英语语法汇总

第一章 名 词

一、名词的分类：

名词就其词汇意义可分为专有名词和普通名词。普通名词又可分为可数名词和不可数名词。

专有名词：Beijing Smith the United Nations 可数名词 普通名词：

物质名词：water, coal, rice 不可数名词

抽象名词：surprise, honour, help 二、可数名词的复数形式

1．一般情况，直接加-s。 port（港口）→ ports；technique（技术）—techniques 2．以s, x, ch, sh结尾发[s]、[∫]、[t∫]、[dЗ]音的词，加—es bus—buses, box—boxes, bush—bushes

branch—branches，stomach—stomachs（stomach词尾发k，故复数直接加-s） 3．辅音字母+ y，变y为i，加-es university—universities y前为元音字母，直接加-s boy—boys 4．以O结尾加-es hero—heroes O前为元音字母，及部分外来词直接加-s

zoo—zoos radio—radio piano—pianos photo—photos

5．以f或fe结尾，变f或fe为v，再加-es leaf—leaves wife—wives ※以下f结尾单词直接加-s belief—beliefs（信念） roof—roofs（屋顶） proof—proofs（证据） safe—safes（保险柜） chief—chiefs（首领） gulf—gulfs（海湾） 6．不规则名词

man—men, woman—women, foot—feet, tooth—teeth, goose—geese, mouse—mice, child—children, ox—oxen

注1：有些可数名词的单复数相同，要根据上下文的意义来确定其单数还是复数，例如：

sheep 羊 fish 鱼 deer 鹿

means手段，方法 works工厂，作品 series系列

注2：在些可数名词，只有单数形式，但表示复数意义。如果作主语，谓语动词用复数形式。

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个体名词：man, expert, factory

集合名词：audience（观众），class, family

如：cattle 牛 people 人民 police 警察

注3：集合名词既可看作单数（作为整体），也可看作复数（作为集体的各个成员）。

例如：audience（观众） class（班级） family（家庭） group（小组）

Her family is well-known in the region. 她家在该地区是名门望族。

His family are quarrelling severely about the property. 她的家人正在为分财产激烈地争吵。

改错：1. Every possible means have been tried to cure the boy of his illness. A B C D

2. Fish always sells well in the markets because fish contains rich protein, which can build you up.

A

B

C

D

3. Is it the police who is searching the house for a wanted criminal（罪犯）? A B C D 三、不可数名词

物质名词、抽象名词均属不可数名词。前面不能加不定冠词a / an，词尾也不能加—s。

请牢记下列典型的不可数名词。

news 消息 information 信息 advice 忠告，建议 progress 进步，进展 knowledge 知识 weather天气 fun 乐趣 equipment 设备 English 英语 furniture 家具 wealth 财富 damage 损坏

traffic 交通，车辆及行人 baggage / luggage 行李 clothing 衣服，衣着 word 消息，信息 work 工作 homework 家庭作业 housework 家务 改错：

1．What a fun it is to be bathed in sunlight on the beach in summer. A B C D

2．At the thought of gaining such great wealths by printing works of famous writers, he was full of D

joy.

3．What pleasant surprise it is to bring me such a nice gift ! A B C D

4．I feel it great honour to be invited to give advice on your teaching papers. A B C D 5．Word of his sudden death came as shock to us. A B C D

说明1：部分抽象名词可与a（an）连用，此时词义发生变化，表示某种事或人。这

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※

A B C

些词有：surprise, pleasure, shock, honour, help, success等。

当这类词在句中作表语（例3），作宾补（例4）及在介词as之后，词义发生

变化，通常要加a / an。

说明2：paper表示“纸”不可数。表示“报纸、论文、书面作文、试卷、文件、有

价证券”为可数名词。

四、名词的所有格

名词的所有格通常在名词后加—’s构成，用于表示所属关系。用于以下情况： 1）表示有生命的名词

my brother’s car children’s books（儿童读物） students’ rooms 2）表示国家、城市、地域的名词 China’s population Beijing’s weather 3）表示天体、时间、距离、金钱的名词

the moon’s surface ten years’ hard work 十年的辛劳

today’s newspapers 20 dollars’ worth of a stamp 一张价值20美元的邮票 其他无生命的名词通常用“of + 名词”的短语表示所属关系。 the object of the sentence 句子的宾语 the title of the film 影片的名字 五、名词的作用

1）名词在句中可作主语、宾语、表语、宾语补足语。 Mr. Li holds an important position in the government office. 主语 宾语 We elected him monitor of our class. 宾语 宾补

2）名词还作其他名词的前置定语，用于更准确说明某物的用途，性质，组成材料等。 a tea cup 茶杯 a car number 车牌号 a shoe shop 鞋店 a stone bridge 石桥

※※名词作定语必须用单数。man, woman作定语，用单数还是复数由被修饰的

名词的单复数决定。sport作定语，单复数形式均可。 a man teacher 一个男教师 ten women doctors 十个女医生 a sport（s）shirt 运动衫 the arms race 武器竞赛（特例）

选：It is said that the Air Force about $80 million a year. Really a problem, isn’t it ?

