高中英语阅读理解必杀技

近年来英语高考的趋势是“得阅读者得天下”，可见阅读在高考中的重要地位。分析全国一、二卷和各自主命题省份的高考试卷可以看出，阅读题的分值一般为30-45分，每小题的分值都是一样的，均为2分，只是题目的数量有所差异。对阅读的考查越来越多地注重于语言运用能力之上的逻辑思维能力和批判思维能力的考查。所以同学们要加强阅读训练，提高自己的理解能力。

高考考试大纲对英语阅读作了以下说明：

1. 理解语篇主旨大意； 2. 理解文中具体信息；

3. 根据上下文提供的线索推测生词的词义； 4. 作出简单的判断和推理；

5. 理解文章的基本结构； 6. 理解作者的观点、意图和态度。 一. 主旨大意题

重点1 精确归纳标题

考生在做标题判断类试题时要注意标题的三个特性，即醒目性、概括性和针对性。醒目性——标题位于文章的最前面，应该能让读者一看到标题就对其内容产生兴趣，即吸引读者的眼球；概括性——标题应最大限度地覆盖全文，囊括文章的主要内容，体现文章的主题；针对性——标题不能偏题，必须指向具体文意。

Doctor are known to be terrible pilots. They don't listen because they already know it all. I was lucky: ] became a pilot in 1970, almost ten years before I graduated from medical school. I didn't realize then, but becoming a pilot makes me a better surgeon. I loved flying. As I flew bigger, faster planes, and in worse weather. I learned about crew resource management (机组资源管理), or CRM, a new idea to make flying safer. It means that crew members should listen and speak up for a good result, regardless of positions.

I first read about CRM in 1980. Not long after that, an attending doctor and I were flying in bad weather?

39.Which of the following can be the best title for the text? A.CRM:A New Way to Make Flying Safe B. Flying Makes Me a Better Doctor C. The Making of a Good Pilot D.A Pilot-Turned Doctor

解析：B。主旨大意题。作者在当飞行员的过程中知道了CRM，并把它运用到了自己的工作中，这给作者带来了好处，即B项“飞行使我成为一个更好的医生”符合题意，故选B。 技巧点拨：主旨大意题的正确选项有以下特点：1. 涵盖性强，覆盖全文；2. 所指的范围恰当，既不太大，也不太小；3. 精确性强，不会改变语言表意的程度及色彩。 It was an autumn morning shortly after my husband and I moved into our first house. Our children were upstairs unpacking，and I was looking out of the window at my father moving around mysteriously on the front lawn. “What are you doing out there?” I called to him.

He looked up, smiling. “I’m making you a surprise.’’ I thought it could be just about anything. When we were kids, he always created something surprising for us. Today, however, Dad would say no more ，and caught up in the business of our new life ，I eventually forgot about his surprise. ?

How could a flower bloom from a bulb more than 18 years ago, one that hadn’t bloomed in over a decade? But there was the crocus. Tears filled my eyes as I realized its significance. Hold on, keep going, and light is coming soon. The pink crocus

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bloomed for only a day, but it built my faith for a lifetime. What can be the best title for the passage? A． Crocuses — My Source of Faith B．Crocuses— Father’s Surprise C． A Pink Crocus — My Memory D．Crocuses in Blossom — My Favorite 解析：A。主旨大意题。文章介绍了作者的父亲为了给孩子们带来惊喜，为孩子们种植了番红花，这给孩子们带来了色彩和信念。由首段及最后一段中的“Hold on, keep going, and light is coming soon. The pink crocus bloomed for only a day, but it built my faith for a lifetime.”可知，番红花是作者的信念的源泉。故选A。考生要仔细阅读短文，完整地了解信息，准确把握作者的观点。

Faced with a tough job market, fresh graduates are dreaming of running their own businesses instead．But a recent survey has showed that such ambitions lack the required support and remain just that---dreams．

The Shanghai Municipal Employment Promotion Center poll of 1,276 graduates in several universities and colleges in the city, released last Friday, showed 59.78 percent of respondents considered the possibility of setting up a company or at least a small store．“But they just stop at the‘thinking’stage,” it stated． .Which of the following can be the best title? A．A Tough Job Market B．Graduates Dream of Being Boss C．The Ambitious Fresh Graduates D．The Story of Guo Bing

解析：B。主旨大意题。 文章开头告诉了我们这次调查的结果：面对目前严峻的就业形势，应届大学生毕业生们纷纷做起了“创业梦”。但近日的一项调查表明，大学生们的“创业梦”因得不到应有的支持，还仅仅只是个“梦”而已。从第二段起介绍的是这次调查研究的具体信息。故B项为最佳答案。 逆向解题：先设定某一个选项为正确的文章标题或主旨大意题，然后假设按照这个标题或大意，文章通常应该怎么写，写什么；再根据其核心词，考生就可以大致确定文章的结构和内容了，如果二者与短文基本相同，就可以判断该项正确；如果与短文大相径庭，就可以判断该项不正确。

重点2 概括文章大意

在阅读说明文和议论文时，考生可以根据其篇章特点寻找短文的主题句，然后归纳出文章的主题。主题句通常会出现在文章中的这三个位置：首段、中间段、结尾段（含在开头结尾同时出现、首尾呼应的主题句）。但有时文章可能无主题句，考生需要根据文章中所叙述的事实或提供的线索来概括和总结文章的大意。

Some people will do just about anything to save money. And I am one of them. Take my family’s last vacation. It was my six-year-old son’s winter break from school, and we were heading home from Fort Lauderdale after a weeklong trip. The flight was overbooked, and Delta, the airline, offered us $400 per person in credits to give up our seats and leave the next day. I had meeting in New York，So I had to get back . But that didn't mean my husband and my son couldn't stay. I took my nine-month-old and took off for home. ?

I tell you this because there is no shame in getting your money’s worth. I’m also tightfisted when it comes to shoes, clothes for my children, and expensive restaurants. But I wouldn't hesitate to spend on a good haircut. It keeps its longer, and it's the first thing people notice. And I will also spend on a classic piece of furniture. Quality lasts

59. What does the author want to tell us? A. How to expose bad tricks. B. How to reserve airline seats. C. How to spend money wisely, D. How to make a business deal.

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解析：C。主旨大意题。难度：中等。纵观全文，尤其是第一段和最后一段。第一段段首句给出：作者是省钱一族。最后一段对不同的产品的不同决策，指出对于质量高的产品也会毫不犹豫买。说明了作者花钱的明智。

易错分析：本题易误选B或者D。考生可能是犯了以偏概全的错误，只见树木不见森林，只看到第一段中作者订机票时巧用机会省钱，而忽略了最后一段中提到的作者在一些方面也会毫不吝啬的表现，结果误选了B（如何订机票）或者D（如何讨价还价）。

According to the British “Daily Mail” reported on May 22nd, the American business

magazine“Forbes” recently released the list of the World’s Most Powerful Women 2013. German Chancellor(总理，首相) Angela Merkel for three consecutive（连续的） years reelected top. ?

The list of Chinese women, including the wife of Chinese President Xi Jinping, Peng Liyuan, smartphone maker, HTC chairwoman Cher Wang... What is the main idea of the passage?

A. Peng Liyuan was elected as one of the World’s Most Powerful Women 2013. B. Forbes released the list of the World’s Most Powerful Women 2013. C. The United States’s first lady Michelle no longer ranks NO.1.

