle Street Age: 34

- El Segundo, California 90245 Ht: 6 - 2 wt: 190 (213) 238-9-265 Married, two children

EXPERIENCE

Department Supervisor, TRM Systems, Manufacturing Engineering and Processes Department, Redondo Beach. California, May 1993 to the present. Responsible for obtaining, scheduling and overseeing work assignments of 30 engineering, planning and administrative support personnel. Also responsible for reconciling Department budgets. Engineering Writer, TRM Systems, Integrated Logistics Department, Redondo Beach, California, May 1985 to April 1993. Responsible for writing and updating technical manuals. On classified spacecraft and military projects was granted \

Engineering Writer, Stromberg-carlson, Technical Publications Group, El Segundo, California, August 1984 to May 1985. Responsible for writing and updating Air Force Technical Orders and the Launch Enabling and Communications Systems on the TITAN IV project. EDUCATION

El Redondo Junior College, Torrance, California, Graduated in June 1981. Associate of Arts Degree in Electronics, and Radio Technician' s Certificate. California State University at Long Beach. Electronics major, from September 1981 to June 1982.

California State College, Domingguez Hills. Part-time night student since March 1990. Will be graduated with a B. S. in Business Administration in Spring 1996. (Plan to continue study as a part-time night M.B. A Degree. ) PERSONAL INTERESTS

President of investment club; basketball and softball player, coach in the Bobbysox Softball League. MILITARY SERVICE

Served two years active duty in the United States Air Force, March Air Force Base, Riverside, California, September 1982 to August t984. Member of the Air Force Reserve, September 1984 to March 1988. Honorable Discharge, March 1988. REFERENCES

Will gladly be provided upon request TEXT L

First read the following questions.

\[A] .A CADILLAC Seville ELS. [B] A HONDA Accord EX.

IC] A MERCEDES-BENZ C280. [D] A CHEVROLET S-BLAZER. 43. Which of the following cars has a built-in safety seat for a child? [A] LINCOLN Town Can [B] DODGE Intrepid. [C] PONTIAC Firebird Formula. [D] GEO Prizm LSi

Now scan the TEXT Below and answers questions 42 and 43. MERCEDES-BENZ C280 24-valve v-6; emergency tension retractors for the front seat belts, front and rear crumple zones, dual air bags 32-valve v-8; dual air bags; sequential multi-point electronic fuel LINCOLN Town Car injection; four- wheel disc anti-lock brakes; six-way power driver and passenger seats; remote illuminated keyless entry system 24-valve v-6 214hp; driver & passenger air bags; anti-lock brakes & DODGE Intrepid traction con- trol; integrated child safety seat; speed sensitive CADILLAC Servilte 32-valve v-8 270hp; dual air bags; road - sensing suspension; PONTIAC Firebird 32-valve v-8 275hp; driver and passenger air bags; anti-lock brakes; 6-speed trans- mission; safety cage construction; theft-deterrent key Formula 16-valve v-4 145hp; driver' s and front passenger' s air bags, HONDA Accord EX system 32-valve v-8; driver' s side air' bag; four-wheel anti-lock brakes; four-wheel drive system; side-guard door beams 16-valve v-4; dual air bag; bumper-to-bumper warranty;24-hour GEO Primz LSi 32-valve v-8; driver side air bag; automatic transmission; air FORD F-series conditioning; rear antilock brakes; speed control; power door locks and CHEVROLET S-Blazer 24-valve v-6 200hp; electronic automatic transmission; push-button 4WD; aluminum wheels; power windows and locks JEEP Grand Cherokee

First read the following questions.

44. Which of the following is considered to be Otmar Nussio' s masterpiece? [A] Quo Vadis. [B] Suite ticinese. [C] Rubensiana. [D] Esapades musicales. 45. Which of the following composers was born and later died in the same city? [A] Nucius. [B] Nunn. [C] Nystedt. [D] Nuitter. Now scan the TEXT Below and answer questions 44 and 45.

Societies in Berlin; from 1909, director of the Musical Society and conductor of the symph, concerts in Cracow; also conductor of the Warsaw Philharmonic Orch.; 1914, returned to Berlin, where he lived during the war; 1920-27; prof. of organ and church music at the State Cons. in Poznan. In 1935 he won the Polish State Music Prize. The oratorio Quo Vadis (after Sienkiewi.vicz) is his best-known work. Also wrote operas, orchestral works, organ pieces, oratorios, choruses, songs, etc.

