2011届高三A年级高考英语任务型阅读训练题

2011届高考英语任务型阅读训练题

（一）

At the beginning of the twentieth century, many people thought that the American family was falling apart. A century later, we know that this was not the case. However, although the family is still alive in the United States, its size and shape were very different 100 years ago.

In the late 1800s and early 1900s, there were mainly two types of families in the United States: the extended and the nuclear. The extended family usually includes grandparents, parents, and children living under the same roof. The nuclear family consists of only parents and children.

Today there are many different kinds of families. Some people live in “traditional” families, that is, a stay-home mother, a working father, and their own biological children. Others live in two-paycheck families, single-parent families, adoptive or foster, families, blended families (where men and women who were married before marry again and combine the children from previous marriages into the new families），child less families, and so on.

What caused the structure of the family to change? In the early 1900s the birthrate began to fall and the divorce rate began to rise. Women were suddenly choosing to go to college and take jobs outside the home. In the 1930s and 1940s, many families faced serious financial, or money problems during the Great Depression, when many people lost their jobs. During World War II（1939-1945)，5 million women were left alone to take care of their homes and their children. Because many men were at war, thousands of these \widows\had to go to work outside their home.

During the next ten years, the situation changed. There were fewer divorces, and people married at a younger age and had more children than the previous generation. It was unusual for a mother to work outside the home during the years when her children were growing tip. Families began leaving cities and moving into single-family homes in the suburbs. The traditional family seemed to be returning.

In the years between 1960s and 1990s, there were many important changes in the structure of the family. From the 1960s to the early 1970s, the divorce rate doubled and the birthrate fell by half. The number of single-parent families tripled, and the number of couples living together without being married doubled again. In fact, the single-parent household, once unusual, has replaced the \family as the typical family in the States. If we can judge from history, however, this will probably change again in the twenty-first century.

The Changes of the American Family

Main comparisons Contexts Different___1____ There were two __2___ types of

families in the past, ___3____, the extended and the nuclear. Nowadays __4___types of families can be seen than before. Many of the women had to work In the 1900s outside due to the __6___of money., and 1940s thus causing the fall of __7__and the rise of divorce rate. Divorce rate slided and there Changes in In the 1950s were more children . The families different tended to be ___8___ again. ___5_____. Different types of In the years familes__9____. Traditional families between 1960s and are no longer the typical ones in 1990s America. A trend worth noting Author’s The present structure is ___10____; it will experience opinion on changes again in the near future. changes

（二）

The family sphere(范围) used to be defined by its isolation from the public realm. There was the public male realm（领域）of \accomplishment\and cruel competition, and the private female and child-rearing sphere of home, intuition（直觉）and emotion. The private realm was supposed to be isolated from the realities of adult life. For both better and worse, television and other electronic media tend to break down the difference between those two worlds. The membrane around the family sphere is much more permeable(可渗透的). TV takes public events and transforms them into dramas that are played out in the privacy of our living rooms, kitchens and bedrooms.

Parents used to be the channel through which children learned about the outside world. They could decide what to tell their children and when to tell it to them. Since children learn to read in stages, books provide a kind of natural screening process, where adults can decide what to tell and not tell children of different reading abilities. Television destroyed the system that separated adult from child knowledge and

separated information into year-by-year slices for children of different ages. Instead, it presents the same information directly to children of all ages, without going through adult filters.

So television presents a real challenge to adults. While a parent can read a newspaper without sharing it with children in the same room, television is accessible to everyone in that space. And unlike books, television doesn't allow us to flip（翻转）through it and see what's coming up. We may think we're giving our children a lesson in science by having them watch the Challenger take off, and then suddenly they learn about death, disaster and adult mistakes.

Books allow adults to discuss privately what to tell or not tell children. This also allows parents to keep adult material secret from children and keep their secret keeping secret. Take that same material and put it on The Today Show and you have 800,000 children hearing the very things the adults are trying to keep from them. \takes our kids across the globe before parents give them permission to cross the street.\

More importantly, children gradually learn that adults are worried and anxious about being parents. Actually, television has also places families under a lot of stress.

How Television Changes Childhood? Main comparisons Contexts Homes used to be isolated from the ___2___realm. Distance between ___1__and the outside. Homes nowadays are __3__to the outside world. In the past, children might learn __4__about the outside world with the help of parents and ___5___. Media through which children can More information is got directly obtain information through TV and other electronic media, which breaks down the __6___ between adult world and the child world. Traditionally, kids could only knew what they should learn at their age, _____7___ of the information carefully___8___by their parents. children get Everything can possibly be known by children, including many aspects of _____ life. Effects on family education Families are now under greater stress than before. Adults are anxious about Parental instruction being parents and faced with new __10_____.

（三）

Some people believe that greed and selfishness has become the basis of modern society, and we should return to the old traditions of family and community then we will have a better life. To what extent do you agree or disagree with the above opinion?

In this fast-paced world, many values are undergoing major changes. While people traditionally prioritize caring, sharing and generosity in life and work, modern people seem to be more self-absorbed and self-concerned.

Modern people act selfishly to survive the harsh competition of life. They say that it is a jungle out there. To survive, you have to fight with whatever means that come handy. Obviously greedy and selfishness go perfectly well with such ideas. In a company, employees do everything they can to get better pay and higher position, even at the cost of colleagues. We are in any way advocating any selfish conduct. It is just that people are pressured to act in a certain way due to outside influences.

In spite of common practice, it is hard to conclude that modern society is built on greed and selfishness, both of which are not newly invented vocabulary. In ancient times people also did greedy and selfish things though such behaviors were more condemned then. But we can not ignore the fact that people in the past lived a relatively more isolated life and faced less pressure compared with their modern counterparts.

Are we happier to share with others and be generous to them? There is no fixed answer either. Some people take great pleasure helping and giving to others while others feel happy doing the opposite. But I personally think that people should not be too selfish. Caring for others can actually encourage the development of a mutually beneficial relationship.

In conclusion, modern people appear to be more self-centered than those in the past due to strong outside pressure. However, we should encourage people to know the importance of being caring and generous and to build a mutually beneficial relationship with others.

Are Modern People Becoming More Selfish?

Main comparisons Contexts __1__ are changing In the past people put caring, sharing and generosity in the first ____2____. Nowadays, people seem to be more ____3____about themselves. ___4___are changing too. People in the past appeared to be modest and self-effacing(谦让的). People may strive to achieve their own __5___ at the price of their coworkers.

The author’s understanding ___6____ for the changes in author’s Fierce __7___ and great __8___on eyes modern people may be responsible for the changes. The author’s ___9____towards topic A relationship which can ___10___ two sides should be established.

（四）

Traditionally, customers may consider more about what they buy the product for. However, the image of product and the consuming circumstance have become the key points to attract customer awareness and stimulate their buying needs. Frequently, customers buy goods just because they are cute, lovely and unique. With a less emphasis on functional utilities, the experience and imaginative space are placed into an increasingly important role. The image of product is emphasized, as well as the communication between products and consumers. “Customer behavior, which appears to be focused and directed at the object and at pleasure, in fact responds to quite different objectives: displaced expression of desire, and the production of a code of social values through the use of differential signs”(Baudrillard) . The reason for image-oriented customer behavior is probably that customers’ lifestyle has been continuously virtualized by paying much attention to “Virtual Reality”. The evidences can be traced from computer games and Hollywood movies, in which customers’ preference for fleeing reality is perfectly matched.

