Layout and composition of house-embracing trees in an island

Urban Forestry &Urban Greening 7(2008)53–61

Layout and composition of house-embracing trees in an island

Feng Shui village in Okinawa,Japan

Bixia Chen a,1,Yuei Nakama b,?,2,Genji Kurima c,3

a The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences,Kagoshima University,Japan

b

Faculty of Agriculture,University of the Ryukyus,Japan

c Midori Net in Okinawa,Japan Abstract

A Feng Shui village landscape,which embodies the symbiosis of nature and man,might be re-evaluated as an ideal landscape model in East Asia.Ho:go is one essential word for a Feng Shui village in Ryukyu Islands.The literal meaning of Ho:go is to embrace and protect by forest planting in order to retain the living energy.Ho:go also refers to a forest belt that encircles a house,a village,several neighbouring villages,or the coastline,and is called House Ho:go (habitat-embracing forest),Village Ho:go,District Ho:go,and Coastline Ho:go,respectively.However,such Feng Shui village landscapes have disappeared rapidly since Word War II because of the changing life styles.In order to preserve the traditional Feng Shui village landscape,our primary research focus concerns the actual structure,management,and regeneration of house-embracing Garcinia subelliptica Merr.trees.We chose to survey the two best preserved villages of Tonaki Island and Bise village in northern Okinawa Island.We reproduced the actual distribution and sizes of house-embracing G.subelliptica trees by HO CAD software.We found tree lines were much thicker in the borderline of the village,in particular,those either facing the coast or standing in the north.In contrast,there was usually one tree line inside the village.The surveyed G.subelliptica trees on Tonaki Island were much smaller than those in Bise Village.More demand of G.subelliptica trees for timber use in this small isolated island and better maintenance might be assumed to be the reasons for the difference in tree height between the two surveyed villages.Thus,proper maintenance in terms of cutting and cleaning are necessary to preserve house-embracing G.subelliptica tree lines in a traditional Feng Shui village.A traditional village landscape might also serve purposes for forest tourism and environmental education.

r 2007Elsevier GmbH.All rights reserved.

Keywords:East Asia;Forest composition;Garcinia subelliptica ;Tourism;Traditional village landscape

Introduction

Okinawa,the most southern prefecture in Japan,has become one of the most popular tourist destinations in East Asia with its exotic culture and rich tropical and subtropical nature.About 5,500,000tourists visited the Okinawa Islands in 2006.A forest tourism project including house-embracing trees in a traditional village landscape is being promoted.Bise village (see Photos 1www.elsevier.de/ufug

1618-8667/$-see front matter r 2007Elsevier GmbH.All rights reserved.

doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2007.10.001?Corresponding author.

E-mail addresses:bixia.chen@962baa45aaea998fcd220e5a (B.Chen),

ynakama@agr.u-ryukyu.ac.jp (Y.Nakama).

11-21-24,Korimoto,Kagoshima,890-0065,Japan.

21-banchi,Senbaru,Nishihara Town,Okinawa Prefecture 903-0213,

Japan.

3453-3,Motobu,Haebaru Town,Okinawa Prefecture 901-1112,

Japan.

and 2),which has the best preserved woods in northern Okinawa,attracts a large amount of visitors due to its easy access.

Tree planting was highlighted in the shaping of a so-called Feng Shui village landscape in Okinawa.Feng Shui is an art related to landscape management.It is based on empirical observation and deals with the ?ow of Qi ()in nature.Qi,a special Chinese term,has been translanted as ‘‘living energy’’.An ideal Feng Shui site must accumulate living energy.Greenery is considered as one important criterion for good Feng Shui.It is

believed that a ?ourishing forest can keep living energy to guarantee riches and honour for the family.Feng Shui was ?rst introduced to Okinawa in the 14th century and was later employed as a national policy of the Ryukyu Kingdom by an eminent statesman named Sai

