计算机专业英语复习资料(二)

计算机专业英语复习资料（二）

1. How many layers does the ISO/OSI mode have? (seven )

2. External devices are linked to a small computer system through (interfaces ).

3.CPU has only two fundamental sections: the arithmetic and logic unit and (the control unit ).

4. Objected-based logic models are used for (describing data at the conceptual and view levels)

5. arithmetic and logic unit executes instructions

6. Which is an simply the application of internet technology within an internal or closed group? ( intranet)

7． CD-ROM belongs to (optical laser disk )

8. A collection of conceptual tools for describing data, data relationships, data semantics and data

constraints is a (data model )

9.The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)reference model is based on a proposal developed by ( ISO )

10. The software that allows one or many persons to use and/or modify this data is a (DBMS )

11. The physical components of a computer are collectively called (hardware ).

1. 12.. The most popular processor interconnection topology is the (hypercube ).

13. The part of an instruction that tells the processor what to do is the (operand ).

14. The part of an instruction that tells the processor what to do is the (operation code ).

15.The permanently useful data is stored in ( the ROM )

16. The interference that distorts electronic signals transmitted over a distance is called (noise ).

17. All functions in spreadsheets start with (an equal sign).

18. An E-mail server can be considered as a (powerful operating system)

19. A programming technique that allows you to view concepts as a variety of objects is called (object oriented programming )

21. A program instruction or a piece of data is stored in a specific primary storage location called an (address )

22. A bus that is used to control the access to and the use of the data and address bus is called (control bus)

23. A location in memory is accessed by its (address).

24. A small piece of code that can be transported over the Internet and executed on the recipient’s machine. The sentence describes (applet)

25. An E-mail server can be considered as a (high-configuration computer ) .

26. A protocol is a set of (regulations).

27. Which networks usually span tens of kilometers?( Metropolitan area )

28. A computer system has input, output, storage, and (CPU ).

29. All Intranet related documents are written in ( HTML )

30. The WWW is based on which of the following standards? (client-server model )

31. WWW stand for World Wide Web

32. All functions in spreadsheets start with (an equal sign ).

33. Programmers write (source code ).

34. Primary storage provides the CPU with temporary storage for programs and data

35. When a CPU needs the data to operate, it goes where first? (the cache ).

36. When hypertext pages are mixed with other media, the result is called(hypermedia )

37. The ―brain‖ of a computer system is (CPU )

40. What does a worksheet mean? (a working area framed by letters and numbers )

41. Before typing in any data, a user needs to (select the cell).

42. A computer system has four parts, they are output, storage, processing components and (input )

43. Another name for primary storage is (RAM ).

45. The basic output device on a small computer is a (display screen ).

46. To prevent user programs from interfering with the proper operation of the system, the hardware was modified to create two models: (User mode and monitor mode )

47. A data model is a collection of conceptual tool for describing (data, data relationship, data semantics, data constraints )

48. What kind of computer would apply several instructions to each datum it fetches form memory? (MISD )

49. What is a computer program? (a set of instructions )

50．A communication pathway connecting two or more devices is a (channel )

51. How many basic units do today's digital computers consist of? ( 4 )

52. LCD is based on TFT

53. Optical laser disk includes CD-ROM, magneto-optical disk and (WORM disk )

54. A special type of primary storage which cannot be altered by the programmer is called (ROM )

55. A list of protocols used by a certain system , one protocol per layer, is called a (protocol stack )

56. The realization of the mobile internet relies on a new set of standards ,known as the (WAP )

57. What does A worksheet mean? (an EXCEL program )

58. How many different types of Entity relationships are there?( 4 )

59. What kind of computer would apply one instructions to each datum it fetches form memory? (SISD )

60．Cache memory is employed by computer designers to increase computer system (throughput )