D. Chinese people are becoming stronger and more influential than before. 解析：B。主旨大意题。从第一段中的 “the American business magazine Forbes recently released the list of the World’s Most Powerful Women 2013”以及最后一段中的 “The list of Chinese women, including the wife of Chinese President Xi Jinping, Peng Liyuan”可知，这篇文章讲述的是福布斯公布了2013年全球最有影响力的女性的名单。故选B。

技巧点拨：找准主题句是确定文章主旨大意的主要方法。主题句在文中的位置： 开门见山：提出主题——细节支撑——阐明主题； 段末点睛：细节描述——归纳要点——概括主题； 段中点旨：细节描述——归纳主题——进一步解释。 Notice

Dear Degree-doing International Students,

According to the University’s regulations governing the Curriculums (课程) of General Education, the curriculum-choosing procedures (程序) are as follows: 1. Who

All degree-doing international students are required to choose the curriculums related to Chinese Language and Culture. Refer to Item 3 for different arrangements for undergraduate students (本科生) ,master and doctor students ?

Attachment 1: Chinese Language & Culture for International Students Attachment 2: Handbook for Curriculum Selection

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?

This notice is mainly about _______.

A. course selection B. how to study elective courses

C. regulations of learning Chinese D. Learning arrangements for elective courses 解析：A。根据文中的 “According to the University’s regulation governing the Curriculums of General Education, the curriculum-choosing procedures are as follows”以及全文内容可知，本篇主要讲述了课程选择的问题，故选A。 重点三：总结段落大意

段落大意是指某一段的主要意思，是对一个段落的基本内容所作的简单和初步的概括。段落大意要用明确、完整、简洁的语句表达，因此选择段落大意时要从这几个方面考虑，避免选择模糊、片面、烦冗的句子。

Some people think that success is only for those with talent or those who grow up in the right family, and others believe that success mostly comes down to luck. I’m not going to say luck, talent, and circumstances don’t come into play because they do. Some people are born into the right family while others are born with great intelligence, and that’s just the reality of how life is. ?

31. Paragraph 1 mainly talks about ______.

A. the reasons for success B. the meaning of success C. the standards of success D. the importance of success

解析：A。段落大意题。通读第一段我们可以得知作者列出了很多人认为的成功的因素，如 “Some people are born into the right family while others are born with great intelligence”等，此外，根据上下文的意思和排除法不难得出正确答案为A。 难点速通：

难点 避免看懂文章却出错

看懂文章却做错题这一现象主要出现在解答文章主旨大意类试题时，因为考生在选择文章主旨大意或标题时，常会犯以偏概全、以点带面、以小代大的错误。要避免出现这种错误，考生首先要明白自己懂的是全文的中心思想还是细节，懂的是全部词汇的字面意思还是其蕴含的意义；然后以“三主一问”作为解题思路。“三主”指文章的主题思想、文章的结构主线和关键句的主谓结构。“一问”指根据文章后面所设的问题来发问：此题的考查点是什么？此时考生一定要把题干读懂，这样在阅读文章时才能站得高，看得远，也就可以知全局。

Argentina in the late nineteenth century was an exciting place. Around 1870，it was experiencing an economic(经济的)boom，and the capital，Buenos Aires，attracted many people. Farmers，as well as a flood of foreigners from Spain and Italy，came to Buenos Aires seeking jobs. These jobs didn’t pay well，and the people felt lonely and disappointed with their new life in the city. As the unhappy newcomers mixed together in the poor parts of the city，the dance known as the tango(探戈舞)came into being.

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?

The popularity(流行)of the tango continued to grow in many other parts of the world. Soldiers who returned to the United States from World War I brought the tango to North America. It reached Japan in 1926，and in 2003 the Argentinean embassy in Seoul hired a local tango dancer to act as a kind of dance ambassador，and promote tango dancing throughout South Korea. What can be the best title for the text?

A. How to Dance the Tango B. The History of the Tango C. How to Promote the Tango D. The Modern Tango Boom 解析：结合全文尤其是第一段最后一句可以看出本文的主要内容。这篇短文主要描述了探戈舞的起源、历史以及它在世界上的传播，故选B。

Last winter, when I was heavily pregnant, I went to visit my sister and brother-in-law's house and had to park in a nearby parking lot...

...When I finally tried to drive away, my wheels began to spin. I was stuck! I spun and spun and wondered what to do.

All of a sudden, in my rear view mirror, I saw four teen-aged boys approaching my car. They were walking side by side in a line and dressed a bit like gang members --- at least I thought that's what they looked like. My car was in a very isolated area and I began to panic. I was certain they were coming to my car to harm me. Terrified, I just froze. One of the young men tapped on my window and said \me, Ma'am, can we help you? You seem stuck.\I said \push you out of the snow.\

When they finally got me out of the snow, they smiled and waved. I rolled down my window and thanked them, embarrassed to have judged them so poorly. The best title for the text would be___________ A. Every man has his faults

B. Fortune favors those who use their judgment C. Don't judge a book by its cover D. Think twice before you do.

解析：C。主旨大意题。A金无足赤，人无完人。B智才天助。C不要以貌取人D三思而后行。在文章叙述中可知作者开始因为这几个年轻人的穿着而以为他们是坏人，但是他们却热心的帮助了她，所以文章要表达的中心就是“不要以貌取人”；而且文章末尾embarrassed to have judged them so poorly作者再次点明主题。故C选项正确。

Louis Armstrong had two famous nicknames(绰号).Some people called him Satchmo. They said his mouth looked like a large bag .Musicians often called him Pops, as a sign of respect for his influence(影响) on the world of music.

Born in 1901 in New Orleans, he grew up poor, lived among great musicians. Jazz was invented in the city a few years before his birth. Armstrong often said,“Jazz and I grew up together.”...

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His cornet playing had a deep humanity(仁爱) and warmth that caused many listeners to say,“Listening to Pops just makes you feel good all over.”He was the father of the jazz style(风格) and also one of the best-known and most-admired people in the world. His death, on July 6,1971,was headline news around the world.

Which would be the best title for the text? A．The Invention of the Jazz Music B．The Father of the Jazz Style C．The Making of a Musician D．The Spread of Popular Music

解析：这是一道标题选择题。这篇短文讲述了Armstrong成为爵士乐之父的过程以及他对音乐的巨大贡献。短文的最后一段中的“He was the father of the jazz style and also one of the best-known and most admired people in the world.”点明了这篇短文的主题，所以最好的题目应该是：The Father of the Jazz Style

二. 细节题

针对这类试题，有时考生理解字面意思即可答题；有时则需要简单归纳、概括和推理才能答题。细节理解题在阅读理解中占的分量非常大。

正确答案的特点：与原文情节表达手法不同，但所表达的意思相同。 干扰选项的特点：1. 是原文信息，但与题目要求不符；

2. 符合常识，但不符合原文内容；

3. 与原文情节极为相似，只是在程度上有些变动； 4. 选项中所提供的信息部分正确，部分错误； 5. 在意思上与原文大相径庭甚至完全相反。

[考题链接]

For Norman Bethune, saving lives was the most important thing in the world. Norman Bethune thought that ____________.

A. he himself was a famous doctor in the world

B. he could only save lives because he was a doctor

C. saving lives was more important than any other thing for him D. in the world, he should do nothing but save lives 1、事实认定类：

此类考题要求考生对阅读材料中的某一具体事实细节进行理解。常见的命题方式有：1. 特殊疑问句形式。以when, where, what, which, who, how much/many 等疑问词开头引出的问题。2. 判断是非的形式。含有true/false, not true/false或EXCEPT等的判断是非的问题。此时要注意题干中含有否定词，如NOT, never等。3. 以According to?开头的提问形式。4. 填空形式。 【考题链接】

Low-Cost Gifts for Mother’s Day Gift No.1

Offer to be your mother’s health friend. Promise to be there for any and all

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doctor’s visits whether a disease or a regular medical check-up. Most mothers always say “no need”, but another set of eyes and ears is always a good idea at a doctor’s visit. The best part? This one is free. ?