On (

,C.Cai Wen,1682–1761)around the 1730s.The Ryukyu Kingdom was an independent kingdom which ruled most of the Ryukyu Islands from the 15th century to the 19th century.The Kings of Ryukyu uni?ed Okinawa Mainland Island and extended the kingdom to the Amami Islands in modern-day Ka-goshima Prefecture,and the Yaeyama Islands near Taiwan.The Meiji Japanese government abolished the Ryukyu Kingdom,formally annexing the islands to Japan as Okinawa Prefecture in 1879.Okinawa Pre-fecture consists of three geographical archipelagos,the Okinawa Islands,Miyako Islands,and Yaeyama Islands.Feng Shui was applied to guide city planning and village building (Machida and Tsuzuki,1993)and even mountain forest management (Nakama,2002).The traditional village landscape was designed under the guidance of a Feng Shui adviser.

However,such Feng Shui village landscapes have disappeared rapidly since World War II.The forest belts which had been planted to embrace the island,several neighbouring villages,or a single hamlet were burnt during battles,or cut by means of machinery,for example for building concrete houses.Moreover,the particular Ryukyu village landscape dealt with in this paper disappeared on most islands.Since then the Okinawa prefecture has been returned to the Japanese government,and large-scale infrastructure improvement programs have been carried out to build a modern landscape.

The Rio Declaration on Environment and Develop-ment of 1992indicated a global concern for the symbiosis of the environment and man.In this context,a Feng Shui village might be re-evaluated as an ideal landscape model for East Asia.In order to support efforts to preserve the traditional Feng Shui village landscape in Okinawa,we focus here on clarifying the existing layout and composition of house-embracing Garcinia subelliptica Merr.trees.For this task we chose to survey the two best preserved villages of Tonaki Island and Bise village.

Ho:go in a Feng Shui landscape

Feng Shui was ?rst introduced to the Ryukyu Kingdom by Chinese immigrants from Fujian in the 14th century.As mentioned,the traditional village landscape was designed under the guidance of a Feng Shui adviser.The roads in a planned Feng Shui village are laid

out in a grid pattern.Houses are scattered in

Photo.1.An Aerial Photo of Hirae Village in the southern part of Ishigaki Island by American Army in 1945.A Forest belt of Ryukyu Pine trees (Pinus luchuensis )surrounded the village.The clustered village houses were embraced by

Fukugi tree (Garcinia subelliptica )lines;scale ?1:6000.

Photo.2.Well preserved house-embracing Garcinia subelliptica trees in Bise Village;source:Google Earth.

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well-ordered blocks that are separated by intersecting roads.It is assumed that such a grid-planned village did not appear until1737(Nakamatsu,1977)under the Jiwarisei(the practise of periodically redistributing rural land)system.There existed about180grid-planned villages in the Ryukyu Islands according to Nakamatsu (1977).Most of them were clustered in the?at land or sand land in coastal alluvion.

Ho:go()is one essential word in the planning of a traditional Feng Shui village landscape in Okinawa Prefecture.The literal meaning of Ho:go is‘‘to embrace and protect’’.The same term,Ho:go,was also found in Korean Feng Shui,but has not been found in Chinese Feng Shui yet.But a similar concept of enclosing living energy is common in Feng Shui.Thus,the Feng Shui layout of Ho:go is a somewhat particular application of the ideal Feng Shui concept on the Ryukyu Islands.In ideal Feng Shui topography,surrounding hills are desired to embrace the living Qi.However,the Ryukyu Islands are mostly?at,with a few low hills,and severe natural situations.They suffer from frequent typhoons and strong winter winds.Ho:go has been highly emphasized to repair the defective topography with tree planting around the houses and the villages to achieve an ideal habitat environment.

