安徽三联学院期末考试英国文学完整版

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填空题

Ben Johnson--- Volpone -- the greatest writer of comedy after Shakespeare

John Donne --- the father of Metaphysical Poetry-----代表作《The Flea》

John Milton--- Paradise Lost

Milton divides the universe into four major regions: glorious Heaven, dreadful Hell, confusing Chaos, and a young and vulnerable Earth in between.

Francis Bacon----《Of studies》

John Bunyan--《The Pilgrim’s Progress》《Vanity Fair》

Alexander Pope--《 the Rape of the Lock》--- early 18th century has been named after him as “The Age of Pope”.---Blake summarized him as “elegant formalism”，heroi-comical poem Thomas Gray--- Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard-----an elegiac stanza挽歌诗节 Jonathan Swift---- A Modest Proposal

名词解释

1）Metaphysical poets 玄学派诗人

About the beginning of the 17th century appeared a school of poets called ―Metaphysicals‖ by Samuel Johnson, the 18th century writer. The works of the Metaphysical poets are characterized, generally speaking, by mysticism(神秘) in content and fantasticality（变化无常） in form. The most representative poet is John Donne. (a complex, highly intellectual verse filled with intricate (difficult) and far-fetched metaphors)

2）Cavalier Poets 保王党派诗人

Another school of poetry prevailing in the 17th century was Cavalier Poetry. Cavalier poets are, more often than not, knights and squires, who side with the king against the parliament and the puritans in the English Revolution. They mostly deal in short songs on the flitting joys of the day, but underneath their lightheartedness lies some foreboding of impending doom. The leading Cavalier poets were Robert Herrick, Richard Lovelace and Sir John Suckling.

3) Metaphysical conceit:

It is a paradoxical（似是而非的）metaphor causing a shock to the mind by the unlikeliness of the association. At its best, this kind of image unites disparate(不同的,不相关的) experiences in a single impact on the imagination, but often it is only an exhibition of ingenuity（精巧）.

4）The 18th Century England

After the stormy years of the 17th century, England entered a period of comparatively peaceful development in the 18th century. The upper classes, wanted no religious enthusiasts and revolutionaries. They believed in reason. This rational approach to social and literary problems have given it the title of ―The Age of Reason‖, while the desire for perfect form which resulted in adaptations of Greek and Latin models has caused it to be called ―The Neoclassic Age.‖

1）The Glorious Revolution (1688)

2) After that England gradually became a constitutional monarchy, and power passed from the king to the parliament and the cabinet.

3）Religious Conflicts

4）The Rapid Expanding of the British Empire

5）The Industrial Revolution

6）Two-Party Politics (The Tory and the Whig)

7）The American War of Independence and the French Revolution (1789-1794)

5）Enlightenment启蒙运动

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It was a progressive intellectual movement throughout Western Europe in the 18th and Russia in the 19th centuries. The movement was an expression of the struggle of the bourgeoisie against feudalism，it considered the chief means for the betterment of the society was the ―enlightenment‖ or ―education‖ of the people.

6）Neo-Classicism 新古典主义

Neoclassicism was a reaction against the intricacy and occasional obscurity, boldness and the extravagance of European literature of the late Renaissance, and in favor of simplicity, clarity, restraint, regularity and good sense. Chief characteristics of Neoclassic literatures a strong traditionalism, The neoclassic believed that literature was primarily an ―art‖, which must be perfected by long study and practice. In versification诗律, the age was famous for its “closed heroic couplet”

7）The Mock-Epic讽刺史诗

A mock-epic is a type of satire; it treats petty humans or insignificant occurrences as if they were extraordinary or heroic, like the great heroes and events of Homer's two great epics.

8） Heroic Quatrain英雄体四行诗

A stanza with the above-mentioned characteristics — four lines each stanza, iambic pentameter in each line, and an abab rhyme scheme each stanza — is often referred to as a heroic quatrain.

9）Anaphora 首语重复法

Repetition of a word, phrase, or clause at the beginning of word groups occurring one after the other

10）A satire

a literary work that attacks or pokes fun at vices, abuses, stupidity, and / or any other fault or imperfection. Satire may make the reader laugh at, or feel disgust for, the person or thing satirized，The main weapon of the satirist is verbal irony

文学赏析

1）Volpone--- Ben Johnson

Tone: Satiric Ben Johnson al, ironic in the main plo

Themes: Greed--- greed that extends not just to money but also to all objects of human desire -; the power of stagecraft; parasitism (寄生)--- everyone tries to live off the wealth or livelihood of desperation, but a form of superiority.

Motifs: Disguise , deception and reality; "gulling" ; the sacred and the profane

Symbols: Venice; animalia-- There is a "fable" running throughout the play, through the associations the characters' names create with animals. The animal imagery emphasizes the theme of "parasitism" in the play

Character: volpone---- This lack of rational forethought（事先的考虑）and commitment to his own sensual（肉体的） impulses, He is a creature of passion, an imaginative hedonist（快乐主义者）continually looking to find and attain new forms of pleasure, whatever the consequences may be.

Mosca--- the ultimate master of disguise, a clinging（执着的）, servile parasite, Mosca himself is possessed by greed, and he attempts to move out of his role as parasite—a harmless fly, circling around a great beast—to the role of great beast himself.

Celia--- seem more weak than strong. But she has an inner moral sense

2）The flea--- John Donne

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This poem alternates metrically between lines in iambic tetrameter and lines in iambic pentameter, a 4-5 stress pattern ending with two pentameter lines at the end of each stanza. Thus, the stress pattern in each of the nine-line stanzas is 454545455. The rhyme scheme in each stanza is similarly regular, in couplets, with the final line rhyming with the final couplet: AABBCCDDD.