48. What are you advised to do for your mother at doctor’s visits?

A. Take notes. B. Be with her. C. Buy medicine. D. Give her gifts. 解析：B。考查细节理解。根据Gift No.1中的第二句话“Promise to be there for any and all doctor’s visits”可知，当医生来访时，要陪伴在妈妈身边，故选B。 技巧点拨：寻读法即先读题，然后带着问题快速阅读短文，找出与问题有关的词语或句子，再对相关部分进行分析对比，找出答案。 干扰项特点：

做好细节题解题需要了解干扰项的如下特点：1. 是原文信息，但不是题目要求的内容；2. 符合常识，但不是文章内容；3. 与原文的内容及其相似，只是在某个细节处有些变动；4. 在意思上与原文大相径庭甚至完全相反；5. 部分正确，部分错误。 2、数字计算类：

数字计算题会出现在多种体裁的文章中，可能涉及年代、人物年龄、需付钱数等方面的数字计算。此类试题要求考生能根据阅读材料中给出的有关数字或信息、通过整理、运算得出正确结果。首先，考生要弄清各个数字之间的关系，选准要比较的数字；其次，要弄清单位换算方式，确定计算方法，快速解决问题。 【考题链接】

Offer Limited to 40 per household 2012 American Silver Eagle Coin

Your cost 1-4 Coins $38.95 each +s/h 5-9 Coins $38.45 each +s/h 10-19 Coins $37.95 each +s/h 20-40 Coins $37.45 each +s/h Note: $10s/h (shipping and handling) for each purchase

For fastest service, call toll-free 24 hours a day 1-888-201-7143 65. If you buy six 2012U.S. Mint Silver Eagles by post, you should pay at least_____. A. $230.7 B. $233.7 C. $240.7 D. $243. 7

解析：C。考查数字计算。根据文中信息和第65题题干可知，此时银币的单价是$38.45, 再由“Note: $10s/h (shipping and handling) ”可知，每笔交易运费是$10，故购买6枚银币需付$240.7 ($38.45*6+$10=$240.7)。答案为C。

误区警示：做计算类阅读理解题时，一定要注意附加信息，该信息往往在小括号内，比较隐蔽。如文章中的“Note: $10s/h (shipping and handling) for each purchase”。 3. 排列顺序类

此类试题的考查形式是在选项中列举一些具体的事实，然后要求考生对这些事实进行排序。这就要求考生根据动作发生的时间顺序以及句子之间的逻辑关系，找出事实发生、发展的正确顺序。考生可以先找出最早的时间和事件，把他作为事件发生的具体点，然后使用排除法将范围一一缩小，从而快速地选出正确答案。这种题型难度较小，一般从阅读材料中可以直接找到答案，但是做这种题时考生容易出错，而且这种题比较耗时间。 【考题链接】

Fourteen is not an age at which you try to earn millions of dollars, But for a Bangalore boy, Suhas Gopinath, it was.

One day in August, 1999, Suhas, studying at the Air Force School in Hebbal, was surfing the Net at a cybercafé. He happened to hit an MSN source code. That made him decide to learn more about HTML and to design and set up his own website under the address of a US-based company, Network Solutions.

He kept updating his website, posting interesting things on it. This impressed Network Solutions and they invited him to attend a class on Web design and development.

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His mom and uncle criticized him for not taking his education seriously, But gradually, his dad started encouraging him and even bought him a computer and Net connection. In fact, that was his first investment in the company.

On May 14, 2000, along with friends Clifford Leslie and Binay M. N, he founded his own website ---www.coolhindustani.com. He did not have the money to start, for his parents refused to give him a penny. So he wrote to Network Solutions Inc. in the US and they readily agreed.

In August, in the same year, he set up Globals Inc., a Web solutions and networking company, with a team of four. Now, he has 400 employees, more than 200 customers across the globe and offices in 11 countries, and he is worth over $ 100 million.

After finishing his high school education, he studied at Stanford University for two years. But Suhas says, “Education alone will not make a good professional.”

In which order did the following events happen?

a. Suhas was invited by Network Solutions to attend a class. b. Suhas set up his first website. c. Suhas set up Globals Inc.

d. Suhas went abroad for further education.

A. a-c-b-d B. b-a-d-c C. a-b-c-d D. b-a-c-d

解析:D。排列顺序题。从第二段可知 “b. Suhas set up his first website.”是最早发生的，从第三段可知 “ a. Suhas was invited by Network Solutions to attend a class.”是第二个发生的，从第五段的内容可知接下来是 “c. Suhas set up Globals Inc.”, 从第六段的内容可知 “d. Suhas went abroad for further education.”是最后发生的。故选D。

技巧点拨：首尾定位法。首先确定第一个和最后一个，然后逐步缩小范围。 难点速通：

难点一：快速准确找细节:

做细节理解题时，大多数考生易出现的问题是：1.准确率高，但阅读速度太慢，缺乏一定的快速阅读技巧；2. 阅读速度快但准确率低。要想快速准确做出此类试题，不必通篇细看文章，而应采取“带着问题找答案”的方法，或略读，或跳读，快速在文章中寻找与此问题相关的段落、语句，仔细品味，比较对照，确定答案。也可以兼用排除法，将“无此细节”和“与此细节相反”的选项排除。

【考题链接】（2013年高考山东卷）

Jimmy is an automotive mechanic, but he lost his job a few months ago. He has a good heart, but always feared applying for a new job.

One day, he gathered up all his strength and decided to attend a job interview... 56. Why did Jimmy apply for a new job?

A. He was out of work. B. He was bored with his job.

C. He wanted a higher position. D. he hoped to find a better boss. 解析：A。细节理解题。由文章第一段中的第一句话“but he lost his job a few months ago”可知，Jimmy 找工作是因为他失业了，故选A。 技巧点拨：细节题的正确选项有以下特征：

1. 对原文句子中的关键词进行替换。如把lose one’s job 换成了be out of work。 2. 词性或者语态有所变化。把原文中的一些变换一下词性，如把important 改成of importance;改变原文中句子的语态，如主动语态与被动语态的转换。 3. 语言简化。把原文中的复杂语言现象进行简化，成为正确答案。

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4. 正话反说。把原文中的意思反过来表达成为正确答案。 难点二：根据相关提示确定信息

一些特殊的标点符号经常成为命题的题眼，因此考生应该熟练掌握这些标点符号的用法。比如逗号、冒号、破折号、引号以及问号等。冒号：解释说明或者高度概括。括号：起解释说明作用。破折号：两个破折号之间的内容往往充当插入语，起解释说明作用；一个破折号后面的内容通常表示解释说明或者高度概括，作用类似冒号。 考题链接：

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Moisture Surge Refreshing Eye Mask﹡

Refreshing pre-moistened eye pads(垫). Apply 1-2 times a week to reduce under-eye puffiness(肿) and skin with quick hydration. To use: remove pads from packets and separate. Apply to clean under-eye skin. Rest for 10 minutes, and then remove pads. Moisture Sheer Tint 15﹡ Refreshing, wash of color that hydrates and makes skin bright with special materials and SPF 15 sunscreen. Three skin-friendly shades wear beautifully alone or under makeup.

