中共福建省委党校2010大学英语要点

大学英语要点

一、考试范围：U1——U7，含textA、textB、以及语法点 二、题型：5种

（1）单选，10分，考语法综合知识，常为情景对话

（2）用括号内所给动词适当形式填空，15分，考时态、语态、构词法，应注意联系上下文

（3）阅读理解，20分 （4）汉译英，30分

（5）英译汉，25分，其中，10分为课内单句翻译；15分为课外翻译 三、基本框架梳理

语法，分词法和句法两种： （一）词法

（1）词类和句子成分（见U1 P19） ★重点：动词，①时态（见U6 P159）；②语态（见U7 P191） （2）构词法（见U3 P80） （二）句法

（1）用途分类（见U4 P107），4种：陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句 （2）结构分类（见U5 P135）：简单句（即基本句型，见U2 P53）、并列复合句、主从复合句（不考）

（3）排列顺序：正常语序、倒装语序、强调句、省略句（不考）

词类 ①实词6种：名、动、形、副、数、代 ②虚词4种：冠、介、连、叹

★重点：动词分类（见P21）

①实义动词（行为动词）：分及物动词、不及物动词 ②系动词（be动词）

③助动词：do(does did),has(have),will,shall,be(am is are),was,were ④情态动词：无人称、数的变化，14个，★考试掌握5个：can, may, must, will, shall

句子成分：（见P24）8种，主、谓、宾、定、状、表、主补、宾补

构词法：（见P80） 3种

1、派生法： ★考试掌握

①变名词： ⑴- ity，例：real-reality, similar-similarity(见P184 例句：Although there are several similarities between the traditional and the modern family, there are also some very important differences.) ⑵- (a)tion，例：combine-combination(见P139 例句：Scientists know that the

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combination of extreme heat and pressure changes carbon into diamonds.) ②变形容词: -al，例：practice-practical,impractical(见P33例句：They say that it spends too much on uesless and impractical programs.)

③变动词：re-，例：tell-retell, marry-remarry(见P175例句：Most single parents find it very difficult to take care of a family alone, so they soon marry again and form remarried families.) 2、合成法：例weekend, honeymoon 3、转换法（词形转换）：例 He dreamed（动词，做梦） a good dream（名词，梦）.

句法 用途分类：①陈述句；②疑问句；③祈使句；④感叹句

1、陈述句：①肯定陈述句；②否定陈述句

2、疑问句：①一般疑问句；②特殊疑问句；③选择疑问句；④反义疑问句

特殊疑问句： ①疑问代词5种：who, whom, whose, which, what

②疑问副词4种：when, where, why, how(much, many, old, often, long, far) 特殊疑问句的两种形式：

①疑问词作主语 + 谓语 + 其它？ ②疑问词不作主语 + 一般疑问句？ 例：

His mother keeps two flowers on the table once a week. 根据划线部分提问：

①划线部分：His

提问：Whose mother keeps two flowers on the table once a week?

②划线部分：His mother

提问：Who keeps two flowers on the table once a week?

③划线部分：two

提问：How many flowers does his mother keep on the table once a week?

④划线部分：two flowers

提问：What does his mother keep on the table once a week?

⑤划线部分：on the table

提问：Where does his mother keep two flowers once a week?

⑥划线部分：once a week

提问：How often does his mother keep two flowers on the table?

⑦划线部分：keeps two flowers on the table once a week 提问：What does his mother do?

选择疑问句 两种形式：

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①一般疑问句 + or + 一般疑问句？ 部分内容可省略 例：

Are you from the north or from the south?

(见P109 例句)Does your sister work in the wholesales department or in the retail store?

(见P109 例句)Do you expect the price to rise or to fall? ②特殊疑问句 + 选择部分？ 例：

When did he leave,yesterday or the day before yesterday? (见P109 例句) Which do you prefer, wine or beer?

反义疑问句： 1个陈述句+1个简短问句（即助动词\\be动词\\情态动词+主语人称代词） ★ 考试重点

注意：反义部分主语必须是与主句部分主语在人称、性别、数上保持一致的人称代词 例：

Everything is arranged in a good order, isn’t it? The students work hard, don’t they?

There are many people in the classroom, aren’t there? You wan to stay here for a week,don’t you? He wants to stay here for a week,doesn’t he? She arrived in Shanghai yeseterday,didn’t she?

注意：当陈述部分含否定或基本否定意思时，反义部分应该用肯定 例：

He has never been to Shanghai, has he?

There is little ink in the bottle, is there? It seldom snows here, does it?

