基于PLC步进电机控制系统的设计

太原理工大学阳泉学院—毕业设计说明书

基于PLC步进电机控制系统的设计

摘要

随着微电子和计算机技术的发展，步进电机的需求量与日俱增，它广泛用于打印机、电动玩具等消费类产品以及数控机床、工业机器人、医疗器械等机电产品中，其在各个国民经济领域都有应用。研究步进电机的控制系统，对提高控制精度和响应速度、节约能源等都具有重要意义。

使转轴步进一个步距角增量，输出角位移与输入脉冲数成正比，转速与输入脉冲频率成正比。步进电机的控制方式简单，属于开环控制，且无累积定位误差，有较高的定位精度，而PLC作为一种工业控制微机，是实现电机一体化的有力工具，因此基于PLC的步进电机控制技术已广泛用于数字定位控制中。本设计将步进电机控制系统用于控制数控机床滑台。

本控制系统的设计，由硬件设计和软件设计两部分组成。其中，硬件设计主要包括步进电机的工作原理、步进电机的驱动电路设计、PLC的输入输出特性、PLC的外围电路设计以及PLC与步进电机的连接与匹配等问题的实现。软件设计包括主程序以及各个模块的控制程序，最终实现对步进电机转动方向及转动速度的控制。本系统具有智能性、实用性及可靠性的特点。

关键词 ：步进电机、PLC、转速控制、方向控制

I

太原理工大学阳泉学院—毕业设计说明书

Stepping motor control system based on PLC

Abstract

With the development of microelectronics and computer technology, the stepper motor is increasing demanded, which is widely used in printers, electric toys and other consumer products, and CNC machine tools, industrial robots, medical equipment and other electrical machinery products, and is applied in the national economy in various fields. Researching of stepper motor control system to improve the control accuracy and response speed, energy conservation is so important.

Stepper motor is a device which will transform electrical pulses into mechanical angular displacement so that Shaft of each pulse to a step angle stepping increment, SO output angular displacement is proportional to the input pulses, speed is proportional to the input pulse speed and speed is proportional to input pulse frequency. Stepper motor control is simple, is open-loop control, and no accumulation of positioning error, a high positioning accuracy,and the PLC as an industrial control computer, is a powerful tool for the integration of the motor, Therefore, the stepper motor control based on PLC technology has been widely used for digital positioning control.

The control system consists of hardware and software design of two parts. Among them, the hardware design includes the working principle of stepper motor, stepper motor drive circuit design, PLC input and output characteristics, PLC and PLC external circuit connection with the stepper motor and matching Problem. Software design, including the main program and each module of the control program, ultimately realizes on the stepper motor rotation direction and rotation speed control This system has the intelligence, practicality and reliability features.

Keywords ：Stepper motor, PLC, speed control, direction control

II

太原理工大学阳泉学院—毕业设计说明书

目录

基于PLC步进电机控制系统的设计 .............................................................................................. I 摘要 .................................................................................................................................................. I Stepping motor control system based on PLC ................................................................................. II Abstract ........................................................................................................................................... II 第一章 绪论 ................................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 PLC的发展及应用前景 ...................................................................................................... 1

1.1.1 可编程控制器（PLC）的发展趋势 .........................................................................................1 1.1.2 可编程控制器（PLC）的应用领域 .........................................................................................1 1.1.3 PLC的应用前景 ........................................................................................................................2

1.2 提出问题 ............................................................................................................................. 2

1.2.1 机床滑台类型及控制 ...............................................................................................................3 1.2.2 本文的工作目的及意义 ...........................................................................................................3 1.2.3 本文的主要目的及意义 ...........................................................................................................4

1.3 系统功能 ............................................................................................................................. 4 第二章 PLC概述 .......................................................................................................................... 5 2.1 PLC的产生与发展 .............................................................................................................. 5

2.1.1 PLC的产生及定义 ....................................................................................................................5 2.1.2 PLC的发展 ................................................................................................................................6

2.2 PLC的特点与功能 .............................................................................................................. 7

2.2.1 PLC的特点 ................................................................................................................................7 2.2.2 PLC的功能 ................................................................................................................................7

2.3 PLC的结构 .......................................................................................................................... 8 2.4 PLC的编程语言 .................................................................................................................. 9

2.4.1 梯形图 .......................................................................................................................................9 2.4.2 语句表 .................................................................................................................................... 11 2.4.3 顺序功能图 ............................................................................................................................ 11

第三章 步进电机概述 ............................................................................................................... 12 3.1 步进电机工作原理 ........................................................................................................... 12 3.2 步进电机的特性 ............................................................................................................... 12 3.3 步进电机的分类 ............................................................................................................... 13 3.4 步进电机驱动器的直流供电电源的确定 ....................................................................... 13

太原理工大学阳泉学院—毕业设计说明书

3.5 步进电机使用时的注意事项 ........................................................................................... 14 3.6 步进电机驱动器的细分原理及一些相关说明 ............................................................... 14 3.7 反应式步进电机 ............................................................................................................... 15 3.8本设计所用步进电机 ........................................................................................................ 18 第四章 总体方案设计 ............................................................................................................... 19 4.1数控滑台的控制方法 ........................................................................................................ 19

4.1.2进给速度控制 ......................................................................................................................... 19 4.1.3 进给方向控制 ........................................................................................................................ 19

4.2 PLC控制系统设计 ............................................................................................................ 19 4.3 PLC控制系统的接地方法 ................................................................................................ 20 4.4步进电机的控制 ................................................................................................................ 20

4.4.1步进电机的起停控制 ............................................................................................................. 20 4.4.2步进电机的加减速控制 ......................................................................................................... 21 4.4.3 步进电机的换向控制 ............................................................................................................ 22

4.5 本章小结 ........................................................................................................................... 22 第五章 数控滑台的设计 ........................................................................................................... 23 5.1总体设计方案的确定 ........................................................................................................ 23 5.2 机械部分设计计算 ........................................................................................................... 23 第六章 设计硬件电路 ............................................................................................................... 36 6.1 硬件电路总体分析 ........................................................................................................... 36 6.2总体设计分析图 ................................................................................................................ 36 6.3电路总体设计 .................................................................................................................... 36 6.4步进电机的驱动电路 ........................................................................................................ 38 第七章 软件设计 ....................................................................................................................... 44 7.1 可编程控制器（PLC）的工作原理 ................................................................................. 44 7.2存储空间的计算 ................................................................................................................ 47 7.3可编程控制器（PLC）提供的编程语言 .......................................................................... 47 7.4 PLC编程中难点介绍 ........................................................................................................ 49

7.4.1驱动电源的特殊性 ................................................................................................................. 49 7.4.2用功能指令构建控制程序的有关问题 ................................................................................. 49

7.5 PLC梯形图 I/O分配表 ................................................................................................... 50

太原理工大学阳泉学院—毕业设计说明书

第8章 GX Developer软件程序模拟运行 .............................................................................. 51 8.1 程序运行图文说明 ........................................................................................................... 51 结论 ............................................................................................................................................... 68 附录 ............................................................................................................................................... 69 1、流程图 ................................................................................................................................. 69 2、控制系统设计步骤 ............................................................................................................. 69 参考文献 ....................................................................................................................................... 71 1、参考资料 ............................................................................................................................. 71 2、参考论文 ............................................................................................................................. 72 外文文献 ....................................................................................................................................... 74 中文翻译 ....................................................................................................................................... 78 致谢 ............................................................................................................................................... 81

本文来源：https://www.bwwdw.com/article/69jd.html