61. The Central Processor has only two fundamental sections (the control unit and the arithmetic and logic unit)

62. The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model is based on a proposal developed by (ISO ).

63. The basic output device on a small computer is a (display screen ).

64. How many parts are there in URL? (3 )

65. All Intranet related documents are written in (HTML )

66. A computer system has five parts, they are input, output, processing components , control unit and (storage ).

67. What does HTTP stand for? (Hypertext Transfer Protocol )

68．How many record-based logical models are widely used ?( 3 )

69. How many different types of Entity relationships are there?( 4 )

70. Normally, how long does a user need to wait until his/her E-mail account is ready if he/she applies for it from an ISP ? (no time )

71. A bus that is used to designate the source or destination of the data on the data bus is called ( address bus )

72. . Output devices don’t include (scanner )

73.What does IC stand for? (Intelligent Circuit )

74.The software which acts as an interface between a user of a computer and the computer hardware is (operating system )

75.The protocol which downloads files free of charge from thousands of computers around the globe is (FTP protocol )

76. Output devices don’t include (mouse )

77. Data and program instructions are stored in (memory ).

78. How many main categories of optical laser disks are there? (3 )

79. A protocol is a set of (regulations ).

80. What is a set of programs that manipulate encoded knowledge to solve problems in a specialized domain that 81.normally requires human expertise? (Expert system )

82.. How many layers does the TCP/IP layering model have? (5 )

83.. Another name for primary storage is (RAM ).

84. How many basic operating system types are there? (3 ).

85.Which one can be rewritten? (U-DISK )

86.If an object inherits its attributes from a single parent, it is called(single inheritance )

87. The ―brain‖ of a computer system is (CPU )

88. How many classes are the data models divided into?( 3 )

89. What does the WWW stand for? (World Wide Web )

90. A computer system has five parts, they are input, output, storage, control unit and (processing components ).

91.The way each object combines its member data and member functions into a single structure is called (Encapsulation )

92. The standard query language of relational database is (SQL )

93. Creating the database and its table structure uses ( data definition )

94. LCD is based on which of the following? (TFT )

1.class hierarchy类层次

2.XML可扩展标记语言

3.Intranet内部网

4.data bus数据总线

5.Operating system操作系统

6.CAD计算机辅助设计

7.Neural Networks 神经网络

8. topology analysis拓扑分析

9.ADO ActiveX数据对象

10. multiprogramming 多道程序设计

11. ODBC 开放数据库互连

12.VR 虚拟现实

13.cache memory 高速缓冲存储器

14.FTP文件传输协议

15.system bus系统总线

16. GUI 图形用户界面

17.ROM只读存储器

18.object-oriented programming面向对象编程

19.virtual reality虚拟现实

20.主存 (Main memory )

21.调制解调器 (modem )

22.可编程只读存储器 (PROM )

23. off-line operation 脱机操作

24.客户端/服务器 (Client/Server )

25.多媒体 (Multimedia )

26.虚函数 (virtual function )

27. neural network 神经网络

28..VDT 视频显示终端

29.EDI 电子数据交换

30.CAM 计算机辅助制造

31. RDBMS 关系型数据库管理系统

32.database数据库

33.RAM随机存储器

34.工具条 ( toolbar )

35.统一资源定位符 ( URL )

36.统一资源标识符 ( URI )

37.人工智能 ( Artificial Intelligence )

38. KDD 数据库中的知识发现

39.面向对象 (Object Oriented )

40.图形用户接口 (Graphical user interface )

41.中央处理器 ( CPU )

42.计算机网络 ( computer network

43.国际互联网 ( Internet )

44.计算机辅助制造 ( CAM )

45.软件工程 (software engineering)

46.视频压缩 (video compression )

47.算术逻辑部件 ( ALU )

48.计算机应用 (computer application )

49.电子商务 (Electronic Business )

50.虚拟现实 (virtual reality )

51. EJB 企业Java Beans

52.图形用户接口(Graphical user interface )

53.应用编程接口 (API )

54.视频点播VOD

55. memory stick 记忆棒

56.传输控制协议/互联网协议 ( TCP/IP )