注意：当陈述部分为否定时，答语应注意 例：

A:He didn’t attend the meeting,did he? B:Yes,he did. 不，他参加了。

No,he didn’t. 是，他没有参加。 A:You havn’t been to Shanghai,have you? B: No,I haven’t. How I wish to go!

A:Everyone says you are a good student. You’re never late to school, are you? B: Yes, sometimes.

★ 考试重点 关于 have

①Have 表示“有”，可以有两种形式： 例：

He has a large house, hasn’t he? 英式英语 He has a large house, doesn’ he? 美式英语

②Have 表示“吃eat,喝drink,玩play,开hold,患catch,上listen to”等实义动

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词时，只可以一种形式：用do的适当形式来反义、否定、疑问 例：

He often has lunch at twelve, doesn’t he?

He often has a cup of coffee at twelve, doesn’t he? The children had a good time in the park, didn’t they? He had a meeting yesterday,didn’t he? His mother has a cold,doesn’t she?

The students often have lessons on Sundays, don’t they?

祈使句 祈使句的主语，即听话者you通常被省略。肯定结构中的谓语动词一律用动词原形，否定结构则在肯定结构前加do not(don’t) Stand outside!

否定：Don’t stand outside.

Please, don’t stand outside. Don’t stand outside, please. Let’s start this discussion.

否定： Let’s not start this discussion.

Let him stand outside.

否定：Don’t let him stand outside.

★let us 与 let’s的区别：let us只指说话者一方；let’s表示说话者一方和听话者一方都包括在内

感叹句 两种形式：

① What +(a\\an) +(形) +名 + 主 +谓！ ② How +形\\副 + 主 +谓 +其它！ 例：

What good news(不可数) it is!

What a fine day it is! 或 What fine weather(不可数) it is! What an interesting book it is! 或 How interesting the book is! （见P110 例句）What a pity it is to lose the game again! （见P110 例句）How lucky I am to be invited to the party!

句法 结构分类：①简单句（即基本句型，见U2 P53）；②并列复合句

简单句 （见P135例句） Voices and music have been added to color and pictures to catch

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the ears as well as the eyes.

He went to the bookstore and bought some books. 5种基本类型：（见U2 P53） ① S+V+C ② S+V ③ S+V+O ④ S+V+O+O ⑤ S+V+O+C

复合句 等立连词14个：

① 连系3个：and, not only…but also…, neither…nor… ② 选择3个：or, otherwise, either…or…

③ 转折6个：but, yet, still, however, ★while而, ★whereas而，反过来 ④ 原因1个：for ⑤ 结果1个：so 例：

Neither could theory do without practice, nor could practice without theory. We’ve made great achievements, but\\yet\\still we have a long way to go. Some people like coffee while others like tea. ★while表示对比关系 (见P136例句)Some people waste food while others haven’t enough. (见P136例句)She is fat, whereas her husband is thin.

(见P173 例句)Some families have long histories, while others know very little about their ancestors.

时态 见P159

共16种，★掌握12种即可：一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、过去将来时、过去进行时、将来进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时、将来完成时、现在完成进行时、过去完成进行时

（一）一般现在时，见P160，详见例句

① 表示现在经常或反复发生的动作或存在的状态。常和seldom, sometimes, usually, often, always等频率副词连用。 ② 表示主语的特征、性格、能力等。例句： Mr. Smith hates fish and never eats any. She has great concern for others.

Mary speaks both English and French very well. ③ 表示客观事实或普遍真理。例句：

The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. Light travels faster than sound. Japan lies to the east of China. ④ 表示安排或计划好的将来发生的动作。例句：

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The plane takes off at 10 a.m.

When does the train leave for Shanghai? ★补充：用一般现在时表示将来时仅限以下表示位置转移的动词：begin, finish, go, start, leave, take off, come, arrive, return ⑤ 在时间或条件状语从句表示将来的动作。例句：

When you see her, just tell her that I am all right. ⑥ 不考:代替过去时表示某些文学作品中的情节描写或者用来引述书刊材料。

（二）一般过去时，见P161，详见例句

He lived in London when he was young.

★如果有明显的表示过去时间的情况下，也可和seldom, sometimes, usually, often, always等频率副词连用，如：She often came to help me at that time.

★动作发生在过去，没有明确时间说明，但可以判断，应注意联系上下文。如： A: Hi. B: Oh, it’s you. I didn’t recognize you. A: Happy birthday! B: Oh, I didn’t think you would come. 见P185，例句：Also, the traditional husband didn’t help his wife with the housework or meal preparation.

（三）一般将来时 ★补充内容，考点

① shall用于第一人称疑问句，will用于第二、三人称疑问句，表示征求对方意见， 常见于反义疑问句。

Shall I open the window?

Will you open the door for me? Let’s go, shall we? Do it at once, will you?

