ASTM D4169-09运输集装箱和系统的性能测试(跌落碰撞试验)

ASTM D4169-运输集装箱和系统的性能测试(跌落碰撞试验)

Designation:D4169 09

StandardPracticefor

PerformanceTestingofShippingContainersandSystems1

Thisstandardisissuedunderthe xeddesignationD4169;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyearoforiginaladoptionor,inthecaseofrevision,theyearoflastrevision.Anumberinparenthesesindicatestheyearoflastreapproval.Asuperscriptepsilon(´)indicatesaneditorialchangesincethelastrevisionorreapproval.ThisstandardhasbeenapprovedforusebyagenciesoftheDepartmentofDefense.

1.Scope

1.1Thispracticeprovidesauniformbasisofevaluating,inalaboratory,theabilityofshippingunitstowithstandthedistributionenvironment.Thisisaccomplishedbysubjectingthemtoatestplanconsistingofasequenceofanticipatedhazardelementsencounteredinvariousdistributioncycles.Thispracticeisnotintendedtosupplantmaterialspeci cationsorexistingpreshipmenttestprocedures.

1.2ConsidertheuseofPracticeD7386fortestingofpackagesforsingleparcelshipments.

1.3Thesuitabilityofthispracticeforusewithhazardousmaterialshasnotbeendetermined.

1.4Thevaluesstatedininch-poundunitsaretoberegardedasstandard.ThevaluesgiveninparenthesesaremathematicalconversionstoSIunitsthatareprovidedforinformationonlyandarenotconsideredstandard.

1.5Thisstandarddoesnotpurporttoaddressallofthesafetyconcerns,ifany,associatedwithitsuse.Itistheresponsibilityoftheuserofthisstandardtoestablishappro-priatesafetyandhealthpracticesanddeterminetheapplica-bilityofregulatorylimitationspriortouse.2.ReferencedDocuments

2.1ASTMStandards:2

D642TestMethodforDeterminingCompressiveResistanceofShippingContainers,Components,andUnitLoadsD880TestMethodforImpactTestingforShippingContain-ersandSystems

D951TestMethodforWaterResistanceofShippingCon-tainersbySprayMethod

D996TerminologyofPackagingandDistributionEnviron-ments

ThispracticeisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD10onPackagingandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeD10.21onShippingContainersandSystems-ApplicationofPerformanceTestMethods.

CurrenteditionapprovedNov.1,http://www.77cn.com.cnstpreviouseditionapprovedin2008asD4169–08.DOI:10.1520/D4169-09.2

ForreferencedASTMstandards,visittheASTMwebsite,http://www.77cn.com.cn,orcontactASTMCustomerServiceatservice@http://www.77cn.com.cn.ForAnnualBookofASTMStandardsvolumeinformation,refertothestandard’sDocumentSummarypageontheASTMwebsite.

1

D999TestMethodsforVibrationTestingofShippingCon-tainers

D4003TestMethodsforProgrammableHorizontalImpactTestforShippingContainersandSystems

D4332PracticeforConditioningContainers,Packages,orPackagingComponentsforTesting

D4728TestMethodforRandomVibrationTestingofShip-pingContainers

D5265TestMethodforBridgeImpactTesting

D5276TestMethodforDropTestofLoadedContainersbyFreeFall

D5277TestMethodforPerformingProgrammedHorizontalImpactsUsinganInclinedImpactTester

D5487TestMethodforSimulatedDropofLoadedContain-ersbyShockMachines

D6055TestMethodsforMechanicalHandlingofUnitizedLoadsandLargeShippingCasesandCrates

D6179TestMethodsforRoughHandlingofUnitizedLoadsandLargeShippingCasesandCrates

D6344TestMethodforConcentratedImpactstoTransportPackages

D6653TestMethodsforDeterminingtheEffectsofHighAltitudeonPackagingSystemsbyVacuumMethod

D7386PracticeforPerformanceTestingofPackagesforSingleParcelDeliverySystems

F1327TerminologyRelatingtoBarrierMaterialsforMedi-calPackaging(Withdrawn2007)32.2MilitaryStandards:4

MIL-STD-810FEnvironmentalTestMethods

MIL-STD-2073–1DODStandardPracticeforMilitaryPackaging3.Terminology

3.1De nitions—Generalde nitionsforthepackaginganddistributionenvironmentsarefoundinTerminologyD996.3.2De nitionsofTermsSpeci ctoThisStandard:

http://www.77cn.com.cn.4

AvailablefromStandardizationDocumentsOrderDesk,Bldg.4SectionD,700RobbinsAve.,Philadelphia,PA19111-5094,Attn:NPODS.

3

Copyright©ASTMInternational,100BarrHarborDrive,POBoxC700,WestConshohocken,PA19428-2959.UnitedStates

ASTM D4169-运输集装箱和系统的性能测试(跌落碰撞试验)

3.3.5LTL—lessthantruckload.4.Signi canceandUse

4.1Thispracticeprovidesaguidefortheevaluationofshippingunitsinaccordancewithauniformsystem,usingestablishedtestmethodsatlevelsrepresentativeofthoseoccurringinactualdistribution.Therecommendedtestlevelsarebasedonavailableinformationontheshippingandhandlingenvironment,andcurrentindustry/governmentprac-ticeandexperience(1-13).5Thetestsshouldbeperformedsequentiallyonthesamecontainersintheordergiven.Foruseasaperformancetest,thispracticerequiresthattheshippingunittestedremainunopeneduntilthesequenceoftestsarecompleted.Ifusedforotherpurposes,suchaspackagedevelopment,itmaybeusefultoopenandinspectshippingunitsatvarioustimesthroughoutthesequence.Thismay,however,prohibitevaluatingthein uenceofthecontainerclosureoncontainerperformance.

4.2ForDistributionCycle18,asreferredtoinMIL-STD-2073–1,theuseofthispracticeisde nedinsubsequentsectionsidenti edasDC-18.5.TestSpecimen

5.1Testspecimensconsistofrepresentativesamplesofcompleteshippingunits,includingactualcontents.Productswithblemishesorminordefectsmaybeusedifthedefectivecomponentisnottobestudiedbythetestandifthedefectisdocumentedinthereport.Dummytestloadsareacceptableiftestingtheactualproductmightbehazardous.Ifadummyloadisused,itshouldbeinstrumentedtodetermineifthefragilityleveloftheactualproducthasbeenexceeded.Takecaretoduplicatetheloadcharacteristicsoftheactualproduct,andavoidunnecessaryprehandling.

5.2Caremustbetakentoensurethatnodegradationhasoccurredtoeithertheproductorthepackageifthetestpackageshavebeenshippedtothetestsite.Ifanydoubtexistsastotheconditionofthepackage,repacktheproductinnewpackagingmaterialbeforetesting.

5.3Thenumberoftestreplicationsdependsonthedesiredobjectivesofthetestingandtheavailabilityofduplicateproductsandshippingcontainers.Replicatetestingisrecom-mendedtoimprovethereliabilityofthetestresults.6.Conditioning

6.1Ifthedistributioncyclecontainsclimaticconditionsthathaveaneffectontheperformancecharacteristicsoftheproduct,shippingcontainer,orcomponentssuchascushioning,useoneofthefollowingprocedures.(Itshouldbenotedthatdifferentatmosphericconditionsarelikelytoexistbetweentheoriginanddestinationpointsofadistributioncycle,particu-larlyforexport/importcycles.)

6.1.1Conductthetestatstandardconditionsandcompen-satefortheeffectsofanyclimaticcondition.Conditiontheshippingunitstoastandardatmosphereof73.462°F(236

Theboldfacenumbersinparenthesesrefertoalistofreferencesattheendofthis

practice.

5

3.2.1acceptancecriteria—theacceptablequalitylevelthatmustbemetaftertheshippingunithasbeensubjectedtothetestplan.SeeSection7.

3.2.2assurancelevel—theleveloftestintensitybasedonitsprobabilityofoccurringinatypicaldistributioncycle.

3.2.2.1Discussion—LevelIisahighleveloftestintensityandhasalowprobabilityofoccurrence.LevelIIIisalowleveloftestintensity,buthasacorrespondinglyhighprobabilityofoccurrence.LevelIIisbetweentheseextremes.ForDistribu-tionCycle18(DC–18),seeMIL-STD-2073–1forde nitionsofmilitarylevelsofprotection.

3.2.3coeff cientofrestitution—theratioofthereboundvelocitytotheimpactvelocity.

3.2.4distributioncycle(DC)—thesequentiallistingofthetestschedulesemployedtosimulatethehazardelementsexpectedtooccurforaspeci croutingofashippingunitfromproductiontoconsumption.SeeTable1.

3.2.5feederaircraft—small,potentiallynon-pressurizedair-craftusedtotransportexpresspackages.

3.2.6hazardelement—aspeci ceventthatoccursinadistributioncyclethatmayposeahazardtoashippingunit.Theelementwillusuallybesimulatedbyasingletestschedule.SeeSection9.

3.2.7shippingunit—thesmallestcompleteunitthatwillbesubjectedtothedistributionenvironment,forexample,ashippingcontaineranditscontents.