This change requires us to take efforts to enhance product image by integrating style, color, taste, shape and material, and communicate with customers creatively, imaginatively and innovatively, and enable them to enjoy the distinctive experience image brings. “*A+ need is not a need for a particular object as much as it is a ‘need’ for difference” ( Baudrillard). The typical example is Apple Computer’s IMAC, which has strong visual impact and outstanding dynamics. By this way, customer relationship can be set up through image, and brand can be treated as living that can transform people. Other examples commonly used are Disney Fairyland and Las Vegas, where new experience and imagination are fully demonstrated. In sum, consumption is negotiation, a never-ending conversation held in the languages of advertising, packaging, branding, fashion, and entertainment.

More Attention to the Image of Product Main comparisons Contexts In the past, people think more about the __2__of the goods. Different aspects ____1____about by People today are more easily people when they are shopping. ___3____by the ___4___ of product and the buying atmosphere. Different ____5__ to promote sales Traditionally, producers may focus

more on the functional utilities of goods. Nowadays, product image should be __6___and there should be more effective ___7____with customers. More details worth noticing The___8___ for image-centered behavior ___10_____are given to prove the importance of image Influenced by computer games and Hollywood movies, people’s ___9____is virtualized. Apple Computer’s IMAC/ Disney Fairyland/ Las Vegas （五）

A listener has written from China for advice about how to lose weight. Michael in Shanghai says he is 26 and has battled obesity for most of his life.

Obesity , a severe weight problem, is a complex condition. A doctor may advise taking medicine along with changing one’s behaviors. Experts say that the most successful weight—loss plans include a well-balanced diet and exercise.

People who want to avoid weight gain have to balance the number of calories they eat with the number of calories they use. To lose weight, you can reduce the number of calories you take in, increase the number you use, or both.

A recent study looked at four of the most popular dieting plans in the US.

Researchers at Stanford University in California studied over 300 overweight women, mostly in their thirties and forties. Each woman went on one of the four plans: Atkins, The Zone, Ornish or LEARN. The women attended diet classes and received written information about the food plans.

At the end of the year, the women on the Atkins diet had lost the most, more than four and one-half kilograms on average. They also did better on tests for cholesterol levels and blood pressure.

Christopher Gardner, who led the study, says the Atkins diet may be more

successful because of its simple message to eat less sugar. He also says that the advice

to increase protein in the diet leads to more satisfying meals. He says that there was not enough money to study men, but that men would probably have similar results. Last week, another report based on thirty-one studies suggested that only a small minority of people have long-term success with dieting. Most dieters regained their lost weight within five years and often they become more overweight. But those who kept the weight off generally were the ones who exercised.

Title: 1.Proper ___________to lose weight Doctors’ advice ●:take medicine along with changing one’s 2._____________ Experts’ 3._________ plans ●a well-balanced diet : take 4.________less energy than needed , increase the number you use, or both. ●5._________ Four of the most popular dieting ●Atkins: eat less sugar than usual and 6.________ plans in the US protein in the diet ●The Zone ●7.________ ●LEARN. From 8.__________ report ●have long-term success with dieting, otherwise most dieters will 9._____their lost weight ●exercise is more important than dieting for 10.______ weight （六）

We find that bright children are rarely held back by mixed-ability teaching. On the contrary, both their knowledge and experience are enriched. We feel that there are many disadvantages in streaming (把…按能力分班)pupils. It does not take into account the fact that children develop at different rates. It can have a bad effect on

both the bright and the not-so-bright child. After all, it can be quite discouraging to be at the bottom of the top grade! Besides, it is rather unreal to grade people just according to their intellectual ability. This is only one aspect for their total personality. We are concerned to develop the abilities of all our pupils to the full, not just their academic ability. We also value personal qualities and social skills, and we find that mixed-ability teaching contributes to all these aspects of learning.

In our classrooms, we work in various ways. The pupils often work in groups: this gives them the opportunity to learn to cooperate, to share, and to develop leadership skills. They also learn how to cope with personal problems as well as learning how to think, to make decisions, to analyze and evaluate, and to communicate effectively. The pupils learn from each other as well as from the teacher.

Sometimes the pupils work in pairs; sometimes they work on individual tasks and assignments, and they can do this at their own speed. They also have some formal class teaching when this is appropriate. We encourage our pupils to use the library, and we teach them the skills they need in order to do this efficiently. An advanced pupil can do advanced work: it does not matter what age the child is. We expect our pupils to do their best, not their least, and we give them every encouragement to attain this goal.

Develop the abilities of pupils: ●develop their full abilities, not their 1. ___________ ability ●value personal qualities ●2.__________ skills pupils-streamed teaching (disadvantages) ● not take into 4.________ the fact that children develop at different rates ● have a bad effect on both the ● 6._________ to pupils’ full abilities. ● give them the opportunity to learn to cooperate, to share, and to develop 7. ________ skills 3._____________ teaching (advantages)

bright and the not-so-bright child ● learn how to cope with 8.________ ● 5.________ the pupils who are problems at the bottom of the top grade ● rather unreal to grade people just according to their intellectual ability ● learn how to think, to make decisions, to analyze and evaluate, and to communicate 9.__________. ●The pupils learn from each other as 10. ● only one aspect for pupils’ total ______ as from the teacher. personality

（七）

There are two basic ways to see growth: one as a product, the other as a process. People have generally viewed personal growth as an external (外在的) result or a product that can easily be identified and measured．The worker who gets a rise, the student whose grades improve, the foreigner who learns a new language—all these examples of people who have measurable results to show for their efforts．

By contrast (对照) , the process of personal growth is much more difficult to determine, since it is a journey and not the specific signposts or landmarks along the way．The process is not the road itself, but the attitudes, feelings people have , and their caution or courage, as they meet with new experiences and unexpected

difficulties．In this process, the journey never really ends；there are always new ways to experience the world, new ideas to try, new challenges to accept．

In order to grow, to travel new roads, people need to have a willingness to take risks, to face the unknown, and to accept the possibility that they may “fail” at first．How we see ourselves as we try a new way of being is necessary for our ability to grow．Do we see ourselves as quick and curious? If so, we tend to take more chances and be more open to unfamiliar experiences．Do we think we’re shy and indecisive? Then our sense of fear can cause us to hesitate, to move slowly, and we think we are slow to

● They can do this at their own speed

adapt (适应) change or that we’re not smart enough to deal with a new challenge．Then we are likely to take a more passive role or not try at all． These feelings of insecurity (不安全) and self-doubt are both unavoidable and necessary if we are to change and grow．If we protect ourselves too much, then we stop growing．We become trapped inside a shell of our own making．

Title 1.________—Product or Process Product: easily identified and 2.______ ●The workers get a 4 .________ ●The students improve their 5._________ ●The foreigners learns new languages ●the attitudes, feelings people have ●6.____________ or courage ●experience the world in 7._____________ ways Process: ●try new ideas ●3. much more ___________ ●accept new 8.__________ to determine ●never really ends ●a willingness to take 9.________ ●face the unknown ●accept the possibility that they may “fail” ●tend to take more chances and be more open to unfamiliar 10.___________

（八）

Without most people realizing it, there has been a revolution in office work over the last ten years. Before that time, large computers were only used by large, rich companies that could afford the investment. With the advancement of technology, small computers have come onto the market, which are capable of doing the work that

used to be done by much larger and expensive computers, so now most smaller companies can use them

The main development in small computers has been in the field of word processors (处理器) , or WPS as they are often called. 40% of British offices are now estimated to have a word processor and this percentage is growing fast. There are many advantages in using a word processor for both secretary and manager. The secretary is freed from a lot of daily work, such as re-typing letters and storing papers. He or she can use this time to do other more interesting work for the boss. From a manager’s point of view, secretarial time is being made better use of and money can be saved by doing daily jobs automatically outside office hours. But is it all good? If a lot of daily secretarial work can be done automatically, surely this will mean that fewer secretaries will be needed. Another worry is the increasing medical problems related to work with visual display units (显示器). The case of a slow loss of sight among people using word processors seems to have risen greatly. It is also feared that if a woman works at a VDU for long hours, the unborn child in her body might be killed. Safety screens to put over a VDU have been invented but few companies in England bother to buy them.

