雅思写作task2的论证方法及其结构分析

Exemplification

Example: a specific fact, idea, person, or thing that is used to explain or support a general idea, or to show what is typical of a larger group 举例相关关联词： For example For instance

Take (Consider)…as an example A case in point such as including

Some people think that animals should be treated as friends. Yet others only consider animals as sources of food and clothing. What is your opinion?

Sample Answer

There is a growing tendency nowadays for some people to treat animals as living meat and walking fur. This leads to the cruel slaughter of animals all over the world every year. Yet, in my opinion, instead of killing animals, human beings should treat them as their friends.

It is an undeniable fact that animals play a vital role in maintaining the subtle balance of the earth's ecological system. The lack of this essential part will bring about the destruction of the whole world. Therefore, to some extent, killing animals is equal to digging our own graves.

For thousands of years, many animals have given loyal service to humans. Pigeons convey messages in wartime, and dogs help to detect crime. Even pigs, which many people think are the most stupid animals, are used in the battle against drugs. There is no doubt that our lives would be far less convenient without a little help from our animal friends.

Animals also help humans in a spiritual way. There is nothing better than keeping a cat or a dog if you want your kids to be more independent and responsible. It is also noted that senior citizens live longer if they keep pets after their retirement.

To sum up, animals are human beings' friends. Those who regard animals as merely a source of food and clothing should at least bear one thing in mind: Being kind to animals is being kind to ourselves. Therefore, for our own future benefit, please treat animals with love and care.

Topic sentence:

A growing number of environmental problems are no longer confined to a certain region or country.

For example, oil spills can pollute international waters and the loss of the ozone layer may lead to the melting of ice caps and glaciers, which in turn, may raise sea levels worldwide.

Topic sentence:

The advertisements on TV, newspaper and other kinds of media may confuse consumers and make them rush to purchase products which they don’t really need. Take the cell phone for example. Its functions and practical use are often exaggerated in advertisements. What?s more, the advertisements even create a fashionable atmosphere for cell phones which appeals to young people to change their

phones continuously while ignoring the basic service of cell phones is just to make a phone call.

Explanation 解释： It means That is to say In other words To put it another way By that I mean

I believe the traditional family, with both parents providing emotional support and role-models for their children, is the most satisfactory way of bringing up children.

Education after birth plays a significant role in one?s development. Education, which helps children develop their thinking and accumulate their knowledge, is a deciding factor of one?s success. For example, a high-school level person commonly may not succeed to the extent of a person who has received a university education. This is not only because of the greater breadth of knowledge acquired, but also due to a more critical and focused way of thinking that is imparted and refined during ones senior education.

I think an ability to keep clear perspectives in life is a more essential factor in achieving happiness. By that I mean an ability to have a clear sense of what is important in our lives (the welfare of our families, the quality of our relationships, making other people happy, etc.) and what is not (a problem at work, getting annoyed about trivial things, etc.)

Cause and Effect Cause: because of as a result of due to thanks to owing to because as since for Result: as a result as a consequence accordingly in this way thus hence so therefore

妇女不应该当兵，因为她们的体力不如男子。 Women should be join in the army

Women should not be a member of the army Women should not take up a military career

because they are not as strong as men

because they are inferior to men in physical strength because of their physical inadequacies

In many countries schools have severe problems with student behaviour. What do you think are the causes of this? What solutions can you suggest? 范文：

Poor student behaviour seems to be an increasingly widespread problem and I think that modern lifestyles are probably responsible for this.

In many countries, the birth rate is decreasing so that families are smaller with fewer children. These children are often spoilt, not in terms of love and attention because working parents do not have the time for this, but in more material ways. They are allowed to have whatever they want, regardless of price, and to behave as they please. This means that the children grow up without consideration for others and without any understanding of where their standard of living comes from.

在许多国家，由于出生率的下降，家庭规模越来越小。这些家庭里的孩子经常被大人宠坏，这倒不是说他们得到了太多的爱和关怀，因为外出工作的父母没有那么多的时间给与这些，而是更加物质的方面。父母允许这些小孩不管价格高低想要什么就得到什么，而且为所欲为。这意味着在这些孩子的成长过程中，他们没有学会考虑他人，也不知道自己所享受的生活来自哪里。

When they get to school age they have not learnt any self control or discipline. They have less respect for their teachers and refuse to obey school rules in the way that their parents did.