WARNING: keep out of eyes.

Stop use if any pain occurs. Keep out of reach of children.

Please pay attention to: ﹡stands for “Not available in all countries. ”

64. How many products mentioned in the passage can be bought all over the world? A. Two B. Four C. Six D. Eight 解析：A。细节理解题。 本题利用文末提示“Please pay attention to: *stands for ‘Not available in all countries.’”以及前面产品后的*可以确定，世界各地均可以买到的只有前两种产品。

三. 推理判断题

高考导航：《考试大纲》指出，阅读文章的主要目的是获取信息，即理解作者所要传达的信息。在实际的阅读中，有时考生需要根据文章提供的事实和线索，进行逻辑推理，推测作者未提到的事实或某事发生的可能性等。推理判断题和主旨大意题一样，也是比较难的一类题。2013年各地的高考英语试题中大概有2-10题。在做这类阅读理解题时，推理判断涉及的范围很广，主要包括细节推断、预测推断、对文章来源或读者对象的推断、写作意图推断以及态度倾向推断和评述性推断等。 重点一 细节推断

细节推断要求考生根据语篇内容，推断具体细节，如时间、地点、人物关系、人物身份、事件等。考生一般可根据短文提供的信息或者生活常识，进行推理判断。考生只有正确把握文

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章的内在关系，理解文章的真正含义，才能作出准确的推断。题干中主要会出现下列动词：infer, indicate, imply, suggest, conclude, assume。 主要设题形式：

It can be inferred from the passage/text that ______. The author strongly suggests that ______.

It can be concluded from the passage that _______.

The paragraph following the passage will most probably be _______. The writer implies but not directly states that ______. Which of the following statements does the passage support? The writer talked about ... because he/she thought ______. What does the author imply about newspapers?

Kenya

Kenya is the destination for those seeking an African experience. It has everything you might want to do. Generally volunteers in Kenya work in orphanages(孤儿院)or with local children living in slums(贫民窟). There is a great demand for volunteers in Africa because many people live in poverty, so if you truly feel like making a difference to a community, then Kenya should be at the top of your list.

?

1t can be inferred from the passage that volunteers in Kenya mainly work with _ .

A. animals B. plants C. children D. the elderly

解析：C。推理判断题。根据Kenya 下面的一段中的信息可知，在肯尼亚的志愿者，通常是在孤儿院工作或者是照顾那些生活在贫民窟的孩子。

It takes confidence to be a kid. Whether going to a new school or stepping up to bat for the first time, kids face a lot of uncharted territory.

Naturally, parents want to instill a can-do attitude in their kids so that they'll bravely take on new challenges and, over time, believe in themselves. While each child is a little different, parents can follow some general guidelines to build kids' confidence.

Self-confidence rises out of a sense of competence. In other words, kids develop confidence not because parents tell them they're great, but because of their

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achievements, big and small. Sure, it's good to hear encouraging words from mom and dad. But words of praise mean more when they refer to a child's specific efforts or new abilities.

When kids achieve something, whether it's brushing their own teeth or riding a bike, they get a sense of themselves as able and capable, and tap into that high-octane fuel of confidence.

Building self-confidence can begin very early. When babies learn to turn the pages of a book or toddlers learn to walk, they are getting the idea \each new skill and milestone, kids can develop increasing confidence.

Parents can help by giving kids lots of opportunities to practice and master their skills, letting kids make mistakes and being there to boost their spirits so they keep trying. Respond with interest and excitement when kids show off a new skill, and reward them with praise when they achieve a goal or make a good effort. With plentiful opportunities, good instruction, and lots of patience from parents, kids can master basic skills — like tying their shoes and making the bed. Then, when other important challenges present themselves, kids can approach them knowing that they have already been successful in other areas. ?

1.What should parents do to increase kids’ confidence? A. Provide more chances to show their talent. B. Encourage kids to try some difficult tasks. C. Offer kids some advice when it is necessary. D. Praise kids for overcoming difficulties they meet. 2. Kids can face new challenges bravely because ______. A. they know they will get help from their parents B. they are eager to explore new things around them C. they have mastered skills to overcome difficulties D. their teachers have taught them to believe in themselves

解析：1.A。推理判断题。根据第6段的内容可知，家长应多为孩子提供锻炼的机会，这样可以帮助孩子增强自信心。

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2. C。推理判断题。根据第7段的内容可知，一旦孩子们有了自信心，当他们遇到挑战时，他们就可以从容应对，因为他们知道他们在其他方面有成功的经验，故C项正确。 重点二 对文章来源或读者对象的推断

推断文章的来源或者读者对象要求考生具备一定的常识。因此，考生本身要对报纸、杂志、网络、科普知识、小说、童话、广告、教材、说明书、旅游指南、药品说明、操作指南等有基本的了解，这样才能在做题时根据文章的特点选出最佳答案。

主要设题形式：

This passage would most likely be found in _____. In which of the following publications would this passage most likely be printed? The passage is probably taken out of _____. Where does this text probably come from?

Where is the passage most likely to have been taken from?

The baby is just one day old and has not yet left hospital. She is quiet but alert （警觉）. Twenty centimeters from her face researchers have placed a white card with two black spots on it. She stares at it carefully. A researcher removes the card and replaces it by another, this time with the spots differently spaced. As the cards change from one to the other, her gaze（凝视） starts to lose its focus — until a third, with three black spots, is presented. Her gaze returns: she looks at it for twice as long as she did at the previous card. Can she tell that the number two is different from three, just 24 hours after coming into the world?

Or do newborns simply prefer more to fewer? The same experiment, but with three spots shown before two, shows the same return of interest when the number of spots changes. Perhaps it is just the newness? When slightly older babies were shown cards with pictures of objects (a comb, a key, an orange and so on), changing the number of objects had an effect separate from changing the objects themselves. Could it be the pattern that two things make, as opposed to three? No again. Babies paid more attention to squares moving randomly on a screen when their number changed from two to three, or three to two. The effect even crosses between senses. Babies who were repeatedly shown two spots became more excited when they then heard three drumbeats than when they heard just two; likewise （同样地） when the researchers started with drumbeats and moved to spots.

63. Where does this text probably come from?

A. Science fiction. B. Children’s literature. C. An advertisement. D. A science report.

解析：D。推理判断题。本文介绍了对婴儿进行的试验、试验的经过及结果等，因此本文可能来自于一份科学报告。 Fast food giant, McDonald’s said on Tuesday that they would be cutting out excess calories in their kids’ menu choices starting in September. McDonald’s will reduce the amount of French fries in Happy Meals and will also include sliced apple “dippers” in every meal. McDonald’s say it will still include the ever-popular toys with each meal.

“We are going to introduce more food groups such as fruits, vegetables and whole grains,” said Cindy Goody, McDonald’s senior director of nutrition.

After getting much of the blame for childhood obesity, fast food chains, especially McDonald’s, began selling more nutritious menu items. But the restaurant was most criticized for its marketing which is often aimed at young children. Some

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cities, such as San Francisco, California, have banned toys from all kids’ meals that didn’t meet strict nutritional guidelines for fat, salt and sugar content（含量）because the prizes attracted more children to the fast food.

McDonald’s felt public pressure to change their offerings. It reduced French fry portions from 2.4oz to 1.1oz in every meal. This decreases calorie content by about 20 percent, which means a new Happy Meal is less than 600 calories. Currently, the unhealthiest Happy Meal consists of a cheeseburger, fries and 1 percent chocolate milk, which contains 700 calories and 27 grams of fat. Which part is this passage taken from in a newspaper? A. Travel and leisure. B. History and politics. C. Culture and customs D. Diet and health.