According to Kyuyo,the word Ho:go also refers to a forest belt that encircles a house,a village,several neighbouring villages,or the coastline,and is called House Ho:go(habitat-embracing forest),Village Ho:go, District Ho:go,and Coastline Ho:go,respectively (Nakama,2002).A forest belt,named Village Ho:go, was planted to curve in front of the village and to extend to the east and the west of the village.Along with the preserved natural forests in the rear,Village Ho:go embrace the whole village.Village Ho:go were mainly planted with Ryukyu pine trees(Pinus luchuensis Mayr) or Fukugi trees,varying between different regions. Coastline Ho:go are mostly Ryukyu pine trees and Pandanus odoratissimus L.f.(Adan in Japanese),Hibis-cus tiliaceus L.(Japanese name:Ouhamabo)and Pongamia pinnata L.Pierre(Japanese name:Kuroyona). P.luchuensis was desired in Ho:go because it is an evergreen species.One or more Fukugi tree lines were usually planted to embrace the houses.

According to the record in Kyuyo,Sai On observed the surrounding landscape to judge Feng Shui for Shuri Castle with Moh Buntetsu(,C.Mao Wenzhe)in 1713.They suggested tree planting,including Ryukyu pine trees,to repair the lower topography in the Gusukuma area in the northwest(Shimajiri,1990). However,such a Ho:go Feng Shui landscape vanished from most islands.Today,village Ho:go can only be found on Tarama Island(Tarama Village Of?ce,2005). House-embracing(House Ho:go)tree lines are well preserved only on Tonaki Island and Bise village in mainland Okinawa.Survey sites and methods

Tonaki Island is located at lat.261220N and long. 127180E,and is58km northwest of Naha City(see Fig.1).It has an area of3.74km2.Tonaki Island was originally two separate islands but the accumulation of sand between the two islands has joined the two islands making them one.There are two hills on the island that have an elevation greater than200m above sea level. They are located on the northern and southern sides of the island,respectively.All residences extending from the east coast to the west port are clustered together in the small narrow plain between these two high hills. Tonaki Village is the second smallest village in Okinawa prefecture with a population of502in2003.While ?shery is the major industry,millet is the most common agricultural product grown on this small island.

We surveyed house nos.1877,1952,1943,1944-1, 1816,1837,and1953on Tonaki Island.We labelled them from No.1to7.All seven selected houses are located inside the village,except No.5which is located on the east coast.

Bise village(see Fig.1,Photos3and4)is located in the northern part of Okinawa Island at lat.261420N and long.1271530E.Bise village is an arclike protruding part in Motobu peninsula,facing the ocean in the west.Bise village has a long coastline extending from southwest to northwest.The population of the village was572 (October2006).Among them,180residents were over 65years old,which accounted for about one third of the total population.Major industries were agriculture and ?shery.

In order to comprehend the actual stand structure of house-embracing trees,?rst,every stand tree taller than 1m was numbered,and then tree height and diameter at breast height(DBH)were measured and recorded.The numbers of sprouts and seedlings were also counted to analyse tree regeneration.

Sprouts from the rootstock Fig.1.Locations of Tonaki Island and Bise Village,Okinawa; scale?1:1,000,000.

B.Chen et al./Urban Forestry&Urban Greening7(2008)53–6155

and the stumps were counted,respectively.Young trees less than 1m were counted as seedlings.

We also recorded the actual location of every tree in the woodland.We reproduced the actual layout of the trees with HO CAD software in the ?gures.On the basis of their DBH,the size of every tree was drawn in circles of proportional size.

Concerning the layout of village houses in Bise,we found that one to four adjacent houses form a block inside interlacing village roads.We classi?ed house layout into four types according to the number of parts separated by Fukugi tree lines in a block.We surveyed the house-embracing Fukugi trees of Types 1,2,3a,and 3b.

Results

Layout of house-embracing trees

An aerial photo of Hirae village (see Photo 5)on Ishigaki Island shows a typical Feng Shui village landscape.Intersecting roads pide the village into blocks.Houses are encircled by dark tree lines.A circling forest belt encloses the village.But,the village Ho:go and house-embracing trees in Hirae do no longer exist at present.

A Ryukyu Feng Shui village landscape features grid-planned roads and house-embracing tree lines.The roads run north–south and east–west,and seem to intersect approximately at right angles.But it was reported that intersections had an inclination of about 2–321(Musha et al.,1988).