A．bird hit cost B．birds hit costs C．bird hits cost D．bird hit costs 本题题义：空军每年因飞鸟撞击飞机造成的损失达大约八千万美元。考查的是名词作定语。名词作定语必须用单数，故可考虑的答案为A、C。又因一年内鸟击飞机事件多次发生，故选C。

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六、学习名词，特别要注意的问题 1）准确把握词义，重视近义词的辩析 选：One of the advantage of living on the top floor of a high rise is that you can get a

good .（2001年上海高考题）

A．sight B．scene C．view D．look 辩析：sight 1.看见 2.视力 3.视野 4.风景

scene 1.（事件发生的）现场2.场面 ; 情景3.景色 4.（拍电影）场景，（舞台）布置

view 1.眺望2.视野 3.风景，景色。

look 1.看 2.神色,表情 looks =appearance外貌

本句意为：住在高层建筑顶层的优越之一，是能清楚眺望到一切。故本题答案为C。 近年来高考试卷非常重视对名词的考查，是重点热点之一。 2）正确掌握名词前冠词的使用规则 选：1. Summer in ________ south of France are for ________ most part dry and sunny. A. /; a

B. the, /

C. /, /

D. the, the

2． Most animals have little connection with animals of different kind

unless they kill them for food. A．the ；a

B．不填 ；a C．the ；the D．不填 ；the

名词练习

1. He is a man of ________ and he has_______ interesting_______ in his life.

A. much experience; a lot of; experiences B. many experiences; much; experience

C. many experience; much; experience D. many experiences; a lot of; experience

2. Perhaps we need to clear away these books to make _______ for our new

students.

A. place B. area C. room D. space 3. If you are driving to the airport, can you give me a _______?

A. hand B. seat C. drive D. lift

4. Being able to speak another language fluently is a great ______ when you are

looking for a job.

A. chance B. importance C. assistant D. advantage 5. The _______ of building the Great Theater ______ only one year.

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A. job; spent B. work; spent C. position, took D. works, took 6. He had run away from home and gone to _______ when he was 16 years old.

A. the sea B. a sea C. seas D. sea

7. Only one third of the people present at the meeting were _________ the new

rules.

A. in favour of B. in agreement of C. in for D. wit the side of 8. Everybody thinks little of the film. In fact, there is no ______ of it being tried

out in the film festival.

A. sign B. use C. possibility D. doubt 9. Can your ________ with you---- money , jewellery, cameras and so on.

A. gifts B. suitcase C. bags D. valuables 10. Students should be encouraged to finish their homework_______.

A. of themselves B. of their own C. for their own D. on their own 11. When he is angry, his _______ stands up on end.

A. head B. uniform C. hair D. skin

12. His letter was so confusing that I could hardly make any ______ of it.

A. explanation B. meaning C. sense D. guess 13. ---Is Mr Smith in? --- No, he’s asked for _______ leave.

A. a two week’s B. a two-week C. a two-week’s D. a two weeks

14. -----______ car crashed into a tree yesterday. They must have been driving too

fast.

---- Every boy and every girl _____ to drive that fast.

A. Tom and Jane’s; wish B. Tom’s and Jane’s ;wishes C. Tom and Jane’s ; likes D. Tom’s and Jane’s ; want

15. ________ Mr Wang has! He almost never remembers where he leaves his

keys.

A. What a poor memory B. What poor memory C. How good a memory D. How poor memory 16. The _____ change of weather may have some _____ his health.

A. sudden; caused B. sudden; effect on C. suddenly; bad results to D. suddenly; effect on

17. Because prices of food and clothing and almost everything else in that country

have steadily gone up the buying _______ of the dollar has gone down. A. energy B. force C. power D. strength

18. _______ of English is helpful if you are devoted to _______ English literature.

A. A good knowledge; study B. A good knowledge ; studying C. Good knowledge; study D. Good knowledge; studying

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The United Nations was set up in 1942. 联合国建于1942年。

The Canterbury Tales was written by Chaucer. 《坎特伯雷故事集》是乔叟写的。 Economics is my major. 经济学是我的主修课程。

7）某些形容词或分词和定冠词the连用表示某类人作主语，谓语用复数。

The sick have been cured and the lost have been found.