解析：D。推理判断题。文章主要讲的是麦当劳的食品质量问题。这些快餐中含有过多的热量和脂肪，会给孩子们带来健康问题。由此可以推知，本文选自饮食和健康专栏。

重点三 写作意图推断

写作意图推断题要求考生根据文章的论述，揣测作者的写作意图及作者运用某种写作手法的目的。作者一般不直接表明自己的意图，而是通过文章所提供的事实，客观地使读者信服某种想法或观点。这种题型要求考生不但要能理解文章的大意，还要具备对作者阐述问题的方法进行分析和归纳总结的能力。 主要设题形式：

What is the main purpose of the author writing the text? The purpose of the text is to get more people to _____. The writer of the story wants to tell us that _____. The fact... is mentioned by the author to show ______. The writer talks about ...in order to ______.

The author writes the last paragraph in order to ______.

Home to me means a sense of familiarity and nostalgia(怀旧). It's fun to come home. It looks the same. It smells the same. You'll realize what's changed is you. Home is where we can remember pain, live, and some other experiences; We parted here; My parents met here; I won three championships here.

If I close my eyes, I can still have a clear picture in mind of my first home. I walk in the door and see a brown sofa surrounding a low glass-top wooden table. To the right of the living room is my first bedroom. It's empty, but it's where my earliest memories are. ...

Sometimes when I feel lost, I lie down and shut my eyes, and I go home. I know it's where I'll find my family, my dogs, and my belongings. I purposely leave the window open at night because I know I'll be blamed by Mom. But I don't mind, because I want to hear her say my name, which reminds me I'm home. 46. What is the author's purpose of writing this passage? A. To express how much she is attached to her home. B. To declare how much she loves her first house. C. To describe the state of her family. D. To look back on her childhood.

解析：A。写作意图题。根据第一段的第一句“Home to me means a sense of familiarity and nostalgia.”可知，作者写本文的目的是表达她对家的怀恋、依恋之情，下文都是围绕第一句展开的。

Having a great collection of books at home doesn’t really mean that you are a person who has a passion for literature and reading． It can be a family inheritance or it can be just to impress people around you by the fact that you are a person of culture?

From my point of view, literature is very important in our life． For example,

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reading is a means of gaining culture and enriching our knowledge in different areas． It can help us have a great imagination and it makes things easier when it comes to make compositions on different themes． It gives you the possibility to speak about science, even if you don’t work in this domain, or you can express your opinion about a political aspect, just because you have read something connected to that．

Secondly, literature offers us the possibility to enter the world of imagination, and to leave the real one for a couple of hours...

In conclusion, I would like to say that literature is the perfect means to enrich our culture, to express ourselves correctly, to have a rich vocabulary, to be able to interfere in conversations in different fields of interest and to really be considered an erudite person．

What is the author’s purpose in writing the passage? A. To tell the readers an interesting story. B. To explain the true meaning of reading. C. To advise people to like reading.

D. To stress the importance of literature.

解析：C。写作意图题。本文介绍了喜欢阅读的好处，由此可推知作者的写作目的是建议人们热爱阅读。

If a vacation in Florida is in your future, you may be feeling happy with what to do there. All it takes is a little awareness about the available activities and some careful planning before boarding the plane.

The most popular reason why families choose Florida for a vacation is to visit Disney World. If you are headed to Orlando, the chances are Disney World is on your list of things to do while in town...

All over Florida there is spring training camps for Major League Baseball... Finally, if you are a shopper, Florida is the place for you. The state offers some of the best places for shopping in the country and because the temperatures are usually pleasant, you can walk around the outdoor centers for hours at a time in comfort. If you love great bargains and you want to find some in one place, plan a shopping excursion(短途旅行) in Florida with your friends or family. What purpose is the text written for?

A. Introducing the history of Disney World B. Advising people to travel to America C. Giving ideas for a Florida vacation D. Encouraging people to do shopping

解析：C。写作意图题。本文介绍了佛罗里达州的若干旅游景点，并为去佛罗里达州度假的人们提出了几点建议，故答案为C项。

重点四 态度倾向推断和评述性推断

态度倾向推断题主要考查考生是否了解文章作者或文中人物对某事物所持的观点或态度；此类试题要求考生具有在正确理解文意的基础上，对观点或态度倾向进行分析、识别的能力。评述性推断题要求考生对文章所交代的人或事进行评价，因此，做此类试题时考生要注意作者对相关人或事的细节描写。 主要设题形式：

The attitude of the author towards something is _____. The writer of the passage seems to think that ______. What is the author’s opinion on cramming?

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What’s the writer’s attitude towards...? What do we know about somebody in the passage? Somebody can be said _____.

What does the author think about the present generation?

About twenty of us had been fortunate enough to receive invitations to a film-studio（影棚）to take part in a crowd-scene. Although our \would last only for a short time, we could see quite a number of interesting things.

We all stood at the far end of the studio as workmen prepared the scene, setting up trees at the edge of a winding path. Very soon, bright lights were turned on and the big movie-camera was wheeled into position. The director shouted something to the camera operator and then went to speak to the two famous actors nearby. Since it was hot in the studio, it came as a surprise to us to see one of the actors put on a heavy overcoat and start walking along the path. A big fan began blowing tiny white feathers down on him, and soon the trees were covered in \Two more fans were turned on, and a \real that it made us feel cold.

The next scene was a complete contrast(对比).The way it was filmed was quite unusual. Pictures taken on an island in the Pacific were shown on a glass screen. An actor and actress stood in front of the scene so that they looked as if they were at the water's edge on an island. By a simple trick like this, palm trees, sandy beaches, and blue, clear skies had been brought into the studio!

Since it was our turn next, we were left wondering what scene would be prepared for us. For a full three minutes in our lives we would be experiencing the excitement of being film “Stars”!

What would happen in the \A. A new scene would be filmed. B．More stars would act in the film. C．The author would leave the studio. D．The next scene would be prepared. 解析：A。预测推断题。根据题干 “What would happen...in the last paragraph”的提问可知此题要求考生猜测接下来可能发生的事情。根据文章第二段提到的拍摄寒冬的场景，第三段提到的拍摄沙滩的场景，以及最后一段中的 “we were left wondering what scene would be prepared for us”可知，作者等人不知道接下来为他们准备的是什么场景，但是在他们的一生中，他们将会有在足足三分钟的时间内做电影 “明星”的兴奋经历。由此可推断此处是指要拍摄新的场景，故选A。 难点速通：

难点一 如何排除干扰项

在阅读理解中，干扰项的设置其实是有规律可循的。如果做题时考生能够敏锐洞悉题干要求，准确捕捉干扰项的错误信息点或不符合题目要求的信息点，就能迅速排除干扰项，提高解题的准确率。一般来说，阅读理解题中客观事实题的干扰项有以下几个特点： 1.推测意义与文章表层意义有区别

根据文章、段落或句子推断出的意义通常不可能在文章中直接找到，因此，考生在阅读文章时要吃透文章的字面意思，从字里行间捕捉有用的提示和线索，这是推理判断的前提和基础。在此基础上，考生通过分析、判断。从而作出符合逻辑的推断。

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No one knows for sure when advertising first started. It is possible that it grew out of the discovery that some people did certain kinds of work better than others did them. That led to the concept of specialization, which means that people would specialize, or focus, on doing one specific job.