Whatever the arguments for and against word processor, they are a key feature (特征) of this revolution in office practice.

small computers: ▲1._______ larger and expensive computers ▲most smaller 2._________can use them ▲Small computers has been 3._________in the field of word processors , or WPS advantages ▲The secretary : ●freed from a lot of 5._________ work 4.________ ▲8. __________ will lost their jobs. ▲medical problems related to work with

●do other more interesting work for the boss ▲The 6.___________ visual display units ●Many people lose 9_________slowly ●The unborn child in its mother’s body ●secretarial time can be made better use might be 10.___________ of ●7._______ can be saved by doing daily jobs automatically outside office hours.

（九）

If you and your friends wish to share a secret, you can write it in code, and no one else will be able to read it. Codes are one way of writing in secrets. Ciphers(暗码) are another. In the code each word is written as a secret code or word number. In a cipher each letter is changed.

Codes and ciphers have played an important role in the history of the word. Julius Caesar, the Roman ruler who defeated almost all the countries in Europe about 2000years ago, used a cipher when he sent secret messages to his troops. During American Revolution, George Washington’s spies used a kind of code to send him information about the enemy before his military（军事的） action. In World War 2,the American “broke”, or figured out, Japan’s most important navy codes and got enough information to destroy a powerful Japanese fleet（舰队）。

Storekeepers use codes to mark their goods. The codes show how much was paid for the goods or when they were added to the stock. Businessman use codes to hide plans from their business enemies. Sometimes personal letters or diaries are written in code. Many people enjoy figuring out codes and ciphers simply as a hobby.

In the 16th century, codes and ciphers were very popular among scientists. They wrote messages to each other in code so that no one else would learn their secrets. Geronimo Gardano, an Italian astrologer（星相家）,mathematician, and doctor, invented the trellis ciphers. He took two sheets of paper and cut exactly the same

holes in each one. Then he sent one sheet, which he called a trellis, to a friend and kept the other for himself. Whenever he wanted to write a message, he put his trellis, over the clean sheet of paper and wrote the secret message through the holes. Then he removed the trellis and filed the rest of the paper with words that would make sense. When his friends received it, He put his trellis over the writing and read the secret message.

Title 71. and ciphers Aspects In wars In 72. In science circle Cutting holes in two exact pieces of paper and writing the message through the 73 Covering the trellis over the writing received to get 74. information/messages 75. To send To know about business To 79. secrets to themselves Means Using codes and ciphers Using codes 76. messages situations /information to troops To make the military leaders 77. of the situation of the war Results 80. enemies To 78. plans/information /messages from opponents Achieving business goals Sharing secrets messages （十）

At the beginning of the twentieth century, many people thought that the American family was falling apart. A century later, we know that this was not the case. However, although the family is still alive in the United States, its size and shape were very different 100 years ago.

In the late 1800s and early 1900s, there were mainly two types of families in the United States: the extended and the nuclear. The extended family usually includes grandparents, parents, and children living under the same roof. The nuclear family consists of only parents and children.

Today there are many different kinds of families. Some people live in “traditional” families, that is, a stay-home mother, a working father, and their own biological children. Others live in two-paycheck families, single-parent families, adoptive or foster, families, blended families

(where men and women who were married before marry again and combine the children from previous marriages into the new families），child less families, and so on.

What caused the structure of the family to change? In the early 1900s the birthrate began to fall and the divorce rate began to rise. Women were suddenly choosing to go to college and take jobs outside the home. In the 1930s and 1940s, many families faced serious financial, or money problems during the Great Depression, when many people lost their jobs. During World War II（1939-1945)，5 million women were left alone to take care of their homes and their children. Because many men were at war, thousands of these \widows\had to go to work outside their home.

During the next ten years, the situation changed. There were fewer divorces, and people married at a younger age and had more children than the previous generation. It was unusual for a mother to work outside the home during the years when her children were growing tip. Families began leaving cities and moving into single-family homes in the suburbs. The traditional family seemed to be returning.

In the years between 1960s and 1990s, there were many important changes in the structure of the family. From the 1960s to the early 1970s, the divorce rate doubled and the birthrate fell by half. The number of single-parent families tripled, and the number of couples living together without being married doubled again. In fact, the single-parent household, once unusual, has replaced the \however, this will probably change again in the twenty-first century.

The Changes of the American Family

Main comparisons Contexts There were two __2___ types of families in the past, ___3____, the extended and the Different___1____ nuclear. Nowadays __4___types of families can be seen than before. In the 1900s and 1940s Many of the women had to work outside due to the __6___of money., thus causing the fall of __7__and the rise of divorce rate. Divorce rate slided and there were more Changes in different ___5_____. In the years between 1960s and 1990s Different types of familes__9____. Traditional families are no longer the typical ones in America. In the 1950s children . The families tended to be ___8___ again. A trend worth noting Author’s opinion on changes The present structure is ___10____; it will experience changes again in the near future.

（十一）

Some people believe that greed and selfishness has become the basis of modern society, and we should return to the old traditions of family and community then we will have a better life. To what extent do you agree or disagree with the above opinion?

In this fast-paced world, many values are undergoing major changes. While people traditionally prioritize caring, sharing and generosity in life and work, modern people seem to be more self-absorbed and self-concerned.

Modern people act selfishly to survive the harsh competition of life. They say that it is a jungle out there. To survive, you have to fight with whatever means that come handy. Obviously greedy and selfishness go perfectly well with such ideas. In a company, employees do everything they can to get better pay and higher position, even at the cost of colleagues. We are in any way advocating any selfish conduct. It is just that people are pressured to act in a certain way due to outside influences.

In spite of common practice, it is hard to conclude that modern society is built on greed and selfishness, both of which are not newly invented vocabulary. In ancient times people also did greedy and selfish things though such behaviors were more condemned then. But we can not ignore the fact that people in the past lived a relatively more isolated life and faced less pressure compared with their modern counterparts.

Are we happier to share with others and be generous to them? There is no fixed answer either. Some people take great pleasure helping and giving to others while others feel happy doing the opposite. But I personally think that people should not be too selfish. Caring for others can actually encourage the development of a mutually beneficial relationship.

In conclusion, modern people appear to be more self-centered than those in the past due to strong outside pressure. However, we should encourage people to know the importance of being caring and generous and to build a mutually beneficial relationship with others.

Are Modern People Becoming More Selfish? Main comparisons Contexts __1__ are changing In the past people put caring, sharing and generosity in the first ____2____. Nowadays, people seem to be more ____3____about themselves. ___4___are changing too. People in the past appeared to be modest and self-effacing(谦让的). People may strive to achieve their own __5___ at the price of their coworkers. The author’s understanding

___6____ for the changes in author’s Fierce __7___ and great __8___on eyes modern people may be responsible for the changes. The author’s ___9____towards topic A relationship which can ___10___ two sides should be established. （十二）

Third-generation mobile phones, known as 3G, are the next big step for the telecom industry. Data speed in 3G networks is much quicker than that in present technology. This means users can have high-speed Internet access and enjoy video and CD-quality music on their phones.

“Mobile data is not a dream; it’s not an option but a requirement,” said Len Lauer, head of a US communications company, Sprint PCS, at a 3G conference in Bangkok earlier this month.

With 3G, you can forget about text messages telling you yesterday’s news; a 3G phone can receive video news programs, updated four times a day. Internet access will also be much quicker, making it easier to surf the Web on your phone than on your computer at home. Face-to-face video calls

Don’t worry about getting lost. 3G phones offer map services so you can find a new restaurant just by pressing a few keys on your handset.