病人得到医治，失踪的也已找回来了。

8）由and连接两个单数名词作主语，谓语动词用复数形式。 English and Chinese are quite different languages.

若and并列的主语在意义上指同一个人，同一概念或对立统一的事物，谓语动词用单数。

The manager and secretary is as busy as a bee all day. 那位经理兼秘书整天忙忙碌碌。（两个名词共用一个冠词，指同一个人）

War and peace is a contant theme in history. 战争与和平是历史永恒的主题。（对立统一的一对事物）

9）单复数同形的名词如deer, means；集合名词如family作主语，如何决定谓语动词的单复数，请见第四章冠词。

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Exercise 1 主谓一致

1．I, who your friend, will try my best to help you.

A．be B．am C．is D．are 2．The United States must look out of the rights of citizens. A．its B．their C．ours D．us

3．So far as I know, more than one person connected with the accident. A．is B．has C．are D．have 4．Maths as well as physics always me to much trouble. A．causes B．puts C．cause D．put

5．Not only you and I but Peter, the top student in our grade, not able to solve the problem.

A．are B．were C．is D．am

6．There one or two things that I have to mention.

A．is B．are C．has D．have 7． Either I or my accountant（会计） to blame for the loss ? A．Is B．Are C．Am D．Does

8．So far 70% of the poor in this area out of poverty（贫困）with the help of the local

government.

A．has got B．are getting C．have got D．had got

9．Collecting stamps as a hobby increasingly popular during the past ten years. A．became B．becomes C．has become D．have become

10．Whether or not the new plan will produce any positive（积极的）results to be seen. A．remain B．is remained C．remains D．have remained 11．Too much work and too little rest bad health.

A．lead to B．leads to C．result in D．result from 12．He is the only one of those speakers who ideas perfectly clear. A．make their B．makes his C．express their D．express 13．Every possible means tried, but without much result. A．has been B．have been C．are D．is 14．Ten minutes an hour when one is waiting for a phone call. A．seem B．look C．seems D．looks 15．All we have seen and heard our memory. A．is deeply impressed on B．great impress C．are strongly impressed in D．highly impresses 1-5 BAABC 6-10 AACCC 11-15 BBACA

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第三章 代 词

单 数 人 称 代 词 物 形容词性 主 代 词 Himself 反身代词 myself yourself herself itself ourselves yourselves themselves 名词性 mine yours his hers its ours yours theirs my your his her its our your their 宾格 me you him her it us you them 主格 第 一 人 称 I 第 二 人 称 you 第 三 人 称 he she it 第 一 人 称 we 复 数 第 二 人 称 you 第 三 人 称 they 一、人称代词的用法 1．人称代词的主格在句中作主语

He is always thinking more of others than of himself. 2．人称代词的宾格作动词和介词的宾语 You can’t trust him. Who else wants to go for a picnic besides him ? 注1．主格，宾格均可作表语，在口语中用宾格较多 If I were she, I would act on the doctor’s advice. —— Who is knocking at the door ? —— It’s me. ※注2．作主语的人称代词孤立地使用在无谓语动词的句中，常用宾格 —— I want an apple. —— Me, too. “What ! Me to say sorry to him ? No!”

注3．两个或两个以上的人称代词并列时，其顺序是： 单数按2，3，1人称排列；复数按1，2，3人称排列。 You, she（Mary）and I must attend today’s meeting.

※I and Tom are to blame.该责备的是我和汤姆（在承认错误或自我批评时，说话人一般把自己

放在他人之前讲。）

二、it的用法

1．代替已提到的事物或上文提及的情况 He bought a magazine and lent it to me.

Her mother has died. It is a terrible shock to her. 她母亲死了。这对她打击很大。

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2．用于It+be+n/adj句型中，说明天气、时间、距离等 It is freezing cold today.

It is five minutes’ ride from here to the station.

3．（未指明但谈话双方都明白的）那件事；那种情况。 -------- Do you like it here?

------- Oh, yes. The air, the weather, the way of life. Everything is nice. 4．代替性别尚不明的婴儿和小孩

She was holding a baby in her arms and it was crying.