当这些孩子到了上学年龄，他们没有学会任何自制力。和父母相比，他们不那么尊敬老师，也不愿意遵守学校的规章制度。

Comparison and Contrast similarly likewise

in the same manner in the same way but while whereas whilst on the contrary in contrast by contrast on the other hand instead rather conversely

Plane is the fastest means of transportation.

It used to take us about 10 hours to go to a place by car. Now, we can go there in no more than 1 hour by air.

What used to take us 10 hours by car can now be covered within 1 hour by air.

Concession and Refutation although while admittedly

it is true that it is often the case that but however nevertheless

Although old people are unlikely to face physically challenging tasks, there are many jobs that are especially suitable for old people, such as jobs that call for more experience and wisdom than physical power. With their rich experience in both work and life, many old people would make good consultants, instructors, coaches, doctors and psychologists, to mention only a few.

Girls also appear to be less aggressive than boys. In adulthood, it is men, not women, who prove to be the aggressors in crime and in war. Obviously, in raising children, a more patient, gentle manner is preferable to a more aggressive one. Although there are certainly gentle men and aggressive women, by and large, females are less likely to resort to violence in attempting to solve problems.

论证方法总结及分类论证：

妇女是否应当参军？

In many countries, women are not able to join in the army to share equal basis with men and some people think that only men should be a member of the army, navy and air force. To what extent do you agree or disagree? 应当；不应当；主体客体分类

Why should?

? 战争的状态和要求The way battles are fought has undergone dramatic changes and

so women have an equal basis as men.

? 参军的职责Just as men have the responsibility of bringing up children with women,

so women should bear the burden of protecting their own country by joining in the army.

Why should not?（军人必备的条件？物质/非物质？）

? 妇女体力不行（妇女不应当当兵是因为她们的体力不如男子。） ? 男女分工不同

Culturally speaking, women are not fit for the position of killing.

分类：主体/客体 主体分类：什么妇女？ 客体分类：当什么兵？

完整文章分析：

Many people believe that women make better parents than men and that this is why they have the greater role in raising children in most societies. Others claim that men are just as good as women at parenting. Write an essay expressing your point of view.

Sample Answer:

The view that women are better parents than men has shown itself to be true throughout history. This is not to say that men are not of importance in child-rearing; indeed, they are most necessary if children are to appreciate fully the roles of both sexes. But women have proven themselves superior parents as a result of their conditioning, their less aggressive nature and their generally better communication skills.

From the time they are little girls, females learn about nurturing. First with dolls and later perhaps with younger brothers and sisters, girls are given the role of career. Girls see their mothers in the same roles and so it is natural that they identify this as a female activity. Boys, in contrast, learn competitive role far removed from what it means to nurture. While boys may dream of adventures, girls? conditioning means they tend to see the future in terms of raising families.

Girls also appear to be less aggressive than boys. In adulthood, it is men, not women, who prove to be the aggressors in crime and in war. Obviously, in raising children, a more patient, gentle manner is preferable to a more aggressive one. Although there certainly exist gentle men and aggressive women, by and large, females are less likely to resort to violence in attempting to solve problems.

Finally, women tend to be better communicators than men. This is shown in intelligence tests, where females, on average, do better in verbal communication than males. Of course, communication is of utmost importance in rearing children, as children tend to learn from and adopt the communication styles of their parents.

Thus, while it is all very well to suggest a greater role for men in raising children, let us not forget that women are generally better suited to the parenting role.

雅思议论文论证结构

Argument

Some people think that… Others believe that… Discuss and give your opinion. 题目特点：题目当中包含着针锋相对的两种观点。要求讨论并且提出你自己的观点。 平衡式

? 交代双方观点 ? 观点一及其理由 ? 观点二及其理由

? 我的观点（倾向性---一或二或折中）

注意：中心思想常在末段首句

Some people believe that money spent on space research benefits all of humanity. Others take the opposite view and say that money for this type of research is wasted. Discuss these views and give your opinion. Sample Answer：

For over fifty years, a number of nations have been involved in the exploration of outer space. This research has been very costly, of course. Has this money been well spent or wasted?

