语言学第四章课后练习

8. The following phrases include a head, a complement, and in some cases a specifier. Draw the appropriate tree structure for each phrases. a. rich in minerals

AP

A PP P NP N Rich in minerals

b. often read detective stories

VP Qual V NP

A N

Often read detective stories

c. the argument against the proposals

NP

NP PP

Det N P NP Det N

the argument against the proposals

d. already above the window

PP

Qual P NP

Det N

already above the window

9. The following sentences contain modifiers of various types. For each sentence, first identify the modifier(s), then draw the tree structures.

a. A crippled passenger landed the airplane with extreme caution. Infl P(S)

NP Infl VP V NP PP Det AP N None pst

Det N P NP A

AP N A

A crippled passenger landed the airplane with extreme caution

b. A huge moon hung in the black sky.

Infl P (s)

NP Infl VP

Det AP N V PP P NP A

Det AP N

A

A huge moon hung in the black sky

C. The man examined his car carefully yesterday.

Infl P（S）

NP infl VP

Det N pst V NP Adv Adv Det N

The man examined his car carefully yesterday

d. A wooden hut near the lake collapsed in the storm. Infl P (S)

NP Infl VP

Det AP N PP V PP

P NP P NP

Det N Det N

A wooden hut neat the lake collapsed in the storm

10. The following sentences all contain conjoined categories. Draw a tree structure for each of the sentences.

a. Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants. InflP(=S)

NP ＶＰ

Aux V NP N

Det A NP N CON N Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants or

InflP(=S)

NP ＶＰ

Aux V NP N

Det A NP N CON N Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants

b. Helen put on her clothes and went out.

InflP(=S)

NP VP

VP CON VP

VP NP V Adv V P Det N

Helen put on her clothes and went out

OR

InflP(=S)

NP Infl VP pst VP CON VP

VP NP V Adv V P Det N

Helen put on her clothes and went out

c. Mary is fond of literature but tired of statistics. InflP(=S)

NP VP

VP CON VP N VP NP VP NP V A P N V A P N

Mary is fond of literature but (is) tired of statistics OR

InflP(=S)

Infl NP VP nonpst

VP CON VP N VP NP VP NP V A P N V A P N

Mary is fond of literature but (is) tired of statistics

11. The following sentences all contain contain embedded clauses that function as complements of a verb, an adjective, a preposition or a noun. Draw a tree structure for each sentence.

a. You know that I hate war. S

NP VP

N V CP

C S

NP VP N V NP N You know that I hate wat OR

S

NP Infl VP

N Nonpst V CP

C S

NP VP N V NP N You know that I hate wat b. Gerry believes the fact that Anna flunked the English exam. S

NP VP

N VP NP NP CP V C S Det N NP VP

N V NP

Det A N

Gerry believe the fact that Anna flunked the English exam

c. Chris was happy that his father bought him a Rolls-Royce.

S

NP VP

N V A CP C S

NP VP

Det N V NP NP

N Det N

Chris was happy that his father bought him a Rolls-Royce d. The children argued over whether bats had wings. S

NP VP

Det N VP CP

V P C S

NP VP

N V NP

N The children argued over whether bats had wings 12.

a. The essay that he wrote was excellent.

Deep structure

CP

C S

NP VP

Det N CP V AP

C S Deg P

NP Infl VP V NP

N N

The essay he wrote that was too long Surface structure

CP

C S

NP VP

Det N CP V AP

C S Deg P

NP NP Infl VP V NP

N N N

The essay that he wrote e was too long

b. Hebert bought a house that she loved.

Deep structure

CP

C S

NP VP

N Infl V NP

Det N CP

C S

NP Infl VP

N V NP

N

Hebert bought a house she loved that Surface structure

CP

C S

NP VP

N Infl V NP

Det N CP

C S

NP NP Infl VP

N N V NP

N

Hebert bought a house that she loved e

c. The girl whom he adores majors in linguistics. Deep structure

CP C S

NP VP

Det N CP V PP

C Infl S P NP

NP VP NP N V N

The girl he adores whom majors in linguistics

Surface structure

CP C S

NP VP

Det N CP V PP

C Infl S P NP

NP NP VP NP N N V N

The girl whom he adores e majors in linguistics

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