5．作形式主语或形式宾语，代替作主语或宾语的不定式，动名词或从句 It was kind of you to send me a present.（it作形式主语）

I make it a rule to walk two miles a day.我通常一天步行二英里。（it作形式宾语） I take it that you don’t agree with me.我的理解是，你和我看法不同。（it作形式宾语） ☆注：少数动词，如take（理解），hate，dislike，不能直接带宾语从句，须在动词和宾语从

句之间，加形式宾语it。

5．It is/was … that …. 构成强调句，强调句中某一部分 It was I that/who told him about it.（强调主语I）

三、物主代词

1．形容词性物主代词只能作名词的前置定语，不能单独使用 Those people are my schoolmates. 2．名词性物主代词单独使用，在句中作主语，表语和宾语 作主语 Your bike is black. Mine（Mine = My bike）is red. 作表语 This fault is yours, not hers. 这是你的过错，不是她的错。 作宾语 There is something wrong with my bike. May I use yours ? 3．名词性物主代词与of连用构成双重所有格 1）表示部分概念

Yesterday I came across an old friend of mine（= one of my old friends）in the street. 2）表示强调

We show great interest in this invention of yours（= your invention）

Be sure not to believe that daughter of hers（her daughter）千万别信她的那个女儿。

四、反身代词

1．作动词或介词的宾语

She has been teaching herself English. 她一直在自学英语。 2．作表语

I am not quite myself today. 我今天身体不太好。 3．作主语或宾语的同位语，译“亲自”；“本人，自己”

The mayor himself will look into the matter. 市长将亲自调查这件事。 You’d better ask the patient himself about his trouble. 关于病人的病情，你最好问他自己。 4．反身代词的重要短语

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I gave the room a good cleaning all by myself. by oneself = alone /on my own 独自一人 I will be myself in no time. be oneself 身体或大脑正常 Please make yourself at home. 请不要受拘束 help oneself to sth. 自行取用，随意拿取 Help yourself to apples.

No one was there, so she helped herself to all the money on the table. He came to himself a few minutes later. come to oneself 苏醒 It is better to think for yourself. think for onself 独立思考，自己作出决定

I’d be grateful (thankful) if you keep this information to yourself. keep sth. to oneself 不把某事告诉别人

五、相互代词

each other一般指两者；one another一般指三者或三者以上。但现在可以通用，不加区别。在

句中仅作宾语，不能作主语。

We should care for each other and help each other.

They often stay at one another’s houses. 他们经常住在彼此的家里。

六、不定代词

1．some和any

some及复合代词someone, something用于肯定句。 any及复合代词用于否定句、疑问句和条件句。 Some of the milk has gone bad. I haven’t any money on me.

If anything unusual happens, let me know. 若发生异常情况，请告诉我。 注1．若表示请求，建议，尽管是疑问句，用some，不用any。 Would you like some more coffee ? Shall I bring some food to the party ?

注2．any及复合代词也可用于肯定句，表示三者或三者以上中任何一个。 ．．．．．． I think any of his movies would interest you. —— Which would you like, tea, coffee or wine ? —— Any will do. 随便哪一个都行。 2．each和every

each用于强调两个或两个以上的人或事物中每一个。既可作定语，也可作主语和宾语。 ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． Each of the boys has his strong and weak points. There is a bookstore on each side of the street.

every（形容词）用于表示三个或三个以上的人或事物中每一个。在句中只能作定语。 ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． I have read every book he lent me.

请注意以下不定代词的特殊用法或固定搭配 ① I have read it in some magazine. some修饰单数可数名词，相当于a certain

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27. --- Can I help you?

--- I’d like to buy a present for my father’s birthday,__ ___ at a proper price and of

great use.

A. one B. it C. that D. those

28. The Parkers bought a new house but _____ will need a lot of work before they can

move in.

A. they B. it C. one D. which 29. --- What do you think of her idea?

--- I was not in the least surprised for I had fully expected ______. A. that much B. as much C. very much D. so much 30. --- What an amazing film. It’s the most interesting film I’ve ever seen.

--- But I’m sure it won’t interest _______.

A. somebody B. anybody C. everybody D. nobody 31. He seems to have little, if ______,to do with it.

A. so B. any C. some D. anything 32. In that case, it was ______ she could do not to cry.

A. something B. anything C. all D. nothing

33. If your daughter can make what her teachers teach ______, she will make rapid

progress.

A. it B. that C. herself D. hers

34. Due to lack of fund and equipment, we have ______ choice than to give up the

experiments.

A. some other B. other C. another D. no other 35. --- Who on earth could it be?

--- It was ______ other than Clint Eastwood.

A. nobody B. none C. nothing D. not 36. --- Is Jissica a diligent student?

--- No, but she is a lazy one, if ______.

