GMAT曼哈顿中文版总结 - 图文

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曼哈顿重点注意事项总结

1、 \

It is very important to recognize that Sentence Correction questions ask for the best option of those given, not the best option in the universe. Indeed, often you will feel-andrighdy so-that all the answers, including the correct one, \Correction answers can sound very formal or awkward, so it is important to keep in mind that your task is to evaluate the given answer choices, not to create the ideal sentence. The ideal sentence often is not an option, and the right answer may sound rather wrong. To complicate matters, incorrect answer choices often sound right, Indeed, the GMAT exploits the fact that the English we hear is commonly riddled with grammatical mistakes.

2、 GMAT SC常考知识点:

(1) Subject-Verb Agreement 主谓一致 (2) Parallelism 平行 (3) Pronouns 代词 (4) Modifiers 修饰语

(5) Verb Tense, Mood, & Voice 时态、虚拟语气和主被动语态 (6) Comparisons 比较 (7) Idioms. 习语/固定搭配

3、 对于SC的一个基本原则和态度:

GMAT的SC部分的题,往往一道题涵盖多个知识点,当在复习的时候,要充分利用每一道题把所有提及到的知识点都尽量掌握。

但在考试的过程中,每道SC题都要求平均在1分半中完成,理想的情况是尽量在一分钟左右完成。这样的时间要求,使得我们在考试的时候要善用考试技巧和策略: 1) 读完题,画出句子基本结构(以及很明显的错误);

2) 纵向比较各个选项的不同之处,选出一个自己有把握的考点(即不同点)将选项分成两

派,尽量分成2-3split的形式(即2个一派,3个一派)。 3) 在2-3 split中选出正确的一派,排除不正确的选项。

4) 再将剩下的选项再纵向比较,根据另一个有把握的考点分类,再继续排除,以此类推直

到选剩1个选项。

5) 把这仅有的一个选项再带回原句double check一下。

PS:即做题时使用考试策略,看解释分析答案时要有每一个知识点、易错点都不放过的精神和态度!

PS的PS:读题一定不能贪快,心急,一定到读完全句,对没划线部分的句子也绝对不可以掉以轻心!!!!!!

4、 GMAT中SC最佳答案要符合以下三个要点:

1、 语法正确(Grammar)

2、 句子意思清楚明确(Meaning) 3、 简洁有效(Concision)

做题思考过程: begin by looking for errors in grammar After you have found

grammar errors, look for meaning issues. Finally, if you have still not singled out an answer, choose the remaining choice that is most concise.

Do not alter the author's intent when you make your choice! 特别注意助动词!!!助动词的小小变化会使得句子意思大不相同!

5、 Meaning的三个常见考法:

A. 小词位置的变换:

If a word changes its position in the answer choices, you must consider whether the change has an impact on the meaning of the sentence. Look out especially for short words (such as only and all) that quantify nouns or otherwise restrict meaning.

B. 词的选择

例如助动词的选择,相近意思的词的选择,同根词的选择等等。

C. Connected words 要 make sense together!

6、 主谓不可缺失

一般的,对于这个考点,GMAC往往设置以下两种traps: 1) 缺少谓语动词:动词有,但变体为V-ed或V-ing成了定语.

Wrong: The electron named in 1894. Right: The electron WAS NAMED in 1894.

2) 由which, that, when, who等引导词开头的句子:因为由这些词开头的句子都是从

句,是不能单独成句的,缺少主句(main clause)

Wrong: BECAUSEthe dog was never mine. Wrong: WHICH will be approved tomorrow.

7、 主谓要make sense together!

Example:

Wrong: The development of a hydrogen car based on expected performance parameters will be able to travel hundreds of miles without refueling.

这句话初看觉得OK,但仔细分析主谓,就会发现the development will be able to travel hundreds of miles, 发展怎么能跑几百公里呢?!这就是主谓没有一起make sense,犯了逻辑错误。应该是车能跑几百公里。

Right: Once developed, a hydrogen CAR based on expected performance parameters Will BE able to travel hundreds of miles without refueling.

总结:要发现这种错误,就需要认清句子结构,有时候往往句子很长,主语和谓语离得远就容易让人忘记,所以在读题的时候,就要一边把句子的基本的主谓宾划出来,这样这种错误就会比较容易发现。

8、 怎么找到句子的主语

方法:把句子中修饰的成分都去掉,只剩主谓宾! 哪些是修饰成分: 1、 介词短语()

如:a cat of the girl 中,cat是主语,of the girl 是介词短语。

PS:介词短语都是介词开头的噢,所以不要误以为 a car of是介词短语

介词短语中的名词是绝对不能当主语的,所以介词短语都是修饰成分,不过有一些习惯用语的例外,如由some, none, many, much, all这类词修饰时,of后面的才是主语,如 some of the students里,students才是主语;再如a number of pictures也是,pictures才是主语。不过the number of pictures里,the number是主语。还有所有表示百分数和分数的数量短语,主语都是of后面的名词,因此,和SANAM一样,它们的主谓一致由of后的名词决定!

2、 从句(状语从句充当big adv. 定语从句充当big adj. 主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、

同位语从句充当big noun)

所有从句都不可以单独成句的,是依附于主句的,其中除了主语从句和宾语从句,其他从句都是起修饰补充作用的,可以去掉

如:When.the auditors left, the executive who had been interviewed was/were glad.

3、 过去分词和现在分词(在句中起到修饰其他成分的作用,做定语或状语时)

如:Limping, the horse once considered one of the favorites was/were taken away. PS: 现在分词可以作主语,谓语永远用单数

4、 形容词、副词,这个不用说啦!O(∩_∩)O

注意逗号!Commas are another helpful sign to identify modifiers, since commas

sometimes separate modifiers from the rest of the sentence.