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MUCIUS (NUCIS), JOHANNES, German composer and theorist; b. Gorlitz, c. 1556; d. Himmelwetz, March 25, 1620. In 1591 he became a Cistercian monk in the monastery of Rauden; from 1609, abbot of the monastery of Himmelwitz in Silesia. He publ. d Modulationes sacrae, 5-6 voices (1591), and 2 books of Sacrae Cantiones (1609); 2 of his Masses are in MS. Also publ. a theoretical work, Musices poeticae sive de com-positione cantum praeceptiones uhissimae (1613). - cf. S. Widmann, Johannes Mucius, Abt yon Himmelwitz (Bregenz, 1921); E. Kirsch, Vonder Personlichkeit and dem Stil des... Johannes Mucius (1926). Nuitter, Charles. Louis Etienne, French writer of music; b. Paris, April 24, 1828; d. there, Feb. 24, 1899. He was a lawyer by profession; then became interested in the theater, was custodian of the archives of the Paris Opera. He changed his real name, Trainer., to Nuitter by anagrammatic transposition of letters, and under that name Wrote librettos for many operas and operettas, including some by Offenbach; also translated librettos of operas by Weber, Mozart, Wagner, and verdi; wrote scenarios for Delibes (Coppelia) and others. He publ. le Nouvel Opera (1875); les Origins del' opera Francois (1886; with Thoinan); many articles in music magazines.

Nunn, Edward Cuthbert, English organist, conductor, and composer; b. Bristol, Feb. 23, 1868; d. London, Nov. 26, 1914. Hestudied at the royal Academy of Music; then served as organist at various churches, and conducted opera. He composed a ballet suite, Fete Champetre; a cantana, Everyman; the children' s operas: Kamar-al-zaman, The Fairy Slipper, The Garden of Shepherds and the Sweep, The Garden of Paradise, The Wooden Bowl.

Nano, Jaime, Spanish bandmaster; composer of the Mexican national anthem: b. San Juan de las Abadesas, Sept. 8, 1824; d. Auburndale, N. Y., July 18, 1908. He studied with Mercadante in Italy; in 1851 went to Cuba, and in 1853 to Mexico, where he was appointed chief of military bands; was commissioned to write a national anthem for Mexico; it was sung for the first time on Sept. 15, 1854. Subsequently he was active as impresario for Italian opera companies in Cuba, Mexico and the U.S. In 1870 he settled in.Buffalo as organist and teacher; composed a number of sacred works.

Nussio, Otmar, composer; b. Grosseto, Italy, Oct. 23, 1902. He was a student of Respighi in Rome; then went to Switzerland, taught flute at the Zurich Cons.; in 938 became music director of Radio Monte Ceneri. He has conducted a number of concerts of light music; composed numerous orchestral suites: Suite ticinese (his best), Esapades musicales, dann di Mallorca; a flute concerto; also a piano concerto, a violin concerto; also a children' s opera, Hans in Marchenland. His suite for harpsichord, flute, violin solo, and strings, Rubenciana, was performed for the first time in the Rubens Hoase in Antweep, on May 21, 1950.

Nyiregyhazi (ni-reh-zh-hah-ze), Erwin, Hungarian pianist; b. Budapest, Jan. 19, 1903. He studied with Dohnanyi, Thoman, and Szekely; also with Lamond in Berlin. From early infancy he showed n phenomenal musical ability, so that his sense of pitch and other faculties were made the subject of study, publ. in a volume by G. Revesz, Erwin NYiregyhazi. Psychologische Analyse eines Musikalisch hervorragenden Kindes (Leipzig, 1916; in English as The Psychology of a Musical Prodigy, 1925). In 1930 he came to the U. S., and settled in Hollywood as a film studio pianist. Nysted, Knut, Norwegian composer; b. Oslo, Sept. 3, 1915. He studied organ with A. Sandvold in Oslo and with E. White in N. Y.; composition with B. Brustad in Oslo, and Aaron Copland in America. Works: Norge mitt land, for chorus and orch. (1946); Spennigens Land (The Land of suspense), symph, fantasy (Oslo, Sept. 29, 1948); violin sonata (1942); Introduzione e Passacaglia for organ (1944); vocal pieces. PART IV TRANSLATION (60 MIN. ) SECTION A CHINESE TO ENGLISH