57.万维网( WWW )

58.地理信息系统( GIS )

59. RAP 快速应用程序原型技术

60.只读存储器 ( ROM )

61.系统软件 ( system software )

62.磁盘操作系统 (DOS )

63.结构化查询语言 ( SQL )

64.虚拟专用网 ( VPN )

65.开放式系统互联 ( OSI )

66.个人数字助理 (PDA )

67. VLSI 超大规模集成电路

68.带宽 (bandwidth )

69.集成电路 (integrated circuit )

70.结构化编程 (Structured programming )

71.复杂指令集计算机 ( CISC )

72.短信消息服务 ( SMS )

73.PCI 外围设备互连

74.. real time operating system 实时操作系统

75.OODBMS 面向对象的数据库管理系统

76.abstract data type 抽象数据类型

1. CD-R recorders are used to duplicate CDs( T )

2. The system clock is the brain of a computer. ( F )

3. Cache memory is much faster than RAM. ( T )

4. Internet resources are stored on Web servers. ( T )

5. Windows 2000 is the first Windows operating system in a real sense.( F )

6. We can view an operating system as a resource manager. ( T )

7. You can connect 255 devices to a computer by USB. ( F )

8. The single-sided DVD can store 6.5GB of data. ( F )

9. Keyboard and mouse are both the input devices of the computer. ( T )

10. Cache memory is more expensive than RAM.( T )

11. Both the user names and the passwords must be unique for E-mail accounts.( F

12. ALU is one of the components of CPU.( T )

13. JAVA is a Object-Oriented programming language.( T )

14. You can connect 120 devices to a computer by USB. ( T)

15. PROM is the abbreviation of portable read –only memory. ( F )

16. Buffering is an approach to improving system performance. (T )

17. Microsoft Windows 2000 is an operating system of the computer. ( T )

18. PCI is a popular low-bandwidth bus. ( F )

19. Printer is the input device of the computer. ( F )

20. The system clock sends out pulses regularly. ( T )

21. FTP is a protocol of the computer network. ( T )

22. HTTP stands for High Transportation Port. ( F )

23. A cache runs as fast as a RAM. ( F )

24. CPU has only one fundamental section: the control unit. ( F ) )

25. Hard disks and floppies operate in different ways. ( F )

26. Cache memory is much faster than RAM. ( T )

27. VDT stands for video display terminal. ( T )

28. System bus provides a path for moving data between system modules. ( F )

29. CD-ROM stands for compact disk read-only memory. ( T )

30. The single-sided DVD can store 6.5GB of data. ( F )

31. Buffering is an approach to improving system performance. ( T )

32. WWW stands for World Wide Web. ( T )

33. There 3 main categories of optical laser disks: CD-ROM, DVD and VCD. ( F )

34. You can connect 255 devices to a computer by USB. ( F )

35. JAVA is a Object-Oriented programming language. ( T )

36. An OS is the software which acts as an interface between a user and a computer. ( T )

37. Buffering is an approach to improving system performance. ( T )

38. Microsoft SQL server 2000 is an operating system of the computer. ( F )

39. Microsoft Office 2003 is operating system software. ( F )

40. FTP is a protocol of the computer network. ( T )

41. The Web browser is used to display the data stored on the Internet. ( T )

42. PCI is a popular low-bandwidth bus. (F )

43. A buffer's capacity is low and price is high, and it runs as fast as a RAM. ( F )

44. Primary storage provides CPU with temporary storage for programs and data. (T)

45. The wide of the bus is also called the "word length". ( T )

46. The single-sided DVD can store 6.5GB of data. ( F )

47. A CPU includes the ALU and the controller. ( T )

48. MS-DOS refers to Microsoft Disk Operating System. ( T )

49. CD-R recorders are used to duplicate CDs ( T )

50. You can connect 255 devices to a computer by USB. ( F )

51. Cache memory is much faster than RAM. ( T )

52. Printer is the I/O device of the computer. ( T )

53. DVD provides CPU with temporary storage for programs and data. (F )

54. JAVA is a structured programming language. ( F )

55. C is an Object-Oriented programming language. ( F )

56. Internet resources are stored on Web servers. ( T )

57. You can connect 127 devices to a computer by USB. ( T )