9、 主谓一致(GMAC出题的方法往往是把主语藏起来)

找到了主语,就很好判断主谓一致了。前面的第8点讲了如何找主语,但当两个单数主语被“and”连接时,谓语动词就要用复数了。但当两个主语是由additive phrases 连接时,谓语动词仍然是单数。

记住:有且仅有两个单数主语由and连接时,谓语动词才是复数,要么是单数。 Additive phrase:即意思相当于“and”的短语,如:

along with Polly in addition to surgery accompanied bv me together with a tie as well as the mayor including salt and pepper

注意:Mathematics,aerobics 和 diabetes都是单数,虽然他们都以S结尾。

关于either?or?和neither?nor?的主谓一致

Either A or B中,A和B中有一个是单数,一个是复数,那动词要求与离它最近的一个主谓一致。例如:A是单数,B是复数,那B离动词更近,所以动词要是复数形式。Neither…nor…的主谓一致规律也一样。

另外,如果either 或 neither单独修饰句中成分,即没有or或nor,则认为其修饰的名词是单数,动词永远是单数形式。

关于集体名词的主谓一致

集体名词在GMAT中几乎全部认为是单数。只有个别强调集体中的个体时,才用复数(这里就要靠逻辑去判断!),但这种情况在GMAT中极少出现。集体名词有:

关于人的: agency, army, audience, class, committee, crowd, orchestra, team 关于物的: baggage, citrus, equipment, fleet, fruit, furniture

PS: 在gmat中,只要是在原有名词加了s的,我们都当它是可数来对待,谓语使用复数。但是citrus是个例外,它不是复数名词,而是这个词本身就是以s结尾的集体名词。News本身也是不可数名词,用单数。

关于anyone,someone,everybody,some等这一类表示非特质的代词的主谓一致

以下这些词都用单数:

Anyone, anybody, anything No one, nobody, nothing

Each, every (as pronouns) Someone, somebody, something Everyone, everybody, everything Whatever, whoever

Either, neither (may require a plural verb ifpaired with or/nor)

PS:所有以-one,-body,-thing结尾的,都用单数 以下5个词可以作单数也可以作复数,由of后面的名词的单复数决定:

(PS:这5个代词是特殊的,需要考虑到of介词短语,这是因为真正的主语是of后的名词,主谓一致自然由真正的主语决定。详见上文“如何找到主语”)

Some, Any, None, All, More/Most

Example:

Some of the money WAS stolen from my wallet. (money is singular) Some of the documents WERE stolen from the bank. (documents is plural)

但none of+复数名词,动词可以是单数也可以是复数,但 no one of + 复数名词,动词永远是单数。

关于each和every的主谓一致

Each和every单独做主语时,谓语动词是单数;each和every放在任何主语名词前时,哪怕这个名词时复数,谓语动词也要用单数,即便是each和every后跟了两个由and连接的主语,也是用单数。

Right: Every dog HAS paws. Right: Every dog and cat HAS paws. Right: Each of these shirts IS pretty.

但each和every放在主语名词后面的话,对主谓一致没有任何影响,按常规方法判断:

They each ARE great tennis players.

关于表示数量的短语的主谓一致

1、表示百分数、分数的数量短语如 half of,quarter of,都和前面提到的SANAM代词一样,动词的单复数由of后面的名词的单复数决定,因为主语是of后的名词。

2、The words majority, minority, and plurality are either singular or plural, depending on their context. If you want to indicate the many individual parts of the totality, use a plural verb. If you want to indicate the totality itself then use a singular verb form. “depending on context”即指由逻辑合理性和作者的原意去判断! Example:

The majority of the students in this class ARE hard workers.

In the Senate, the majority HAS coalesced into a unified voting block.

关于现在分词作主语和主语从句的主谓一致

现在分词短语作主语或者从句充当主语,谓语动词一律是单数形式。 Example:

Right:Having good friends IS a wonderful thing. Right:Whatever they want to do IS fine with me.

关于主谓倒装后的主谓一致

Example1:

Wrong: Near those buildings SIT a lonely house, inhabited by squatters. Flip it! :A lonely house, inhabited by squatters, SITS near those buildings. Right: Near those buildings SITS a lonely house, inhabited by squatters.

Example2:

Wrong: There IS a young man and an older woman at the bus stop. Flip it!: A young man and an older woman ARE there at the bus stop. Right: There ARE a young man and an older woman at the bus stop.

这个要靠自己仔细体会,努力发现了!!!!There be 句型属于这种情况!

注意:there be句型不是总是wordy,there be强调的是“这里存在XXXX”

在主谓一致问题中,如果不确定的话,就把赌注压在单数上吧,概率高啊!!!!

10、 平行

平行!首先要逻辑平行!而这逻辑的平行主要体现1、平行的人或事物的性质相同或相似;2、主谓宾要make sense together; 3、动词的形式变化要合逻辑,如下例:

上面这个句子,在语法形式上都非常平行,不过在逻辑上主语Sal和arrive,skip,leave都是主动的关系,这里都用了被动的过去分词形式,所以错误,更正如下:

注意:不是要求对比或并列的每一个词都要平行对称,但最关键的词要是平行对称的。 关键的词或者成分,就是两个平行或对比句要对比或要并列的部分。意会~~ 要求平行的结构里并不是两个时态一致的选项就是对的。能表达清楚句意的时态就是正确的时态

常见Parallel Makers:

and; or; but; both; both…and…; not…but…; not only…but also; rather than; from…to…; either…or…; neither…nor…

X act as Y, distinguish X from Y, X is the same as Y, As X, So Y, estimate X to be Y, X is good, and so too is Y, X instead of Y, X, such as Y, compared to X, Y…, X is known to be Y, think of X as Y, consider X Y, X is less than Y, make X Y, declare X Y, Mistake X For Y, Whether X Or Y, X develops Into Y, X Differs From Y, regard X As Y

(以上的组合中发现:只要有and, as, or的组合都要求平行,另外只要是表示比较的也都要平行,还有一个举例的。。。)

除了以上这些常见的外,还有很多平时要注意积累。

平行不仅仅局限于出现了parallel maker,在一个结构中要表达2个或2个以上的人或事物in the same way都需要平行。

关于并列连词

并列连词多表并列(and)、转折(but)、选择(or)。并列连词可以引导一个句子svo, 引导vo,引导o,也有“but+介词短语, 句子”或者“but+从句,主句”的情况;而从属连词只能引导完整的句子。

关于从属连词

从属连词这种连词是用以引导名词性从句和状语从句的. 由从属连词所引导的句子叫从句,而含有从句的句子叫作复合句。(因此从属连词只能引导完整的句子<这个完整的句子包括连接代词本身>,不能引导词或短语)

从属连词在名词性从句中有:that; weather; if

关于A is to B what C is to D

另外,系动词也是parallel maker,系动词包括:

Be(所有形式), appear, become, feel, grow, look, remain, represent, resemble, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn

记住一个大原则:所有句子中要表达两个或两个以上事物或人时,都需要平行!!!!!!

