非谓语动词

非谓语动词

Part I 语法讲析

? 什么是非谓语动词

? 阅读下列句子，用“___”标出句子的非谓语动词。用“___”表示出谓语动词。

A. We should prevent the air from being polluted. B. He gave us some advice on how to learn English. C. The funds raised are mainly used for helping the homeless. D. Do you hear all those different birds singing in the park?

? 定义：非谓语动词也叫非限定动词或动词的非谓语形式。其形式包括：动名词、不定式和分词（现在分

词和过去分词）。非谓语动词除了不能独立充当谓语外，可以充当句子的任何成分。

关于非谓语动词有三个重点内容：一、非谓语动词充当句子成分，二、非谓语动词有时态和语态的变化，三、考察非谓语动词的逻辑主语。这都是本章的重点讲解内容，要求掌握。

I. 非谓语动词之不定式

1. 不定式在句子中的语法功能

观察下面各句，思考动词不定式在句子中的作用，并把相应的句子的序号填入到表格中。 1. He pretended to be reading attentively when I came in. 2. It is of great help for us to learn English well. 3. I didn’t expect Mary to invite me to her birthday party. 4. She listens to news every day so as to find out what’s going on. 5. One needs just three things to be truly happy in this world—someone to love, something to do and something to hope for. 6. The important thing in life is to have a great aim, and the determination to attain it. 7. He is considered to be the best player this year. 8. To know the theory is one thing; to put it into practice is another. 9. Do you consider it wise to ignore him? 10. The father will be proud for his son to win the game. =The father will be proud if his son wins the game. 11. The soldiers are to fight to the last. 12. To talk with you was very enjoyable. 不定式用法 例句 1. 不定式做主语通常表示具体动作或意义。 主语 2. 不定式作主语常用it 作形式主语。It’s important (useful, necessary…) for sb. to do sth. 1. 不定式表示某个具体动作。 2. want, hope, agree, pretend, appear等词后跟不定式作宾语。know, decide, understand等动词后还可跟疑问词+不定式。 3. 用it作形式宾语代替不定式，而把不定式放在补足语之后。 1. 说明主语的内容； 2. 用于正式的指示或命令。 33

宾语 表语

定语 多位于它所修饰的名词之后，表示它们可以如何处置和使用。如果不定式动词是 不及物动词，需要在其后加相应的介词。 宾补___ 主补___ 状语 不定式及其短语作状语，通常表示目的, 结果，条件，原因等等。 1. 作宾语补足语是用来说明宾语是什么，做了什么，要做什么。 补语 句式结构: want, advise, allow, forbid+宾语+to do…; see, hear+宾语+do…; 2. 作主语补足语：句式结构: 主语+be said/reported /believed/considered to do… 2. 不定式的逻辑主语

1) 何谓逻辑主语

在英语中，逻辑主语是针对非谓语动词来说的。非谓语动词的三种形式都是动词的变化形式。既然是动词就应该有动作的执行者，即主语。之所以称之为逻辑主语，是为了区别于句子结构中的语法主语，因为句子谓语的主语和非谓语动词的逻辑主语有时并不一致。 2) 用“___”标出下列句子中的不定式的逻辑主语。 1. He was anxious to meet his teacher. 2. The mother will be happy for her daughter to be admitted to Peking University. 3. He was very willing for everyone else to attend her birthday party. 4. It is unusual for Tom to be absent without leave. 5. It is generous of him to lend me 1,000 dollars. 6. It’s wise of you not to argue with your boss. 思考：何时用“for sb. to do …”结构？ 何时用“of sb. to do …”结构？ 3. 不定式的时态和语态