Some people believe that all or most space research should be eliminated because of its incredible expense, not only in terms of money, but also in terms of scientific

Agree or Disagree?

To what extent do you agree or disagree? Do you agree or disagree with this view?

同意不同意题型的几种开头写法：

? 直接提出观点，同意： ? 情景+观点： ? 让步反驳：

? 事实+对方观点及理由+反驳并提出自己观点

? 直接提出观点，同意：

Creative artists should always be given the freedom to express their own ideas (in words, pictures, music or film) in whichever way they wish. There should be no government restrictions on what they do.

To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion?

创造性艺术家应该拥有以自己想要的任何方式通过文字、图画、音乐或影像来表达思想的自由。对此政府不应该加以任何限制。你在何等程度上同意还是不同意这个观点？

范文一：

On the specific issue of creative freedom versus government restrictions, I am fully of the opinion that the latter should give place to the former. 范文二：

To a very large extent, I believe that the work of creative artists should not be restricted by any government.

Using a computer every day can have more negative than positive effects on young children.

Do you agree or disagree?

每天用电脑对小孩来说弊大于利。你同意还是不同意？ 范文：

I tend to agree that young children can be negatively affected by too much time spent on the computer every day. This is partly because sitting in front of a screen for too long can be damaging to both the eyes and the physical posture of a young child, regardless of what they are using the computer for.

我同意小孩每天花太多时间在电脑上会受到负面影响。部分原因在于无论小孩用电脑从事什么活动，长时间坐在屏幕前对小孩的眼睛和身体姿势有害。

? 情景+观点：

Should dangerous sports such as boxing or motor-racing be banned? 范文：

Millions of people play sport every day, and, inevitably, some suffer injury or pain. Most players and spectators accept this risk. However, in my opinion, dangerous sports such as boxing should be banned.

? 让步反驳

Universities should accept equal numbers of male and female students in every subject.

To what extent do you agree or disagree?

大学应该在每一个学科都招收同等数量的男女学生。你在何等程度上同意或不同意这个观点？ 范文：

Although some people may think that it is fair to maintain gender equality in every discipline in the university, I tend to believe that such a rigid rule is impractical and even harmful.

虽然有的人认为大学里每个学科维持性别均等很合理，但我认为这种僵化做法不切实际，甚至有害。

改写的三种方法：Paraphrase

? 换词性； ? 使用同义词； ? 改变句型。

改写练习1：

The position of women in the society has changed greatly in the past 20 years. Women?s social status has undergone dramatic changes in the last two decades.

改写练习2：

Widespread tobacco consumption has led to grave consequences, yet the tobacco companies are still claiming that they make a valuable contribution to the world economy.

Extensive cigarette smoking has caused serious problems. But the tobacco companies insist that they contribute greatly to the world economy.

改写练习3：

Among all the worthy feelings of mankind, love is probably the noblest. There is probably no other feeling that is nobler than love.

? 事实+对方观点及理由+反驳并提出自己观点

Every year several languages die out. Some people think it is not important because life will be easier if there are fewer languages in the world. Do you agree or disagree? 范文：

Recent surveys suggest that many of the existing languages are threatened with extinction. （事实陈述）Some people claim that there is nothing to worry about and communications between nations may even become less difficult as a result. （对方观点及理由）However, I do not agree with this opinion because language diversity is crucial to the survival and development of human civilisation as a whole.（反驳，提出自己观点）

文章的主体段落论证

? 反驳段 ? 支持段

或者

? 支持段1 ? 支持段2

或者

? 让步段 ? 反驳段

文章的三种结尾

1．总结本方中心思想及段落大意 2．反驳对方观点并指出其谬误

3．再次提出本方观点并融合对方观点的合理之处

第一种结尾举例：

Many people believe that women make better parents than men and that this is why they have the greater role in raising children in most societies. Others claim

that men are just as women at parenting. Write an essay expressing your point of view. 开头：

The view that women are better parents than men has shown itself to be true throughout history. This is not to say that men are not of importance in child-rearing; indeed, they are most necessary if children are to appreciate fully the roles of both sexes. But women have proven themselves superior parents as a result of their conditioning, their less aggressive nature and their generally better communication skills. 结尾：

Thus, while it is all very well to suggest a greater role for men in raising children, let us not forget that women are generally better suited to the parenting role.