并列常见形式总结:(形式对称)

1、 介词短语与介词短语并列;

2、 名词(短语)与名词(短语)并列,尤其是动作性名词(短语)的并列;实物名词和动作性名词

不能并列,简单的动名词和其他动作性名词都不能并列。 3、 动词(短语)与动词(短语)的并列; 4、 分词短语与分词短语并列

5、 现在分词可以和过去分词并列,作定语; 6、 形容词与形容词并列 7、 名词短语可以和what从句并列

8、 副词短语可以和介词短语并列,作状语 9、 Than从句可以和介词短语并列,作状语;

10、 不定式与不定式并列,除第一个不定式的to不能省略外,其它并列的不定式的to可以省略 11、 Be likely to do…and be unable to do…(be不能省略)

12、 不同时态的动词或短语并列;prep07的第一部分46题就是忽略了这条 13、 系表结构可以跟动词结构平行

14、 宾语从句并列,连词that不能省略:verb.+that…,that…,and that...

15、 定语从句并列必须承前使用相同的代词:n.+in which..,in which…,and in which… 16、 宾语从句并列 overestimate that and underestimate that

2概念对等

A) 抽象名词不能对具体名词 slowing growth or damaging forest B)动作名词不能对纯名词 assignment or staff

C)。整体名词不能对个体概念 no money or staff members

D)。泛指不能对特指 less lending and the increased pressure E) 前者是介词结构,后者是动词结构 3.功能相同

定语从句不能与状语从句并列, WHAT从句不能与HOW 从句并列

当and连接多个并列元素时,各元素都用逗号分开,只有最后那个元素前面加and,如X,Y,Z, and K; 当并列形式为:X and Y的时候,一般是没有逗号的,但如果X是从句且非常长的话,也可以选择在and前面加逗号。

以上一个句子是个多重并列,注意最后那个and前面有个逗号,就是告诉我们,最后这个and和前面的and property没有关系!

SC做题口诀:

1.见到谓语看主语,主谓一致看状语 2.见到代词找指代,指代通常不合理 3.见到平行看结构,形式功能要对称 4.见到比较看对象,对象通常不可以。

在GMAT考试过程中特别喜欢考比较对象对等

1. 平行规则(高阶)

? 实体名词和动词性名词不能平行(逻辑平行范畴)

实体名词即那些表示实际物体的名词,如:

rock,chicken,egg,light,desk,table…

动词性名词,包括词义为表示动作变化的名词、由动词衍生出的同根名词以及-ing形式的动名词,如:change, development, pollution, eruption, growth, swimming, running, skiing…..

? 简单的动名词和其他动作性名词也不能平行

1) 什么是简单的动名词:其实就是现在分词!是在句子或短语

中仍然是动词的作用和性质,但由于搭配介词、表示伴随、表示修饰,作主语或充当谓语外的其他成分等原因把动词形式改成了-ing形式。

Example:

Wrong: The rebels demanded the withdrawal of government forces from

disputed regions, significant reductions in overall troop levels, raising the rebel flag on holidays, AND a general pardon.

分析:这里raising明显不对,在短语“raising the rebel flag on holidays”里还是做动词用!只是因为有介词form,所以要变成-ing形式,这就是现在分词!!!!!

2) 要想和其他动词性名词平行,就得把动名词复杂化,把它变成真

正的名词作用。一般的,就是在动名词前面加量词a, an, the或者在动名词前面加形容词,然后再在动名词后面+of…,这样彻底就变成名词了。这样的动名词短语才能和其他动词性名词平行。

根据这个规律,上面的错句子应该改成:

Right: The rebels demanded the withdrawal of government forces from

disputed regions, significant reductions in overall troop levels, THE raising OF the rebel flag on holidays, AND a general pardon.

? 如果这个动作本身就有名词形式,就不要去创造一个动名词短语形式。

Example:

Wrong: The rebels demanded the withdrawal of government forces from

disputed regions AND releasing certain political prisoners. Wrong: The rebels demanded the withdrawal of government forces from

disputed regions AND THE releasing OF certain political prisoners.

Right: The rebels demanded the withdrawal of government forces from

disputed regions AND THE RELEASE OF certain political prisoners.

? 动名词要避免用“X’s+动名词”形式, 可以用“物主代词+动名词”(有效性错误) ? 谓语动词只能和谓语动词平行

The plant BOTH exceeded output targets AND ran more smoothly than ever.

? 不定式和不定式平行

1) 除了第一个不定式,其他不定式都可以省略to,但格式要一致,

省略to就都省略,不省略to就都不省略:

Example:

Wrong: It is critical to suspend activities, to notify investors AND say

nothing.(红色字体部分格式不一致)

Right: It is critical to suspend activities, notify investors AND say nothing.

2) 当第一个不定式前面有parallel maker时,后面的不定式的to都不

可以省略:

Right: It is critical either to suspend activities or to notify investors.

分析:“either”就是parallel maker

这样的parallel maker有:

both…and…; not…but…; not only…but also…; from…to…; either…or…; neither…nor…; distinguish X from Y, As X, So Y, estimate X to be Y, compared to X, Y…, think of X as Y, consider X Y, make X Y, declare X Y, Mistake X For Y, Whether X Or Y, regard X As Y

? 形容词、现在分词、过去分词可以平行(分词作定语时)

Example:

A mastodon carcass, thawed only once AND still fresh, is on display. Only a few feet wide BUT spanning a continent, the railroad changed history. ? 不定式和现在分词在句尾的区别

1) 不定式在句尾表示目的

2) 现在分词在句尾表示结果或伴随

Present Participle: Investors sold the stock rapidly, CAUSING panic. Infinitive: Investors sold the stock rapidly TO CAUSE panic.

如果句中没有明确表示是指目的,就用现在分词!

? 从句平行

从句只有和引导词相同的从句才可以平行!除此之外,和任何词、短语、从句都不平行。

Example:

Wrong: A mastodon carcass, thawed only once AND which is still fresh. is on display.

Right: A mastodon carcass, which has been thawed only once AND which is still fresh, is on display.

? 关于either…or…的平行

Either…or…在句子中位置的不同,导致平行的变化如下(OG SC 56): A.

either在动词前面:

??either fashioned from the spotted sandstone of Mathura or fashioned

from Gandharan grey schis.

B. Either 在介词前面:

??fashioned either from the spotted sandstone of Mathura or from

Gandharan grey schis.