观察下面各句，观察动词不定式不同时态和语态的形式，并把相应的句子的序号填入到表格中。 1. I’m sorry to have given you so much trouble. 2. She doesn’t like to be treated like a distinguished guest. 3. These tablets are to be taken twice a day. 4. We pretended to be reading attentively when the teacher came in. 5. She is known to have been working on the problem for many years. 6. I happened to be walking past the store, and I saw the robbery take place. 7. The table seemed to have been moved. 8. He is said to have been collecting coins for eight years. 时态 一般式 主动 to do 例句 被动 to be done 与谓语动词的关系 (之前？之后？同时？) 不定式与谓语动词的动作________发生，或发生在其________。 例句 完成式 to have done 不定式的动作发生在谓语动词的动作to have been ________。或表达一种推测性的可能情况，done 多与seem连用。 无被动形式 与谓语动词所表示的动作________发生。它的含义类似于进行时态。 进行式 完成进行式 to be doing to have been doing 表示在谓语动词的动作或状态发生________无被动形式 开始进行的行为，到谓语动作发生时，可能已经停止，也可能会继续下去。

4. 不带to的不定式

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观察下面各句，观察不定式是否省略to的各种情况，并把相应的句子的序号填入到表格中。 1. On seeing the young child fall into the lake, Eric sprang to his feet, and went on the rescue. 2. Though he had often made his little sister cry, today he was made to cry by his little sister. 3. Last night I did nothing but watch TV. 4. I cannot but admire his courage. 5. I would rather watch TV at home than go to the cinema. 6. Do you want to have lunch now or wait till later? 7. That was so serious a matter that I had no choice but to call the police. 8. The CEO had his secretary arrange a meeting. 是否省略to的条件 1. 在表示生理感觉的动词后的不定式不带to. 这类词有： look at/see/watch/notice/observe/make/let/have/listen to/hear/feel+ sb.+ do (五看三使两听一感觉) 注意：上述感觉动词与使役动词转换为被动结构时，其后的不定式必须带to. 2. 在do nothing/anything/everything but do句型结构中，but后的动词前无需加to； 但是，如果谓语动词不是 “do nothing/anything/everything”, 那么but所跟的不定式则仍需带to. 3. 在并列结构中，两个动词由and, or, but等词连接时，为了避免重复而把连词后面的不定式to省掉。 4. 在more than, rather than, other than等结构中，than后面加不带to的不定式。

5. 在cannot but, cannot choose but, might (just) as well, cannot help but, had better等短语结构中。 例句 理解与应用：以下练习是为测查你对上述语法规则的讲解所准备。请各位同学按照题目要求作答。 1. 单项选择。

1) It’s very kind _________ the warm-hearted woman _________ us out when we were in trouble. A. of; to help B. of; to have helped C. for; to help D. for; to have helped 2) He _________ for miles _________ for the news. A. prefers to walk; rather than wait B. prefers walking; prefer to wait C. prefers walking; rather than wait D. prefers to walk; rather than waiting 3) ----Is my wish to become a scientist possible _________? ----Yes, your wish is sure _________. A. to realize; to realize

B. to be realized; to be realized D. to be realized; to realize

C. to realize; to be realized Shanxi Province alone.

A. forcing B. to force C. forced D. has forced

5) Banks was the first _________ crops from one continent to another on a large scale, _________ develop local economies with these imports.

A. to move; helping B. to move; to help C. to have moved; to help D. moving; helping 6) The redwood appears _________ some 100 years ago in northern forests around the world. A. having to flourish

B. to flourish

C. to have flourished

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4) A lot of coal miners died on the job last year, ________ the local government to shut nearly 500 small mines in

D. having flourished

7) The bank is reported _________ in the local newspaper in broad daylight yesterday. A. to be robbed A. but to take A. possible place.

A. to visit

B. to have visited C. to be visiting D. having visited

B. robbed

C. to have been robbed

D. having been robbed

8) Having missed that last bus, Bob had no alternative _________ a taxi home though he did not like the idea.

B. but take C. to but take D. but taking

C. it possible D. that possible

9) Using many symbols makes _________ to put a large amount of information on a single map.

B. it is possible

10) As luck would have it, my teacher happened _________ America when an earthquake occurred in his native

2. 请用括号中动词的适当形式填空。

1) The news reporters hurried to the airport only _________ (find) the film stars had left. 2) I consider him _________ (be) one of the best biology teachers of No. 1 Middle School. 3) I didn’t hear anyone _________ (say) anything about it.

4) It’s very kind of you to go and _________ (help) her clean the room.

5) He said he preferred to live in the country rather than _________ (live) in the city.