All residences in the village were built about 70cm lower than the transverse roads.It was discovered that sandy soil was excavated ?rst when building the houses in order to protect them from the frequent typhoons on this small island.The excavated sand was used to make fences around the residences and then G.subelliptica Merr.were planted in the sand (a record of the history of Tonaki Island Village,1983).The long years of cultivation of these trees has resulted in the present,pleasant habitat-embracing tree landscape.

We found that house-embracing woods were much thicker in the borderline of the village,in particular,those either facing the coast or standing in the north.In contrast,there was usually one tree line inside the village.From Fig.2,we could ?nd two orderly tree lines and many other tree lines in the area north of the houses.

Table 1presents the height and DBH of house-embracing Fukugi trees in Tonaki Island and Bise village.We surveyed 1676trees for 7houses in Tonaki

Photo.3.Well ordered house-embracing Garcinia subelliptica tree lines inside Bise

Village.

Photo.4.Well preserved house-embracing Garcinia subelliptica trees in Tonaki Island.Source:Google

Earth.

Photo.5.Well ordered house-embracing Garcinia subelliptica tree lines inside Tonaki Island.

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962baa45aaea998fcd220e5ayout of house-embracing Fukugi (Garcinia subelliptica )trees in Tonaki Island;scale ?1:800.Note:Small circles refer to house-embracing Fukugi trees.They were drawn on basis of the size of the trees’DBH.

Table 1.Descriptive data of house-embracing Garcinia subelliptica Merr.trees

Area of each house (m 3)

Height (cm)DBH (cm)Eastimated age (year)A Mean Maximum Mean Maximum Mean Maximum Tonaki Isl.

No.1440.3464.2934.010.643.442.5173.5No.2481.1419.51170.011.539.345.8157.2No.3407.8396.2821.010.139.840.5159.2No.4497.3438.1682.010.126.140.3104.4No.5722.6347.61024.08.044.631.8178.4No.6610.4437.01232.010.643.242.5172.8No.7523.4346.41372.08.444.833.4179.2Average 526.1407.0–9.939.6Bise Village

Type 1592.9626.71470.016.553.166.0212.4Type 2458.6560.81830.014.755.558.8222.0Type 3a 515.3432.91760.014.066.556.0266.0Type 3b 547.2587.01280.0

8.960.3

35.6241.2

Average

528.5

551.9

13.5

54.1

Bold values indicate the mean value of all surveyed houses.

A Age of a Garcinia subelliptica tree (year)?DBH (cm)C 2?8(Hirata,2006).

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Island.The mean height of house-embracing trees ranged from 346to 438cm.The mean DBH ranged from 8to 11.5cm.The mean estimated age of surveyed trees ranged from 32to 46years.The frequencies of height and DBH are presented in Figs.4and 6.The majority of surveyed Fukugi trees were under 7m,with a DBH smaller than 30cm.

About 1763Fukugi trees were surveyed in Bise village (see Fig.3).The mean height of house-embracing trees ranged from 433to 627cm.The mean DBH ranged from 9to 16.5cm.The mean estimated age of surveyed trees ranged from 36to 66.The frequencies of height and DBH are presented in Figs.5and 7.The majority of surveyed Fukugi trees were under 9m,with a DBH smaller than 40cm (Figs.4–7).

Density and regeneration

Table 2shows the stand tree density in two surveyed villages.The number of Fukugi trees taller than 1m in every metre was counted as density.The tree density in Tonaki Island ranged from 2.8to 3.3.While,the density in Bise Village ranged from 1.6to 3.6.

The number of sproutlings and seedlings was counted,respectively,to observe management and regeneration in house-embracing woodlands.It was said that village people used to cut the mature trees to build a house or young trees for a pen.Sprouts grew up from the stumps,

and also from the rootstocks.Ripened fruits of G.subelliptica would drop in September.People would clean the surroundings of the house and kept some of the seedlings to grow up.

Fig.3.House-embracing Fukugi tree distribution in Types 1,2,3a,and 3b in Bise village;scale ?1:800.