C. Either 在名词前面:

??fashioned from either the spotted sandstone of Mathura or Gandharan grey schis.

? 总结:平行的8大常见考点

11、 比较结构

? 比较结构的信号词:

? 最重要的四个信号词是:like,unlike,than,as!遇到这四个词,

就一定要注意比较结构的考点。先找出比较的两个对象,然后从逻辑上判断这两个对象是否是同种性质相比较的;从语法上判断是否语法结构平行。

下图是其他比较结构信号词:

? as 和 like(更高阶的请看曼哈顿P248-249)

? like

1) like是一个介词,后面只能跟名词、代词和名词短语,不能跟

从句和介词短语。Like是用于两个名词间的比较的。

Right: LIKE her brother. Ava aced the test.

2) Like后可以跟动名词:like swimming,running….

3) Like不能用来举例:\

phrase such as, rather than with the word like, which suggests a

comparision.\

Such as在举例的时候,可以分开,如:such crops as corn and beans

4) unlike和like短语都可以放在句首或句尾。此时,跟在unlike和

like后面的名词都只是与句子主语作比较

? As

As是可以当介词(引导名词),也可以当连词使用(引导句子),as当介词时,不是比较的作用,也不是“相似”的意思,而是翻译为“作为”的意思,所以只有当as是连词时,才能表比较。因此as只可以引导两个完整句子的比较,不能引导两个名词的比较。

Example:

Wrong: LIKE her brother DID, Ava aced the test.

Right: AS her brother DID, Ava aced the test.

在GMAT中,as和like都可以引导比较,不过as引导句子,like引导名词,如下例:

Right:Like her brother, Ava aced the test Right:As her brother did, Ava aced the test.

As作比较时的变体固定搭配

Right: JUST AS the trains were late yesterday, the buses are late today. Right: JUST AS the trains were late yesterday, SO TOO are they late today.

? 逻辑上平行

即两个用于比较的对象要是相类似的东西,是同性质的东西。

Wrong:Frank's build, LIKE his brother, is broad and muscular.

以上这个句子中,比较对象是“Frank’s build”和”his brother”,体格和人怎么能比较呢,所以是逻辑上不平行,逻辑错误。正确的表达方式有以下两种,其中第一句中的相同的词“build”就省略了,避免重复;第二句用that代替build也是可行的方法。

Right: Frank's build, LIKE his brother's, is broad and muscular. Right: Frank's build, LIKE that of his brother is broad and muscular. Right: Frank, LIKE his brother, has a broad and muscular build.

? 语法结构上平行

详细内容参见平行那一章

? 词语省略(只要逻辑合理,重复的都能省,所以逻辑为王!)

? 在比较结构中,所有格’s后面的重复内容通常都省略

My car is bigger than Brian's [car}. My toes are longer than Brian's [toes}. My car is bigger than the Smiths' [car}. My toes are longer than the Smiths' [toes}.

? 只要没有歧义,重复提到的单词、词组甚至是句子都可以省略

In general, you should put in the omitted words or appropriate Helping Verbs (such as be,do, and have) only if you need' to remove ambiguity.

Example:

Right: Whereas I drink 2 quarts of milk a day, my friend drinks 3 [quarts}. Right: I walk faster than Brian [walks}.

Right: I walk as fast now as [I walked} when I was younger.

? 怎么判断产生歧义与否

一般的,比较对象在句中都充当同样的成分,如主语或宾语。如果在后的比较对象既可以理解为在原句中充当主语,又可以充当宾语,

且都没有逻辑错误和语法错误,那就产生歧义了。

Example:

Ambiguous: I like cheese more than Yvette. {Yvette could be subject or object.} Yvette在原句中既可以做主语,表示“我比Yvette更爱芝士”;也可以做宾语,表示“我爱芝士比我爱Yvette多”,产生了歧义。

? 如何消除歧义

1) 当比较对象做宾语时,将省略的主语和谓语都补充完整

Right: I like cheese more than I DO Yvette. (= than I like Yvette) 如何补充完整:把than前面的比较对象cheese换成Yvette,谓语like由助动词代替,然后照抄到than后面。

2) 当比较对象做主语时,将助动词补充进来

Right: I like cheese more than Yvette DOES. (=than Yvette likes cheese) Yvette做主语,助动词要变成第三人称单数,cheese是相同的宾语,可以省略。

平常s1 v o at the same time as s2 有s2与o比较的歧义,所以为了避免造成这种歧义,就把动词补助,将其限定为s1与s2两主语的比较,如果这个动词后没有带宾语,不补助动词也不会引起歧义,补了助动词反而是redundant

? 如果句子本身不存在歧义,多加了助动词或本该省略的词,就比较

wordy了。但是,GMAT中也出现过这种wordy的现象,所以GMAC为王,千万不要以多余助动词的出现作为排除选项的标准,只是分析题目的时候,这个知识点要识别的出来。

Example:

Right: Vishal eats more carrots than donuts. (donuts must be the object) Wordy: Vishal eats more carrots than HE DOES donuts.

? 隐喻式的比较是不被GMAT接受的,要用than使比较明确起来,所

以如果句子中没有than,就不可以用比较级!

Example:

Wrong: With winter coming, I will have HIGHER energy bills. Wrong: I will have HIGHER bills OVER last year. Right: I will have HIGHER bills THAN last year.

Always use than with a comparative form.

12、 动词和比较(高阶)

? 助动词

1) 在动作重复的时候,后半部分的动词和宾语可省略,用助动词be,

do, have/has代替。不过,如果前后部分动作一样但时态不一致时,便不能省略主要动词以及宾语,其中宾语可以由代词代替,避免重复。如下例: Example:

Wordy: I have never seen an aardvark, but my father has seen an aardvark. Better: I have never seen an aardvark, but my father HAS. Wrong: I have never seen an aardvark, but last year my father DID. Right: I have never seen an aardvark, but last year my father saw one.

2) 在一些罕见的情况下,and的前后动作时态可以不一样,如下例: Example:

Wrong: Our cars were designed to inspire envy, and they ARE. Right: Our cars were designed to inspire envy, and they DO.