However, the most impressive part of 3G technology is video calling. With live two-way video communication, you can have face-to-face talks with friends and family on your mobile phone.

Many European countries have already launched the service. In May 2000 the US Government issued five license to run 3G wireless services, while the first 3G phones arrived in Italy in March this year.

International telecom companies can’t wait to sell 3G in China, the world’s largest mobile telecommunications market. But they will have to be patient. At the moment, China is busy testing its 3G-based technologies, networks and services. This will be followed by a trial period before the phones can finally hit the shops.

“We need to create a pool of 3G customers before the large-scale commercial launch of the service,” said Fan Yunjun, marketing manager for Beijing Mobile. “We expect that the 3G licenses will be issued late next year.”

3G Mobile Phones ? Data speed: quicker than that in (72) ________ technology ? Video and (73) _______ music (71) ____________ ? Video news programs: (74) ________ four times a day ? Internet access: quicker and (75) _________ Impressive functions 3G phones in China ? Offer (76) __________ services, helping you find your way ? (77) _________ two-way video communication ? China is busy (78) ________ its 3G-based technologies, networks and services. ? 3G phones should go through a trial period before being put into (79) _________. ? 3G phones are (80) __________ to be seen next year.

（十三）

Many Americans concerned about air pollution are demanding cleaner and

cheaper supplies of energy. The demand has resulted in increased research about ethanol fuel. Ethanol is an alcohol that can be mixed with gas. It burns up most of the pollutants in gas. It replaced some of the chemicals that are known to cause cancer. Some experts say that in the future ethanol will replace some of the oil imported into America. Today ethanol is less than one percent of the total American fuel supply. The head of the National Corn Growers Association, Kieve Hars, says ethanol will provide twenty five percent of the fuel supply by 2010. The organization is involved in the production of ethanol because it can be made form corn.

One company in American Midwest says it is starting to produce ethanol because of demands form people and from the government. The Congress approved the Clean Air Act in 1990. The company says this means the market for ethanol will expand. The company is a major producer of corn starch (淀粉) that can be used to make ethanol.

At Texas University, Professor Mark Holzapple produces ethanol from materials found in solid waste. He has developed a way to turn materials like paper into simple sugar. He then uses yeast (酵母) to turn the sugar into ethanol. Professor Holzappple says two hundred liters of ethanol fuel can be produced from one ton of solid waste. A professor at the University of Arkansas, John Geddie, is exploring another way to make ethanol. He is using acids on paper material. He says a large factory could produce ethanol from waste paper about the same cost of that of gasoline. Environmentalists support the use of ethanol because it turns waste into a useful product. Professor Holzapple says law makers in industrial nations need to support the development of this renewable fuel of the future.

Title: Ethanol: (1) __________________________ and Cheap Fuel Definition and uses A It can be mixed with gas. kind of(2) It helps remove some (3) ________________ pollutants from gas. It replaces some chemicals known to cause (4) ___________________________. It Production Ethanol will take the place of (5) ___________________ . From starch From material found in (6) ___________ waste like paper The public Demand the production and use of ethanol ____________

Opinions The (7) ___________________ The (8) _ __________________ Environmentalists Approve the Clean Air Act Meet the expanding market (9) _____________________ development of it the support of law the Conclusion Ethanol, as a renewable fuel, will be produced and used more widely in the world, and it needs ________________________. （十四）

Searching for the truth

Collecting mid writing news is like researching in history: the best information comes from those who were there at the time. So if' we want to study tile history of China in the sixth century AD, we look at the writings of the people who lived then. They are called the primary sources because they tell us what it was like to live then. People at a much later date who write about the same events are called the secondary sources. For example, when we read the original writings of Jia Sixie on agriculture, we are reading a primary source; when we read about Jia Sixie in our textbook we are reading secondary source because the passage was written about him and his ideas many years after he died.

When we make news we use primary and secondary sources. We can see this most clearly in TV programmes. As we watch the news on TV, the person presenting the programme in the studio is the secondary source( because he tells us about the news) and the reporter in. Iraq or Washington is the primary source (because he is telling us about what is actually happening there). Without these reporters acting as primary sources, you would never find out what really happened in a war, earthquake, sports meeting, concert or festival. These reporters explain what is happening so we have a clearer idea of what is going on there. They often take photographers with them who act as primary source by giving pictures of events.

In a newspaper the position is different because these two roles are often combined. This means a reporter who investigates a story may be the same person who writes it. If this happens, the reporter is both the primary and the secondary source. But the photographer who works with him/her is still a primary, source.

One of the reasons that it is important to separate primary and secondary sources is that they help us to decide what is a fact and what is an opinion. A fact is something that everybody agrees has happened. An opinion is somebody's idea of what happened. So facts and opinions are often mixed in any report, whether in a newspaper or on TV.

(10)

What have you learnt from the above passage? Primary sources are the writing of' the people who lived at Primary (71)___________ Source time and offer an inside view of a particular event Secondary sources are the writings of the people who write about Secondary the same events at a much later date with explanation and source analysis (72)_________ on primary sources The TV (73)__________ in the studio is tile secondary source News on TV while the reporter on the (74) ____________ is the primary source A newspaper reporter can be both primary and secondary source News in a if he collects the information anti then (75) ______________ the newspaper news. But the photographer(76) ___________ with the reporter is always a primary source A fact is something that everybody agrees has happened. In other Fact (77)____________, it is something that is (78) ________________ Opinion Conclusion An opinion is somebody's idea of what (79)________________on Primary and secondary sources are both important for (80)_______ the truth

（十五）

Wen Jiabao arrived in Singapore yesterday for an official visit to the country. It is the first visit by a Chinese premier to Singapore in eight years. In the arrival statement, Wen said he is looking forward to the meeting with Singapore on ways to deepen East Asian cooperation between two nations so as to contribute to the building of a peaceful, harmonious relationship.

Premier Wen Jiabao and Singapore Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong agreed to jointly develop an environmentally friendly city in northeastern China. The city will be a model for sustainable development, a Singapore government statement said. The “Sino-Singapore Tianjin Eco-city” will be developed by a joint venture (合资) formed by Chinese and Singapore companies. “This eco-city, to be built in Tianjin, will become another highlight in our relations,” Wen said after signing an agreement with Lee, who agreed, “On the Singapore side, on all levels, we’ll give this project our full support.”

The two sides will share expertise (技术) and experience in urban planning, environmental protection, resources conservation, recycling, use of renewable resources and wastewater re-use. China’s economic planning agency issued a set of guidelines earlier this month welcoming foreign investment in environmentally friendly areas such as recycling, “clean” industries and environmental protection.

Bilateral (双边的) relations between China and Singapore have seen big progress even though the two countries established diplomatic ties (外交关系) only 17 years ago, Wen said during his talks with Lee.

China and Singapore have also kept close contact and coordination (协调) on regional issues, he added. Wen said China and Singapore are both important Asian countries that share common interests in many areas.

Title: Wen’s (71) __________ to Singapore Main points Contents Main (72) _____________ To co-operate with Singapore and (75) _____________ of the visit bilateral relations To build an (76) _____________ in Tianjin with joint Agreements (73) efforts _________ To (77) ___________ skills and experience in city in the visit planning, environmental protection, recycling and so on (78)_____________ years of diplomatic relations A (74) ____________ of the relations between two Great (79) _____________ in relations nations Close contact and coordination on regional issues The significance of the visit Deepening East Asian cooperation between two nations (80) _______________ to the establishment of a peaceful, harmonious relationship

（十六）

Since the beginning of human evolution, men have migrated（迁移）across continents in search of food, shelter, safety, and comfortable weather. People still move for these reasons, but new reasons for human migration are arising, such as job relocation(重新安置) and overpopulation.