3.2.7.1smallshippingunit—forDC-18,asmallshippingunitisde nedasonehavingnoedgedimensionordiameterover60in.(1.52m)andagrossweightof100lb(45kg)orless.

3.2.7.2largeshippingunit—forDC-18,alargeshippingunitisde nedasonehavingatleastoneedgedimensionordiameterover60in.(1.52m)oragrossweightinexcessof100lb(45kg),oritisonethathasagrossweightexceeding100lb(45kg)andissecuredtoabaseortothebaseofashippingunit.

3.2.8testplan—aspeci clistingofthetestsequencetobefollowedtosimulatethehazardsanticipatedduringthedistri-butioncycleofashippingunit.Includedwillbethetestintensityandnumberofsequentialteststobeconducted.See8.5.

3.2.9testschedule—thespeci cproceduretobeused,includingthethreeassurancelevelintensities,andareferencetothetestmethodthatisthebasisoftheschedule.

3.2.9.1Discussion—Thepurposeofthescheduleistosimu-latetheforcesoccurringduringanyhazardelementofthedistributioncycle.SeeSection9.

3.2.10totalvelocitychange,(DV)—thesumoftheimpactandreboundvelocities.

3.3Abbreviations:

3.3.1TOFC—traileron atcar.3.3.2COFC—containeron atcar.3.3.3TL—truckload.3.3.4CL—carload.

ASTM D4169-运输集装箱和系统的性能测试(跌落碰撞试验)

TABLE1DistributionCycles

PerformanceTestScheduleSequence(seeSection9forTestSchedulede nition)

ThirdFourthFifth

ScheduleFLoose-LoadVibration

ScheduleGScheduleJ

RailConcentratedSwitchingImpact

DC1

DistributionCycle

GeneralCycle—unde neddistribution

system

FirstSchedule

AHandling

SecondSixthScheduleAHandling

Seventh

ScheduleDStacked

Vibration

2

Speciallyde neddistributionsystem,userspeci ed(seeAppendixX2)Singlepackagewithoutpalletorskid,LTLmotorfreight

ScheduleScheduleDStacked

AVibrationORHandlingScheduleCVehicle—ManualStackingplus

ScheduleEVehicle

VibrationScheduleScheduleDStacked

AVibrationORHandlingScheduleCVehicle—MechanicalStackingplus

ScheduleEVehicle

Vibration

Schedule

AHandlingSchedule

AHandling

ScheduleDStacked

Vibration

selectfromSchedulesAthroughI

3

ScheduleFScheduleJLoose-LoadConcentratedVibrationImpactScheduleA

Handling—Manual

...

4

Singlepackagewithpalletorskid,LTLmotorfreight

ScheduleFScheduleJLoose-LoadConcentratedVibrationImpactScheduleA

Handling—Mechanical

...

5Motorfreight,TL,notunitized

ScheduleEScheduleJVehicleConcentratedVibrationImpact

ScheduleA

Handling

ScheduleAHandling

...

6Motorfreight,TL,orLTL—unitized

ScheduleDStackedScheduleJ

VibrationORConcentratedScheduleCVehicleImpactStackingplusScheduleEVehicle

VibrationScheduleDStacked

Vibration

ScheduleG

RailSwitchingScheduleG

RailSwitchingScheduleEVehicleVibration

ScheduleBWarehouseStacking

...

7Railonly,bulkloaded

Schedule

AHandlingSchedule

AHandlingSchedule

AHandlingSchedule

AHandlingSchedule

AHandlingSchedule

AHandlingScheduleAHan-dling

ScheduleAHandling

......

8Railonly,unitized

ScheduleDStacked

VibrationScheduleAHandling

ScheduleBWarehouseStacking

...

9Railandmotorfreight,notunitized

ScheduleCVehicle

Stacking

ScheduleG

RailSwitchingScheduleFScheduleJLoose-LoadConcentratedVibrationImpactScheduleAHandling

ScheduleBWarehouseStacking

...

ScheduleAHandling

10Railandmotorfreight,unitized

ScheduleDStacked

Vibration

ScheduleGScheduleJ

RailConcentratedSwitchingImpactScheduleDStackedVibrationScheduleILowPressureAScheduleFLoose-LoadVibration

ScheduleFLoose-LoadVibration

11Rail,TOFCandCOFC

ScheduleGRail

SwitchingScheduleAHandling

12

Air(intercity)andmotorfreight(local),over150lb(68.1kg),orunitizedScheduleDStacked

Vibration

ScheduleEScheduleJVehicleConcentratedVibrationImpactScheduleILowPres-sureA

ScheduleEVehicleVi-bration

ScheduleAHandling

13

Air(intercity)andmotorfreight(local,singlepackageupto150lb(61.8kg).ConsiderusingPracticeD7386forsingleparcelcarriershipments.Warehousing(partialcycletobeaddedtoothercyclesasneeded)Export/Importshipmentforintermodalcontainerorrollon/rollofftrailer(partialcycletobeaddedtoothercyclesasneeded)

Export/Importshipmentforpalletizedcargoship(partialcycletobeaddedtoothercyclesasneeded)

ScheduleCVehicle

Stacking

ScheduleJConcen-tratedIm-pact

...

ScheduleAHandling

14

15

ScheduleAHan-dlingScheduleAHan-dling

ScheduleBWare-houseStackingScheduleCVehicle

Stacking

.........

ScheduleAHandling

.........

16

ScheduleAHan-dling

ScheduleCVehicle

StackingScheduleAHandling

........

.

ASTM D4169-运输集装箱和系统的性能测试(跌落碰撞试验)

TABLE1

Continued

PerformanceTestScheduleSequence(seeSection9forTestSchedulede nition)

ThirdFourthFifth

DCDistributionCycleFirstSecondSixthSeventh

17

Export/Importshipmentforbreakbulk

cargoship(partialcycletobeaddedtoother

cyclesasneeded)Non-CommercialGovernmentshipmentsperMIL-STD-2073-1

Schedule

AHandling

ScheduleCVehicle

StackingScheduleAHandling

.........

18RefertoAnnexA1forTestSchedulesapplyingtoDC-18.

Thishighaltitude,non-pressurizedtransportsimulationtestmaybedeletedfromthisdistributioncyclewhentestingshippingunitsthatcontainprimarypackagesthathaveaporous

material.

A

1°C)and5062%relativehumidity.Condition berboardcontainersinaccordancewithPracticeD4332.Thesameatmosphericconditionshouldbeusedforanyassurancelevel.Aconditioningperiodof72h,orsufficienttimetoreachequilibriumofallpartsofthepackageandproductisrecom-mended.Testsshouldbeconductedintheconditionedatmo-spherewheneverpossible.Ifnotpossible,conductthetestsassoonafterremovalfromtheconditioningatmosphereaspracticable.Reconditiontheshippingunitstothestandardatmosphereasnecessaryduringthetestplan.

6.1.2Insomecircumstances,itmaybenecessarytoconductsomeorallofthetestsatspecialclimaticconditions,suchasthosegiveninPracticeD4332,orTestMethodD951,orothers(salt,spray,waterimmersion,humidity,ortemperature).Thesameclimaticconditionshouldbeusedforanyassurancelevel.Aconditioningperiodshouldbeprovidedwhichwillallowsufficienttimetoreachequilibriumofallpartsofthepackageandproduct.Testsshouldbeconductedintheconditionedatmospherewheneverpossible.Ifnotpossible,conductthetestsassoonafterremovalfromtheconditioningatmosphereaspracticable.Reconditiontheshippingunitsasnecessaryduringthetestplan.Foratmospheresotherthanthestandardconditioningatmosphere,theusermustdeterminetheappro-priatecompressiveloadfactorforwarehouseandvehiclestacking,asthefactorsgivenin11.2arebasedontestingunderthestandardtestatmosphere.7.AcceptanceCriteria

7.1Acceptancecriteriamustbeestablishedpriortotestingandshouldconsidertherequiredconditionoftheproductatreceipt.Theorganizationsconductingthetestmaychooseanyacceptancecriteriasuitablefortheirpurpose.Itisadvisabletocomparethetypeandquantityofdamagethatoccurredtothetestspecimenswiththedamagethatoccursduringactualdistributionandhandlingorwithtestresultsofsimilarcon-tainerswhoseshippinghistoryisknown.

7.2Inmanycases,theacceptancecriteriacanbethefollowing:

Criterion1—Productisdamage-free.Criterion2—Packageisintact.Criterion3—Bothcriteria1and2.

Often,thismeansthattheshippingcontaineranditscontentsaresuitablefornormalsaleanduseatthecompletionofthetest

cycle.Detailedacceptancecriteriamayallowforacceptingspeci eddamagetoaproductoritspackage.Theformandcontentofacceptancecriteriamayvarywidely,inaccordancewiththeparticularsituation.Methodsmayrangefromsimplepass-failjudgmentstohighlyquantitativescoringoranalysissystems.8.Procedure

8.1De neShippingUnit—Describeshippingunitintermsofsize,weight,andformofconstruction.See3.2.7.Determinewhetherthecontainerwillbemanuallyormechanicallyhandled.