分析:第二句中,“do”和前面部分的时态不一致,前面是一般过去时,后

面是一般现在时。由于they指代的是cars,根据逻辑句意知道,do后面省略的是inspire,而inspire和cars是主动关系,所以用do不用are。

3) do, be, have这些助动词永远代表肯定的意思,如下例:

Right: Some people do not eat soup. but others do. (= do eat soup) Right: Some people do not eat soup as others do. (= do eat soup)

Use be, do and have in this way only if you mean the positive form of the verb.

? 情态动词

1) 情态动词的位置:放在谓语动词前面 Example:

Wrong: Our division spent significant funds on HAVING TO build facilities. Right: Our division HAD TO spend significant funds on building facilities.

2) 如果句子中其他词语已经表达了情态动词要表达的意思,就不能再

出现情态动词以免重复。如下例: Example:

Wrong: This plan ensures that action MUST be taken. Right: This plan ensures that action WILL be taken. 3) “be to”在GMAT中不能用,得用will或should

“be to”本来表示“某种义务或者将来会做…”,在GMAT里不用“be to”表示这两种意思,转而用“will”和“should”表示将来或义务。(PS: should 不能表命令) 如下列: Example:

Wrong: We ARE TO receive an invitation.

Right: We WILL receive an invitation. OR We SHOULD receive an

invitation.

? 倍数的说法见曼哈顿P250 ? 其他比较结构

1) less或more在修饰“adj.+noun”时容易引发的歧义

wrong:We have even MORE efficient engines than before. Right: We have even MORE engines that are efficient than before. Right: We have engines even MORE efficient than before.

分析:错句里,more既可以修饰efficient,也可以修饰engines,引发歧义。

2) 没有逗号在中间的exceed和surpass也有比较的意思,要平行:

Right: The incidence of the disease among men EXCEEDS the incidence

among women.

Right: The incidence of the disease among men EXCEEDS its incidence

among women.

Right: The incidence of the disease among men EXCEEDS that among

women.

3) In addition+名词,表示“除…之外”

Rights: IN ADDITION TO taxes, death is inevitable.(主语比较) Right: IN ADDITION TO Munster cheese,I like Swiss.(宾语比较)

13、 代词

代词指代错误在GMAT中经常发生,所以每一次在题目中看到代词,都要去检查,看其是否指代正确!步骤是:

1) 找到代词的先行词(先行词一定是名词),并且看先行词是否唯一

2) 把先行词带入代词所在的句子或短语中,看逻辑是否错误 3) 看先行词与代词的单复数形式是否一致

PS:这个步骤不仅对于发现代词问题很重要,并且对主谓的检验也非常重要。碰见主谓时,都要问问自己,这个动词的主语是什么;主语和动词是否make sense together; 是否做到了主谓一致

错误一:先行词必须存在

关于这一点,GMAC经常设的圈套是,把本来是名词的词在剧中当形容词用,但是记住一点:先行词一定存在于句子中并且是一个名词!所以,在句中充当形容词角色的所谓“名词”,是不能充当先行词的,也就是说,该句子缺少主语!如下面这个例子:

Example:

Wrong:The park rangers discussed measures to prevent severe wildfires, which

would be devastating to IT.

Right:The rangers discussed measures to prevent severe wildfires, which would be

devastating to THE PARK.

在这个例子中,代词it的先行词应该是park,但是park在这里不是做名词,而是修饰rangers的形容词,所以这道题缺少先行词。

注意:Watch out for nouns used as adjectives! They cannot be antecedents of pronouns!!

The antecedent to which you want to refer must actually exist in the sentence and be functioning as a noun!!!!

错误二:先行词带入代词的句子或短语后,逻辑不对,没有make sense together!

错误三:一个代词有多个先行词的可能,导致ambiguous

Example:

Wrong: Researchers claim to have developed new \

cellulose fibers, which THEY allege give THEM the strength of cast iron.

Right: Researchers claim to have developed new \

cellulose fibers, which allegedly give THESE MATERIALS the strength of cast iron.

Wrong的例子中,“they”和“them”都既可以指代”researchers”也可以指代new ”nano-paper”,虽然通过上下文和逻辑可以推测,但不能百分百确定就是ambiguous!!!!

错误四:先行词和代词单复数不统一

这个和主谓一致类似,GMAC挖的陷阱也和主谓一致类似,详情请参考主谓一致。

特别注意:

1. 代词在句子主语的位置上,通常会被认为指代与其平行句子的主语。

EG: Supernovas destroy their immediate environments in vast explosions, BUT by

synthesizing heavy chemical elements, THEY provide the universe with the possibility of biochemistry-based life as we know it.

“They”在第二个句子中充当主语,虽然除了“supernovas”还有“environments”和“explosions”可以充当先行词,但基于以上所提的原则,“they”只能指代第一个并列句子的主语。注意:这条规律的前提条件是“平行的句子”,所以第一要平行,第二要是两个分开的句子,而不是一个句子中的主从句。 2. 主格和宾格代词不能指代所有格名词

Example:

Wrong: The board is investigating several executives' compensation packages in

order to determine how much may have been improperly awarded to THEM.

Better: The board is investigating the compensation packages of several executive in

order to determine how much They may have been improperly awarded.

Best: The board is investigating the compensation packages of several executives

in order to determine how much The executives may have been improperly awarded.

分析:在第一个句子里,宾格代词“them”不能指代所有格名词;在第二个句子里,虽然executives不再是所有格,可以指代,但是“them”的先行词既可以是executives也可以是packages,指代模糊;第三个句子为了防止以上两个句子的错误,把代词换成了那个本要被指代的名词,虽然重复,但是句子正确。千万要记住,concision(简洁)是选择答案最后才考虑的,不是首要考虑的!!!另外,主要到几个句子的所有格既可以用’s.也可以用 of.

总结:即代词不能指代 N’s X中的N, 但可以指代 X of N中的N。

3. which,that 只能指代物,只有who, whom 才能指代人

4. that 和those 指代的是一个new copy of 先行词,而不是完全相同的指代

Example:

The money spent by her parents is less than that spent by her children. The executives of her company are more excellent than those of competitors.

在第一个例句中,that的出现,是为了防止重复使用“the money“, 而不是指代“the money spent by her parents”. 这一点,it,they等代词却不同,他们都是指代完全相同的一个事物或人物。

在第二个例句中,those指代的是复数形式的先行词的new copies. 表示new copy的时候,Those和That也只能指代物,不能指代人指代new copy,单数用that,复数用those。 再如下例:

Lacking information about energy use, people tend to overestimate the amount of energy used by equipment. such as lights, that are visible and must be turned on and off and underestimate that used by unobtrusive equipment, such as water heaters.