58. MS Office 2000 is the first Windows operating system in a real sense. ( F )

59. We can view an operating system as a output hardware. ( T )

60. PDA is one of the components of CPU. ( F )

61. The single-sided DVD can store 6.5GB of data. (F )

62. Keyboard and mouse are both the input devices of the computer. ( T )

63. Cache memory is less expensive than RAM.( F )

64. The user name must be unique for E-mail accounts. ( T )

65. ALU is one of the components of CPU. ( T )

66. Keyboard and mouse are both the input devices of the computer. ( T )

67. PCI is a popular low-bandwidth bus. ( F )

68. The single-sided DVD can store 6.5GB of data. ( F )

69. You can connect 255 devices to a computer by USB. ( F )

70. We can view an OS as a resource manager. ( T )

71. Windows 95 is the first Windows operating system in a real sense. ( T )

72. CD-R recorders can be used to duplicate CDs( T )

73. Microsoft Office 2003 is an operating system software. ( F )

74. WWW stands for World Wide Web. ( T )

75. Buffering is an approach to improving system performance. ( T )

76. PROM is the abbreviation of portable read –only memory. ( T )

77. ROM is the abbreviation of read of memory. ( F )

78. Hard disk provides CPU with temporary storage for programs and data. (F )

79. MS-DOS is a Object-Oriented programming language. ( F )

80. OS is the software which acts as an interface between a user and a computer. ( T )

81. MS Windows 2000 is a hardware component of computer. ( F )

82. FTP is not a protocol of the computer network. ( F )

83. C++ language is a structured programming language. ( F )

84. Linux is an operating system. ( T )

85. To format a floppy means that magnetic areas are created. ( T )

86. A scanner belongs to the output device. ( F )

87. URL is used to locate Internet resources. ( T )

88. E-mail is a method of sending and receiving messages on the Internet. ( F )

89. HTML is used to write Web pages.( T)

90. CD-Rrecorders are used to duplicate CD( T )

91. XML is used to write Web pages.( F )

92. The CPU is the brain of a computer( T )

93. Cache memory is as fast as RAM. ( T )

94. C++ language is a structured programming language.( F )

95. Linux is an operating system. ( T )

96. HTTP is used to locate Internet resources. ( F )

97. PCI is abbreviation of peripheral component interconnect.( T )

98. A U-disk belongs to the output device.( T )

99. E-mail is a method of sending and receiving messages on the Internet. ( F )

1. is sometimes called lightweight process.

2. collection.

3. A is a program that is designed to check an entire computer system for known viruses

or suspicious activity.

4. is a list of items that are accessible at only one end of the list.

5. is the integration of IT and particularly the Internet into business processes to

change organizations and create new ones.

3. Cache memory is employed by computer designers to increase the computer system of system resources and allocates them to specific programs and users as necessary for their tasks.

can be categorized as either CSMA/CD or full-duplex repeaters.

6. carrier frequencies to allow independent signals to travel through a medium.

7. The is a graphical language for visualizing , specifying ,

constructing , and documenting the artifacts of a software-intensive system.

8. uses a set of commands to explore the database contents and allows the user to convert the raw data

into useful information.

9. Another important object-oriented concept that relates to the class hierarchy is that common messages can be sent to the is an object , which can be uniquely distinguished from other objects.

6.Remote teleworkers also have the option to have an ISDN line installed to their home or office , linking them to the is given a name , which is followed by the list of arguments.

information.

13.The MAC sublayer defines the Carrier Sense Multiple Access protocol , which made Ethernet famous.

14.Pages are viewed with a .