A. something B. everything C. anything D. nothing

1-5 ADACA 6-10 CACCA 11-15 BBCCD 16-20 CCCAB 21-25 CADBD 26-30 BABBC 31-36DCDDBC

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第四章 冠 词

一、冠词的种类

冠词可分成不定冠词a，an和定冠词the。

二、泛指和特指的定义

1．泛指：一般提及人或事物，不作具体说明叫泛指。下列两种情况为泛指 a）未明确交待的人或事物

I met her in a coffee shop near the station. 我在车站附近的一家咖啡馆遇到她的。 b）表明数量“一”

He asked for a book and two magazines. 他要一本书和两本杂志。

2．特指：具体指明人或物叫特指，其基本意思是“这，那”。下列三种情况为特指。 1）上文提到过的人或物

I bought a book yesterday. The book is of great value. 昨天我买了一本书，这本书很有价值。 2）说话人或听话人心中都有数的人或事物 —— When will the meeting be held? —— At 2:00 o’clock in the afternoon. 3）带有限制性的后置定语

The movie directed by Mr. Zhang Yimou was a great hit. 张艺谋执导的那部电影极为叫座。

三、冠词使用的基本规则

1．可数名词 单数可数名词 复数可数名词 泛指 a book books 特指 the book the books 表示泛指，单数可数名词用不定冠词a（an），复数名词不用冠词。 表示特指，可数单数名词和复数可数名词，均用定冠词the。 2．物质名词和抽象名词 物质名词和抽象名词不用冠词。 Blood is thicker than water. 血浓于水。 Wisdom is better than strength. 智慧胜于力量。 特指的物质名词和抽象名词，用定冠词the。

The snow in front of the house is beginning to melt. 房前的雪开始融化了。 a(n) 与物质名词连用，可表示种类或一杯之量。 Maotai is an excellent wine. Bring me a coffee, will you?

选择：The warmth of sweater will of course be determined by the sort of wool used. A．the ；the B．the ；不填 C．不填 ；the D．不填 ；不填 四、需要用定冠词的其他几种情况

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1．用于表示世界上独一无二的事物名词之前。 the sun, the moon, the earth, the world, the sky

2．用于表示方位名词，序数词和形容词最高级之前。 sail to the east turn to the right This is the most expensive of all the clothes. This is the third time that he has been elected chairman of the Student Union. 3．与某些形容词或分词连用，代表一类人或事物。

I was brought up to respect the old. 我从小就接受教育，要敬爱老人。 The beautiful can never die. 美是永恒的。

4．用在表示江河、海洋、山脉、群岛、海峡、沙漠，建筑物等名词之前。 the Pacific（Ocean）太平洋 the South-China sea 南中国海

the Sahara 哈拉沙漠 the Persian Gulf 波斯湾 the Beijing Station 北京车站 5．用于姓氏的复数形式之前，表示“夫妇”或“一家人”。

The Turners are sitting at lunch table. 特纳一家正吃午饭。 6. 由普通名词构成的专有名词（如国家，党派等）前。 例：the United States; the Communist Party of China 7. 用在表示发明物的单数名词前。 The telephone was invented by Bell. 8．用在某些固定短语中：

on the spot 当场 on the whole 总的来说

for the most part 多半，在多数情况下 out of the question 不可能

五、不用冠词的其他几种情况

1． 物质名词，抽象名词（见第三章），人名，地名等专有名词前。 Air is important to us. Beijing is the capital of China.

2．表示季节、月份、周日、节假日（中国传统节例外）名词之前。 I like spring most. I’m going to return to England at Christmas Day. 若具体指明哪一年的季节，应有定冠词。 The war broke out on the spring of 1942. 3．表示学科、球类、棋类和三餐名词之前 He is good at maths. I like playing football. I often go to school without breakfast. 注：强调一顿饭或特指某顿饭可用冠词。 Mother cooked me a nice dinner this morning. The dinner cooked by my mother tastes delicious. 4．表示正式的或独一无二的职位、头衔的名词，在句中作宾补或同位语。 He has been elected chairman of the student union. Mandela, president of South Africa, was awarded the Nobel prize for peace in 1997. 南非总统曼德拉于1997年获得诺贝尔和平奖。

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5. 在与by 连用的交通工具名称之前。 例:by taxi, by bike, by boat

但注意：get into a taxi, take a bus, on the train 等表达形式。 6．某些固定短语中，要求不用冠词。

at present 目前 take part in 参加 in peace 平安，平静 by chance 碰巧 注意：有些词组中有无冠词含义不同。 at table