(A) equipment, such as lights, that are visible and must be turned on and off and

underestimate that

(B) equipment, such as lights, that are visible and must be turned on and off and

underestimate it when

(C) equipment, such as lights, that is visible and must be turned on and off and

underestimate it when

(D) visible equipment, such as lights, that must be turned on and off and

underestimate that

(E) visible equipment, such as lights, that must be turned on and off and

underestimate it when

这题B,C,E中it都指代错误。It表示完全指代且指代的是原物。简单的说,这里就是指代: amount used by visible equipment..... 很长的那一串。而that是非完全指代,指代的是new copy。

但是在GMAT中,代词与先行词的单复数形式是一定要一致的,在new copy中也不例外,如果一定要改变单复数,就不能使用代词,而重复先行词的单数或复数形式。

Example:

Wrong: Her company is outperforming THOSE OF her competitors.

Right: Her company is outperforming THE COMPANIES OF her competitors.

总结:代词是指it, its, they, them, their, that, those 以及所有人物代词

(he/his/him, she/her 等)。其中,that和those只有在指代new copy时才使用,所有的事物的代词都用it, its, they, them, their(这几个代词都是完全指代,即不止指代核心名词还指代其修饰语) 而不能使用 this,that,those,these,这四个代词只能作为形容词使用,如:these books。不能单独指代事物。That和which在引导从句的时候,本身只能指代物而不能指代人。

Example:

New \(these为adj.) Wrong: Her products are unusual; many consider THESE unique. Right: Her products are unusual; many consider THEM unique.

以上代词“that”特别的复杂,身兼多职,以下分别说明它在不同情况下的用法: a) 纯粹做指示代词时,that只能和名词一起使用,不能裸奔

b) 在表示new copy时,此时that不是完全指代,且指代单数,复数用those指代。

c) d)

当that充当引导词引导从句时,和which一样只能指代物不能指代人。 当that的前面是分号的时候,that可以指代前面一整个句子,如下例:

OG SC 55: Many house builders offer rent-to-buy programs; that enables a family with insufficient savings for a conventional down payment to move into new housing and to apply part of the rent to a purchase later.

Ps:which前面加分号也不可以指代一整个句子

关于which指代:

a) which是引导限定性从句还是非限定性从句还存在争议,所以这个点不能

作为判断选项对错的依据哦!!! b) Which在GMAT中不能指代句子,只能指代词或短语

c) Which指代的原则是“尽量就近指代”和“只用来指代句子中的核心成分”,也就是

主语和宾语,指代修饰成分容易造成修饰对象逻辑错误。如果which可以同时指代前

面出现的两个对象,即谓语的单复数形式正确或者说是语法结构上是正确的,那么就近指代离which比较近的那个对象,这种情况下往往容易出现指代歧义或者违背原文的错误。

d) Which并不一定只能指代紧跟which的名词或代词,在下面情况中也可以跳跃指代:

1. Which由于只能指代物,所以如果紧跟其前面的名词或代词是人的话,就不符合

指代要求,所以要跳跃寻找 2. Which和真正修饰对象之间隔着不可移除和变动位置的定语成分,即与修饰对象

关系非常紧密,起关键性限定作用的定语成分时,可以跳跃指代。

关于what(来自网络,非曼哈顿)

? What引导的名词性从句

1、 what在从句中充当主语或宾语成分,what的意思相当于the thing that/which;

而that引导名词性从句时,不充当任何成分

2、 引导名词性从句时,what可以在介词后作宾语,但that前面不可以有介词(注意

in that的情况,in that是连词,且有特定意义:因为)

3、 What和which在引导宾语从句的区别在于,当指代没有限定范围时用what,有

限定的范围用which,意为“…中的那个”

? What引导的状语从句貌似很少,最常见的就是比较状语从句:

A is to B what C is to D

14、 代词(高阶)

? 其他非常用代词的注意事项

1) There

“there”其实是副词,但是它意思为“in that place”有指代的作用,所以把它放到代词这里来讲。因为“there”是副词,在句子中充当状语成分,因此其指代的地点也只能是做状语的,所以一般是介词短语(in+地点名词)且一定是“地点”的名词形式。

(注意两点:1、即名词作形容词时,不能指代;2、place的名词一定在句中充当状语而非主语或宾语)

Example:

Wrong: At current prices, Antarctic oil may be worth drilling for, if wells can be dug THERE and environmental concerns addressed.

Right: At current prices, oil in Antarctica may be worth drilling for, if wells can be dug THERE and environmental concerns addressed.

另外,There+be句型在GMAT里一般都是wordy,但不是总是wordy,there be强调的是“这里存在XXXX”,如果句子里需要这样一种强调,there be就不是多余的,如果句意是为了突出“XXXX干XXXX”或“XXXX有XXXX”等其他的点,再强调XX的存在性,就是多余的。

2) 反身代词

反身代词在句子中充当宾语,且直接指代句子的主语。所以只有当主语发出的动作的作用对象是主语本身时,才用反身代词。 除了反身代词,其他代词在宾语里一律不可以指代本句子主语。

3) Such(和other/another意思作用相似,不过更强调了“类似”“相似”)

Such和this,that一样不能裸奔,后面要搭个名称来一起指代先行词,

such的意思就是“like the antecedent” For example:

After the land-use agreement surfaced, the commission

decided to subject any SUCH contracts to debate in the future.

4) One

“One”表示其中一个,是泛指,且“one”前面一定有复数名词。

After walking by the chocolates so many times, Roger finally had to eat ONE 如果“one”改成“them”,说明Roger把所有的巧克力都吃了: After walking by the chocolates so many times, Roger finally had to eat THEM.

“It”是特指同一件单数事物,one和it不能替换,如果替换了就变成了指代单复数不一致了:

After walking by the chocolates so many times, Roger finally had to eat ONE. IT was delicious, but HE could eat only half of IT.

5) Do it & Do so

“do so”可以指代一整个动作,包括动词+动词的宾语+修饰语。

Quinn did not eat dinner quickly, but her brother DID SO. 分析:例句中,“did so”指代整个“eat dinner quickly”

“do it”中的“it”只可以指代名词先行词以及该名词的修饰语,it是整体指代,但没有so更整体:

Quinn failed to do the homework, but her brother did IT. 分析:这里的“it”指代的就是“the homework”

According to a recent poll, owning and living in a freestanding house on its own land is still a goal of a majority of young adults, as it was of earlier generations. 分析:这里的“it”指代整个句子主语“owning and living in a freestanding house on its own land”。“it”还可以指代主语从句以及作主语的不定式。

Of course, “do it”中的“do”不一定只能是“do”,可以变成其他动词,但“do so”中的“do”不可以:

Quinn did not eat the soup, but her brother ATE IT.