15. An expert system’ sources and coded in a form suitable for the system to use in its inference or reasoning processes.

manage the devices used to exchange information between applications and users.

are similar to the functions of procedure-oriented programming.

or pattern for creating objects.

section of a class limits the availability of data or methods to the class itself.

is intermediate between EPROM and EEPROM in bith cost and functionality.

in object-oriented programming allows a class to inherit properties from a class of objects.

21.The is based on a perception of a real world which consists of objects called entities and relationships among these objects.

22.Linux is an , which acts as a communication service between the hardware and the software of a computer system.

provides a pool of jobs which have been read and waiting to be run.

uses a set of commands to enter , correct , delete , and update data within the database tables.

.

observed that the number of transistors that could be put on a single chip was doubling every year and 27. , each one built upon the one below it.

28.correctly predicted that this pace would continue into the near future.

1． In each of these statements , there is a list of individuals , which is given by the argument list , together with phrases that describe certain relations among or properties of the individuals mentioned in the argument list.

在每个陈述中有一个用变元表给出的个体表，以及描述变元表中那些个体间的关系或性质的一些短语。

2. Another reason commonly given that languages like Lisp, TCL, and Smalltalk are good for prototyping is that they don’t require you to pin down decisions early on------ these languages are semantically rich.

一般认为像Lisp、TCL和Smalltalk这样一些语言十分适合于原型法的另一理由，是因为它们不要求你受早期决定的约束-----这些语言的语义是很丰富的。

3.We have systems which can see well enough to ―recognize‖ objects from photographs , video cameras and other sensors. 现在有些系统的视觉好得足以“识别”照片上、摄象机和其他传感器拍摄得图像上得物体。

4. In the meantime , the lure of a cheaper and easier-to-maintain intranet infrastructure brought about by the use of a relatively standard Web client has many IS managers enthusiastic about using Web browsers.

同时，在通过使用比较报纸的Web客户机而带来的较便宜、较易维护的内部网基础设施的诱惑下，许多信息系统的经理对使用Web浏览器很热情。

5. Work parts are automatically loaded at central locations on to the handling system and are routed to the proper machine tools.

工作部件被自动地装在处理系统的中心位置，并经由指定路线传送给适当的机床。

6.In each of these statements , there is a list of individuals , which is given by the argument list , together with phrases that describe certain relations among or properties of the individuals mentioned in the argument list.

在每个陈述中有一个用变元表给出的个体表，以及描述变元表中那些个体间的关系或性质的一些短语。

7. Even though one can argue that all programs exhibit some degree of intelligence , an AI program will go beyond this in demonstrating a high level of intelligence to a degree that equals or exceeds the intelligence required of a human in performing some task.

即使有人可能争辩说，所有程序都显示出某种程度得智能，但AI程序将超过它，AI程序表现出高的智能等于或超过了人在完成某个任务中所需的智能。

8.Geographic information systems are one of the fastest growing business applications and later this decade may be as common as word processing software and spreadsheet applications.

地理信息系统是发展最快的事物应用软件之一，这十年后期它会像字处理软件和电子表格应用软件一样普及。

9. Warehouse data is often gathered from sources throughout an enterprise , including different applications , databases ,

and computer systems , and is likely to be fragmented and inconsistent.

数据仓库数据经常是从整个企业的各种来源收集的，包括不同的应用、数据库与计算机系统等，因而可能是支离破碎和不一致的。

10. To transport a CAD system running in one operating system to another operating system is not as trivial as recompiling the software.

把在一个操作系统上运行的CAD移植到另一个不同的操作系统上，并不像重编译该软件那样简单。

11.All users see the same image; thus, other team members view the scene from an incorrect perspective with the resulting distortion depending upon differences in location within the immersive room.