A:Don’t forget to come to my birthday party(省略will you). B:No, I won’t.

但是，Will you come this afternoon?这句可能引起歧义，可能表示“你今天下 午要来吗？”也可能表示“你今天下午来，好吗？”所以，征求意见通常用 will(would) you please

② shall用于第二、三人称，表示意愿、决心、许诺

③ will用于第一人称，表示猜测、命令、自然属性、决心

★在时间或条件状语从句中，一般不用将来时，而是用现在时代替。如： I’ll let you know when I’m through with the work. If you put the baby down, he will scream.

除了shall, will+动词原形构成一般将来时外，还有3种形式构成将来时。 ① am（is, are） going to +动词原形

表示最近或将来打算去做的事情或可能要发生的事情。★补充考点：表示现在存在某种迹象表明主语即将发生某种情况。如： It looks cloudy, it is going to rain.

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She looks pale, she is going to faint.

There is going to be a report on tax laws tonight. ★补充考点：be going to表示主语事先安排计划好的； will表示主语的即时反应，如： A:Where is the telephone book？ B:I’ll get it for you. A:There is a knock on the door. B:I’ll go and open it.

A:Why do you get up so early? B:I am going to catch 5 o’clock train. ② am（is, are） about to +动词原形

表示即将发生的动作，一般和now 连用，不能加soon或at once.如： We are about to leave, so there is no time to visit her now. Please get everything ready. The experiment is about to start. ③ am（is, are）to +动词原形

表示必须（指导、命令）或计划要进行（确定要进行）的动作。如： The girls are to go to school next week. There is to be a sports meet on Saturday.

（四）过去将来时 2种常用情形： ① 宾语从句中，见P163 例句

He told me that he would see me off at the station. I asked her where she would spend her holidays. ② 在连贯叙述的上下文中，如：He hurried to the station, the train would leave in 18 minutes.

与一般将来时相类似，也可用三种形式表示： was(were) going to +动词原

形，was(were) about to +动词原形，was(were) to +动词原形。★重点掌握第二种：was(were) about to +动词原形，常和when 连用表示主语正要做某事而发生突然事情使主语没有做某事，句子重心在从句。

I was about to go out when a friend of mine dropped in. He was about to dive when he saw a shark.

When she suddenly changed her mind, an agreement was about to be reached.

（五）现在进行时 2种情形：

①此时此刻正在进行。如：She is talking on the phone with Mr.Smith right now. ②现阶段正在进行但此时此刻不一定正在进行。如：A:What are you doing this week? B:I am reading a book.

见P33 例句：Since Americans pay such high taxes, they often feel that they are working one day each week just to pay their taxes.

（六）过去进行时 见P165 例句：He was making a long distance phone call from 10 to 11 last night.

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He was watching TV at 9 last night.

★A: Has Linda finished her homework? B: I have no idea. She was doing it this morning.

★He was writng a book about China last year, but I don’t know whether he had finished it.

（七）将来进行时 ★考点 2种情形 4个例句 见P165例句： ①将来某一段时间正在进行的动作。如：

This time next week she will be working in that company.

“What will you be doing at three tomorrow afternoon?” ”I’ll be flying to Hong Kong.”

②按计划在未来将要进行的动作，常见于口语。如：

I’ll be waiting for you at the hotel after supper.

We shall be having a business talk with Mr. Brown in a minute.

（八）将来完成时 2种情形 ① 已完成。过去发生的动作，对现在仍留下影响。 ② 未完成。过去开始，但持续到现在的动作。常加 since 或 for.

He has had a high fever since two o’clock.=He has had a high fever for two hours.

I have not heard from her for 3 years.= I have not heard from her since 3 years ago.

★注意事项，考点 ① 一般过去时只表示过去的动作。

He has joined the Party. 他现在仍然是党员。

He joined the Party. 他入过党，现在不一定是党员。 ② 对话中常以现在完成时开始，了解情况后改为一般过去时。 A: Have you had your lunch? B: Yes, I have. A: Where\\ When\\ How did you have it? B:…… ③ 没有确切时间状语情况下，动作发生结果不复存在，要用过去时。 A: Where have you put the book? I can’t see it anywhere. B: I put it here, but it is gone.

短暂\\瞬间动词不能与时间段连用，如：

The foreign guest has come to Shanghai two weeks ago. 错误

★The foreign guest has been in Shanghai for two weeks. 正确 ★考点 The foreign guest came to Shanghai two weeks ago. 正确 The foreign guest arrived in Shanghai two weeks ago. 正确

It’s two weeks since the foreign guest came to Shanghai. 正确 Two weeks has passed since the foreign guest came to Shanghai. 正确

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