3）Paradise Lost --- John Milton

type of work: Poem-- blank verse genre: Epic

Themes: The Importance of Obedience to God; The Hierarchical Nature of the Universe; The Fall as Partly Fortunate

Motifs: Light and Dark; The Geography of the Universe; Conversation and Contemplation Symbols: The Scales in the Sky-- the fact that God and Satan are not truly on opposite sides of a struggle—God is all-powerful, and Satan and Gabriel both derive all of their power from Him; Adam’s wreath--- his love and attraction to Eve is falling away，The fallen wreath represents the loss of pure love.

Adam --The first human, the father of our race, along with his wife Eve, the caretaker of the Garden of Eden. Adam is grateful and obedient to God, Adam is a strong, intelligent, and rational，Adam’s greatest weakness is his love for Eve. Adam’s curiosity and hunger for knowledge

Eve- she is not ambitious to learn, Eve’s strengths are her capacity for love, emotion, and forebearance

4）Francis Bacon----Of studies

Figures：a. Hyperbole (overstatement); simile; comparison; chinese four-charcater expressions or idioms; b. spiral thinking pattern （indirectly closed to the theme）

5）The Pilgrim’s Progress--John Bunyan

1）Bunyan’s masterpiece，a book of religious instructions in the form of allegory and dream，John Bunyan began writing The Pilgrim's Progress when he was lying in prison.

a Christian in search of salvation will meet many difficulties – various kinds of temptations and trials. Only by steadfastness and faithfulness can he win the way to Heaven

6）Vanity Fair--- John Bunyan

three witnesses are brought forward — Envy, Superstition, and Pickthank

Vanity Fair is a satirical picture of English society, law and religion in Bunyan’s day

Features

1. simple and unaffected language of the common people, as well as a simple, lively and vivid prose style by the solemn dignity of the English Bible.

2. Everyday idiomatic expressions are used naturally and forcefully. In his works we can also find carefully observed and vividly rendered details taken from ordinary circumstances of ordinary life.

7）The Rape of the Lock--Alexander Pope

Theme：The central theme of The Rape of the Lock is the fuss that high society makes over trifling matters；

Verse Format：Pope wrote The Rape of the Lock in heroic couplets. A heroic couplet is a unit of two rhyming lines in iambic pentameter

Figures of Speech：The main figure of speech in The Rape of the Lock is hyperbole

Personification；Anaphora首语重复法repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses；Alliteration

8）Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard--- Thomas Gray---- an elegy

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A．a poem centers on the death of a person or persons and is, therefore, somber in tone. An elegy is lyrical rather than narrative；an elegy expresses feelings of loss and sorrow while also praising the deceased and commenting on the meaning of the deceased's time on earth.

B．Meter 节拍and Rhyme 韵律Scheme

Gray wrote the poem in four-line stanzas (quatrains). Each line is in iambic pentameter

C．Stanza Form: Heroic Quatrain英雄体四行诗

A stanza with the above-mentioned characteristics — four lines each stanza, iambic pentameter in each line, and an abab rhyme scheme each stanza — is often referred to as a heroic quatrain. After Gray's poem became famous, writers and critics also began referring to the heroic quatrain as an elegiac stanza挽歌诗节

D Themes

Death: the Great Equalizer均衡，平等；Missed Opportunities；the virtue of the villagers E．Figures of Speech：

．Alliteration；Anaphora 首语重复法；Metaphor；Metonymy 转喻；Personification

9）A Modest Proposal

an essay that uses satire to make its point

Purpose：Jonathan Swift wrote ―A Modest Proposal‖ to call attention to abuses inflicted on Irish Catholics by well-to-do English Protestants；Swift also satirizes the Irish themselves in his essay, for too many of them had accepted abuses stoically rather than taking action on their own behalf.

Essay Format：In "A Modest Proposal," Swift uses a standard essay format: an opening that presents the topic and thesis (the "modest proposal"), a body that develops the thesis with details, and a conclusion.

Irony：The dominant figure of speech in "A Modest Proposal" is verbal irony, in which a writer or speaker says the opposite of what he means.

Themes：Exploitation of the Downtrodden受压迫的；Irish Inaction 无为；Prejudice 问答题

Introduction to the 17th Century

1. the English Revolution

1) The feudalism of most European countries were experiencing the breakdown in the 17th century. The English Revolution signified the end of the middle century and the beginning of the modern society, since then Europe entered into Capitalism.

2)the revolution between two parties – the Anglican Church (Charles I) and the Puritans, which represents the interests of cavaliers and the bourgeois class respectively;

3)the purpose of the 1642 Civil War – to establish the constitutional monarchy and reform the religion;

4) restricted various forms of entertaining activities and the personal freedom of Catholics and Anglicans.

5) In 1660 Charles II restored the monarchy to a Stuart king. (for more than 20 years) the excessive moral severity

6) Mary and her husband William accepted the British crown in 1688. (the Glorious Revolution) Parliamentary government was firmly established in Britain.

The 18th Century England

1）After the stormy years of the 17th century, England entered a period of comparatively

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peaceful development in the 18th century. The upper classes wanted no religious enthusiasts and revolutionaries. They believed in reason. This rational approach to social and literary problems have given it the title of ―The Age of Reason‖, while the desire for perfect form which resulted in adaptations of Greek and Latin models has caused it to be called ―The Neoclassic Age.‖

2）The Glorious Revolution (1688)

3) After that England gradually became a constitutional monarchy, and power passed from the king to the parliament and the cabinet.

4）Religious Conflicts，Finally England was firmly established as a dominantly Protestant nation. they glorified reason and so rejected the so-called ―revealed‖ religious truth.

5）The Rapid Expanding of the British Empire

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