所有用户看到的是同一个图像；因而，小组其他一些成员从不恰当的视点观察该景象，所产生的失真取决于在沉浸室内位置上的差异。

12.A handheld’s constraints（局限性） mean that it’s usually impossible to directly port a desktop application to a wireless handheld device. For the same reasons, it’s difficult to directly access most Web sites with a handheld device. Web applications are traditionally designed based on the assumption that visitors will have a desktop computer with a large screen and a mouse. 手持设备的局限性意味着它通常不能直接把台式应用程序移植到无线手持设备上，出于同样的理由，用手持设备直接访问多数Web站点也很困难。Web应用程序传统上是基于访问者拥有带大屏幕和鼠标的台式计算机这样的假设而设计的。

13.A new concept called the Storage Area Network(SAN)（存储区域网络）could offer an answer to the increasing amount of data that needs to be stored in an enterprise network environment. By implementing a SAN, users can offload storage traffic from daily network operations while establishing a direct connection between storage elements and servers.

对需要在企业网络环境中存储数据量越来越大的问题，一种称之为存储区域网络(SAN)的新概念可能提供了一个答案。通过实现一个SAN，用户可以在存储设备与服务器之间建立直接连接的同时，把存储传输负荷从日常网络操作中分出来。

14. A Storage Area Network（SAN，存储区域网） does not need to be a physically separate network, either. It can be a dedicated sub-network, carrying only the business-critical I/O traffic between servers and storage devices. A SAN, for example, would not carry general-purpose traffic such as e-mail or other end-user applications. This type of net avoids the unacceptable trade-offs inherent in a single network for all applications

SAN不需要在物理上是一个单独的网络。它可以是一个专用的子网，只在服务器与存储设备之间传输关键业务I/O信息。例如，SAN不传送通用意义上的信息，如电子邮件或其它最终用户应用程序。这类网络避免了单一网络中固有的不能接受的拆衷

15. Plug and Play(即插即用)——basically a set of PC architecture specifications---is an effort by hardware and software vendors to design intelligence into PCs to handle installation and configuration tasks automatically and without user intervention.

With a plug-and-play system, users can install devices into or remove them from a desktop or mobile PC; dock and undock desktop PCs from a network; and optimally configure the system for different applications without modifying configuration parameters or expansion-card jumper settings.

即插即用——基本上是一组PC机体系结构的规范，是一种由软硬件厂商将智能设计进PC机的工作，以便自动地和无须用户干预地处置安装与配置任务。

有了即插即用系统，用户就能把设备装进或移出台式或移动式PC机，使台式PC机联网或脱网;以及为不同应用最佳地配置系统而无须修改配置参数或扩展卡的跳线装置等。

16.IPV6——the next-generation networking protocol——promises to change the way corporate networks and the Internet work.IPv6 (also referred to as IPng or ,simply,v6)will eliminate some of IPv4's shortcomings that have appeared as a result of the global Internet explosion.IPv6 is a much-needed improvement, promising easier-to-obtain IP addresses, cheaper and faster routing, and such features as quality of service(QOS, 服务质量) and encryption（加密）.

IPv6——下一代的连网协议，有希望改变公司网络和因特网的工作方式。IPv6也叫做IPng，或简称v6，将消除IPv4因全球因特网爆炸性发展而带来的某些缺点。IPv6是一项非常需要的改进，它许诺更容易获得IP地址，更快更便宜建立路由以及具有较好的服务质量(QOS)和加密等特点。

17. RISC processors, because they are software-programmable, provide the flexibility to adapt to the rapidly evolving data communications market. However, they lack ASIC-level performance because of their generalized(归一化的) architectures. ASICs solve the performance problem but can take 12 to 18 months to develop; require scarce, specialized engineering talent to implement; and have fixed functionality. Modifying an ASIC can cost six to nine months in time-to-market and, even worse, can force forklift upgrades on customers who own equipment based on out-of-date silicon(硅).