Three million migrants are moving from poor countries to wealthier ones each year, and increasingly, their destination is a neighboring country in developing parts of the world. People are moving within the developing world for the same reasons as they migrate to wealthier nations. People from poor countries are going to less poor countries, fleeing wars and conflicts. They are also responding to population pressures because some countries are densely populated, and they often have high population growth. Those people need to go somewhere else.

There are three main reasons why people move. The basic categories and percentages are as follows, according to the Current Population Surveys (CPS): Family-related reasons account for 26.3%, including changes in marital（婚姻的） status, establishing a household and other family reasons; work-related reasons 16.2%, including job transfer, retirement, and other job-related reasons; housing-related reasons 51.6%, including new and better houses, better neighborhood, cheaper housing and other housing reasons; the remaining 5.9% of other reasons are attending college, the change of climate and health reasons.

Americans have been migrating south and west for decades in search of better job opportunities and warmer climates. They have also been moving to places a little far from cities, in search of bigger yards and houses, lower crime rates and better schools. In 1950, nearly a fifth of the population lived in the nation’s 20 largest cities. In 2006, it was about one in ten. That’s why many American people say, “Big Cities Shrink as People Move South, West.”

Between March 2005 and March 2007, 73.4 million Americans moved. Fifty-six percent of these moves were within the same country. Twenty percent were between counties but in the same state. Nineteen percent were moves to a different state. Some families even went abroad.

Title: People on the 71 Throughout human 72 , people have migrated across continents. Lead-in An 73 number of people from poor countries are moving to 74 countries, especially neighboring ones. According to the CPS, the 76 of people move to other _75 for places for reasons 77 to housing. people’s Americans have long been moving south and west, looking migration 78 a better job chance, a warmer 79 and a bigger yard, etc. Conclusion

（十七）

A new set of brain images shows why : Reading the Roman alphabets and Chinese characters uses different parts of the brain.

The results also suggest that Chinese schoolchildren have reading problems in a different part of the brain used in reading alphabet-based languages. This shows that the learning disorder dyslexia ( inability to read properly) is not the same in very culture and does not have a universal biological cause.

Scientists described the results as “ very important and revolutionary”. While dyslexia has certain common roots, they said, they now have some proof that this kind of functional problem works differently according to the different demands that Western and Eastern languages place on the brain.

Dyslexia is a common developmental disorder in which people of normal intelligence have difficulty learning to read, spell and master other language skills. The results suggest that treating dyslexia around the world probably will require different treatments.

“Reading is complex,” said Guinevere Eden, Georgetown University professor. “ This shows we need to be more open-minded about diverse treatment approaches.”

Its origins are complex. There appears to be a genetic aspect to the illness. It also may result from brain injury before birth that changes visual and hearing pathways in the brain.

Earlier brain scans show that English-reading dyslexics don’t function properly in a left part of the brain associated with the awareness of 44 sounds from the English

Now every year more and more people move to other places, which seems to have become a global 80 .

alphabet. However, according to the new study, reading Chinese uses some different parts of the brain located in the left-front of the brain. It is associated with symbol interpretation. Unlike alphabet letters, Chinese characters represent entire thoughts and physical objects.

Dyslexia Definition a learning(71)______ in which people of average IQ find it (72)_____to learn to read and acquire other language skills Origins Genetic causes or brain (73)______ before birth, which affects (74) and hearing abilities Finding of the earlier study (75)_____reading dyslexics don’t function properly in a left part of the brain Discovery of the new study Reading Chinese uses the(76) _____part of the brain Conclusion Reading Roman alphabets and reading Chinese characters place different(77)____on the brain. Dyslexia is not the same in every(78) _____and does not have the same(79)_____roots. (80)_______ Dyslexia needs to be treated in different ways （十八）

For centuries people dreamed of going into space. This dream began to seem possible when high-flying rockets were built in the early 1900s.

In 1903 a Russian teacher named Konstantin Tsiolkovsky figured out how to use rockets for space travel. His plan was the first one in rocket science to use correct scientific calculation. About 30 years later, a U.S. scientist named Robert Goddard built the first rockets that could reach high altitudes. During World War II, German scientists built large rockets that could travel very far and carry dangerous explosives. After the war, scientists from Germany went to the United States and the Soviet Union to help those countries build space rockets.

These two countries were soon racing to get to space first. Each of these countries wanted to prove that it was stronger and more advanced than the other one. Both countries also had powerful bombs. People in the United States were worried when the Soviets were first to launch a space satellite, which was called Sputnik. The Soviets were also first to send a person into space. Yury Gagarin orbited the earth in the Vostok I spaceship in 1961.

The US government set a goal for its space program to be the first country to put a person on the Moon. The U.S. space program built a series of Apollo spaceship. These vehicles were powered by huge Saturn 5 rockets. In 1969 Apollo II took three men to the moon successfully. Nell Armstrong became the first person to walk on the Moon.

The Soviets may have lost the race to fly people to the Moon, but they built the first space station in 1971. The United States also built a space station. The space

stations allowed people to live and work in space. Then the Soviet Union and the United States cooperated to hook two spaceships together in space. This action ended the \ together, orbits Earth.

Another new way to go to space is by space shuttle. A space shuttle, first made in the United States in 1981, looks like an airplane. Astronauts who fly spaceships have used shuttles to help put satellites into space. History of space travel Time Events Information concerned It made the ancient dream of High-flying rockets were Early 1900s going to space possible to come built. 71) ▲ Konstantin Tsiolkovsky (72) He planned to put correct ▲ scientific calculation to use in 1903 a way to use rockets for rocket science. space travel. Around (73) Robert Goddard built new The rockets could fly very(74) ▲ ▲ rock- in the sky. ets. During and Germany was ahead of all the German scientists built large after World other countries in building space rockets that could travel War II rockets and later it even very far and carry dangerous offered(75) ▲ to the Soviet explosives. Union and the United States The Soviet Union became the(76) The Soviet Union and the ▲ United States competed to of the race when it launched the get to space first. first satellite and sent the first astronaut into space. 1969 The United States (77) ▲ In one way, it (78) ▲ the in putting a person on the Soviet Union by becoming the first moon. country to fly people to the moon. 1970s The Soviets built the first space station and was soon followed by Americans. And Astronauts can live and work in they finally ended the space stations. \(79) ▲ 1980s-- Space shuttles are used as Shuttles are also used to help put new vehicles for space (80) satellites into space. ▲ . （十九） Robot revolution

The day that a robot wakes you up, cleans your room and walks your dog might still be a few decades off. But increasingly, engineers are saying that robots are going to make the leap from the factory floor to your family room.

Companies like Sony and General Electric are working on designs for small robots. Products like the Roomba, a robot that can clean floors, are flying off the shelves. On the cover of a recent issue of Scientific American magazine, Bill Gates predicted the “Dawn of the Age of Robots”.

What’s behind this new era (时代)? It’s partly a matter of technology. Devices that can recognize and respond to a human voice have been developed. There are now a few different ways for robots to move around. They can walk, crawl or ride on wheels. They are being made smaller and smaller. They are also becoming more and more energy efficient.

A bigger part of the story is on the demand side. From the day Robert Adler invented the television remote control in the 1950s, people around the world have tirelessly searched for ways to get lazier.

Also take into consideration the increasing wealth of rich people, the time appears ripe to introduce robots to ease our daily lives.

To be sure, robots that walk on two legs and talk like people are still too complex for our present engineering abilities. Today’s robot revolution is to make them for everyday use. Robots will do basic housework such as cleaning or gardening, or just help you have more fun on the basketball court.

What makes a robot different from an ordinary cleaning machine is not the presence of computer chips (芯片). Nowadays even your microwave has a computer chip. It is the ability to sense and make changes to the environment in real time.