在进餐

in hospital 住院

in the hospital 在医院工作或参观等 out of question 不成问题 out of the question根本不可能

at the table 坐在桌子旁 be in charge of 负责? by day在白天 by the day按天计算 7．高考中冠词考查热点

选择：Summers in south of France are for most part dry and sunny.（2000年春季高考）

A．the ；不填 B．不填 ；the C．不填 ；不填 D．the ；the

答案为D。分析：方位名词要用定冠词the，故可考虑的选项为A、D。for the most part为固定短语，故答案为D。近几年来，高考试卷对冠词的命题方式大多数情况是，一空考冠词的基本用法，一空考固定短语中冠词使用。因此在我们学习固定短语中，一定要留神并准确记忆固定短语中名词前使用的冠词。

be in the charge of 由?负责

冠词练习

1. ______on-going division between English-speaking Canadians and French-speaking Canadians is ______ major concern of the country. 2. ---Where is my blue shirt?

--- It’s in the washing machine. You have to wear _____ different one. A. any B. the C. a D other

3. The sign reads “ In case of _____ fire, break the glass and push _____ red button”. A. / , a B. / , the C. the, the D. a , a 4. There is ______ dictionary on ______ desk by your side. A. a, the B. a, a C. the, a D. the, the

5. Jumping out of _______ airplane at ten thousand feet is quite ______ exciting experience. A. /, the B. / , an C. an , an D. the, the

6. One way to understand thousands of new words is to gain _____ good knowledge of basic word formation.

7. The cakes are delicious. He’d like to have _____ third one because _____ one is rather too small.

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A. a, a B. the, the C. the, a D. a , the

8. The warmth of ______ sweater will of course be determined by the sort of _____wool used. A. the, the B. /, the C. the, / D. / , /

9. Mr Smith, there is a man at _______ front door who says he has ______news for you of great importance.

A. the, / B. the, the C. / , / D. / , the 10. A bullet hit the soldier and he was wounded in ______ leg. A. a B. one C. the D. his

11. Paper money was in ______ use in China when Marco Polo visited the country in _____

thirteenth century.

A. the, / B. The, the C. /, the D. / , /

12. It is not rare in ______ that people in ______ fifties are going to university for further

education.

A. 90s, their B. the 90s, / C. 90s, the D. the 90s, their

13. People regard the wheel as _____ invention of the first importance in _____ human history. A. an , the B. an; / C. the, the D. the, /

14. Young as he is , David has gained ______ rich experience in _____society. A. /, / B. the, the C. a, / D. /, the

15. The party last night was _____ success. We sang and danced until it came to ______ end at twelve.

A. a , the B. the, an C. a , an D. / , an 16. She is usually on _____duty in her office every _____ days.

A. the, a B. / , / C. / , a D. a , /

17. The two rooms are of _____ size. But another two rooms are twice _____ size of them.

A. the, the B. a, a C. the, a D. a , the 18. Cleaning women in big cities usually get paid by ______ hour.

A. the B. a C. an D. / 19. ----He wants to have ______ word with you.

---- I know ______ word has come that I am the next person he wants to talk to. A. / , the B. a , the C. a , / D. the, a

20. Mr Smith told us that _____ gold medal his son had got was considered _____ great honour to

the whole family.

A. the, / B. a, a C. the, a D. a, the

21. Who do you think will take_____ office next month and become ______ of that country?

A. a, the B. / , the C. the, / D. / , a

22. --- Do you think an advertisement is ______help when you look for a new job?

--- Well, it all depends. Anyway, it gives me more of ____ chance to try. A. a , a B. / , / C. the, the D. a , the

23. Although he knew ______little about _____ large amount of work done in the field, he

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China is different from what it used to be.

情态动词would do可表示过去习惯性动作；used to be / do可表示过去习惯性动作或状态。 选择：1．—— Your telephone number again ? I quite catch it. —— It’s 9568422.

A．didn’t B．couldn’t C．don’t D．can’t 2．—— We could have walked to the station, it was so near. —— Yes. A taxi at all necessary.

A．wasn’t B．hadn’t been C．wouldn’t D．won’t 3．—— Come on it, Peter. I want to show you something.