8.2EstablishAssuranceLevel—Specifyaleveloftestintensity.Thelevelshouldbeoneofthreepre-establishedassurancelevels.Thismustbepre-establishedbasedontheproductvalue,thedesiredlevelofanticipateddamagethatcanbetolerated,thenumberofunitstobeshipped,knowledgeoftheshippingenvironment,orothercriteria.AssuranceLevelIIissuggestedunlessconditionsdictateotherwise.AssuranceLevelIprovidesamoreseveretestthanII.AssuranceLevelIIIprovidesalessseveretestthanII.Theassurancelevelmaybevariedbetweenschedules(seeSections10-15)ifsuchvaria-tionsareknowntooccur.Thetestlevelsusedshouldbereported.SeeSection18.

8.3DetermineAcceptanceCriteria—Acceptancecriteriaarerelatedtothedesiredconditionoftheproductandpackageattheendofthedistributioncycle.SeeSection7.

8.4SelectDistributionCycle—http://www.77cn.com.cnetheDCthatmostcloselycorrelateswiththeprojecteddistribution.Whenthedistributionisunde ned,thegeneraldistributioncycleDC-1shouldbeselected.Whentheanticipateddistributioniswellunderstood,aspecialdistribu-tioncycleDC-2maybespeci ed.InusingDC-2,theuserselectstestschedulesfromSection9andspeci esthetestsequence(seeAppendixX2formoredetails).ForpurposesofDC-3andDC-13,thebottomofasinglepackageisthesurfaceonwhichthepackagerestsinitsmoststableorientation.Theidenti edbottomshouldbeutilizedforpurposesofdetermin-ingthestartingorientationofeachtestschedulewithintheabovestateddistributioncycles.

ASTM D4169-运输集装箱和系统的性能测试(跌落碰撞试验)

affecttheintensityofthesehazards.Severaltestmethodoptionsarepermitted,includingfreefallandsimulateddroptestusingshockmachines.Whilethesetestmethodsproducesimilarresults,theshockmachinemethodproducesmorecontroloforientationsofimpact;seeTestMethodD5487forlimitationsoftheshockmachinemethod.

10.2.1Forlongnarrowpackagesthataremechanicallysorted,anotherhazardtobesimulatedisbridgeimpact(10.2.4).

10.2.2Mechanicalhandling(10.3)maybeusedwhenitisanticipatedthathandlingwillbebymechanicalmeansonly.10.2.3Forthefree-fallandshockmachinetests,recom-mendeddropheights,thenumberofdrops,thesequenceofdrops,andtheshippingunitorientationatimpactareasfollows:

TestMethodD5276,D5487.Conditioning—SeeSection6.

ShippingWeight,lb(kg)

0to20(0to9.1)20to40(9.1to18.1)40to60(18.1to27.2)60to80(27.2to36.3)80to100(36.3to45.4)100to200(45.4to90.7)NumberofImpactsatSpeci edHeight

DropHeight,in.(mm)AssuranceLevel

IIIIII24(610)15(381)9(229)21(533)13(330)8(203)18(457)12(305)7(178)15(381)10(254)6(152)12(305)9(229)5(127)10(254)7(178)4(102)

8.5WriteTestPlan—Prepareatestplanbyusingthe

sequencepresentedinTable1forthedistributioncycleselected.Obtainthetestintensitiesfromthereferencedsched-ules.Thetestplanintensitydetailsmusttakeintoaccounttheassurancelevelsselectedaswellasthephysicaldescriptionoftheshippingunit.Table1thusleadstoadetailedtestplanconsistingoftheexactsequenceinwhichtheshippingunitwillbesubjectedtothetestinputs.ThetestschedulesassociatedwitheachelementreferencetheexistingASTMtestmethodsforclari cationoftheequipmentandtechniquestobeusedtoconductthetest.

8.5.1SampletestplansareprovidedinAppendixX1.8.6SelectSamplesforTest—SeeSection5.8.7ConditionSamples—SeeSection6.

8.8PerformTests—PerformtestsasdirectedinreferenceASTMstandardsandasfurthermodi edinthespecialinstructionsforeachtestschedule.

8.9EvaluateResults—Evaluateresultstodetermineiftheshippingunitsmeettheacceptancecriteria.SeeSection7.8.10DocumentTestResults—Documenttestresultsbyre-portingeachstep.SeeSection18.

8.11MonitorShipments—Whenpossible,obtainfeedbackbymonitoringshipmentsofthecontainerthatwastestedtoensurethatthetypeandquantityofdamageobtainedbythelaboratorytestingcorrelateswiththedamagethatoccursinthedistributioncycle.Thisinformationisveryusefulfortheplanningofsubsequenttestsofsimilarshippingcontainers.9.HazardElementsandTestSchedules

9.1HazardElementsandTestSchedulesarecategorizedasfollows:

Schedule

ABCDEFGHIJ

HazardElement

Handling—manualandmechanicalWarehouseStackingVehicleStackingStackedVibrationVehicleVibration

LooseLoadVibrationRailSwitching

EnvironmentalHazardLowPressureHazardConcentratedImpact

TestSection

drop,impact,stability10compression11compression11vibration12vibration12repetitiveshock13longitudinalshock14cyclicexposure15vacuum16impact17

One

TwoTwoOneNumberofImpactsatSpeci edHeight

ImpactOrientation-FirstSequenceofDistributionCycleBoxBagorSackCylindricalContainer

topfacetopadjacentbottomedgestwosidestwosides90°apartdiagonallyoppositebottombothendsbottomedges90°apartcornersbottomoppositefacebottom

One

TwoTwoOne

ImpactOrientation-SecondSequenceofDistributionCycleBoxBagorSackCylindricalContainer

verticaledgefacetopadjacentsidefacestwosidestwosides90°apartonetopcornerandonebothendsbottomedges90°apartadjacenttopedge

seeNote1seeNote1seeNote1

10.ScheduleA—Handling—ManualandMechanical:10.1Therearetwotypesofhandlinghazardelement,

manualandmechanical.Themanualhandlingtestshouldbeusedforsinglecontainers,smallerpackages,andanyshippingcontainerthatcanbehandledmanually,uptoaweightof200lb(90.7kg).Mechanicalhandlingshouldbeusedforunitizedloads,largecasesandcrates,andanyshippingcontainerorsystemthatwillbehandledbymechanicalmeans.Manualandmechanicalhandlingaredescribedfurtherin10.2and10.3.10.2ManualHandling—Thetestlevelsandthetestmethodforthisscheduleofthedistributioncycleareintendedtodeterminetheabilityoftheshippingunittowithstandthehazardsoccurringduringmanualhandlings,suchasloading,unloading,stacking,sorting,orpalletizing.Themainhazardsfromtheseoperationsaretheimpactscausedbydroppingorthrowing.Size,weight,andshapeoftheshippingunitwill

NOTE1—Onthelastimpactofthelastmanualhandlingsequenceinadistributioncycle,theimpactshouldbemadeattwicethespeci edheightorequivalentvelocitychange.(Thisisthe nal(sixth)dropinthesequence,notanadditionaldrop.)Thedropshouldbeintheimpactorientationmostlikelyforadroptooccur,usuallythelargestfaceorthebottom.Fordistributioncycleswhereanydroporientationispossible(thatis,shipmentsviacarriersthatmechanicallysortpackages),thisdropshouldbeinthemostcriticalordamage-proneorientation,asde nedinTestMethodD5276.

NOTE2—Theequivalentvelocitychangecorrespondingtothespeci eddropheightusedfortheshockmachinemethodshallbecalculatedasspeci edinTestMethodD5487.

10.2.4BridgeImpactTest:TestMethod—D5265.Conditioning—SeeSection6.

10.2.4.1Conductbridgeimpactsonlong,narrowshippingunitswhichhavealengthofatleast36in.(915mm)andeachoftheothertwodimensionsare20%orlessofthelongest

dimension.

ASTM D4169-运输集装箱和系统的性能测试(跌落碰撞试验)

portovera oorhazarddescribedasfollows:amodi ednominal2by6in.boardwithoneedgebeveledfullheightat45°(seeFig.1)shallbeplacedonthecourseinapositionwherebothlifttruckwheelsononesidemustpassoveritduringeachhandlingsequence,andasecondmodi ednominal2by6in.boardshallbeplacedonthecourseafterthe90°turninsuchapositionthatbothlifttruckwheelsontheoppositesidemustpassoveritduringeachhandlingsequence.10.3.2.2AllMethodsofTruckHandling—ImpactallfoursidesoftheshippingunitinaccordancewithTestMethodD880ProcedureB.Alternately,useTestMethodD4003,MethodBusingashortdurationprogrammer,assumingthecoefficientofrestitutionis0.0andthetotalvelocitychangeisequivalenttothespeci edimpactvelocity.

AssuranceLevel

IIIIII

ImpactVelocityft/s(m/s)

5.75(1.75)4.0(1.22)3.0(0.91)

10.2.4.2Thesetestsarerequiredonlyonceinanytestschedulesequence.