For example, a floor-cleaning robot should be able to sense your scared cat and move out of the way. Today’s computing ability is, for the first time, able to make machines that could “think”, at least in certain limited ways.

Robot Revolution What today’s robot can do What (75) ____________ robot may do ＊recognize and (71) ____________ to ＊talk like people your voice ＊sense and make some changes to the (76) ____________ ＊work in the (72) ____________ ＊(77) ____________ your dog ＊move around, like walking or (73) ____________ on wheels ＊think in some limited (74) ____________

＊(78) ____________ your floor ＊(79) ____________ you up ＊(80) ____________ you on the basketball court

（二十）

Intense physical exercise is not the only way to better health. Studies show that walking several times a week can lower the risk of many diseases. They include heart disease, stroke, diabetes, bone loss, arthritis (关节炎), and depression. Walking also can help you lose weight. Fast walking is good for the heart. It lowers the blood pressure. It raises the amount of good cholesterol (胆固醇) in the blood. Researchers say walking can sharply reduce the risk of suffering a heart attack. Studies have also shown that walking for 30 minutes a day can delay and possibly prevent the development of diabetes. People who are overweight have an especially high risk to develop this disease. Walking strengthens the muscles and builds up the bones that they are attached to. Studies show that walking could decrease the risk of developing osteoporosis (骨质疏松症). Walking can also help ease the pain of arthritis in areas where bones are joined. This is because walking strengthens the muscles around the bones. Experts say walking is one of the safest ways to exercise. There is a low risk of injuries. So it is good for people who are starting an exercise program for the first time and for older people. A walking program is easy to start. You should wear loose clothes and good shoes. There are shoes that are designed especially for lots of walking. How fast should you walk? For the best effect, doctors say you should walk fast enough to cause you to breathe hard. Yet you should still be able to talk. Let your arms move freely while you walk. There are no rules to starting a walking program. You might walk short distances. Or you might walk up hills to strengthen your leg muscles. Health experts say you can gain the most from a walking program if you walk at about five kilometers an hour for 30 minutes a day. You should do this about five times a week. Walking to (71) ______ fit (72) ______ of walking Superiorities to other exercises Reducing the risk of a heart attack Being (75) ? lowering the blood pressure ______ than ? raising good cholesterol many other ways of exercise, Controlling the development of especially for beginners or diabetes (76) ______ ? helping you (73) ______ weight Tips to walkers Wear loose clothes and good shoes. Walk fast enough to cause you to breathe with (78) ______ but still able to talk. Walk with your arms (79) ______ freely.

Decreasing the risk of osteoporosis Being easy to Walk at a (80) ______ of and arthritis start (77) about 5 kilometers an hour ? strengthening the muscles ______ rules for 30 minutes a day and 5 ? (74) ______ up the bones times a week. Lowering the risk of other diseases, such as stroke, depression and etc. （二十一）

D. R. Gaul Middle School is in Union, Maine, a blueberry-farming town where the summer fair finds kids competing in pig scrambles and pie-eating contests.

Gaul, with about 170 seventh- and eighth-graders, has its own history of lower level academic achievement. One likely reason: Education beyond the basic requirements hasn't always been a top priority for families who've worked the same land for generations. Here, few adults have college degrees, and outsiders (teachers included) are often kept at a respectful distance.

Since 2002, Gaul's students have been divided into four classes, each of them taught almost every subject by two teachers. The goal: To find common threads across disciplines to help students create a big picture that gives fresh meaning and context to their classwork -- and sparks motivation for learning.

Working within state guidelines, each team makes its individual schedules and lesson plans, incorporating non-textbook literature, hands-on lab work and field trips. If students are covering the Civil War in social studies, they're reading The Red Badge of Courage or some other period literature in English class. In science, they study the viruses and bacteria that caused many deaths in the war.

Team teaching isn't unusual. About 77 percent of middle schools now employ some form of it, says John Lounsbury, consulting editor for the National Middle School Association. But most schools use four- or five-person teams, which Gaul tried before considering two-person teams more effective. Gaul supports the team concept by \classes (跟班) so that the same two teachers stick with the same teens through seventh and eighth grades. Combining teams and looping creates an extremely strong bond between teacher and student. It also, says teacher Beth Ahlholm, \

Ahlholm and teammate Madelon Kelly are fully aware how many glazed looks they see in the classroom, but they know 72 percent of their eighth-graders met Maine's reading standard last year -- double the statewide average. Only 31 percent met the math standard, still better than the state average (21 percent). Their students also beat the state average in writing and science. And in2006, Gaul was one of 47 schools in the state to see testing gains of at least 20 percent in four of the previous five years, coinciding roughly with team teaching's arrival. A Classroom With Context Problems of the Being a farming town，it(71) little in education school before． (72) education is considered less important． The community is relatively(73) rather than open to the

outsiders． Ways of solving The division of classes is made and students are well(74) ． the problems Individual schedules and lesson plans are(75) by each team． A strong(76) between teacher and student is established through combining teams and looping． Signs of 72 percent of the eighth-graders(78) Maine's reading standard (77) (79)percent higher than the state average in maths the school beating the state average in writing and science four of the previous five years(80) at least 20 percent test gains

（二十二）

There are some very good things about open education. This way of teaching allows the students to develop their own interests in many subjects. Open education allows students to be responsible for their own education. Some students do badly in traditional classrooms. The open classroom may allow them to enjoy learning. Some students will be happier in an open education school. They will not have to worry about grades or rules.

But many students will not do well in an open classroom. For some students, there are too few rules. These students will do little in school. They will not make good use of open education. Because open education is so different from traditional education, these students may have a problem of getting used to making so many choices. For many students it is important to have some rules in the classroom. They worry about the rules even when there are no rules. Even a few rules will help this kind of students. The last point about open education is that some traditional teachers do not like it. Many teachers do not believe in open education. Teachers who want to have an open classroom may have many problems at their school.

You now know what open education is. Some of its good points and bad points have been explained. You may have your own opinion about open education. The writer thinks that open education is a good idea, but only in theory. In actual fact, it may not work very well in a real class or school. The writer believes that most students, but of course not all students, want some structure in their classes. They want and need to have some rules. In some cases, they must be made to study some subjects. Many students are pleased to find subjects they have to study interesting. They would not study those subjects if they did not have to.

Title: Open Education Definition Open education is a way of teaching which allows students to

learn what they are (72)______________ in without many rules. ? Open education enables students to realize they are learning for (73) _______________, not for others. Advantages ? In open classrooms, many students don’t need to be (74) _________of grades or rules. ? Some students find (75) _________ happiness in open classrooms compared with traditional classrooms. ? Many students cannot prove themselves as (76)__________ in open classrooms as in traditional classrooms. Disadvantag? There are so many choices for students to (77) _________ that es they can’t use open education properly. ? Some teachers are not in (78) _________ of such way of teaching The writer’s ? Open education is just (79) ____________, but in a real class (71) or school it is not so good. __________ ? The (80) ___________ of students want some structure in to open their classes. education （二十三）

A smart card is a card that is carried with either a microprocessor and a memory chip or only a memory chip that is not programmable. The microprocessor card can add. delete, and deal with the information on the card, while a memory-chip card can only do one thing.

Smart cards, unlike magnetic stripe cards, can do many different things and hold a lot of information. In this way, they do not need to get information from a faraway place when they are used.

Today, there are several kinds of smart cards, all of which are very popular in the market:

IC (Integrated Circuit) Microprocessor Cards Microprocessor Cards (chip cards) offer a larger memory and better security than the traditional magnetic stripe cards do. Chip cards can also hold data. These cards are used for many things. Thus, chips have been the main platform for cards that hold a secure digital identity. Some examples of these cards are: Cards that hold money.