6) It is known that electrical and chemical energy began _________ (study) systematically in the 20th century. 7) You should be _________ (blame) for the accident.

8) During the exam, the school authorities won’t allow _________ (talk) freely.

9) She will tell us why she feels so strongly that each of us has a role _________ (play) in making the earth a better place to live on.

10) The retired man donated most of his savings to the school damaged by the earthquake in Yushu, _________ (enable) the students to return to their classroom.

3. 用非谓语动词结构完成以下句子。

1) The Bunsen burner is so named because _______________________ by Robert Bunsen, a German scientist. (本生灯之所以如此命名，据称是由于它是由德国科学家罗伯特本·生发明。)

2) I found ___________________________ within the time given. (我发现无法在所给时间内回答所有问题。) 3) The book _____________________ out of the library. (这本书不允许带出图书馆)

4) I’m sorry____________________________ you so much trouble. (给你添了这么多麻烦，真对不起。) 5) We didn’t expect you ___________________________ her. (我们没想到你已经请了她。)

6) They are reported ______________________another railway across the region. (据报道他们正在这个地区修建另外一条铁路。)

7) The problem remains ____________________________. (这个问题还有待解决。)

8) We are happy ______________________________ together with you. (我们很高兴这段时间和你一起学习。) 9) He would be only too glad to be her boyfriend, but he knew he couldn’t match her in family status. (翻译句子) _________________________________________________________________________________________ 10) To spend so much money on something he didn’t need. (翻译句子)

_________________________________________________________________________________________

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II. 非谓语动词之动名词

1. 动名词在句子中的语法功能

观察下面各句，思考动名词在句子中的作用，并把相应的句子的序号填入到表格中。 1. Being deeply loved by someone gives you strength; while loving someone deeply gives you courage. 2. It is no use crying over spilt milk. 3. We don’t allow smoking in the lab. 4. There is no point you arguing with your parents. They won’t follow your idea. 5. There is no telling what will happen tomorrow. =It is impossible to know what will happen tomorrow. 6. His hobby is collecting stamps. 7. a racing car, a swimming pool, a sleeping bag, a fishing pole, departing time. 8. The nurse’s job is looking after the patients. 9. You can’t avoid making mistakes in language learning. 10. It would be a waste of time attempting the impossible. 11. I am accustomed to sleeping with light on. 12. I am having a hard time keeping up with my classmates in the biology class. 动名词用法 例句 1. 动名词做主语可直接位于句首，谓语动词用单数。 2. 某些特定句型中动名词作主语也可后置。例如： 主语 句型1 it is no use/good doing sth. 表示“做某事是没用的”。it是形式主语。 句型2 there is no point/use/good (in) doing sth. 表示“做某事是没有必要、意义”。 句型3 there is no doing sth. 表示“不可能做某事”。 1. 如下动词后面一般用动名词做宾语：admit, advise, appreciate, avoid, consider, delay, deny, detest, endure, fancy, feel like, finish, forbid, imagine, involve, miss, permit, postpone, risk, suggest, tolerate等。 2. 介词后面要接动名词做宾语。为了便于学习者将介词to和不定式符号to区别宾语 开，笔者总结常见的介词to的短语：look forward to, be accustomed to, be addicted to, get used to, be devoted to, get down to, contribute to, pay attention to, stick to, be opposed to, object to等。 3. 某些特定句型中要求接动名词作宾语，例如：“做某事有困难 (have trouble doing sth)”，“情不自禁 (can’t help doing)”，“be worth/busy doing”等。 表语 定语 直接放在be动词后面，补充说明句子的主语的具体内容。 放在被修饰名词的前面，表示所修饰名词的功能或用途。

2. 动名词的逻辑主语

与不定式类似，动名词也是动词的一种变化形式。既然是动词就应该有动作的执行者。而句子主语和动名词的动作执行者有时是一样的，有时不一样，所以称之为逻辑主语，以区别于句子的主语。动名词与逻辑主语一起构成动名词的复合结构。

He disliked his wife’s working late.

His coming to school late made the teacher very angry. You must tell the truth. I insist on your telling the truth.

动名词的复合结构是由 __________ 或 __________ 与动名词连用构成。动名词的复合结构一般在句

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