Translate the following UNDERLINED PART of the TEXT into English. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET THREE. . 简·奥斯丁的小说写的都是三五户人家居家度日，婚恋嫁娶的小事。因此不少中国读者不理解她何以在西方享有那么高的声誉。但一部小说开掘得深不深，艺术和思想是否有过人之处，的确不在题材大小。有人把奥斯丁的作品比作越嚼越有味道的橄榄。这不仅因为她的语言精彩，并曾对小说艺术的发展有创造性贡献，也因为她的轻快活泼的叙述实际上并不那么浅白，那么透明。史密斯夫人说过，女作家常常试图修正现存的价值秩序，改变人们对“重要”和“不重要”的看法。也许奥斯丁的小说能教我们学会转换眼光和角度，明察到“小事”的叙述所涉及的那些不小的问题。 SECTION B ENGLISH TO CHINESE

`Translate the following UNDERLINED PART of the TEXT into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET :77LREE

I, by comparison, living in my overpriced city apartment, walking to work past putrid sacks of street garbage, paying usurious taxes to local and state governments I generally abhor, I am rated middle class. This causes me to wonder, do the measurements make sense? Are we measuring only that which is easily measured - the numbers on the money chart - and ignoring values more central to good life?

For my sons there is of course the rural county of fresh-grown vegetables, line-caught fish and the shared riches of 'neighbors' orchards and gardens. There is the unpaid baby-sitter for whose children my daughter-in-law baby-sits in return, and neighbors who barter their skills and labor. But more than that, how do you measure serenity? Sense of self? I don' t want to idealize life in small places. There are times when the outside would intrudes brutally, as when the cost of gasoline goes up or developers cast their eyes on untouched farmland. There are cruelties, there is intolerance, there are all the many vices and meannesses in small places that exist in large cities. Furthermore, it is harder to ignore them when they cannot be banished psychologically to another part of town or excused as the whims of alien groups - when they have to be acknowledged as \

Nor do I want to belittle the opportunities for small decencies in cities - the eruptions of one-stranger-to-another caring that always surprise and delight. But these are, sadly, more exceptions than rules and are often overwhelmed by the awful corruptions and dangers that surround us. PART V WRITING

At present, there is a heated discussion on whether the young should take care of their parents when they grow old; or should it be the responsibility of the state.

You are to write a letter of approximately 300 words on this issue to an editor of an evening paper.

In the first part of your letter you should present your thesis statement, and in the second part you should support the thesis statement with appropriate details. In the last part you should bring what you have written to a natural conclusion with a summary. Marks will be awarded for correct content, organization, grammar and appropriacy. Write your response on ANWER SHEET FOUR.

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TEST FOR ENGLISH MAJORS (1996)

-GRADEEIGHT-

PART I LISTENING COMPREHENSION [40 MIN.]

In Sections A, B and C you will hear everything once only. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Mark the correct response for each question on your Colored Answer Sheet. SECTION A TALK

Questions 1 to 5 refer to the talk in this section. At the end of the talk you will be given 15 seconds to answer each of the following five questions. Now listen to the talk. 1. The speaker thinks that

[A] car causes pollution only in some cities,

[B] 60% of the cities are affected by car pollution. [C] 90% of the city residents suffer from car pollution. [D] car is the main contributing factor in polluting air.

2. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a cause of car pollution? [A] Car tyres. [B] Car engines. [C] Car horns. [D] Car brakes.

3. Which of the following is NOT cited as a means to reduce the number of cars? [A] To pass laws to control the use of cars. [B] To improve public transport systems. [C] To increase car tax and car price.

[D] To construct effective subway systems.

4. One of the mechanical solutions to car pollution is [A] to change the chemical structure of fuel. [B] to improve on the exhaust pipe. [C] to experiment with new engines. [D] to monitor the amount of chemicals.

5. According to the speaker, a sensible way to solve car pollution is that we should [A] focus on one method only.

[B] explore some other alternatives. [C] improve one of the four methods. [D] integrate all of the four methods. SECTION B INTERVIEW

Questions 6 to 10 are based on an interview with an architect. At the end of the interview you will be given 13 seconds to answer each of the following five questions.

Now listen to the interview.