—— Oh, how nice of you ! I you to bring me a gift. A．never think ；are going B．never thought ；were going C．didn’t think ；were going D．hadn’t thought ；were going

简析：1. 答案A。“没听清楚”发生在对方当时报电话号码那个过去时刻，故用一般过去时。

2. 答案A。根据对话的情景可知，甲乙双方都在谈论过去发生的事情。甲方用虚拟语气，责备自己当时未能步行去车站，乙方强调当时乘出租车没有必要，故用一般过去时。

3. 答案B。思维动词think, know, expect等，时态使用的原则是：表示现在的看法、知晓用一般现在时；表示过去的看法、知晓，而这种思维活动现在已不复存在，用一般过去时。根据对话可知，乙方没想到‘“甲方会给他带来礼物”，发生在未见到礼物之前。一旦见到礼物，这种想法即刻消失，故think应用一般过去时。答案B比C语气强，更符合对话的情景，因此B为最佳选项。

在以下句型中，必须用一般过去时表示将来发生的动作： 1．It is（high / about）time（that）you went bed. 你该去睡觉了。 2．I would rather they came tomorrow. 我倒希望他们明天来。

三、现在完成时

1．表达形式：主动语态have / has done ；被动语态have / has been done 2．基本用法：

1）表示动作或过程发生在说话之前某个过去时刻，到说话时已完成，并与现在的情况有联系。 I have turned on the electric heater（电热器）in the room.

（I turned on the electric heater, and the room is getting warm now.） He has taken away my reference book.

（He took away my reference book, and now I can’t use it.） 选择：The price , but I doubt whether it will remain so.

A．went down B．will go down C．has gone down D．was going down

答案为C。作者对今后物价是否能继续走低，心怀疑虑，而他此时的心态是由物价下跌这一

动作引发的，故用现在进行时。

2）表示动作或状态从过去某一时刻开始，一直延续到现在。可能刚结束，也可能继续下去。

36 · · 起点 Now He has been in Beijing for two years.

We have had plenty of rain here since we parted last month. 自上个月我们分手以来，这里下了很多雨。

表示动作或状态从过去某一时刻持续到现在的时间状语还有in the past（last）few years, ever

since, so far, up to the present（直到现在），until now, in recent years等。 选择：—— How are you today ?

—— Oh, I as ill as I do now for a long time.

A．didn’t feel B．wasn’t feeling C．don’t feel D．haven’t felt

答案为D。译：我很长时间没有象今天这样周身不适。本句的实质是：今天我身体状况最差，

而这以前情况基本正常，即not feel ill。这种正常身体状况从过去延续到今天截止。故应用现在完成时。

关于现在完成时，请注意以下三点：

1）现在完成时与一般过去时的区别：现在完成时表示的动作或状态或与在有联系，它强调的

是对现在的影响。一般过去时表示的动作或状态已成为历史，不复存在，与现在无关系。 He has worked in Paris for two years. （现在人仍在巴黎。） He worked in Paris for two years. （现在人已不在巴黎。）

2）可用句型It is +（一段时间）+ since（主语）+（动词的过去时），解决瞬间动词不能与一

段时间连用的矛盾。如： It is ten years since he left Shanghai.

It is about two years since I got married to Jane. 3）下列句型的分句中动词用现在完成时。如：

It is the first（序数词）time（that）I have visited China. 我是我第一次访问中国。

This is the most beautiful（形容词最高级）city that I have ever seen. 这是我见过的最美丽的城

市。

四、过去完成时

1．表达形式 主动语态had done ；被动语态had been done 2．基本用法

1）在过去某一时间或某一动作之前已完成的动作。 had done

· · · Now 例：He said that he had arrived three days before.

2）动作或状态在过去某一时间之前已经开始，一直延续到这一过去时间。 例：By the time he came we had worked for two hours. had done

37 · · · Now 例1：—— Mary came back yesterday. —— Where she ? A．had; been B．did; go C．has; been D．had; gone

答案为A。乙方要问的是“在昨天之前，她去过哪里”，属过去的过去。故应用过去完成时。 例2：Until then, his family from him for two months.

A．didn’t hear B．hasn’t heard C．hadn’t heard D．heard nothing 译：到那个时候，他家人已有两个月没有收到他的来信。

答案为C。“未收到来信”这种情况持续到那个时候，而不是现在。根据过去完成时的第二种

用法，应用过去完成时。 例3：用正确时态填空

I （mean）to go on Monday, but I have stayed at their request.

答案为had meant。动词hope, wish, intend, mean, want, expect等，其过去完成时可表示“过去

未曾实现的希望，打算或意图”。

五、现在进行时

1．表达形式：主动形式：am / is / are doing 被动形式am / is / are being done 2．基本用法

表示此刻或现阶段正在进行的动作。

The students are preparing for the entrance exam at present. 表示目前的变化、发展和进展过程，需要用现在进行时。

Selecting a mobile phone for perponal use is no easy task because technology is changing so

rapidly.

请注意以下两点：

1．现在进行时与一般现在时的区别：一般现在时表示的动作，其特征为经常性；现在进行时

表示的动作，其特征具有暂时性。经常性与暂时性是区分这两种时态的主要尺度。 例：—— Is this raincoat yours ?