1200

800400

Height (cm)

800

600

N u m b e r

400

200

Fig.4.Frequency of the height of house-embracing Fukugi trees in surveyed Tonaki Island.

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Features of Garcinia subelliptica trees

But why did people choose G.subelliptica trees to plant around their houses in the Ryukyu Islands?The historical record on the formation of such a G.subelliptica village landscape is unclear.

Thus,we can only assume that natural features may be the reason for their use as house-embracing woods.

About 250species belong to the Garcinia genus,and they are widely distributed in the tropics,in particular tropical Asia (Hatsushima,1975).G.subelliptica is only found naturally in the Philiphines,Taiwan,and Yona-guni,Iriomote,and Ishigaki islands in Okinawa.

Its trunk is straight with dense thick leaves,which is why it is well known to be wind resistant and ?re resistant.People used to submerge the trunk in seawater near the beach for about one year as a mothproo?ng

DBH (cm)

700600500400300

200

100

N u m b e r

Fig.6.Frequency of DBH of house-embracing Fukugi trees in surveyed Tonaki Island.

70

6050403020

100DBH (cm)

600

500400300200

1000

N u m b e

r

Fig.7.Frequency of DBH of house-embracing Fukugi trees in surveyed Bise Village.

Height (cm)

600

500

400300

200

100

N u m b e r

Fig.5.Frequency of the height of house-embracing Fukugi trees in surveyed Bise Village.

Table 2.Density and regeneration of house-embracing Garcinia subelliptica trees

Number Density Sprouting Seedling

A

B C No.D No.Tonaki Isl.No.1224

3.3103452No.2180386727No.3149 3.16959No.413034914No.5405 3.121639No.6324 3.2253360No.7264 2.8176280Amount 1676 3.12664831Bise Village Type 1137

1.620117Type 2263

2.146888Type 3a 392 2.2423169Type 3b 551

3.6489213Amount 1343

2.5

1581

487

A refers to the total number of Garcinia subelliptica trees taller than 1m.

B ?Garcinia subelliptica tree number/length of Garcinia subelliptica tree lines (m).

C refers to the sproutling growth from the rootstocks or from the cut stumps.

D refers to the number of seedlings lower than 1m.

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measure before it was used to build the traditional timber houses.A high-quality yellow dye can be extracted from its bark.The thick lubricous leaves were used as toilet paper.The fallen leaves were important for their use as fuel in an agricultural society with scarce resources.The various uses of G.subelliptica trees can be given as the reason for their standing around the habitat.Recently,a new technology allows the devel-opment of wood yarn from G.subelliptica to weave a handbag.It is expected that new products will be developed to meet new needs for natural products. When the fruits of G.subelliptica trees are ripening during July–September,thousands of bats come to the woodlands and feed on the ripe fruits.A G.subelliptica tree is suitable for the sandy soil in the coastal area and impervious to seawater.Due to its natural features, it might be assumed that G.subelliptica trees is one of the most suitable tree species for island landscape planning.

Discussion

The practical use of tree planting in an island Feng Shui village

A Ryukyu Feng Shui village landscape features practical use of tree planting.G.subelliptica trees were planted surrounding village houses to protect them from seasonal monsoons and frequent typhoons.Village Ho:go was planted to curve in the front to enclose all village houses.Natural forest in the rear hills has been well preserved to protect from chilly winter winds. Ho:go was also planted to surround several neighbour-ing villages.Ryukyu pine trees and Adan trees were usually planted along the coastline.In brief,multiple layers of forest belt were planted in a traditional Feng Shui village.Such a village landscape was designed to apply to the local topography and weather.

Greenery on the Dragon mountains and tree planting in Shui Kou(Water Gate)of the village was highlighted in Chinese Feng Shui.Dragon mountain,also called Dragon vein,refers to a mountain ridge.It is the?rst priority in locating a good Feng Shui landscape. Luxurious greenery is considered to be the origin of the?ow of good energy.Water was considered as wealth.Water Gate is a vital concept in Chinese Feng Shui.It refers to the site where the surrounding water leaves the village.It is always the lowest site in the village.Arti?cal constructions such as a bridge,a pagoda,or a pavilion,and a few trees were desired to retain the fortune leaving with water.Thus,Feng Shui forests,in particular,in Dragon Mountains and in Water Gate are symbolic of good fortune to village people.