6. The interviewee' s first job was with [A] a newspaper. [B] the government.

[C] a construction firm. [D] a private company.

7. The interviewee is not self-employed mainly because [A] his wife likes him to work for a firm. TEM8-96-1

[B] he prefers working for the government.

[C] self-employed work is very demanding. [D] self-employed work is sometimes insecure. 8. To study architecture in a university one must [A] be interested in arts. [B] study pure science first. [C] get good exam results. [D] be good at drawing. 9. On the subject of drawing, the interviewee says that [A] technically speaking artists draw very well.

[B] an artist' s drawing differs little from an architect' s. [C] precision is a vital skill for the architect. [D] architects must be natural artists.

10. The interviewee says that the job of an architect is [A] more theoretical than practical.

[B] to produce sturdy, well-designed buildings. [C] more practical than theoretical.

[D] to produce attractive, interesting buildings. SECTION C NEWS BROADCAST

Questions 11 and 12 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 30 seconds to answer the two questions. Now listen to the news.

11. The man was convicted for [A] dishonesty. [B] manslaughter. [C] murder. [D] having a gun. 12. Which of the following is TRUE?

[A] Mark Eastwood had a license for a revolver. [B] Mark Eastwood loved to go to noisy parties.

[C] Mark Eastwood smashed the windows of a house.

[D] Mark Eastwood had a record. Questions 13 to 15 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 45 seconds to answer the three questions. Now listen to the news.

13. How many missing American servicemen have been positively confirmed dead in Vietnam so far?

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[A] 67. [B] 280. [C] 84. [D] 1648.

14. According to the search operation commander, the recovery of the missing Americans is slowed down because [A] the weather conditions are unfavorable. [B]'thenecessary documents are unavailable. [C] the sites are inaccessible. [D] some local people are greedy.

15. According to the news, Vietnam may be.willing to help America mainly because of [A] its changed policy towards America. [B] recent international pressure.

[C] its desire to have the US trade embargo lifted. [D] the impending visit by a senior US military officer. SECTION D NOTE-TAKING & GAP-FILLING

In this section you will hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening to the lecture, take notes on the important points. Your notes will not be marked, but you will need them to complete a 15-minute gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE after the minilecture. Use the blank paper for note taking. ANSWER SHEET

SECTION D NOTE-TAKING AND GAP-FILLING (15 MIN. )

Fill in each of the gaps with ONE suitable word. You may refer to your notes. Make sure the word you fill in is both grammatically and semantically acceptable. LAND USE

A problem related to the competition for land use is whether crops

should be used to produce food or fuel. (1) areas will be examined (1) in this respect. Firstly, the problem should be viewed in its (2) (2) perspective. When oil prices rose sharply in the 1970s, countries had to look for alternatives to solve the resulting crisis.

In developing countries, one of the possible answers to it is to produce

alcohol from (3) material. This has led to a lot of research in this area (3) particularly in the use of (4) . The use of this material resulted from (4) two economic reasons: a (5) in its price and low (5)

( 6 ) costs. There are other starchy plants that can be used to produce (6) alcohol, like the sweet (7) or the cassava plant in tropical regions, and (7) (8) and sugar beet in non-tropical regions. The problem with (8)

these plants is that they are also the people' s staple food in many poor countries. Therefore, farmers there are faced with a choice: crops for food or for fuel.

And farmers naturally go for what is more (9) . As a result, the problems (9) involved are economic in nature, rather than technological. This is my second area under consideration.

Finally, there have already been practical applications of rasing alcohol for fuel.

Basically, they come in two forms of use: pure alcohol as is the case in (10) (10) and a combination of alcohol and gasoline known as gasohol in Germany. PART II PROOFREADING AND ERROR CORRECTION (20 MINS)

The following passage contains TEN errors. Each line contains a maximum of one error and three are free from error. In each case, only one word is involved. You should proofread the passage and correct it in the following way.