Let’s take a man we’ll call Mr. Fielder, for example. He did everything connected with farming. He planted seeds, tended the fields, and harvested and sold his crops. At the same time, he did many other jobs on the farm. However, he didn’t make the bricks for his house, cut his trees into boards, make the plows (犁), or any of other hundreds of things a farm needs. Instead, he got them from people who specialized in doing each of those things.

Suppose there was another man we shall call Mr. Plowright. Using what he knew about farming and working with iron, Mr. Plowright invented a plow that made farming easier. Mr. Plowright did not really like farming himself and wanted to specialize in making really good plows. Perhaps, he thought, other farmers will trade what they grow for one of my plows.

How did Mr. Plowright let people know what he was doing? Why, he advertised, of course. First he opened a shop and then he put up a sign outside the shop to attract customers. That sign may have been no more than a plow carved into a piece of wood and a simple arrow pointing to the shop door. It was probably all the information people needed to find Mr. Plowright and his really good plows.

Many historians believe that the first outdoor signs were used about five thousand years ago. Even before most people could read, they understood such signs.

Shopkeepers would carve into stone, clay, or wood symbols for the products they had for sale.

A medium, in advertising talk, is the way you communicate your message. You might say that the first medium used in advertising was signs with symbols. The second medium was audio, or sound, although that term is not used exactly in the way we use it today. Originally, just the human voice and maybe some kind of simple instrument, such as a bell, were used to get people’s attention.

A crier, in the historical sense, is not someone who weeps easily. It is someone, probably a man, with a voice loud enough to be heard over the other noises of a city. In ancient Egypt, shopkeepers might hire such a person to spread the news about their products. Often this earliest form of advertising involved a newly arrived ship loaded with goods. Perhaps the crier described the goods, explained where they came from, and praised their quality. His job was, in other words, not too different from a TV or radio commercial in today’s world.

43. The writer makes up the two stories of Mr. Fielder and Mr. Plowright in order to __________.

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A. explain the origin of advertising B. predict the future of advertising C. expose problems in advertising D. provide suggestions for advertising 44. In ancient Egypt, a crier was probably someone who __________. A. owned a ship

B. had the loudest voice

C. ran a shop selling goods to farmers

D. functioned like today’s TV or radio commercial

解析：43. A。推理判断题。根据第一段中的 “No one knows for sure when advertising first started.”及第二段中的 “Let’s take a man...for example”可知，作者举这两个例子是为了阐述广告的起源，所以答案为A项。

44. D。推理判断题。从全文最后一段中的 “His job was, in other words, not too different from a TV or radio commercial in today’s world.”可知，古代埃及的crier如同现在社会电视和广播中的商业广告。所以答案为D项。

误区警示： 三种特点须知晓 熟记巧避干扰项 推理判断题的干扰项的设置通常有以下特点：

第一，它和文章的内容之间有一点点的区别，而考生往往忽略了这些细微的区别； 第二，干扰项和文章的内容一模一样，但是仔细看题干就会发现题干问的重点和干扰项是不相关的；

第三，干扰项和文章的某些内容一样，属于文中已言明的事实，是不需要推理的。而推理判断题的推理要以原文为依据，再进行适度引申。 2. 张冠李戴

即把文章中作者的观点与其他人的观点混淆在一起：题干问的是作者的观点，选项中出现的却是其他人的观点；题干问的是其他人的观点，选项中却出现了作者的观点。 3. 偷梁换柱

干扰项用了与文章中某一句话相似的句型结构和单词，却在考生易忽视的地方换了几个单词，造成句意的改变。 ...

Then, only one month later, I lost it. I took it off before bed and it was missing in the morning. I was sad and searched everywhere for it. But it seemed to have disappeared. Eventually, I gave up and stopped looking for it. And two years later, we sold the house and moved away.

Years passed, and a couple of moves later, I was visiting my parents' when Mum told me that she had something for me. It wasn't my birthday, nor was it Easter or Christmas or any other gift-giving occasion. Mum noticed my questioning look. \You'll recognize this one,\

Then she handed me a small ring box. I took it from her and opened it to find my beautiful signet ring inside.

The family who had bought our house 13 years earlier had recently decided to do

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some redecorations, which included replacing the carpets. When they pulled the carpet up in my old bedroom, they found the ring. As it had my initials carved into it, they realized who owned the ring. They'd had it professionally cleaned up by a jeweler before sending it to my mother. And it still fits me.

58. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage? A. The writer's family moved several times.

B. The writer never stopped looking for her ring.

C. The writer's ring was cleaned up by the new house owner.

D. The writer lost her ring in the morning when she took it off.

解析：A。根据选文第一段可知，作者在丢失戒指两年后搬了一次家，又依据选文第二段首句可知数年后，作者又搬了两次家，故A项正确；B项与选文第一段倒数第二句不符；依据倒数第二段可知，清洗戒指的是jeweler而不是房屋买家，故C项错误；D项与选文第一段第二句不符。 4. 无中生有

这种类型的干扰项往往是基本的生活常识或普遍认可的观点，但在文章中并无相关的信息支撑点。其次，这种干扰项也有可能与设置的问题毫不相干。再其次，干扰项也可能与文章内容没有任何联系。 5. 鱼目混珠

鱼目混珠类型的干扰项常出现在词句理解类试题的选项中，即利用某个词或句子的字面含义代替其在特定语境中的具体含义。 6. 扩缩范围 为了准确、严密地表达文章内容，命题者特别注意对文章范围的限定，有时通过加上almost, all, nearly, more than, normally, usually等词语对文章加以限制。“扩缩范围”干扰法就是在选项中通过改变或去掉限制性词语，将信息的范围、程度、感情色彩等改变，从而给考生解题造成干扰的命题方法。 ...

After the death of her second husband, Greek shipping magnate（巨头）Aristotle Onassis, Jacqueline’s close friend and former White House social secretary Letitia Baldrige made a suggestion that she consider a career（职业）in publishing. After consideration, Jacqueline accepted it. Perhaps she hoped to find there some idea about how to live her own life. She became not less but more interested in reading. For the last 20 years of her life, Jacqueline worked as a publisher’s editor, first at Viking, then at Doubleday, pursuing（追求）a late-life career longer than her two marriages combined. During her time in publishing, she was responsible for managing and editing more than 100 successfully marketed books. Among the first books were In the Russian Style and Inventive Paris Clothes. She also succeeded in persuading TV hosts Bill Moyer’s and Jose Campbell to transform their popular television conversations into a book, The Power of Myth. The book went on to become an international best-seller. She dealt, too, with Michael Jackson as he prepared his autobiography（自传）, Moonwalk. Jacqueline may have been hired for name and for her social relations, but she soon proved her worth. Her choices, suggestions and widespread social relations were of benefit both to the publishing firms and to Jacqueline herself. In the books she

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selected for publication, she built on a lifetime of spending time by herself as a reader and left a record of the growth of her mind. Her books are the autobiography she never wrote. Her role as First Lady, in the end, was overshadowed by her performance as an editor. However, few knew that she had achieved so much. 1. We can learn from the passage that Jacqueline _________ A. because fond of reading after working as an editor B. was in charge of publishing 100 books

C. promoted her books through social relations D. gained a lot from her career as an editor 2. What can be inferred from the passage?