另外, “do so”中的“so”可以省略,只用助动词即可: Quinn DID NOT eat dinner quickly, but her brother DID.(相当于主语比较)

? “It”的用法

1) 做不定式的形式主语,把真正的主语——不定式押后: Awkward: TO RESIST temptation is futile. Right: IT is futile TO RESIST temptation.

第一句没有语法错误,但GMAC倾向于第二种表达,顺口多了吧?! 2) 做that从句的形式主语,把that引导的主语从句押后,避免头重脚轻:

Awkward: THAT we scored at all gave us encouragement. Right: IT gave us encouragement THAT we scored at all. 第一句也没有语法错误,只是头重脚轻,所以第二句更好。 3) 做不定式或that从句的形式宾语,把真正的宾语押后:

Right: She made IT possible for us TO ATTEND the movie.

总的来说,就是当不定式或者that从句做主语或宾语时,it就要取而代之做形式主语或形式宾语!

? 代词如果遇到指代不明的情况时,除了重复本需指代的名词外,更好的办法是用this/that/these/those/such/the+其他类似或同性质的概括性大类词汇代替:

Right: New \MATERIALS strength. Right: After the land-use agreement surfaced, the commission decided

to subject any SUCH CONTRACTS to debate in the future. Right: After roasting the deer, the hunter extinguished the fire and then

searched for a tree to hang THE MEAT from. ? 寻找代词先行词的2大基本原则和3大附加原则

1) 原则一:代词和先行词数量上要一致

复数形式的代词就选定复数形式的名词

2) 原则二:代词和先行词在性别指代上要一致

He/his指代男性,she/her指代女性,it/its属于中性,them/their/they可指代一切性别。 3) 原则三:代词如果在一个句子中重复出现,一般认为这个代词指代的先行

词都是同一个。 4) 原则四:就近原则。(貌似OG打破了很多的就近,所以暂且不以此为判

断原则了)

即代词指代的先行词一般倾向于指代最近的那个符合原则1和2的名词。先行词一般在前面,但也有很少情况出现在代词后面,但前面优于后面。

另外,这里还有个“too closed”原则,即如果哪个候选名词紧贴着代词,那么这个名词也不是先行词。

Example:

In the station house,IT is considered taboo.

…, in the current economic climate IT may finally experience sales declines.

分析:第一句中,因为house紧贴着代词“it”(即使中间有逗号),所以不是先行词。第二句也是,因为climate紧贴着代词“it”,所以也不可是先行词。

大多数时候,是先有先行词,后出现代词,不过当一些比较短的短语前置时,也可以代词在前,先行词紧随其后,不过记得得是短的短语。 5) 原则五:平行原则。

如果在一个平行的结构中,代词指代的先行词倾向于和它在句中充当一样的成分。即如果一个代词在一个并列句充当主语成分,那它指代的就是在另一个并列句或主句中充当主语成分的名词(前提是这个名词满足原则1&2!)

另外,如果一个代词充当从句的主语,那么它优先指代其主句的主语。

159. While depressed property values can hurt some large investors, they are potentially devastating for home-owners,

whose equity—in many cases representing a life’s savings—can plunge or even disappear.

(A) they are potentially devastating for homeowners, whose

(B) they can potentially devastate homeowners in that their

(C) for homeowners they are potentially devastating, because their

(D) for homeowners, it is potentially devastating in that their(A)

(E) it can potentially devastate homeowners, whose

B选项指代错误,就是因为in that引导的原因从句中,their是主语,应该优先修饰主句的主语they,即depressed property values

总的来说,判断先行词,就是先用原则一&原则二选出候选先行词,然后再利用原则三、四、五逐一排除(PS: 原则3、4、5是并列的,不是依次的)。

注意:句子中一点点的指代不明是可以被容忍的。所以在排除选项的时候,一定不能以指代不明作为唯一排除选项的标准,要结合其他考点综合考虑。

15、 修饰语

1) 单个形容词做修饰语,只能修饰一个名词或一个代词

2) 单个副词做修饰语,可以修饰除名词和代词外的几乎其他所有成分,包括

动词、形容词、另一个副词、介词、短语以及一整个从句。

3) 系动词后要跟表语,而且表语是修饰动作的发出者的,而不是修饰系动词

的。除be外系动词后不跟副词,跟副词的就是实义动词。 4) 系动词不能用于被动或进行时态

作为系动词,它本身有词义,但不能单独用作谓语,后边必须跟表语(亦称补语),构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。系动词有:

1)状态系动词

用来表示主语状态,只有be一词,例如: He is a teacher. 他是一名教师。(is与补足语一起说明主语的身份。)

2)持续系动词

用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度,主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如:

He always kept silent at meeting. 他开会时总保持沉默。 This matter rests a mystery. 此事仍是一个谜。

3)表像系动词

用来表示\看起来像\这一概念,主要有seem, appear, look, 例如: He looks tired. 他看起来很累。

He seems (to be) very sad. 他看起来很伤心。

4)感官系动词

感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如: This kind of cloth feels very soft. 这种布手感很软。

This flower smells very sweet. 这朵花闻起来很香。

5)变化系动词

这些系动词表示主语变成什么样,变化系动词主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run.

例如:

He became mad after that. 自那之后,他疯了。

She grew rich within a short time. 她没多长时间就富了。

6)终止系动词

表示主语已终止动作,主要有prove, turn out, 表达\证实\,\变成\之意,例如:

The rumor proved false. 这谣言证实有假。 The search proved difficult. 搜查证实很难。

His plan turned out a success. 他的计划终于成功了。(turn out表终止性结果)

注意:有些系动词又是实义动词,该动词表达实义时,有词义,可单独作谓语,例如:

He fell ill yesterday.

他昨天病了。(fell是系动词,后跟补足语,说明主语情况。) He fell off the ladder.