RISC处理器由于是可编程的，故提供了灵活性，以适应快速发展的数据通信市场。然而，由于它们采用归一化的体系结构，故缺乏ASIC档次的性能。ASIC解决了性能问题，但要花12至18个月时间来开发，并需要不多见的专门工程人才来具体实现，同时具备固定不变的功能性。修改ASIC可能要以推迟6至9个月产品上市的时间为代价。更有甚者，可能强迫拥有基于过时硅电设备的客户升级。

18. Hand-held devices（手持设备） are more limited than desktop computers in several important ways. Their screens are small——perhaps a few inches square or able to display only a few lines of text-and they’re often monochrome instead of color. Their input capabilities are limited to a few buttons or numbers, or entering data takes extra time, as happens with a personal digital assistant’s (PDA) handwriting-recognition capabilities. They have less processing power and memory to work with, and their wireless network connections have less bandwidth and are slower than those of computers hard-wired to fast LANs.

手持设备在多个重要的方面比台式计算机更受限制。它们的屏幕很小——也许只有几平方英寸或者只能显示几行文本信息，它们常常是单色的而不是彩色的。它们的输入功能局限于几个按键或数字键，或者像个人数字助理(PDA)手写体识别功能那样，输入数据要花很长时间，它们所拥有的工作处理能力和内存都较小。比起那些通过计算机硬连线与快速局域网相连的连接，它们的无线网络连接带宽较窄，速度也较慢。

19. Digital subscriber line technology comes in a bewildering variety of flavors, but they all have one thing in common——they use various modulation techniques to turn those plodding "last mile" loops of copper between the customer premises and the telco's(电信公司) central office into high-speed data and voice carriers. Most of the focus has been on ADSL(asymmetric digital subscriber line),which delivers rates of 32 Kbps to 8.192 Mbps downstream, and 32 Kbps to 1.088 Mbps upstream to the network, while providing phone service at the same time on the same line.

数字用户环路(DSL)技术有几种令人疑惑的不同变种，但它们都有一样公共的东西——它们用不同的调制技术，把用户房屋和电话公司的中心局之间低速的"最后一英里"铜线回路变成高速的数据和话音的载体。(人们)注意力多数集中在ADSL(不对称数字用户环路)上，它给出32K至8.192Mbps的下行速度和32K至1.088Mbps的上行速度，同时在同一线路上提供电话服务。

20. But even without a new OS, these features can be utilized. Leveraging Windows' driver model, specialty vendors will offer drivers that can fully exploit these integrated features. Thus providing dramatically improved——or arguably, finally usable-video and speech capabilities. Of course, this Pentium-Windows chasm provides an opportunity for other operating system vendors such as Red Hat and Be Inc. That is assuming that they can react like the Microsoft of old.

但即使没有新的OS，也能利用这些特性。通过利用Windows的驱动程序模型，专业公司将提供全面利用这些内在特性的驱动程序，从而提供戏剧性改进了的——或者还有争议，但最终能使用的视频与语音功能。当然，这场Pentium-Windows的角逐为其它的操作系统公司，如Red Hat公司和Be公司提供了机会。这是假设他们能像过去的微软公司那样工作。

21. Given the relative quickness of software development, one would think that software solutions would lead the computing agenda for many years. But as software delays have become more profound and commonplace, hardware-featured solutions are beginning to offer better solutions than their software counterparts. And given the improving capabilities of hardware development, hardware vendors will become the clear leader in this race.

在假设软件开发较快的情况下，人们会认为软件方案将在计算领域独领风骚许多年，但随着软件开发的延迟变得更严重、更常见，以硬件为特色的方案开始优于同类软件方案。在硬件开发能力得到改进的情况下，硬件厂家将在这场竞赛中明显领先。

22. Linux是不是像Windows那样太大以及需要系统资源太多，以致于不能满足嵌入式系统的约束要求呢？与Windows不同，Linux本来就是模块化的，并且能够很容易缩减成紧缩配置，这种配置几乎与DOS差不多大，甚至能放到一张软盘上。此外，因为Linux源码是免费可用的，所以可以按照独特的嵌入式系统要求改编该操作系统。