Cards that provide safe access to a network.

Cards that allow setting stop boxes on televisions to remain safe from privacy. Optical Memory Cards Optical memory cards look like cards with a piece of CD on the top. Optical memory cards can store up to 4MB of data. But once written, the data can not be changed or removed. Thus, this type of card is good for keeping records, such as medical files, driving records or travel histories. Today, these have no processors in them (although this is coming in the near future). While the cards are almost as cheap as chip cards, the card readers are expensive.

Title: (1)_______________cards Types (3)________________ Disadvantages Similarities IC Chip Cards A larger memory & Not mentioned Popularity Better (4)___________ Large (10) Hold data ____ Low cost of Optical Store much data (8)________ data cards (2)___________ Good for (5)_________ No processors cards Drivers and (6)_______ Expensive card to keep records (9)___________ (7)_______ not much

（二十四）

At the beginning of the twentieth century, many people thought that the American family was falling apart. A century later, we know that this was not the case. However, although the family is still alive in the United States, its size and shape were very different 100 years ago.

In the late 1800s and early 1900s, there were mainly two types of families in the United States: the extended and the nuclear. The extended family usually includes grandparents, parents, and children living under the same roof. The nuclear family consists of only parents and children.

Today there are many different kinds of families. Some people live in “traditional” families, that is, a stay-home mother, a working father, and their own biological children. Others live in two-paycheck families, single-parent families, adoptive or foster, families, blended families (where men and women who were married before marry again and combine the children from previous marriages into the new families），child less families, and so on.

What caused the structure of the family to change? In the early 1900s the birthrate began to fall and the divorce rate began to rise. Women were suddenly choosing to go to college and take jobs outside the home. In the 1930s and 1940s, many families faced serious financial, or money problems during the Great Depression, when many people lost their jobs. During World War II（1939-1945)，5 million women were left alone to take care of their homes and their children. Because many men were at war, thousands of these \outside their home.

During the next ten years, the situation changed. There were fewer divorces, and people married at a younger age and had more children than the previous generation. It was unusual for a mother to work outside the home during the years when her children were growing tip. Families began leaving cities and moving into single-family homes in the suburbs. The traditional family seemed to be returning.

In the years between 1960s and 1990s, there were many important changes in the structure of the family. From the 1960s to the early 1970s, the divorce rate doubled and the birthrate fell by half. The number of single-parent families tripled, and the number of couples living together without being married doubled again. In fact, the single-parent household, once unusual, has replaced the \

as the typical family in the States. If we can judge from history, however, this will probably change again in the twenty-first century.

The Changes of the American Family

Contexts There were two __2___ types of families in the past, ___3____, Different___1____ the extended and the nuclear. Nowadays __4___types of families can be seen than before. Many of the women had to work outside due to the __6___of In the 1900s and money., thus causing the fall of 1940s __7__and the rise of divorce rate. Changes in Divorce rate slided and there different In the 1950s were more children . The families ___5_____. tended to be ___8___ again. Different types of In the years familes__9____. Traditional between 1960s and families are no longer the 1990s typical ones in America. A trend worth noting Author’s The present structure is ___10____; it will opinion on experience changes again in the near future. changes

（二十五）

Some people believe that greed and selfishness has become the basis of modern society, and we should return to the old traditions of family and community then we will have a better life. To what extent do you agree or disagree with the above opinion?

In this fast-paced world, many values are undergoing major changes. While people traditionally prioritize caring, sharing and generosity in life and work, modern people seem to be more self-absorbed and self-concerned.

Main comparisons

Modern people act selfishly to survive the harsh competition of life. They say that it is a jungle out there. To survive, you have to fight with whatever means that come handy. Obviously greedy and selfishness go perfectly well with such ideas. In a company, employees do everything they can to get better pay and higher position, even at the cost of colleagues. We are in any way advocating any selfish conduct. It is just that people are pressured to act in a certain way due to outside influences. In spite of common practice, it is hard to conclude that modern society is built on greed and selfishness, both of which are not newly invented vocabulary. In ancient times people also did greedy and selfish things though such behaviors were more condemned then. But we can not ignore the fact that people in the past lived a relatively more isolated life and faced less pressure compared with their modern counterparts.

Are we happier to share with others and be generous to them? There is no fixed answer either. Some people take great pleasure helping and giving to others while others feel happy doing the opposite. But I personally think that people should not be too selfish. Caring for others can actually encourage the development of a mutually beneficial relationship.

In conclusion, modern people appear to be more self-centered than those in the past due to strong outside pressure. However, we should encourage people to know the importance of being caring and generous and to build a mutually beneficial relationship with others.

Are Modern People Becoming More Selfish?

Main comparisons __1__ are changing Contexts In the past people put caring, sharing and generosity in the first ____2____. Nowadays, people seem to be more ____3____about themselves. People in the past appeared to be modest and self-effacing(谦让的). People may strive to achieve their own __5___ at the price of their coworkers. ___4___are changing too.

The author’s understanding ___6____ for the changes in Fierce __7___ and great __8___on author’s eyes modern people may be responsible for the changes. The author’s ___9____towards topic A relationship which can ___10___ two sides should be established. （二十六）

Traditionally, customers may consider more about what they buy the product for. However, the image of product and the consuming circumstance have become the key points to attract customer awareness and stimulate their buying needs. Frequently, customers buy goods just because they are cute, lovely and unique. With a less emphasis on functional utilities, the experience and imaginative space are placed into an increasingly important role. The image of product is emphasized, as well as the communication between products and consumers. “Customer behavior, which appears to be focused and directed at the object and at pleasure, in fact responds to quite different objectives: displaced expression of desire, and the production of a code of social values through the use of differential signs”(Baudrillard) . The reason for image-oriented customer behavior is probably that customers’ lifestyle has been continuously virtualized by paying much attention to “Virtual Reality”. The evidences can be traced from computer games and Hollywood movies, in which customers’ preference for fleeing reality is perfectly matched.

This change requires us to take efforts to enhance product image by integrating style, color, taste, shape and material, and communicate with customers creatively, imaginatively and innovatively, and enable them to enjoy the distinctive experience image brings. “*A+ need is not a need for a particular object as much as it is a ‘need’ for difference” ( Baudrillard). The typical example is Apple Computer’s IMAC, which has strong visual impact and outstanding dynamics. By this way, customer relationship can be set up through image, and brand can be treated as living that can transform people. Other examples commonly used are Disney Fairyland and Las Vegas, where new experience and imagination are fully demonstrated. In sum, consumption is negotiation, a never-ending conversation held in the languages of advertising, packaging, branding, fashion, and entertainment.