10.3MechanicalHandling—Thetestlevelsandthetestmethodforthisscheduleofthedistributioncycleareintendedtodeterminetheabilityoflargeandheavyshippingunits,singlepackageswithpalletorskid,andunitizedloadstowithstandthemechanicalhandlinghazardsthatoccurduringloading,unloading,sorting,orstacking.Forlargeshippingcasesandcratesandanysinglepackagewithpalletorskid,differenttestmethodsareusedversusunitloads.Forvarioustypesofunitloads,testmethodsalsovary,dependingonthemethodoftruckhandling:fork,clamp,spade,orpull/pack.10.3.1LargeShippingCasesandCratesandSinglePack-ageswithPalletorSkid—Performthefollowingtestse-quences:

TestMethod—D6179,D880,D4003.Conditioning—SeeSection6.

10.3.1.1ForkLiftTruckHandling—Onerotational atdropfromeachoppositebaseedgeinaccordancewithMethodCofTestMethodsD6179andonerotationaldroponeachoftwodiagonallyoppositebasecornersinaccordancewithMethodBofTestMethodsD6179.

GrossWeight,lb(kg)0to500(0to226.8)Over500(226.8)

DropHeight,in.(mm)AssuranceLevelIIIIII12(305)9(229)6(152)9(229)6(152)3(076)

10.3.2.3ForkLiftTruckHandling—Onerotational atdrop

fromeachoppositebaseedgeinaccordancewithMethodCofTestMethodsD6179.

GrossWeight,lb(kg)0to500(0to226.8)Over500(226.8)

DropHeight,in.(mm)AssuranceLevelIIIIII12(305)9(229)6(152)9(229)6(152)3(76)

10.3.1.2CraneHandling—(Conductthistestonlyifcranes

areusedforhandlinginthedistributionprocess.)Onedrop http://www.77cn.com.cnethesamedropheightsversusshippingunitweightasin10.3.1.1.

10.3.1.3SideImpactTest—ImpactallfoursidesoftheshippingunitinaccordancewithTestMethodD880,ProcedureB.Alternately,useTestMethodD4003MethodBusingashortdurationprogrammer,assumingthecoefficientofrestitutionis0.0andthetotalvelocitychangeisequivalenttothespeci edimpactvelocity.

AssuranceLevel

IIIIII

ImpactVelocityft/s(m/s)

5.75(1.75)4.0(1.22)3.0(0.91)

11.ScheduleB—WarehouseStackingandSchedule

C—VehicleStacking:11.1Thetestlevelsandthetestmethodsfortheseschedulesofadistributioncycleareintendedtodeterminetheabilityoftheshippingunittowithstandthecompressiveloadsthatoccurduringwarehousestorageorvehicletransport.Therequiredloadingmustconsidertheeffectsoflengthoftimeinstorage,thealignmentorstackingpatternofthecontainer,variabilityincontainerstrength,moisturecontent,temperature,previoushandlingandtransportation,methodofloadsupport,andvibration.TheminimumrequiredloadsfortypicalshippingunitswhichincludethecombinedeffectsoftheabovefactorsarerecommendedbelowforScheduleB—WarehouseStackingandScheduleC—VehicleStacking(selecttestlevelsforeitherwarehouseorvehiclestackingasde nedinthedistributioncycle):

TestMethodD642.

Conditioning—73.462°F(2361°C),5062%relativehumidityinaccordancewithPracticeD4332.11.2Usethefollowingtest

levels:

10.3.1.4TipTest—InaccordancewithMethodFofTestMethodsD6179.

10.3.1.5TipoverTest—InaccordancewithMethodGofTestMethodsD6179ifshippingunitfailsTipTestabove.

10.3.2UnitizedLoads—Performthefollowingtestsse-quencesasappropriateforthemethodoftruckhandling:TestMethod—D880,D4003,D6055,D6179.Conditioning—SeeSection6.

10.3.2.1AllMethodsofTruckHandling—Pickup,transportaroundtestcourse,andsetdowninaccordancewithTestMethodsD6055,MethodAforforklift,MethodBforspadelift,MethodCforclamp,andMethodDforpullpack.

AssuranceLevel

IIIIII

Cycles(RoundTrips)

853

(1)Forshipmentsvialess-than-truckload(LTL),simulatetransferterminalhandlingbyperformingforklifttrucktrans-FIG.1Floor

Hazard

ASTM D4169-运输集装箱和系统的性能测试(跌落碰撞试验)

LMfJHhlwKF

=========

computedload,lbforN,

shippingdensityfactor,lb/ft3orkg/m3,1lbf/lbor9.8N/kg,

maximumheightofstackintransitvehicle(ifvehiclestackheightisunknown,use108in.(2.7m)),in.orm,seeNote3,

heightofshippingunitorindividualcontainer,in.orm,lengthofshippingunitorindividualcontainer,in.orm,widthofshippingunitorindividualcontainer,in.orm,1728in.3/ft3or1m3/m3,and

afactortoaccountforthecombinedeffectoftheindividualfactorsdescribedabove.

FFactorsAssuranceLevelScheduleScheduleB—WarehouseC—Vehicle

ShippingUnitConstructionIIIIIIIIIIII

1.Corrugated, berboard,orplasticcontainer8.04.53.010.07.05.0

thatmayormaynothavestress–bearinginteriorpackagingusingthesematerials,andwheretheproductdoesnotsupportanyoftheload.

2.Corrugated, berboard,orplasticcontainer4.53.02.06.04.53.0

thathasstress-bearinginterior

packagingwithrigidinsertssuchaswood.

3.Containersconstructedofmaterialsother3.02.01.54.03.02.0

thancorrugated, berboard,orplasticthatarenottemperatureorhumiditysensitiveorwheretheproductsupportstheloaddirectly,forexample,compressionpackage.

4.Iftheproductsupportsaknownportionof

theload,theFfactoriscalculatedinthefollowingmanner:

NOTE3—ThevalueforH,whenunknown,isreducedto54in.(1.4m)from108in.(2.7m)forpackagesunder30lb(13.6kg)and2.0ft3(0.056m3)orlessinsizewhenappliedtoavehiclestackinghazardelementinLTLshipments.

F5P~Fp!1C~F

c

!

(1)

12.ScheduleD—StackedVibrationandSchedule

E—VehicleVibration:12.1Thetestlevelsandtestmethodsfortheseschedulesofthedistributioncycleareintendedtodeterminetheabilityofshippingunitstowithstandtheverticalvibrationenvironmentduringtransport,andthedynamiccompressionforcesresultingfromvehiclestacking.Thetestlevelsandmethodsaccountforthemagnitude,frequencyrange,duration,anddirectionofvibration.SelectaScheduleD—StackedVibrationorScheduleE—VehicleVibration(nostacking)testasde nedbythedistributioncycle.Twotestmethodoptionsarepermitted,sineandrandom.Thetwomethodsarenotequivalent;theywillnotnecessarilyproducethesameresults.Therandomtestmethodresultsinabettersimulationofactualtransportvibrationenvironments,andisthepreferredmethodforquali cation.Thesinetestmethodisoftenusedinconjunctionwiththerandommethodasameansofdeterminingandobservingsystemresonances.

12.2ScheduleD—StackedVibration—Performthetestalongtheverticalaxiswiththeloadinthenormalshippingorientationorwiththepredeterminedbottomorientation(asspeci edinDC-3)facingdown.Itispermissibletouseaconcentrateddeadloadtosimulateanupperunitloadormixedcommodities.Theconcentratedloadmaybecalculatedfromtheformulasin11.3and11.4,withtheFfactorsetequalto1.Recommendedintensitiesanddurationsfortherandomtestsaregivenin12.4,andthoseforsinetestsaregivenin12.512.3ScheduleE—VehicleVibration—Performthetestforeachpossibleshippingorientation.Recommendedintensitiesanddurationsfortherandomtestsaregivenin12.4,andthoseforsinetestsaregivenin12.5.12.4RandomTestOption:

TestMethodD4728,MethodAorB.AConditioning—SeeSection6.

SpecialInstructions—Thefollowingpowerspectraldensities,asde nedbytheirmodeoftransport,frequencyandamplitudebreakpoints,andtestdurationsarerecommended.TheTrucktestisrecommendedforDistributionCycles1,3,4,5and6.TheRailtestisrecommendedforDistributionCycles7,8and11.A60minTrucktestfollowedbya120minRailtestisrecommendedforDistributionCycles9and10.A60minTrucktestfollowedbya120minAirtestisrecom-mendedforDistributionCycles12and

13.

where:

Fp=factorgivenaboveforcompressionpackage(construc-tionType3),

P=fractionofloadsupportedbyproduct,

Fc=factorgivenaboveforappropriatecontainerconstruc-tion,and

C=fractionofloadsupportedbycontainer.

Ifafullpalletloadistested,Ffactorsmaybereducedby30%.11.3Forwarehousestackingandvehiclestackingmadeupofidenticalshippingunits,loadtheshippingunittothecomputedloadvalue,ascalculatedbelow.Removetheloadwithin3safterreachingthespeci edvalue.