For a wrong word, underline the wrong word and write the correct one in the blank provided at the end of the line. For a missing word, mark the position of the missing word with a \blank provided at the end of the line. For an unnecessary word, cross the unnecessary word with a slash \line. EXAMPLE

When ∧ art museum wants a new exhibit, (1) an It never ╱ buys things in finished form and hangs (2) never them on the wall. When a natural history museum

wants an exhibition, it must often build it. (3) exhibit WATER

The second most important constituent of the biosphere is liquid water. This can only exist in a very narrow range of temperatures, since water freezes at 0癈 and boils at 100℃. This is only

a tiny range compared with the low temperatures of some other planets and the hot interior of the earth, let the temperature of the sun. (1)

As we know, life would only be possible on the face (2) of a planet had temperatures somewhere within this range. (3)

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The earth' s supply of water probably remains quite fairly (4) constant in quantity. A certain number of hydrogen atoms, which are one of the main constituents of water, are lost by escaping from the atmosphere to

out space, but they are probably just about replaced by (5) new water rising away from the depths of the earth during (6) volcanic action. The total quantity of water is not known, and it is about enough to cover the surface of the globe (7) to a depth of about two and three-quarter kms

Most of it - 97 % - is in the form of the salt waters of the oceans. The rest is fresh, but three quarter of this is (8) in the form of ice at the Pole arid on mountains,

and cannot be used by living systems when melted. Of the (9) remaining fraction, which is somewhat fewer than 1 % of the (10) whole, there is 10 - 20 times as much stored as underground water as is actually on the surface. There is also a minor, but extremely important, fraction of the water supply which is present as water vapor in the atmosphere.

PART III READING COMPREHENSION (40 MIN. ) SECTION A READING COMPREHENSION (30 MIN. )

In this section there are five reading passages followed by a total of fifteen multiple-choice questions. Read the passages and then mark your answers on your Colored Answer Sheet. TEXT A

Staying Healthy On Holiday

Do people who choose to go on exotic, far-flung holidays deserve free health advice before they travel? And even if they pay, who ensures that they get good, up-to-date information? Who, for that matter, should collect that information in the first place? For a variety of reasons, travel medicine in Britain is a responsibility nobody wants. As a result, many travelers go abroad ill prepared to avoid serious disease.

Why is travel medicine so unloved? Partly there' s an identity problem. Because it takes an interest in anything that impinges on the health of travelers, this emerging medical specialism invariably cuts across the traditional disciplines. It delves into everything from seasickness, jet lag and the hazards of camels to malaria and plague. But travel medicine has a more serious obstacle to overcome. Travel clinics are meant to tell people how to avoid ending up dead or in a tropical diseases hospital when they come home, but it is notoriously difficult to get anybody pay out money for keeping people healthy.

Travel medicine has also been colonized by commercial interests; the vast majority of travel clinics in Britain are run by airlines or travel companies. And while travel concerns are happy to sell profitable injections, they may be less keen to spread bad news about travelers' diarrhea in Turkey, or to take the time to spell out preventive measures travelers could take. \travel and tropical medicine and director of the travel clinic of the Hospital for Tropical Diseases in London. \paid for? It' s a gray area, and opinion is split. No one seems to have any responsibility for defining its role,\

To compound its low status in the medical hierarchy, travel medicine has to rely on statistics that are patchy at best. In most cases we just don' t know how many Britons contract diseases when abroad. And even if a disease is linked to travel there is rarely any information about where those afflicted went, what they ate, how they behaved, or which vaccinations they had. This shortage of hard facts and figures makes it difficult to give detailed advice to people, information that might even save their lives.

A recent leader in the British Medical Journal argued. \relative benefits of public health interventions are well defined in terms of their relative occurrence, distribution and control.\wasted by poor travel advice. The real figure is anybody' s guess, but it could easily run into millions. Behrens gives one example. Britain spends more than 1 million each year just on cholera vaccines that often don' t work and so give people a false sense of security. \of all forms of diarrhea would be a better priority\16. Travel medicine in Britain is

[A] not something anyone wants to run. [B] the responsibility of the government. [C] administered by private doctors. [D] handled adequately by travel agents.

17. The main interest of travel companies dealing with travel medicine is to [A] prevent people from falling ill. [B] make money out of it.

[C] give advice on specific countries. [D] get the government to pay for it.

18. In Behren' s opinion the question of who should run travel medicine [A] is for the government to decide. [B] should be left to specialist hospitals. [C] can be left to travel companies. [D] has no clear and simple answer.

19. People will only think better of travel medicine if [A] it is given more resources by the government.

[B] more accurate information on its value is available. [C] the government takes over responsibility from the NHS. [D] travelers pay more attention to the advice they get. TEXT B

The Historical Background Of Social Psychology

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