A. Jacqueline’s two marriages lasted more than 20 years B. Jacqueline’s own publishing firm was set up eventually

C. Jacqueline’s views and beliefs were reflected in the books she edited D. Jacqueline’s achievements were widely known. 解析：1. D。2. C。第一题，依据文章第二段前四句话可知A项错误；依据第二段第六句话可知B项错误；依据文章最后一段前半部分可知C项错误。依据文章最后两段的叙述可知当编辑使他受益颇多，她取得了巨大的成就，故D项正确。第二题，由文章第二段第五句话可知，她的两次婚姻加起来不超过20年，故A项错误；由文章第二段第五句和第三段第一句可知，她是被雇佣的，而非自己当老板，故B项错误；依据文章最后一段最后一句可知，D项错误。依据文章最后一段尤其是第三句和第四句话可知C项正确。其中第一题中的B项及第二题中的A项都属于扩缩范围的干扰项，考生在解题时应多加注意。 解题策略 六种策略在手 排除干扰无忧 策略1 异曲同工

为了给考生解题设置障碍，命题者一般不会照搬原文的词、句。即使答案可以在文中找到，考生也需要在理解选项和文中词、句的基础上做出判断。 策略2 顺应主旨

一篇好的文章，其内容和结构都是经过周密安排的，按一定顺序排列的所有语句都是为文章主旨服务的。因此，考生只有确定了文章主旨才能对选出正确答案更有把握。 策略3 中庸之道

干扰项有一个重要特点，即选项表述的内容往往言过其实。正确选项也有一个特点，即通常把一种说法控制在一定的限度和范围之内，这就是中庸之道。 策略4 回归定位

有些选项是利用原文内容张冠李戴、偷梁换柱、断章取义、以偏概全、颠倒是非、混淆视听，有些则完全是凭空捏造出来的。所以，在做阅读理解题时，考生要回归原文，紧紧围绕文章内容，做出正确判断。 策略5 转折词定位

在阅读过程中，特别值得考生注意的是转折词，如but, yet, however等。这些词后往往有解题所需要的重要内容，因此考生可以利用这些词在文中定位有效信息。 策略6 常识排除

有些选项是根据文章内容或个别词、句设计出的干扰项，仔细揣摩考生会发现其中一些是不符合逻辑的，这样考生可以根据常识直接排除干扰项，提高解题效率。

四. 猜测词义题

对单词、短语意思的猜测主要依据它所在段落的内容进行。如果该段落比较短，信息

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量不足，那么与之相邻的上下两个段落的内容就成为猜词义的重要依据。 1. 词义猜测题常用的提问方式： 1) The word “?” refers to / probably means / could best be replaced by _______. 2) The word “?” is most likely to mean ______.

3) What do you think the expression “?” stands for? 4) The underlined word “?” means ______ 2. 猜测词义的方法

(1) Definition 定义法： 一般通过定义、定语（从句）或同位语（从句）来确定词义。

① It will be very hard but very brittle — that is, it will break easily. ② The herdsman, who looks after sheep, earns about 650 yuan a year. (2) Contrast 对比法：利用文中的反义词以及表示对比关系的词（短语）猜测词义。 ① Most of us agreed, however, Bill dissented. ② She is usually prompt for all her classes, but today she arrived in the middle of her first class.

(3) Similarity 相似法：利用同义词、近义词或短语猜测词义。

Cleaning up waterways is an enormous task .The job is so large, in fact, that the government may not be able to save some of the rivers and lakes which have been polluted. (4) Cause and effect 因果法：从原因推测结果，从结果推测原因。 ①One who is destitute has a great need for food and clothing.

②That museum is so immense that it will be impossible to see all the exhibits in one day. (5) Example 例举法：利用文中的举例猜测词义。常见的举例的提示词有for instance, for example, such as等。

Today young couples often spend lots of their money on appliances, for instance, washing machines, refrigerators and color televisions.

(6)Word Formation 构词法：中学英语中常见的前缀和后缀有：

①super- ②mini- ③micro- ④re- ⑤mis- ⑥im- ⑦un- ⑧in- ⑨non- ⑩-able ⑾-less ⑿-wards

Can you guess the right meanings? microwave nonnatural mispronounce homeless

nonsmoker rebuild eastwards (7) Context联系上下文法：利用语境及前后文的提示来猜测词义。

①He sounded quite nervous and he had been talking for a minute or so before I understand anything. Even then all I could make out was that someone called Miley had had a very bad accident.

A. see clearly B. understand C. expect

②Tom saw an owl in a tree last night but it flew away when he got near． A. a bird B. an animal C. a star

③The children are looking at a large, hairy ape at the zoo． A. a kind of monkey B. a kind of tree C. a kind of bird

(8) Common Sense 常识法：在阅读的过程中，如遇到生词，有时可以根据自己直接或间接的经验，或运用自己已有的常识将其推测出来。比如了解一些英美国家的天文地理、风俗习惯、宗教信仰、政治结构、社会制度等，可以帮助加深对文章的理解，在遇到生词时，猜测词义的能力自然就会增强。

根据语境猜测划线单词在句中的意思 When a doctor performs an operation on a patient，he usually gives an anesthetic

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to make him unconscious，because he does not want his patient to feel pain or to know what is happening to him. [即学即练]

Ask someone what they have done to help the environment recently and they will almost certainly mention recycling. Recycling in the home is very important of course. However, being forced to recycle often means we already have more material than we need. We are dealing with the results of that over-consumption in the greenest way possible, but it would be far better if we did not need to bring so much material home in the first place.

What does the underlined phrase “over-consumption” refer to? A. Using too much packaging. B. Recycling too many wastes.

C. Making more products than necessary. D. Having more material than is needed. (9)通过标点符号，如起解释说明作用的破折号等，或通过信息词，如that is, that is to say, stand for, in other words等猜测词义。

五. 篇章结构题

学习导航：把握文章的基本结构有利于理解文章主题。在近几年的高考英语试题中出现了专门考查文章结构和写作手法的考题。在《考试说明》中也明确要求考生 “理解文章的基本结构”。高考对文章结构的考查主要涉及两个层次：一是按段落的组织方法理解文章的结构，二是按写作方法（论证方法）理解文章的机构。 重点1 按段落的组织方法理解文章的机构 主要设题形式：

Which of the following shows the organization/structure of the passage? How is the passage organized?

Which of the following best shows the structure of the passage?

According to sociologists(社会学家)，every modern industrial society has some form of social stratification(阶层)．Class，power and status are important in deciding people’s rank in society.

Class means a person’s economic position in society. A commonly used

classification is lower class，middle class and upper class. While sociologists disagree on how these terms should be exactly defined，they do describe societies like the United States quite well. One study shows that 53% of Americans belong to the lower class,46% the middle class，and 1% the upper class. Interestingly，a surgeon earning $500,000 a year and a bus driver earning $50,000 a year both regard themselves as the middle class!

Power refers to the amount of control a person has over other people. Obviously，people in positions of great power (such as governors) exercise(行使)big power，but people who take orders from others have less power. Power and class do not always go hand in hand，however. For example，the governor of a state has great power，but he or she may not belong to a corresponding (相应的)economic class. Generally，however，there is a relationship between power and class.To our knowledge，there aren’t too many people who aren’t millionaires in the U．S.Senate!

Status is the honor or respect attached to a person’s position in society. It can also be affected by power and class，but not necessarily so. For example，a university professor may have a high status but not belong to a high social class or have a lot of power over others.

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Which of the following shows the structure of the whole text?