L5M3J

H2h

3F(2)

where:

L=computedload,lbforN,

M=massofoneshippingunitorindividualcontainer,lbor

kg,

J=1lbf/lbor9.8N/kg,

H=maximumheightofstackinstorageortransitvehicle(if

vehiclestackheightisunknown,use108in.(2.7m)),in.orm,

h=heightofshippingunitorindividualcontainer,in.orm,

and

F=afactortoaccountforthecombinedeffectofthe

individualfactorsdescribedabove.11.4ForvehiclestackingmadeupofmixedcommoditiesandshippedinanLTLorsmallpackagedeliveryenvironment,loadtheshippingunittothecomputedloadvalue,ascalculatedbelow.Removetheloadwithin3safterreachingthespeci edvalue.Iftheaverageshippingdensityfactor(Mf)forthespeci cdistributionsystemisnotknown,useavalueof103

lb/ft(160kg/m3).

L5Mf3J

l3w3hH2h

33F(3)

where:

ASTM D4169-运输集装箱和系统的性能测试(跌落碰撞试验)

Truck:

PowerSpectralDensityLevel,g2/Hz

AssuranceLevelAssuranceLevelAssuranceLevel

IIIIII0.00010.000050.0000250.020.010.0050.020.010.0050.0020.0010.00050.0020.0010.00050.000020.000010.0000050.730.520.37180180180

D4169 09

Assurance

LevelIIIIII

Amplitude(O-Peak),gRailTruck0.250.50.250.50.250.5

Dwell

Time,min15105

Frequency,Hz14164080200

Overall,grmsDuration,minB

FrequencyRange,Hz

3to1003to1003to100

13.ScheduleF—LooseLoadVibration:

13.1Thetestlevelsandthetestmethodforthisscheduleofthedistributioncycleareintendedtodeterminetheabilityoftheshippingunittowithstandtherepetitiveshocksoccurringduringtransportationofbulkorlooseloads.Thetestlevelsandtestmethodaccountforamplitude,direction,anddurationoftherepetitiveshocks.

13.2Usethefollowingtestlevels:

TestMethod—D999,MethodA1orA2.Conditioning—SeeSection6.

SpecialInstructions—Dwelltimedistributed50%alongnormalverticalshippingaxisorwiththepredeterminedbottomorientation(asspeci edinDC-3andDC-13)facingdownandremaining50%evenlyalongallotherpossibleshippingorientations

AssuranceLevel

IIIIII

DwellTime,min

604030

Frequency,Hz125090200

Overall,grmsDuration,minB

Rail:

PowerSpectralDensityLevel,g2/Hz

AssuranceLevelAssuranceLevelAssuranceLevel

IIIIII0.000020.000010.0000050.0020.0010.00050.0020.0010.00050.00080.00040.00020.000020.000010.0000050.410.290.20180180180Air:

PowerSpectralDensityLevel,g2/Hz

AssuranceLevelAssuranceLevelAssuranceLevel

IIIIII0.00040.00020.00010.020.010.0050.020.010.0050.000020.000010.0000051.491.050.74180180180

Frequency,Hz

212100300

Overall,grmsDuration,minB

A

IfMethodBisused,thedrivesignalmustbeequalizedforthespeci cshakerandshippingunitdynamicsperTestMethodD4728,Section8.B

Forvehiclevibrationtestsinmultipleshippingunitorientations,thetotaldurationshouldbedistributedevenlybetweentheorientationstested.

14.ScheduleG—SimulatedRailSwitching:

14.1Thetestlevelsandtestmethodsforthisscheduleareintendedtodeterminetheabilityoftheshippingunittowithstandtheaccelerationlevelsandcompressiveforcesthatmightoccurduringrailswitchingoperations.

TestMethodD4003,TestMethodAorTestMethodD5277.Conditioning—SeeSection6.

SpecialInstructions—Threeimpactsshallbeperformed.Forrailcarswithstandarddraftgear,shockdurationsof40610msshallbeused,asmeasuredonthe oorofthecarriage.Forrailcarswithlong–traveldraftgear,shockdurationsof300650msshallbeused.

NotethatTestMethodD5277isusedforstandarddraftgearonly.

Forpurposesofthistest,thecoefficientofrestitutionshallbeconsidered0.0,andthetotalvelocitychangeshallbeequiva-lenttothespeci edimpactvelocity.Containerimpactsurfaceshouldbethesameasoccursinactualshipment.Ifmorethanoneorientationispossible,impactthatsurfacewhichisknowntobemostsensitivetodamage.

RefertoTestMethodsD4003orD5277forspeci cinstruc-tionsonhowtoinstrumentandconductthetest.

14.2Procedure—Loadshippingunitoncarriageagainstbulkhead.Totalbackloadshallbeequivalenttoaminimumof3ftlineal(0.9m)ofcargo.Thepackageusedasbackloadincontactwiththetestpackagemustbeidenticaltothetestpackage.

14.3TestLevels—Allowthecarriagetoimpactacushionedbarrierinaccordancewiththefollowingassurance

levels:

12.4.1Ifmoredetailedinformationisavailableonthetransportvibrationenvironmentorthedamagehistoryoftheshippingunit,itisrecommendedthattheaboveprocedurebemodi edtousesuchinformation.Theaveragetesttimerequiredtoreproduceshippingdamageisdependentonthemodeoffailure,aswellasthevibrationlevel.Someover-stressandabrasionmodesoffailurewilloccurinmuchlessthan3h,whilesomefatiguefailuremodesmayrequiremorethan3htooccur.Testdurationsrangingfrom30minto6hhavebeenusedsuccessfullyfordifferentproductorpackagetypes.Therecommended180-mindurationisreasonableintheabsenceofspeci cshippingortestingexperience.

12.5SineTestOption:

TestMethodsD999,MethodBorC.Conditioning—SeeSection6.

SpecialInstructions—Dwelltimeisforeachnotedproductorpackageresonanceuptofourdiscreteresonances.Ifmorethanfourresonancesarenoted,testatthefourfrequencieswherethegreatestresponseisnoted.Infrequencysweepsitisadvisabletoconsiderthefrequencyrangesnormallyencoun-teredinthetypeoftransportationbeingconsidered.Theresonantfrequency(ies)http://www.77cn.com.cnethefollowingtestlevels:

ASTM D4169-运输集装箱和系统的性能测试(跌落碰撞试验)

ImpactVelocitymph(m/s)8(3.58)6(2.68)6(2.68)4(1.79)6(2.68)4(1.79)

D4169 09

NumberofImpacts

212112

AssuranceLevel

I

IIIII

14.4ProcedureModi cation—Ifmoredetailedinformationisavailableonbackloadorshockcharacteristicsitisrecom-mendedthattheaboveprocedurebemodi edtousesuchinformation.Thespeci edbackloadandshockcharacteristicareintendedtosimulatetheconditionsthatoccuronrailcarsequippedwithstandardtypedraftgear.15.ScheduleH—EnvironmentalHazard:

15.1Thisscheduleisintendedtoprovidefortheanticipatedandoftenrapidchangesinambientconditionsassociatedwiththemilitarydistributionofmaterial.Thisscheduledeterminesthesusceptibilityofthetotalpacktotheeffectsofmoisture,temperatureshock,orthecombinedeffectsofcyclicexposure.Theresultofconditioningmayinvolvetheobservation/measurementofmoistureorwaterwithinpacks,evidenceofcorrosiononpackageditems,orcompromiseoftheenclosure’sstructuralintegritysuchthatphysicalprotectioncannolongerbeensured.TestingshallbeinaccordancewithTestMethodD951,wheresprayintensitiesof460.5in./h(100610mm/h)areusedforAssuranceLevelIand260.5in./h(50610mm/h)forLevelII.

15.2Testlevelsshallbeasfollows:

AssuranceLevelTemperature,°F(°C)WaterSprayDuration,h

I160±5(71±2)16

55±5(13±2)X2–10±5(–23±2)2160±5(71±2)X255±5(13±2)X232±5(0±2)16160±5(71±2)455±5(13±2)X2–65±5(–54±2)2160±5(71±2)1655±5(13±2)X2–65±5(–54±2)240±5(4±2)3160±5(71±2)16

II160±5(71±2)14

55±5(13±2)X2160±5(71±2)432±5(0±2)255±5(13±2)X2Thecyclicsequenceshallberepeatedonthree

consecutivedays.Attheendofthethreedayperiod,theunitpackbeingtestedshallthensetovernight160±5(71±2)16

IIINotapplicable

groundovermountainpasses.Thistestshallbeconductedin

accordancewithlevelsdescribedinTestMethodD6653.Thistestshouldbeincludedforproductsandpackagesthatcouldbesensitivetoalowpressureenvironment,forexample,sealed exiblenon-porouspackages,liquidcontainers,orporouspackagesthatmaybepackedinsuchamannerastobeadverselyaffectedbylowpressureenvironments.ThistestmaybedeletedfromDC12and13whenshippingunitscontainprimarypackagesthathaveaporousmaterial(porouspackag-ingmaterialisde nedinTerminologyF1327).

16.2Testthepackagestotheexpectedaltitudelevelsencounteredduringshipment.Ifthesearenotknownprecisely,uselevelsrecommendedbyTestMethodD6653ofpressureequivalentto4267m(14000ft.)foraperiodof60min.Thetestdurationandpressurelevelsmaybemodi edbasedonknowledgeoftheshippingenvironment,productvalue,desireddamagelevelacceptances,orothercriteriaasdescribedinTestMethodD6653.