Some early researchers report the actual practice of tree worship in rural China.Graham(1961)reports several single trees which are the foci of Feng Shui in Szechwan(C.Si Chuan province).Feuchtwang(1974) states that Feng Shui trees are the most ubiquitous and sensitive foci of interest in Feng Shui and are common Feng Shui symbols in practice.Illustrations on the function of tree planting to enhance the vital energy and repair the imperfect landscape of a city or a village emerged during the1990s by some Chinese researchers such as He(1990)and Wang(1991).With the global trend in concern for the living environment,Coggins (2003)reports Feng Shui forests around villages are well preserved in the mountainous north of Fujian Province.

A similar use of Feng Shui trees has been reported in other countries and regions in East Asia besides mainland China.The preserved forests form a charming and ecological landscape in the highly urbanized region of Hong Kong(Webb,1995).Two functions of Feng Shui trees in South Korea,repairing a defective land-scape and enhancing the vital engery,are reported by Shibuya(2003)and Whang et al.(2006).

Thus,Feng Shui trees are more symbolically than practically used in mainland China,Hong Kong,and South Korea.In these areas,Feng Shui trees are usually found to be a patch in the village.In contrast,coastline Ho:go,village Ho:go and house-embracing G.subelliptica trees in Okinawa have a practical signi?cance,usually consist of a larger area,and are continuous. Management

We found that the average area of each house in Tonaki Island was the same as that in Bise village.The surveyed premise are was526m2in Tonaki Island,and 529m2in Bise village on the average.The mean heights of house-embracing G.subelliptica trees were407and 552cm on Tonaki Island and Bise village,respectively.

A distance between the tree line to the house,which is about3–5times that of the tree height,is favourable to minimize strong wind(AJFT,1971).It might be assumed that there is a strong correlation between the house area and the tree height.

The surveyed G.subelliptica trees in Tonaki Island were much shorter than those in Bise Village.It may be assumed that timber in a small isolated island was so much in demand for building houses that people cut the mature G.subelliptica trees.In contrast,Bise village is located in the northern part of mainland Okinawa.It is nearby the largest timber producing mountains in Yanbaru.A relatively abundant timber supply might explain why G.subelliptica trees in Bise were much bigger.

The surveyed G.subelliptica trees on Tonaki Island were much lower than those in Bise Village.Better

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management might be also assumed as the reason for the difference in tree height in the two surveyed villages. On Tonaki Island,people used to clean the house-embracing trees and even the roads outside the houses every day.Pupils are organized to clean the roads before school every day at present.It was said that people would clean the village every morning to?nd any intruding poisonous Okinawa Habu snake(Trimere-surus?avoviridis).

Appreciation of a Ryukyu house-embracing Garcinia subelliptica tree landscape

A high regard for house-embracing G.subelliptica tree landscape was found in Bise village.A questionnaire survey found that people evaluated the house-embracing G.subelliptica tree landscape very highly.A majoritity of respondents mentioned the ef?cacy of protection from typhoons,visual beauty,and psychological serenity (Nakama and Koki,2002).

It is a future issue to preserve and manage the currently existing house-embracing G.subelliptica trees. With the aging of village people,volunteer organizations are desired to help with thinning and cutting to maintain a favourable density and height of trees.Such a traditional village landscape might also serve purposes of environment education for younger generations. References

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Graham,D.C.,1961.Folk Religion in Southwest China.The Smithsonian Institution,Washington,DC. Hatsushima,S.,1975.Flora of the Ryukyus.Okinawa Biological Education and Research Society,Naha(in Japanese).He,X.,1990.The Source of Feng Shui.South-East University Press,Nanjing(in Chinese).

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