第二种结尾举例：

明显的是，那种认为语言少一些生活会更方便的观点是过于短视的。持有这种观点的人们没有能够考虑到语言在文化多元化中所扮演的重要角色。 Obviously, the opinion that life will be simpler with fewer languages is far too short-sighted. People who hold this view have not taken into consideration the importance of language in cultural diversity.

People who hold this view (Supporters of this view / Proponents of this view) Opponents/People who argue against this view/People who object to this view/

第三种结尾举例：

Computers are widely used in education, and some people think teacher will not play an important role in the classroom. To what extent do you agree or disagree? 范文： 开头：

With the present wide use of computers, in the course of teaching, more and more teachers are in favour of using computers as an aid in teaching their students or in

appropriating the latest information from the Internet. However, I am not a believer in the argument that computers may in the future take the place of teachers in teaching students. 结尾：

In summary, the computer may not play a major role in education in comparison to the benefits a teacher bestows. However, it is critical that teachers improve their teaching modes by using computers at some level of educational teaching.

Many people think that public libraries should only provide books and should not waste their limited money on expensive hi-tech media such as software, video or DVD. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion?

题目核心词：public libraries, books (traditional and less expensive), software/video/DVD (modern and more costly), limited money 分析：公共图书馆的角色/使命，有限的经费，

应该用来买书：

? less expensive, and therefore can benefit more people

? easy to carry, and so can be read any time, anywhere (e.g. on the plane, in the

bathroom)

应该用来买高科技的软件、录像带和光碟：

? it is easier to retrieve information

? the information age/high-tech society calls for a high-tech way of transmitting

knowledge

? holds information more efficiently, (e.g. a whole room of books can be stored in one

DVD)

? unlike books, which need large space to store and therefore involves cost in storage ? books are text-only, while these electronic media cater to visual and auditory senses

(multimedia) and so are more vivid

让步反驳式的agree/disagree：

Some people warn that the era of the silver screen is coming to an end and that people will eventually lose interest in going to the cinema. Do you agree or disagree with this view? 范文：

The cinema has been a popular form of entertainment for many decades. Even the silent films of the early twentieth century were loved by audiences around the world. Hollywood is now an enormous business and film stars like the Australian actress Nicole Kidman earn millions of dollars.

People think that going to the cinema will become out of date because of the increase in the production of DVDs and videos. It?s certainly true that we can all stay at home now and watch films in comfort. Also, the cost of these films is cheaper for a big family than going to the cinema. Young people enjoy spending a night at home and watch a DVD or video. And small children adore videos because they can watch them over and over again.

However, the cinema in my home country are still full every weekend and when a new film is released we are all very keen to go and watch it. In fact, many small cinemas have been rebuilt and we can now go to large centres that have six or eight cinema screens and show up to ten different films a night. An evening out at the

cinema is fun and some films, particularly horror and science fiction films, are much better on the big screen.

So it seems that we are enjoying both the cinema and the facilities that technology can offer us and that each of these has its merits. In my view, people will never stop going to the cinema but they will watch DVDs as well.

部分同意的agree/disagree：

Using animals to test the safety of cosmetics or drugs used for medical reasons is never acceptable. To what extent do you agree with this statement?

Model answer:

Before any new product is put on the market, whether it is a cosmetic product, or a potentially life saving medicine, the producers will want to make sure that it is safe for humans to use. A common way of doing this is to test the product on animals.

Many people feel that this is unacceptable because it assumes that an animal?s life is somehow less valuable than a human life. Opponents of animal testing point out that the animals involved often suffer great pain and fear, and argue that we have no right to do this to them for our own benefit.

On the other hand, it cannot be denied that animal testing has helped scientists to make great discoveries in the field of medicine, providing effective drugs against cancer, heart disease and other potentially fatal illnesses. Supporters of animal testing argue that many lives have been saved this way.

I would agree that there may be some benefits to using animals to test new medicines, although I would prefer such testing to be kept to a minimum. Increasingly, there are new ways of testing products, using cell cultures, which need not involve animals at all. However, even when this is not possible, I cannot agree that it is necessary to test cosmetic products on the market, with no need for further development and testing. Exploiting animals in this way is, in my opinion completely unacceptable.