17.ScheduleJ—ConcentratedImpact

17.1Thisscheduleprovidesasimulationofanticipatedlowlevelconcentratedimpactsasreceivedbypackagesduringsortingoperationsandintransit.Thetestisonlyapplicabletolightweightsinglewallcorrugatedshippingcontainers(under275Burstor44ECT)andplastic lmwrappedpackagesandunitizedloads.TesttheappropriatepackagesorunitloadsaccordingtoTestMethodD6344.

17.2Theimpactenergyforthistestshallbe4.0ft-lbf(5.4J)asimposedbythecylindricalmassfallingaverticaldropdistanceof32in.(0.8m).18.Report

18.1Reportfullyallthestepstaken.Ataminimum,thereportshouldinclude:

18.1.1Referencetothispractice,

18.1.2Descriptionofproductandshippingunit,includingorientationoftheproductwithintheshippingunit,18.1.3Distributioncycle(DC)andtestplan,18.1.4Assurancelevelsandrationale,18.1.5Numberofsamplestested,18.1.6Conditioningused,18.1.7Acceptancecriteria,

18.1.8Vibrationoptionused,randomorsine,

18.1.9Randomvibrationpowerspectraldensityplot,ifused,

18.1.10Pressurelevelsanddurationforhighaltitudeexpo-sure,ifused,

18.1.11Typeoflifttruckhandlingtestsused,ifany,18.1.12Variationfromrecommendedprocedures,and18.1.13Conditionofspecimensaftertest.

18.2GovernmentShipments—Inadditionto18.1.2-18.1.13,thecompletereportincludes:

18.2.1Party,otherthancontractor,performingtesting,18.2.2Testingfacilityused,otherthancontractor’s,

18.2.3Governmentrepresentativewitnessingtesting,and18.2.4Whenenvironmentalhazardisperformedforotherthansmallestcompleteshippingunit(see15.4

).

15.3Durationtimeshallbemeasuredstartingthemomentatwhichtemperaturesettingischangedtonextcondition.15.4Whenspeci edinthecontract,thistestshouldbeperformedaspartofthecompletedistributioncycleforthesmallestcompleteshippingunit,aspartofthecontract.16.ScheduleI—LowPressure(HighAltitude)Hazard16.1Thisscheduleisintendedtoprovidefortheanticipatedreductioninpressurewhenpackagedproductsaretransportedviacertainmodesoftransport,suchasfeederaircraftorby

ASTM D4169-运输集装箱和系统的性能测试(跌落碰撞试验)

20.Keywords

20.1compressiontest;distributioncycle;distributionenvi-ronment;droptest;mechanicalhandling;package;packaging;randomvibration;shippingcontainer;shippingunit;vacuum;vibration

19.PrecisionandBias

19.1Theprecisionandbiasofthispracticearedependentonthoseofthevarioustestmethodsused,andcannotbeexpresslydetermined.

ANNEX

(MandatoryInformation)

A1.DISTRIBUTIONCYCLEDC-18FORNON-COMMERCIALGOVERNMENTSHIPMENTSPERMIL-STD-2073–1

A1.1PerformanceTestScheduleSequenceA1.1

12345678

Handling(A1.2)

WarehouseorVehicleStacking(A1.3)Handling(A1.2)

LowPressureHazard(A1.4)EnvironmentalHazard(A1.5)LooseLoadVibration(A1.6)VehicleVibration(A1.7)Handling(A1.2)

A1.2Handling—ManualandMechanical

A1.2.1ManualHandling—Thistestscheduleappliestosmallshippingunits.Descriptionofthisscheduleisinaccor-dancewith10.2.3,http://www.77cn.com.cnethe rstsequenceimpactorientationsforthethirdhandlingschedule.Testsmallshippingunitsusingthefollow-ingtestlevels:

ShippingWeight,lb(kg)0to30(0to13.6)

over30to75(over13.6to34)over75to150(over34to68)

DropHeight,in.(mm)AssuranceLevel

III30(762)24(610)24(610)18(457)18(457)15(381)

A1.2.2MechanicalHandling:

A1.2.2.1Forlargeshippingunits,thisscheduleisintendedtoprovideanumberoftestingvariationsdescribingspeci cmechanicalhandlinghazardsthatoccuringovernmentdistri-butionforshippingcases,crates,unitizedloads,andcylindricalcontainers.Requiredtestsforrectangularshippingunitsin-clude:tip/tipover;forklifttrucktransport;rotationaldrops,

bothedgewiseandcornerwise;andlateralimpacts.ForAssur-anceLevelI,shippingcasesandcratesandunitizedloadsshallalsobesubjectedtoslinghandling.Forcylindricalshippingunits,onlyrotationaledgewisedroptestsshallapply.TableA1.1shallbeusedasaguideindeterminingboththerequiredtestsandthesequencetobefollowed.A1.2.2.2Speci ctestsrequired:

(1)ShippingCases,Crates,andUnitizedLoads–Tip/Tipover—ShippingcasesandcratesshallbesubjectedtobothtipandtipovertestsforAssuranceLevelI,followingtherequirementsofTestMethodD6179,MethodsFandG.Forunitizedloads,onlythetiptestwillberequired.ThetiptestshallbeperformedforAssuranceLevelIIforallrectangularshippingunits.Tip/tipoverrequirementsshallonlyberequiredduringthe rsthandlingsequenceofDC-18.Thetiptestisusefulfordeterminingacceptableshippingunitdimensionandcenterofgravity.Fortipover,oneimpactisrequiredoneachoftwooppositesides,asdeterminedbytheinitialsidehavingthelowestheight–to–widthratio.

(2)ShippingCases,Crates,andUnitizedLoads—ForkLiftTruckTransport—Pickup,transportaroundtestcourseasde nedinTestMethodsD6055,MethodA,foratotaloftwocycles(roundtrips)inthecaseofAssuranceLevelI,andonecycleforAssuranceLevelII.Withintheminimum100ft(30.5m)obstaclezone,parallelpairsof1by6in.(25by150mm)boards,ofalengthtoextendcompletelyacrosstheaisleandspaced54in.(1.37m)apart,arelaid atatintervalsof30,60,

TABLEA1.1MechanicalHandlingforDC-18,RequiredTestsandSequence

LargeShippingUnit

ShippingCases&CratesUnitizedLoads

AssuranceLevelA

IIIIIIIII

TipB

TipoverB

ForkliftTransport2cycles1cycle2cycles1cycle

--EdgeXXXXXX

RotationalDrops

CornerXXXX--LateralImpactsC

X-X---SlingHandlingD

X-X---

XXXX--

X-----

Cylindrical

AB

Asreferencedin3.2.2,AssuranceLevelsIandIIequatetomilitarylevelsofprotectionAandB,respectively.Testtobeperformedonlyduringthe rsthandlingsequenceofDC-18.C

TesttobeperformedonlyduringthesecondhandlingsequenceofDC-18.D

Testtobeperformedonlyduringthethirdhandlingsequenceof

DC-18.

ASTM D4169-运输集装箱和系统的性能测试(跌落碰撞试验)

A1.3WarehouseorVehicleStacking—RefertoSection11,ScheduleB—WarehouseStackingandScheduleC—VehicleStacking.

A1.4LowPressure(HighAltitude)Hazard:

A1.4.1Thisscheduleisintendedtoprovidefortheantici-patedreductioninpressurewhenpackagedproductsaretransportedviacertainmodesoftransport,suchasbyaircraftorbygroundovermountainpasses.Thistestshouldbeincludedforproductsandpackagesthatcouldbesensitivetoalowpressureenvironment,forexample,sealed exiblenon-porouspackages,liquidcontainers,orporouspackagesthatmaybepackedinsuchamannerastobeadverselyaffectedbylowpressureenvironments..

A1.4.2Forpressurizedaircrafttransport,testthepackagestopressuresrecommendedinTestMethodD6653.Fornon-pressurizedaircrafttransport,use4572km(15000ft)asexpectedaltitude(correspondingpressureinastandardatmo-sphere:57.2kPaor8.3psia)andmaintainforaperiodof60min.

A1.5EnvironmentalHazard:

A1.5.1RefertoSection16,ScheduleH—EnvironmentalHazard.

A1.6LooseLoadVibration:

A1.6.1Thetestlevelsandthetestmethodforthisscheduleofthedistributioncycleareintendedtodeterminetheabilityoftheshippingunittowithstandtherepetitiveshocksoccurringduringtransportationofbulkorlooseloads.Thetestlevelsandtestmethodaccountforamplitude,direction,anddurationoftherepetitiveshocks.

A1.6.2Usethefollowingtestmethodandlevels:TestMethodD999,MethodA1orA2.Conditioning—SeeSection6.

SpecialInstruction—Dwelltimeshallbedistributedasfol-lows:

(1)ForAssuranceLevelsIandII,thedwelltimeshallbe2hoursonthebaseforunitizedloadsandshippingcontainerswithskidbases,and1hourineachofthreemutuallyperpendicularaxesforallothershippingcontainerswhichmaybetransportedinanyorientation.

(2)ForAssuranceLevelIII,dwelltimeshallbe15minutesontheshippingcontainerbaseplus7.5minutesoneachoftwoadjacentsides.