More Attention to the Image of Product

Contexts In the past, people think more about the __2__of the goods. Different aspects ____1____about by People today are more easily people when they are shopping. ___3____by the ___4___ of product and the buying atmosphere. Main comparisons

Traditionally, producers may focus more on the functional utilities of goods. Different ____5__ to promote sales Nowadays, product image should be __6___and there should be more effective ___7____with customers. More details worth noticing Influenced by computer games and Hollywood movies, people’s ___9____is virtualized. ___10_____are given to prove the Apple Computer’s IMAC/ Disney importance of image Fairyland/ Las Vegas

The___8___ for image-centered behaviour 高考英语任务型阅读高频率单词 一.名词(可数名词或以复数形式出现)

cause 原因

effect结果,影响,效果 process过程 process过程

consequence结局,后果 development进展.发展 process过程 clue线索

explanation解释,说明 comparison比较 example例子 sample样品 point论点,要点 focus焦点

argument议论,论据,理由 solution解决办法,答案

evidence证据,物证 description 描述 instruction说明,指令,指示 connection联系,连接 conclusion结论 judgement判断(力) proof证据,证明 analysis分析

fact事实 reason理由 excuse借口 procedure程序,手续 step步骤w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m method(way)方法

measure措施 means方法,手段,工具

program(me)节目单,议程,计划日程 progress进步 proposal提议,建议 suggestion建议 proportion比例 part组成部分,零件 message口信,短信,旨意 information信息,消息 material材料,素材 detail细节,详情 purpose目的,意图 goal目的,目标

advantage优势,长处,有利条件 disadvantage不利条件

equipment设备instrument器材

situation形势,局势condition条件,状况,形势view观点,见解 attitude态度 destination目的地 route路线,航线 course过程,经过.课程 subject科目,学科 direction方向

directions用法,指示,说明书 tips提示,建议 number数目 figure数字,形状,图形 organization组织

structure结构,构造 function功能 principle原理,原则 institute团体,机构 announcement通知,公告 features特征 measurement计量 state状态,形态 shape形态 size大小,尺寸,型号 height高度 weight重量 length长度 width宽度 depth深度

amount(quantity)数量 quality质量

type, variety，sort,kind类型,种类 form形式

style风格,款式,式样 businessman商人 manager经理

nationality民族,国籍 w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.msex性别 male男性 female女性

occupation(job)职业,工作 profession职业 address地址

location位置,场所,方位

position位置,方位,地位,身份,职位 staff职员 scene场面,现场 spot场所,地点 climate气候

surroundings周围环境 scenery风景,景色 landscape风景,地貌 interests兴趣 hobbies业余爱好 preference偏爱(物),喜好

sense感觉,感受,意识 w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.mfeeling感觉,感情 affection情感,爱情 emotion情绪,情感 passion激情,热情 expectation期待,希望 intention意图,打算 action动作,行动 behaviour举止,行为,习惯 nature自然,天性,本性,性质 character性格 characteristic特征 memories回忆,往事 degree度数,程度,等级学位 grade年级,成绩,评语 mark分数,成绩 content内容,目录 items项目,条目 experience经历,经验

times(ages)时代,时期 period(一段)时期,时间 partner合作者,伙伴 relative亲戚,亲属 courage勇气,胆量 pressure压力

discouragement灰心,气馁 discovery发现,被发现之事 supplies供应(品) offers提供,出价 income收入 expense开支,开销,花费 export(s)出口(商品) import(s)进口(商品) rate税率,费率 tax税 price价格 cost(s)代价,价格,成本 profit利润 loss亏损

product产品,产量 production生产,产品 consumption消费 consumer消费者 customer顾客 complainant投诉者

demand 要求w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.mcomplaints 投诉 conflict 冲突，矛盾 settlement 解决

treatment 处理，治疗 events重大事件 influence影响(力 ) significance意义 achievement成就 difference差异 similarity相似,相同 agreement意义一致 disagreement分歧 usage用法 caution注意(事项) demand要求 reply回答,回复 ability能力 possibility可能性 attempt尝试 experiment试验 average平均数 total总计,总数 speed速度

frequency频率w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m disaster灾难 survivor幸存者 rescue营救,救助 prevention预防(方案) damages损失,损害

deaths死亡(事例) flood洪水,水灾 drought旱灾 population 人口 employment就业

unemployment失业,失业率,失业人数 survey调查 data数据,资料 strategy策略 policy政策

applicant申请者,应征者,志愿者 volunteer志愿者,自愿参加者 organizer组织者 participant参与者 tradition传统 religion宗教 stage阶段,舞台 level水平 fault缺点,毛病 feature特征

range范围,(价格,气温等变化)幅度 subhealthy 亚健康 resources 资源

source 源头，来源，出处 reaction 反应

二、动词(或以动名词,过去式形式出现)

increase增加 decrease降低,下降

reduce减少

remove除掉,移去,转移

absorb吸收 release释放 measure测量 weigh称......(重) sort 分类 rise上升 drop下降 win取胜,赢

lose失去,输掉(比赛等) attract吸引

imagine想象w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m rebuilt重建 invent发明 discovery 发现 create创造 found建立,成立 form形成,养成

develop培养,开发 change改变 reform改革

cover覆盖,采访,涵盖 record记录 break破坏,打破 destroy破坏,毁掉 damage损坏 ruin毁灭 spread传播,扩散 broadcast广播 inform通知 announce宣布,通报 expand扩展,扩大 strengthen加强 settle 解决，平息 w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m三.形容词/副词

successful成功的 satisfied满意的 disappointed失望的

essential基本的，不可或缺的，重要的 natural自然的 man-made人造的 artificial人工的,人造的 imaginary想象的 considerable可考虑的 considerate体贴的

possible可能的 potential潜在的 positive积极的,正面的 negative消极的负面的 wide宽的 broad宽阔的 narrow窄的

physical身体的,体力的 mental精神的,心理的 physically在身体方面,

mentally从身体上，在精神(心理)上 healthy健康的 disabled残疾的 terrible可怕的 horrible恐怖的,可怕的 surprising令人惊讶的 astonishing令人吃惊的 amazed感到惊讶的 scared害怕的

nervous(upset)紧张的（不安定） comfortable舒适的 relaxed放松的 miserable悲惨的 lovely可爱的

naughty淘气的,顽皮的

accessible(easygoing)容易相处的,平易近人的w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m arbitrary固执的,武断的 ancient古代的 modern现代的 cultural文化的

historical历史的 national全国性的 personal个人的 private私人的,私立的 public公共的

convenient方便的,便捷的

available可利用的,有空的,可得到的 extremely及其,非常 frequently经常,频繁地 strictly严格地 fiercely剧烈地

cautiously小心地,谨慎地 casually随意地,不拘小节地 home 家,国内 abroad 国外 optimistic乐观的 pessimistic悲观的

permanent 永久的，不变的 temporary 临时的，暂时的 regular 固定的，定期的

四、短语词汇

travel agent 旅行代理人w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m travel agency 旅行社

employment agency 职业介绍所 advertising agent广告代理商 possible solutions 可能的解决办法 application form 申请表 mental disorder 精神错乱 mental trouble/problem 心理障碍 crime rates 犯罪率 public opinion 舆论 a speed limit 速度限制

financial/economic crisis 金融/经济危机 economic growth 经济增长 national economy 国民经济 economic stimulus bill经济刺激方案 essential qualification 必备的资格 reasonable price合理的价格 attractive price 诱人的价格 issue price 发行价格

promotion ambassador 形象大使

promotion campaign 推广活动，促销活动 traditional activities 传统活动

tip-top talent 拔尖人才w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m talents exchange 人才交流 talent bank/ brain bank 人才库 reserve of talents人才储备 brain drain 人才流失

the personnel market 人才市场 on-the-job training 岗位培训 white heat 白热化

white paper 白皮书

the global economic slowdown 全球经济下滑/放缓 issue of common concern共同关心的问题 space tourism 太空游 junk e-mail 垃圾邮件

anti-virus software 防病毒软件 separate waste collection 垃圾分类收集 cheer-leader / rooter king 拉拉队长 marathon campaign 马拉松式竞选活动 refugee camp 难民营

engage in writing 爬格子，潜心写作 recycled paper 再生环保纸

instant food; convenience food 方便食品 environment-friendly battery 环保电池 environment-friendly car环保汽车 chief justice 大法官 visiting scholar 访问学者 job hunter 求职者

attached middle school附属中学

white agriculture 白色农业w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m disaster-affected area受灾地区 accompanying satellite 伴飞卫星 return satellite返回式卫星 air defense force防空部队 sample survey 抽样调查 viewing rate 收视率 coverage rate 覆盖率 regional cooperation 区域合作 geological disaster 地质灾害 generation gap 代沟

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