In conclusion, I would not agree that testing products on animals is never acceptable, but it should be reserved for essential scientific work. Problem

Present possible causes and make recommendations.

? 提出问题 ? 分析问题 ? 解决问题

In many countries schools have severe problems with student behavior. What do you think are the causes of this? What solutions can you suggest? 题解：

在许多国家的学校存在有严重的学生行为问题。分析这个问题的原因并提出相应解决方法。

考官范文：

Poor student behaviour seems to be an increasingly widespread problem and I think that modern lifestyles are probably responsible for this.

文章开头首先提出问题：poor student behaviour（学生行为不端=题目中的severe problems with student behaviour）。然后指出原因在于现代生活方式。

In many countries, the birth rate is decreasing so that families are smaller with fewer children. These children are often spoilt, not in terms of love and attention because working parents do not have the time for this, but in more material ways. They are allowed to have whatever they want, regardless of price, and to behave as they please. This means that the children grow up without consideration for others and without any understanding of where their standard of living comes from.

在许多国家，由于出生率的下降，家庭规模越来越小。这些家庭里的孩子经常被大人宠坏，这倒不是说他们得到了太多的爱和关怀，因为外出工作的父母没有那么多的时间给与这些，而是更加物质的方面。父母允许这些小孩不管价格高低想要什么就得到什么，而且为所欲为。这意味着在这些孩子的成长过程中，他们没有学会考虑他人，也不知道自己所享受的生活来自哪里。

When they get to school age they have not learnt any self control or discipline. They have less respect for their teachers and refuse to obey school rules in the way that their parents did.

当这些孩子到了上学年龄，他们没有学会任何自制力。和父母相比，他们不那么尊敬老师，也不愿意遵守学校的规章制度。

Teachers continually complain about this problem and measures should be taken to combat the situation. But I think the solution to the problem lies with the families, who need to be more aware of the future consequences of spoiling their children. If they could raise them to be considerate of others and to be social, responsible individuals, the whole community would benefit.

第四段开始提出解决问题的建议。老师们不断抱怨这些问题，为此应该采取措施加以解决。但是，作者提出，虽然问题是发生在学校，但起因却是在家庭。

家庭需要更加了解溺爱儿童造成的可能后果。如果家长在抚养小孩的时候，能够让小孩学会尊重他人，成为负责任的人，那么全社会都会受益。

Perhaps parenting classes are needed to help them to do this, and high quality nursery schools could be established that would support families more in terms of raising the next generation. The government should fund this kind of parental support, because this is no longer a problem for individual families, but for society as a whole. 第五段进一步提出建议。也许需要设立家长学校来帮助家长学习如何培养儿童，也应该建立高品质的托儿所来帮助家庭抚养小孩。而政府也应该对此进行资助，因为这不仅是个别家庭的问题，而是全社会的问题。

开放性问题

可以转化为同意不同意（agree/disagree?）

At present, science has been developing at a high speed. But people still have a high opinion of artists. What can the arts tell us of the life that science cannot?

可以转化为：At present, science has been developing at a high speed. But people still have a high opinion of artists. The arts tell us many aspects of life that science cannot. To what extent do you agree or disagree?

观点启示：

Science explains what is factual while arts try to show us the spiritual side of human nature.

Arts touch the soul. It's about human feelings and how they are expressed.

Artists are still highly valued, for not only do they demonstrate the creativity possessed by mankind, and what people can do with innovation, but also break away from mortality's chain.

范文举例： 中心思想：

Arts reveal many aspects of life that science often fails, since arts can provide us mental freedom and enhanced aesthetic taste.

第二段示例：

Art is boundless, thus it can lead us to a boundless spiritual world where there is nothing that can limit people?s imagination and creativity. Suppose one day we live in a world without television, computer, DVD player and stereo system, people still can enjoy singing, dancing and painting. Thousands of years ago science was nothing but our ancestors used animals? blood as pigment, took sharp stones as pen to demonstrate humans? creativity. That?s the power of art to make it possible for people to express themselves to manifest their happiness and sorrow.

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