A1.7VehicleVibration:

A1.7.1Thetestmethodandlevelsforthisscheduleareintendedtodeterminetheabilityofshippingunitstowithstandrandomvibrationduringtransport.

TestMethod—RefertoMIL-STD-810F.Conditioning—SeeSection6.

A1.7.2Conductarandomvibrationtestforatotalof9husingthePSD(powerspectraldensities)shownbelow.Fortheverticalvibration,conductthetestfor3honaverticalmotionvibrationmachine.Fortransverseandlongitudinalvibration,conductthetestonahorizontalmotionvibrationmachinefor3hineach

axis.

and90ft(9.1,18.3,and27.4m).Boardanglestothetruck’spathshallbe90,60,and75degreesrespectively,withtheleftwheelstriking rstoverthesecondobstacle(boardpairs)andtherightwheel rstoverthethird

(3)ShippingCases,Crates,UnitizedLoadsandCylindri-calContainers—RotationalDrops—Foredgedrops,useMethodAofTestMethodsD6179witha6in.(150mm)heighttimberedgesupport.Inthecaseofrectangularshippingunits,dropsaremadeoneachoppositeedgeoftheunit’sbase,foratotaloffourimpacts.Forcylindricalshippingunits,dropsshallbemadewiththeunitonitsside,suchthatimpactsoccurontopandbottomrimsatdiagonallyoppositequadrants.Caremustbetakentopreventthecontainerfromrollingonthesupport.Additionalimpactsshallbemadeinthesamemannerindifferentquadrantsseparatedbyanapproximate90°,foratotaloffourdrops.Forcornerdrops,useMethodBofTestMethodsD6179,exceptthatonecorneroftheshippingunitbaseshallbesupportedona6in.(150mm)heightblockwhiletheothercorneronthesameendorsiderestsona12in.(300mm)heightblock.Eachcornerwillbeimpacted,foratotaloffourdrops.Bothedgewiseandcornerwisedropsshallbeperformedonlargerectangularshippingunits.Forallrota-tionaldrops,testwiththelowestdropheightindicatedbyeithergrossweightormaximumdimension,usingthefollow-ingtestlevels.

GrossWeight,lb(kg)orMaximum

Dimension,in(mm)

over100to250(45to113)orover60to66(1524to1676)over250to500(to227)orover66to78(to1981)

over500to1000(to454)orover78to90(to2286)over1000(over454)orover90(2286)

DropHeight,in.(mm)AssuranceLevel

III30(762)24(610)

24(610)18(457)12(305)

18(457)12(305)9(229)

Note—Forsmallerdimensioncontainers,whereitisnot

possibletoreachthedesireddropheightoncorneroredgedrops,raisethecorneroredgeuntilthecontainerisatitsbalancepointandthenreleasethecontainertofallonthe

intendedcorneroredge.

(4)ShippingCases,Crates,andUnitizedLoads–LateralImpacts—NotethatthistestistobeperformedonlyduringthesecondhandlingsequenceofDistributionCycle18.TestingshallbeinaccordancewithTestMethodD880,ProcedureB.Alternatively,testingmaybeinaccordancewithTestMethodD4003,MethodB,usingashortdurationprogrammer,assum-ingthecoefficientofrestitutionis0.0andthetotalvelocitychangeisequivalenttothespeci edimpactvelocity.Selectionofapparatus,asde nedwithinthesetestmethods,shallalsobeattheoptionofthepackagedesigner/contractor.Asarequire-mentforAssuranceLevelI,theimpactvelocityshallbe7.3ft/s(2.23m/s).Onelateralimpactshallbeperformedoneachside(includingends)surfacehavingadimensionlessthan9.5ft(2.9m).A4by4in.(100by100mm)timber,placedsoastocontacttheloweredgeoftheshippingunit,shallbeusedasanimpactinghazardwhenevaluatingunitizedloadsanddemountableshippingcases.

(5)ShippingCases,Crates,andUnitizedLoads—SlingHandling—Testshippingcases,crates,andunitizedloadsforslinghandling,inaccordancewithMethodFofTestMethodsD6055,onlyforAssuranceLevelI.Notethatthistestisperformedonlyduringthethirdhandlingsequence.

ASTM D4169-运输集装箱和系统的性能测试(跌落碰撞试验)

Vertical

Frequency,PSD,Hzg2/Hz100.01500400.015005000.00015

1.04grms

Transverse

Frequency,PSD,Hzg2/Hz100.00013200.00065300.00065780.00002790.000191200.000195000.00001

0.204grms

Longitudinal

Frequency,PSD,Hzg2/Hz100.00650200.006501200.000201210.003002000.003002400.001503400.000035000.00015

0.740grms

D4169 09

A1.7.3Fortheverticalmotiontest,mounttestspecimentothevibrationmachinesurfaceinamannerdynamicallyrepre-sentativeofthelifecycleeventsimulated.Forthetransverseandlongitudinalmotiontests,fastenthetestspecimentothevibrationmachinesurfacebytheuseoftwoormorestrapsoverthespecimenatrightangletothevibratorymotion,tighteneddowntothemachinesurfacetopreventmovement.I-boltswithratchetingstrapsaresuggestedrestrainingdevices.

APPENDIXES

(NonmandatoryInformation)X1.EXAMPLETESTPLANS

X1.1Thefollowingexampleswillservetoillustratetheuseofthispractice:

X1.2ExampleA—Testapackagedcommercialproduct.Themoderatevalueandvolumeofshipmentaretypicalofotherproductsintheshipper’sline.Nodamageisacceptableandthepackagemustbeingoodconditionafterthetest.The berboardpackagedproductweighs160lb(73kg),is48in.(1.2m)long,20in.(0.5m)wide,24in.(0.6m)high,andstacked2highonpalletsforstorageandtruckloadshipment.Thecorrugated berboardcontaineris275psi(1900kPa)burstgradematerial.Thecustomerstorespalletizedloads2highonthe oor.Theproductdoesnotsupportanyoftheload.X1.2.1Step1,De neShippingUnit—Shippingunittobetestedisatypicalpalletload.

X1.2.2Step2,EstablishAssuranceLevel—AssuranceLevelIIwillbeused,basedonvalueandvolumeofshipment.X1.2.3Step3,DetermineAcceptanceCriteriaatAssuranceLevelII:

Criterion1—Noproductdamage.

Criterion2—Allpackagesinsaleablecondition.

X1.2.4Step4,SelectTestSchedules—DC–6willbeusedforthispalletized,truckloadshipment.X1.2.5Step5,WriteTestPlan:

SequenceTestScheduleTestMethods

1AHandling—D6055MethodA

Mechanical

D880ProcedureB

D6179MethodC

2

DStackedVibrationAHandling—Mechanical

D4728

3D6055MethodAD880ProcedureBD6179MethodC

4

BWarehouseStacking

D642

Level

Pickup,transportaroundtestcourse,setdown,5cycles.Horizontalimpactallfoursides,4.0ft/s(1.22m/s)Rotationaldrop,oneimpactontwooppositebase

edgesfrom6in.(0.152m).“Truck”PSDpro le,0.52grms,duration180min,withloadstackedontop.A

Pickup,transportaroundtestcourse,setdown,5cycles.Horizontalimpactallfoursides,4.0ft/s(1.22m/s)Rotationaldrop,oneimpactontwooppositebase

edgesfrom6in.(0.152m).Compressionofpalletloadto2880lbf(12800N)onF=4.5.

Alternativevibrationtestcon gurations,1:test2fullpalletloadshigh,oruseadeadweightloadtosimulatetheupperpalletload,2:testasingleindividualcontainerwith480lbdeadweightloadtosimulatetheloadstackedontopofbottomcontainer.

A

X1.2.6Step6,SelectSamplesforTest—Selectrepresenta-tivesamples.

X1.2.7Step7,ConditionSamples—Conditionto2361°C,5062%relativehumidity,inaccordancewithPracticeD4332

.

ASTM D4169-运输集装箱和系统的性能测试(跌落碰撞试验)

X1.3.6Step6,SelectSamplesforTest—Selectrepresenta-tivesamples.

X1.3.7Step7,ConditionSamples—Conditionto2361°C,5062%relativehumidity,inaccordancewithPracticeD4332.

X1.3.8Step8,PerformTests—PerformtestsinaccordancewiththetestplaninStep5,asdirectedinthereferencedASTMstandardsandinthespecialinstructionsforeachtestschedule.X1.3.9Step9,EvaluateResults—Examineproductsandpackagestodetermineiftheacceptancecriteriahavebeenmet.X1.3.10Step10,DocumentTestResults—Writeareporttocoverallstepsindetail,inaccordancewithSection18

.

X1.2.8Step8,PerformTests—PerformtestsinaccordancewiththetestplaninStep5,asdirectedinthereferencedASTMstandardsandinthespecialinstructionsforeachtestschedule.X1.2.9Step9,EvaluateResults—Examineproductsandpackagestodetermineiftheacceptancecriteriahavebeenmet.X1.2.10Step10,DocumentTestResults—Writeareporttocoverallstepsindetail,inaccordancewithSection18.X1.3ExampleB—ProducttobetestedisidenticaltotheproductfromExampleA,exceptthatitwillbeshippedindividuallythroughanLTLdistributionsystem,andthereisnostorageofmorethanonecontainerhigh.Additionalinformationisthatthepackagehasunsupportedinteriorspansexceeding12in.(0.3m)onallfoursides,andhasnopalletorskid.