他从梯子上摔下来。fell是实义动词,单独作谓语。

如何区别多义词什么时候是作系动词,什么是做实义动词呢:

单词后面跟的词如果是副词,那该词就是做实义动词,如果后面跟的词不是修饰该动词本身,而是越过动词修饰主语的话,这个动词就是系动词。另外,还有个判断方法,就是把该动词换成be动词,看句子通不通顺,通顺就是系动词。

5) GMAT常见的两种修饰结构:

A. 形容词+形容词+名词:这两个形容词都是形容名词的。

B. 副词+形容词+名词:副词是修饰形容词的,形容词是修饰名词 注意修饰关系和对象的变化,有时能够使句子意思大变,可能成为GMAC的trick之一。谨慎!谨慎!

6) 同位语(Noun modifiers的其中一种):

A.定义:一个名词或名词性从句修饰另一个名词或名词性从句,这个名

词就叫做同位语。同位语与其所修饰的对象“格”要一致。同位语与修饰对象关系紧密时,不用逗号隔开,只作补充说明时,用逗号隔开。

Example:

Mr. Smith, our new teacher, is very kind to us. He told me that his brother John is a world-famous doctor. He is interested in sports, especially ball games

B. 同位语从句

同位语从句与定语从句的区别在于: 1)

定语从句可以修饰名词或代词,但同位语从句只能修饰名词,且能够修饰的名词也仅限于idea,plan,fact,theory,promise,hope,news,doubt,truth,information,suggestion,question, thought,belief,conclusion等少数抽象概念名词。

定语从句和同位语从句有相同的引导词:that, where, when, why,区别在于:

A. 在that引导的定语从句中,that在其中充当一定成分,且that在定语从句中当宾语时可以省略,但that在同位语从句中只起连接作用,不充当任何成分,不能省略;

Example:

①The news [that you told me yesterday] was really exciting. ②We heard the news [that our team had won].

2)

B.在where,why,when引导的定语从句中,先行词一定是分别表示地点、原因和时间的,且这三个引导词在定语从句中充当状语成分,往往还可以改写成“介词+which”的形式,但在同位语从句中,先行词永远是那些少数的抽象名词,三个引导词在同位语从句中虽然也充当状语成分,但不可以改写成“介词+which”的形式。

Example:

①I will never forget the day [when I joined the army]. ②We have no idea [when she was born].

③This is the house [where I lived two years ago].

④He put forward to the question [where the meeting would be held]. ⑤This is the reason [why she will not attend the meeting]. ⑥The teacher had no idea [why Jack was absent].

注意:

1、 关于修饰词加不加逗号的问题,暂时认为关系紧密就不加逗号,关系不紧

就加逗号,即加不加都可,最好不要作为排除错误选项的知识点用。

2、 特别注意句子开头的修饰成分,虽然也许一个很长的开头修饰成分让你读

起来很不顺,但这往往在GMAT中是正确的,GMAC经常拿这样的句子来引你上钩噢!!!!!

7) Noun Modifiers(修饰名词或代词)的位置

大原则:遵循“touch rule”,即修饰对象和修饰词要紧挨着,中间可以允许有逗号,但不能插入任何词语成分。修饰词可在修饰对象的前面或后面。所以,定语从句、同位语从句都是要紧挨着先行词的,不能跳跃修饰或指代。

Example:

Wrong: Jim biked along an old dirt road to get to his house, which cut through the woods.

Right: To get to his house, Jim biked along an old dirt road., which cut through the woods.

另一个考点:GMAC喜欢出缺修饰对象的trick,特别是由现在分词修饰语:

Example:

Wrong: There was no commotion in the office, resigned to the bad news. Right: Resigned to the bad news, the office Workers made no commotion. Wrong: The problem was identified, using the latest technology.

Right: Using the latest technology, the engineer identified the problem. PS:上面这个句子using是做verb modifier,可以放在句子开头也可以放

在句子结尾,不遵循touch rule。不过verb modifier也需要主语和它一起make sense!

注意:

避免几个长的修饰语排列着修饰同一个名词,如两个长修饰语都放在先行词的前面或都放在后面,这样就造成了awkward!!!如遇到这种情况,可以把两个修饰语一前一后紧挨先行词放着,这是better的情况,best的情况是最好把句子改写,使句子只剩下一个长修饰。有时候GMAT只提供了这个better的选项,那这个选项就是正确的,如果提供了better和best的选项,那best就是正确的!你滴明白?!O(∩_∩)O哈哈~

8) 特别注意所有格

GMAC往往喜欢在所有格上下套,使得修饰词和修饰对象没有 make sense together, 如下例所示:

Wrong: Unskilled in complex math, Bill's score on the exam was poor.

这句话里边,开头的opening modifier其实是要修饰Bill的,但事实上这个modifier的修饰对象是Bill’s score,不合乎逻辑。正确如下:

Right: Unskilled in complex math. Bill did not score well on the exam. 另外,不要忽略development等抽象名词,他们同样符合noun modifiers的touch rule,所以在所有格上,也容易犯以上错误。 Example:

Wrong: Only in the past century has origami's development, a ceremonial activity invented millennia ago, into a true art form taken place. Right: Origami-a ceremonial activity invented millennia ago-has developed

into a true art form only in the past century. 划线部分本意是要修饰origami,但却修饰了origami’s development,错误。

9) 定语从句(Noun modifiers的其中一种)

? 引导定语从句的:

关系代词:That, which, who, whom, whose; 关系副词:when, where, why ? 在GMAT中that和which不能修饰人,that在定语从句中可充当主语或宾语,充当宾语时可以省略。

Example:

Wrong: The scientists THAT made the discovery were rewarded. Right: The scientists WHO made the discovery were rewarded.

? Who和whom只能修饰人,which只能修饰物

? 在GMAT中,whose可以修饰物,很惊奇,O(∩_∩)O~

GMAT: the town whose water supply was contaminated. ? Which 和 Whom有时候可以搭配介词:介词+whom;介词+which ? Who在从句中只能当主语,whom在从句中只能当宾语

Wrong: The security guard WHO we met was nice. Right: The security guard WHOM we met was nice.

? That 和 whom 在从句中充当宾语时可以省略

Right: The movie THAT we watched last Friday was scary Right: The movie we watched last Friday was scary.

? Where,when,why在定语从句中当状语,且都可以转换成“介词+which”的形式。三者的先行词分别是地点、时间和原因。注意,只有在从句中充当状语才可以使用这三个关系副词,如果在从句中充当其他成分,要使用其他引导词

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