—— No, mine there behind the door.

A．is hanging B．has hung C．hangs D．hung

答案为A。这段对话大多发生在下班，会议或社交活动结束后，人们各自找自己的雨具这样

的场合。“雨衣挂在门后”是临时性的，故用现在进行时。

2．进行时与always, continually, constantly, forever等副词连用，作为一种修辞手段，用于表

达赞扬、不满、抱怨等情绪。

He is always thinking of others. 他总是为别人着想。（赞扬）

At school he was constantly playing trick on others. 在校读书时，他老是捉弄人。（厌恶）

六、过去进行时

1．表达形式 主动态：was / were doing ；被动形式：was / were being done

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2．基本用法

用于表示在过去某一时刻或过去某一阶段正在进行的动作。 I was making a long-distance call to my near relative before you arrived. In those years we were having a hard time. 例：1.—— Hey, look where you are going ! —— Oh, I’m terribly sorry. . A．I’m not noticing B．I wasn’t noticing C．I haven’t noticed D．I don’t notice 2.Tom into the house when no one . A．slipped; was looking B．had slipped; looked C．slipped; had looked D．was slipped; looked

1. 答案为B。“走路时心不在焉，不注意前进方向”，发生在甲方责备他之前那段已过去的时间里。故应用过去进行时。

2.译文：汤姆乘着没有人注意，溜进房屋。答案为A。when, while, as引导的时间状语从句，若主句动作与从句动作同时进行，且一长一短。那么持续时间长的动作用进行时，持续短的动作用一般时。本题中“溜slip”发生在没有人注视这一过程中，“溜slip”为短动作，故用一般过去时，而watch“注视”持续时间长，应用过去进行时。

七、一般将来时

1．基本用法 表示将来或即将发生的动作

2．表达形式 主动形式：shall / will do ；shall / will be doing 被动形式：shall / will be done shall用于第一人称，will用于所有人称 I won’t be free tonight.

I will be waiting for you outside after school. 一般将来时其他表达形式如下： 1）am / is / are going to do

用于表示a）预先打算做某事。b）有迹象表明即将发生的动作。 We are going to visit the Great Wall at weekends.

Listen to the loud crash of thunder. It’s going to rain. 听那震耳的雷声，天就要下雨了。 2）am / is / are to do

用于表示按计划、安排要进行的动作 The meeting is to be held tomorrow.

注1： 该结构也可当情态动词用，表示“命令”、“可能”

You are to be back by 9 o’clock at the latest. 你必须最迟在9点之前回家。

This kind of book is nowhere to be bought. = This kind of book can’t be bought anywhere. 注2：用在if 条件句中，表示“想”。If we are to be there in time, we’ll have to hurry up. 3）be about to do

用于表达某动作马上要发生

Be quick ! Flight No. 302 to Tokyo is about to take off.

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改错：Allention please ! The concert is about to start in five minutes. 删去in five minutes。 be about to do不能与具体时间状语连用。

4）转移动词go, come, start, leave, arrive, return, sail等以及win, lose, die可用进行时表示将来

时。

The ship is sailing for Shanghai tomorrow. It seems to me that our team is losing.

八、过去将来时

1．基本用法

表示在过去某一时刻尚未发生的动作或存在的状态。 2．表达形式

主动语态：should / would do 被动语态：should / would be done I never imagined that he would become a doctor.

I promised my boss that I would finish this work by the end of this month. 一般将来时的其他表达形式，也适用于过去将来时 I felt that something terrible was about to happen. 请注意：

①when, once, until, as soon as等引导的时间状语从句 ②if, unless, so long as等引导的条件状语从句

③even if, though, whenever, whether?or（不管?还是?）等引导的让步状语从句 若从句动作未发生，应用一般时表示将来时。 I will let you know if he comes back. He said that he wouldn’t lose heart even if he failed. Whatever happens, do be calm. 九、被动语态

1．定义：若主语是谓语动作的承受者，即主谓语为被动关系，则谓语动词应用被动形式。 The question is being discussed at the meeting.

Full time should be made use of to speed up socialist construction. 必须充分利用时间加速社会

主义建设。

①下列情况不能用被动语态：

a．不及物动词及不及物性的短语动词，如happen, appear, disappear, break out, take

place等

b．状态动词或系动词。

例：There is no doubt that Taiwan is belonged to China.（错） His head is felt hot.（错）

This plan was proved practical.（错） ②下列情况用主动形式表示被动意义：

a．表示事物的名词作主语，谓语表示该事物的特征。

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