这样，并不令人惊奇，开放源代码Linux已经建立了一个新的操作系统开发和支持范例，在那里数以千计的开发人员

继续贡献于不断发展的Linux代码库。此外，几十家面向Linux的软件公司已经出现----它们热切支持那些为建立从工厂自动化到智能设备范围很广的应用系统的开发人员的需求。

Is Linux , like Windows , too large and demanding of system resources to fit the constraints of embedded system? Unlike Windows , Linux is inherently modular and can be easily scaled into compact configurations ,barely larger than DOS ,that can even fit on a single floppy. What’s more, since Linux source code id freely available, it’s possible to customize the OS according to unique embedded system requirements.

It’s not surprising, then, that open source Linux has created a new OS development and support paradigm wherein thousands of developers continually contribute to a constantly evolving Linux code base. In addition, dozens of Linux-oriented software companies have sprung up eager to support the needs of developers building a wide range of applications, ranging from factory to intelligent appliances.

23. 对许多嵌入式系统，为了适应诸如RAM、固态盘、处理机速度，以及功耗的约束，嵌入的Linux的主要任务是，使系统所需的资源最小。嵌入式操作可能需要从一个芯片盘或紧凑闪存固态盘上自举；或者自举和运行在没有显示器和键盘的环境，或经由以太网连接，从远程设备装入应用程序。

现成的小Linux有许多来源，其中有日益增多的面向应用的Linux配置和分发版，这些都被修改成适用于特定的应用。例如路由器、防火墙、互联网/网络设备、网络服务器、网关等。

你也可选择建立你自己喜欢的嵌入式Linux，从一个标准分发版开始，略去不要的模块。虽然如此，还应该考虑从别人的工作配置基础上开始你的工作，因为他们的版本的源码可用于那个目的。最好的是，这种在别人努力的成果上建立系统，在Linux团体中不仅是完全合法的，也被鼓励。

For many embedded systems , the main challenge in embedding Linux is to minimize system resource requirements in order to fit within constraints such as ,RAM solid state disk(SSD), processor speed, and power consumption . Embedded operation may require booting from a DiskOnChip or CompactFlash SSD ; or booting and running without a display and keyboard ; or loading the application from a remote device via an Ethernet LAN connection.

There are many resources of ready-made small foot-print Linux. Included among these are a growing number of application-oriented Linux configurations and distributions that are tuned to specific applications. Some examples are routers, firewalls ,internet/network appliances ,network servers ,gateways ,etc.

You may also opt to create your own flavor of embedded Linux ,starting from a standard distribution and leaving out modules you don’t need. Even so ,you should consider jump-starting your efforts by beginning with someone else’s working configuration ,since the source code of their version will be available for that purpose . Best of all ,this sort of building on the efforts of others in the Linux community is not only completely legal but also encouraged!

24.一个长期目标可以是开发交互式程序变换系统，它帮助程序员把程序并行化并提供反馈和指导。这种想法的问题是半自动化程序变换实现办法仍然是现行研究的对象，甚至对于顺序程序也是。在中期内，导出实际的并行程序的、产品质量变换程序未必可能出现。传统的方法是讲授一些算法，然后用具有明显并行性的程序设计语言明确地表达它们。这很可能是更成功的，特别是因为已知的一些并行算法的主要部分很大，并且在迅速地增长。初步迹象表明，倘若语言与支持工具充分的话，书写并行软件不比书写顺序软件显著地更困难。

A long tem goal could be to develop interactive program transformation systems that assist programmers in parallelizing programs and provide feedback and guidance. The problem with this idea is that the approach of semiautomatic program transformations is still an object of active research, even for sequential programs. In the medium terms, a production-quality transformer for deriving realistic, parallel programs is unlikely to appear. The traditional method of teaching algorithms is likely to be more successful, especially since the body of known parallel algorithms is large and growing rapidly. Initial indications seem to be that writing parallel software is not significantly harder than writing sequential software, provided the languages and support tools are adequate.

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