(P: Paragraph)

解析：选A。篇章结构题。文章第一段总述了三个方面(class，power，status)在定义阶层中的作用，第二段(class)、第三段(power)和第四段(status)分别叙述了它们的作用，文章结构为“总—分”式，所以选择A项。 知识链接：掌握解题方法方能知文章结构

1. 平时阅读时养成良好的概括能力；2. 把握各段的要点；3. 掌握常见的写作方法（时间顺序、空间顺序、例证关系、对比关系等）和结构（总——分、总——分——总、分——总等）；4. 结合不同文体全面考虑问题。

重点2 按写作手法（论证方法）理解文章的结构 作者可采用不同的方法来组织文章，如： 1. 时间顺序：按时间先后顺序说明某一事物的发展，或某一研究由过去至现在的发展情况。 2. 空间顺序：按照事物的空间结构顺序（从左到右，从内到外，从整体到局部等）进行描写或说明。

3. 举例：所列举的事物用来论证观点，通常是数据、事例等。

4. 对比或类比：这类文章通常以对比各事物之间的共同点或差异为主。 主要设题形式：

The passage is mainly developed by _______.

What is the right order of the steps in doing ______? The second paragraph is developed by _______. The author develops the passage mainly by ______.

How does the writer support the underlined statement in Paragraph2?

When international aid is given, steps must be taken to ensure (确保)that the aid reaches the people for whom it is intended. The way to achieve this may not be simple. It is very difficult for a nation to give help directly to people in another nation. The United Nations Organization (UNO) could undertake to direct the

distribution of aid. Here however rises the problem of costs. Also tied with this is time. Perhaps the UNO could set up a body of devoted men and women in every country who can speedily distribute aid to victims of floods and earthquakes.

More than the help that one nation can give to another during a disaster; it would be more effective to give other forms of help during normal times. A common proverb says, “Give me a fish and I eat for day, teach me to fish and I eat for a lifetime.” If we follow this wise saying, it would be right to teach people from less developed nations to take care of themselves. For example, a country could share its technology with another. This could be in simple areas like agriculture or in more complex areas like medical and health care or even in building satellites. Even small country is able to help less developed nations. Sometimes what is take for granted, like the

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setting up of a water purification plant or the administration of a school, could be useful for countries which are looking about to solve common problems. It does not cost much to share such simple things. Exchange students could be attached for a number of months or years and learn the required craft while on the site. They can then take their knowledge back to their homelands and if necessary come back from time to time to clear doubts or to update themselves. Such aid will be truly helpful and there is no chance of it being temporary or of it falling into the wrong hands. ...

The second paragraph is developed mainly _________. A．by example

B．by process

C．by comparison

D．by contrast

解析：A。篇章结构题。作者在第二段先引用一句谚语，然后通过例子来阐述。由此可以推断出第二段是通过举例子来展开描述的。所以选A项。 难点速通 ：掌握分析文章结构的技能

由于文章结构分析题出现得相对较少，而且某些省份或地区的阅读理解题还没有设置过这种题型，这就导致考生对该类题不够重视。而且，大部分考生在阅读文章的时候，主要把注意力集中在文章的主旨大意和细节理解上，忽视了文章的整体结构。考生要想准确、深刻地理解一篇文章，必须对文章的结构有所了解，把握全篇的脉络，即句与句、段与段之间的逻辑关系。这样在阅读文章时考生就要发挥自己的逻辑思维能力，把握文章的写作思路，以便准确答题。

Almost every machine with moving parts has wheels, yet no one knows exactly when the first wheel was invented or what it was used for. We do know, however, that they existed over 5,500 years ago in ancient Asia.

The oldest known transport wheel was discovered in 2002 in Slovenia. It is over 5,100 years old. Evidence suggests that wheels for transport didn’t become popular for a while, though. This could be because animals did a perfectly good job of carrying farming tools and humans around.

But it could also be because of a difficult situation. While wheels need to roll on smooth surfaces, roads with smooth surfaces weren’t going to be constructed until there was plenty of demand for them. Eventually, road surfaces did become smoother, but this difficult situation appeared again a few centuries later. There had been no important changes in wheel and vehicle design before the arrival of modem road design.

In the mid-1700s, a Frenchman came up with a new design of road—a base layer (层) of large stones covered with a thin layer of smaller stones. A Scotsman improved on this design in the 1820s and a strong, lasting road surface became a reality. At around the same lime, metal hubs (the central part of a wheel) came into being, followed by the pneumatic tyre(充气轮胎) in 1846. Alloy wheels were invented in 1967, sixty years after the appearance of tarmacked roads (柏油路). As wheel design took off, vehicles got faster and faster.

How is the last paragraph mainly developed? A．By giving examples. B．By making comparisons. C．By following time order.

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D．By making classifications.

解析：C。篇章结构题。根据最后一段中的 “mid-1700s” “1820s” “1846”和 “1967”可知，整个段落是按时间顺序展开说明的。 帮你归纳： 1.表达方式：

叙述、说明、议论、描写和抒情 2. 说明方法：

列数字、举例子、作比较、打比方、摹状貌、画图表、下定义、分类别、作诠释、引资料和作假设

3. 说明顺序：

时间顺序、空间顺序和逻辑顺序

六. 提分技巧

把握高考英语阅读理解五大常考考点，提高答题准确率 第一点：开头结尾常考

① 记叙文开头交待文章的时间、地点、人物关系，结尾往往总结出文章的主旨或有几句含金量很高的句子，可以成为推断题、细节题的最佳位置。

② 说明文开头总写，每段第一句话总写该段段意，最后一段下结论，总结全文。 ③ 议论文开头引出话题抑或提出论点，最后一段总结论点。

从中可以看出，无论是记叙文、说明文还是议论文，文章中最重要的段落，往往是开头结尾，所以对于开头结尾我们一定要认真理解，尤其是文章中最后一段的最后一句话。

第二点：因果关系常考

一篇文章中出诸如because/for/since/so/as a result等表示原因抑或结果的词引导的语句，往往含金量非常高，出题老师常会从此处出细节题。

第三点：转折关系常考

我们在听力中经常听到某个男孩子约女孩子出去玩，女孩子一般回答。I’d love to, but I am busy now.显然强调的不是I’d love to而是but I am busy now.阅读中也是一样，出现but/however/whereas等表示转折的词引导的语句往往极易成为细节题的出题点。 第四点：比较关系常考

关于这点同学们平时注意得很少，但如果同学们回去看一看你们考过的卷子就会发现，出现比较关系的地方，十之八九都会有考题出现，当然这里所说的比较关系既包括了比较级也包括了最高级。比较关系常涉及几个事物之间的比较，能够很好地说明事物的特征，这样的句子，极易得到出题老师的青睐。

第五点：数字关系常考 文章中的数字常常表明时间、特征量间的数量关系，对于说明事物特征而言具有文字所达不到的特殊作用。

阅读理解猜答案的方法

一．绝对词否决法;答案项中有绝对语气词的一般不是正确答案项。这些语气词有: must, always, never, the most, all, only, have to, any, no, very, completely, none, hardly等。 二．怀疑词判断法：选项中含有不十分肯定的语气词一般是正确答案项。这些语气词有can, could, may, should, usually, might, most(大多数), more or less, relatively, be likely to, possible, whether or, not necessarily 等。

三．关键词对应法

选项中照抄原文的一般不是答案项，而同义替换的一般是选项。

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四．锅盖法：

较全面、有针对性地表达文章中心思想的，选项一般是答案项。

A. to be more successful in his career B. to solve technical problems

C. to be more specialized in his field D. to develop his professional skill

B“解决技术问题”；C“深化专业”；D“发展职业技能”。这三项表达的意思都比较具体，而A项则概括地有深度，包括了B、C、D三项内容。选项中表达意义较具体的、肤浅的（字面意思）一般不是答案项，而概括性的、抽象的、含义深刻的是答案项。

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