X1.3.1Step1,De neShippingUnit—Shippingunittobetestedisasinglepackage.

X1.3.2Step2,EstablishAssuranceLevel—AssuranceLevelIIwillbeused,basedonvalueandvolumeofshipment.X1.3.3Step3,DetermineAcceptanceCriteriaatAssuranceLevelII:

Criterion1—Noproductdamage.

Criterion2—Allpackagesinsaleablecondition.

X1.3.4Step4,SelectTestSchedules—DC-3willbeusedforthissinglepackageshipmentviaLTLmotorfreight.X1.3.5Step5,WriteTestPlan:

SequenceTestScheduleTestMethod

D52761AHandling—

Manual

Level

Onedropontop,twodropsonadjacentbottomedges,twodropsondiagonallyop-positebottomcorners,onedroponbottom,dropheight7in.(178mm).

TruckPSDpro le,0.52grms,60minoneachoftwoadja-centsidesandbottomwithconcentrateddeadloadontop,loadweighingamountascalculatedperD4169,12.2

20minonbottom,10minoneachoftwoadjacentsides.Onedroponverticaledge,twodropsonadjacentsidefaces,onedropontopcor-ner,onedroponadjacenttopedge,dropheight7in.(178mm).Onedroponbot-tom,dropheight14in.(355mm).

2

DStackedVibration

D4728

34

FLooseLoadVibrationAHandling—Manual

D999,

MethodA1orA2D5276

ASTM D4169-运输集装箱和系统的性能测试(跌落碰撞试验)

http://www.77cn.com.cnINGTHEDC-2DISTRIBUTIONCYCLE

X2.1TheDC-2distributioncycleisusedwhenanantici-pateddistributioniswellunderstoodandothercycles,DC-3throughDC-18,arenotsufficientlydescriptive.Theunder-standingofdistributionmaybedevelopedinseveralways,including:measurementoftheenvironmentwithappropriateinstrumentation;carefulobservationofthevarioushazardelementsindistribution;referencetopublishedauthoritativeinformation;productdamagereports;oracombinationthereof.X2.2TheuserofDC-2isallowedcomplete exibilityindevelopingatestplanthataccuratelyre ectstheanticipateddistribution.ThisincludestheabilitytovaryAssuranceLevelsbetweentestschedulesforeachhazardelement,aspresentlystatedin8.2forapplicationtoanyDistributionCycle.TheabilitytomodifytestlevelsorotherdetailswithinatestscheduleisalsopermittedinDC-2whenexperiencehasshownitmoreaccuratelycorrelateswithactualexperience.X2.2.1Thefollowinghypotheticalexamplesillustratein-stanceswheresuch exibilityisuseful.

X2.2.1.1Example1—Fortruckloadshipmentsofpalletizedloadsstackedtwo-highontrailersfromamanufacturertoacustomer,athoroughstudyofhandlingatbothendsoftheshippingcycle(manufacturerandcustomer)hasshownthefollowing:nosigni cantimpactsagainstthesidesoftheloads,onlyagainsttheends;seldomanymorethanonerotationaldropoftheloadonabaseedge;smallamountoflifttruckhandlingbythemanufacturerbutamoderateamountbythecustomer;andnowarehousing/stackingofloadsinstoragebyeithermanufacturerorcustomer.

(1)TheuserofDC-2developsatestplanthatincludesamodi edScheduleAMechanicalHandlingatthebeginningandattheendofthedistributioncyclebutdoesnotincludeacompressiontest,asfollows:

Sequence

Schedule

TestMethod

DetailsofTestand

LevelsPickup,transportaroundtestcourse,setdown3timesInclineimpactoneachendofthepalletizedloadat4ft/s

Rotationaldrop,imipactoneendbaseedgefrom6in.

TruckPSDpro le,0.52grms,dura-tion3h,twoloadshigh

Pickup,transportaroundtestcourse,setdown5timesInclineimpactoneachendofthepalletizedloadat4ft/s

D6179MethodC

Rotationaldrop,impactonotherendbaseedgefrom6in.

(2)ComparingthistestplantoX1.2ExampleAwhereDC-6wasused,thenumberoftestsandintensitiesaresomewhatless.

X2.2.1.2Example2—Followingreportsofanunacceptableamountofcornerdamageinshipmentsofaconsumerproductdirectfromthemanufacturertotheconsumerviasmallparcelcarriers,athoroughstudyofhandlingandtransporthasbeenmade.Subsequentcornerdroptestsrevealedthatadropof42in.highisneededtoproducethetypeofdamagereportedandinstrumentedshipmentshaveveri edsomedropsatthatheight.Thepackagedproductweighs43lb,andoutsidedimensionsofthecontainerare24in.lengthby10in.widthby42in.depth(end-opening32ECTgradebox).Thecontainerandinteriorcorrugatedpackagingpiecesprovideallofthesupportincompression,andthecontainerismarkedwith“ThisWayUp”arrowsinnormaldepthdirection.Thereisnoreporteddamagetothecorrugatedcontainersduetoexcessivecompressiveloads,andinstrumentedshipmentsverifythatthecontainerisalmostalwaysinanormaldepthorientation(42in.dimensionupright)duringtransportation.TheuserofDC-2developsatestplanthatsimulatestheanticipateddistribution,asfollows:

Sequence

Schedule

TestMethodD5276

DetailsofTestand

LevelsDroptestfrom21in.highinsixorien-tationsasde-scribedintableof10.2.3FirstSe-quenceofDistribu-tionCyclesCompressiontestto642lb(M=10.0lb/ft3,H=108in.,F=7.0

40minonbottom

1

modi edA-handlingbyshipperandcarrier

2

C-stackingintruck

D642

1

modi edA-handlingbythe

manufacturer

D6055MethodA

3

D880

ProcedureB

F-looseloadvibra-tionE-truckvibrationmodi edA-handlingbycarrierandre-ceiver

D999A2

4D4728

D6179MethodC

180minonbottom,0.52grmsDroptestfrom21inhighin veori-entationsasde-scribedintableof10.2.3SecondSe-quenceofDistribu-tionCycles.Droponcefrom42in.highonthemostdamage-pronecorner.

5D5276

2

D-transportstackedvibration

D4728MethodA

3

modi edA-handlingbycus-tomer

D6055MethodA

D880

ProcedureB

(1)ComparingtoX1.3ExampleBwhereDC-3wasused,thistestplan’sAssuranceLevelsvarybetweentestschedulesinthesequence,droptestheightsarehigherthananylistedinthetableof10.2.3fortheshippingweightinvolved,

compression

ASTM D4169-运输集装箱和系统的性能测试(跌落碰撞试验)

strengthischeckedforfulltrailerheightof108in.(ratherthan54in.height),andvibrationtestsareconductedinonlyoneorientationratherthanthree.

REFERENCES

(1)Ostrem,F.E.,andLibovicz,B.A.,“ASurveyofEnvironmental

ConditionsIncidenttotheTransportationofMaterials,”GeneralAmericanResearchDivision,October1971,pp.204–442.

(2)Henzi,A.N.,“ASurveyofTestMethodsCurrentlyUsedfor

SimulatingtheTransportationEnvironment,”GeneralAmericanRe-searchDivision,April1971,pp.202–728,PreparedforDepartmentofTransportation,OfficeofHazardousMaterials.

(3)Ostrem,F.E.,andRumerman,M.L.,“ShockandVibrationTrans-portationDesignCriteriaManual,”GeneralAmericanResearchDivision,September1965.N6634681.PreparedforNationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration.

(4)InternationalSafeTransitAssociation,“PreshipmentTestProce-dures,”Procedure1and1A,April1996.

(5)EIAStandardRS–414–A,“SimulatedShippingTestsforConsumer

ElectronicProductsandElectronicComponents.”ElectronicIndus-triesAssoc.,February1975.

(6)PreshipmentTestStandardforPackagedMajorAppliances,ANSI/

AHAMMA–1–PS–1980.

(7)FederalTestMethodStandardNo.101C.Preservation,Packaging,

andPackagingMaterials:TestProcedures,March1980.

(8)“TheRailroadEnvironment,AGuideforShipperandRailroad

Personnel,”NewYorkCentralRailroadCo.,1966.

(9)PackagingforParcelPost,U.S.PostalService,November1974.(10)Ostrem,F.E.,andGodshall,W.D.,“AnAssessmentoftheCommon

CarrierShippingEnvironment.”GeneralTechnicalReportFPL22,U.S.ForestProductLaboratory,1979.

(11)“TransportabilityCriteria,ShockandVibration,”Departmentof

ArmyTechnicalBulletinTB55–100Hq.,DepartmentofArmy,April1964.

(12)EnvironmentalTestMethods,MilitaryStandard810C,Department

ofDefense,March1975.

(13)NationalMotorFreightClassi cationItem180,PerformanceTesting

ofShippingContainers,AmericanTruckingAssociation,Inc.,1995.

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