学位英语 作文 语法 考试必备

注意问题

1日期写在右上角，年份必须是放在最后

2称呼应与左边线对齐，后面的标点一定是用逗号

3结束语Yours Sincerely, Sincerely yours, Yours Faithfully, Faithfully yours, Yours Truly, Truly yours，第一个字母要大写，结束语后要用逗号 4 署名一般低于结束语一两行，从信纸中间偏右的地方开始

5如果是要求写电子邮件，在前面所讲的基本格式前面还要加上以下内容：From: 任意一个电子邮箱地址 To:任意一个电子邮箱地址

Subject: Greetings / Invitation / Thanks ?

June 1st Dear Peter,

We’re so glad you’re coming to join us on Sunday. Here is how you can find us. We’ll have our picnic in the People’s Park. You know where it is, don’t you? After you enter the park by the main gate, walk straight on till you come to a small river. Cross the river. Cross the river and turn right. After walking for a while you’ll come to a hill. Walk round the hill, you’ll see a lake. We’ll have our picnic there in the small woods by the lake. I’m sure you’ll have no trouble finding us. Do come!

Li Hua

Distinguished HR manager of Good Hope:

First of all, thanks for your precious time to read my application Letters. And then, Hereunder is my brief introduction:

My name is Wang dongfang, I graduated from Wuhan University majoring in international trade with a bachelor degree in July 2009. The principal courses I acquired during my study include international trades, Corporation Law, law and Accounting and so on.

As far as my character be concerned, I think I am a outgoing, straightforward and humorous guy. Besides, I also possess strong professional ethic and communication skill and teamwork spirits.

So my writing to your company to apply for the position of Foreign Trade clerk, I am highly interested in this position, and I also believe that I have competent for this job. I will extremely appreciate if you can give me an interview opportunity. I look forward to your apply! Thanks for your attention again! Best regards!

Sincerely yours Wang dongfang

报社信

I am writing to tell you something about one of the discussion among our classmates. The main topic is whether the students should do some sports or not.

60% of the classmates think that the students should do some sports everyday. They suggest that the students do morning exercises, play table tennis, or play basketball, but not for a long time. They believe that will make them more healthy, and reduce the chances to get ill, and so they can study better.

However, 40% of the classmates disagree with those students. They think doing sports is wasting time. And they think doing sports will make them tired. Sometimes sports will make them too excited to sit down for study. Moreover, people are easy to hurt themselves when doing sports. I want to know your opinion on this matter. Your Truly, Li Hua

1)你应该花点时间休息锻炼

You should spend a reasonable amount of time relaxing and exercising. 2)总的来说孩子们比任何时候都健康受到更好教育

In general children are healthier and better educated than ever before 3)待适当的机会来临他就能抓住

When the right opportunity comes along, he’ll take it. 4)每天他都留出点时间和他家人在一起享受生活

Every day he sets aside some time to be with his family and enjoy life. 5)我记得那些黑暗的街道以及同父亲手拉手走路的情景

I remember those dark streets and walking hand in hand with my father. 6)他最终辜负了父母的期望

He finally failed to live up to his parents’ expectations. 7)相比之下我们的用油量大幅度上升了

In contrast, our use of oil has increased enormously. 8)经过努力她成功克服了自己的致命弱点

He succeeded in his efforts to overcome his fatal weakness 9)由于紧急情况这个医生几小时内都没空

Because of an emergency, the doctor will not be available for several hours. 1)税收将会如何影响低收入的人群

How will taxes affect people with low income?

2)我母亲总是告诉我，从长远来看我会很高兴我没有放弃练钢琴

My mother always told me that in the long run I would be glad I didn’t give up practicing the piano. 3)这些书的价格从10美元到20美元不等

These books range in price form $10 to $20. 4)在我看来你没你没什么选择

It seems to me that you don’t have much choice. 5)考虑到他们缺乏经验这工作他们已做的相当不错了

Given their inexperience, they have done quite a good job.

6)对这么一大栋房子来说这价格相当便宜但你得考虑维修所需要的钱

For such a big house the price is fairly cheap/low, but you’ve got to take into consideration the money you will spend on repairs. 7)我们能否从讨论上次会议产生的问题开始

Can we begin with discussing questions/problems arising from the last meeting? 8)几年前他心脏动了一次大手术

He underwent a major heart surgery several years ago. 1)我们估计完成这项工作要花一个星期

We estimated that it would take a week to finish the work. 2)我过去喜爱电影，但我现在没有时间从事任何业余爱好了

I used to enjoy photography, but I now have no time to pursue any hobbies. 3)你可以爱一个人而不一定要和他结婚

You may love someone but not necessarily have to marry him. 4)恐怖分子采用暴力手段已达到他们的政治目的

Terrorists resort to violence to achieve their political aims. 5)他说他下午会呆在办公室以便万一你要见他

He says he’ll stay in the office this afternoon in case you want to see him. 6)科学家以确定了造成畸形的基因

Scientists have identified the gene that causes abnormal growth. 7)这些例子显示有些学生简历写得那么差

These examples demonstrate how badly some students write their resumes. 8)看到所有的人在办公室外面走来走去，我变得更焦急

Seeing all the people walking to and fro outside the office, I became more worried. 1)最终他会明白谁是他真正的朋友

In time he will see who is his true friend. 2)那位科学家的实验产生了一种新药

That scientist’s experiment gave birth to a new drug. 3)大半个冬天他都应病被困在屋里

He had been shut in by illness during much of the winter. 4)他们一有机会就会练习学习英语

They would practice spoken English at the first opportunity. 5)他所珍爱的一切或许在一夜之间化为乌有

Everything she valued might be swept away overnight. 6)临近学习结束时同学们都在忙着准备考试

Towards the close of the term, all the students are busy preparing for the finals. 7)这么冷的冬天我们渴望它快点过去

It is a very cold winter and we long for it to be over 8)每当他姨妈来访时她总是表现不好

She always behaves badly when her aunt comes to visit. 1)要不是你们的帮助我们不会准时完成任务

If it hadn’t been for your help, we wouldn’t have been able to finish the task in time. 2)我劝她不要去东海岸，因为那里到处时游客

I warned him off going to the east coast because it was full of tourists. 3)东西便宜不见得质量就差

The fact that something is cheap doesn’t necessarily mean it’s of low quality. 4)如果没有人可以求救就难以作出恰当的选择

Without anyone to turn to for help, making an appropriate choice can be difficult. 5)他用音乐表现出他失去妻子的悲痛

His sadness at the death of his wife found expression in his music 6)只有PETER去参加晚会她才去

Only if Peter goes to the evening party will she go. 7)我只能把这次经历比作一场恶梦

I can only compare the experience to a nightmare.

Sports

Just as lots of teenagers take to pop music, I love football. It’s part of my life. I began to play football in my childhood. I still remember the good old days when I played with my classmates after school. Later on, as I grew up, almost everything changed, but this sport—playing football remained and my love of it grew even stronger.

I love this sport because it brings joys and health to my life. When I got tired from office work, I went to the sports ground and felt refreshed. If there were worries and cares from daily life, I went to the sports ground. There everything went away except football. It is football that keeps me in good shape and mood.

My Opinion on Cell Phones

Cell phones do play an important role in people’s daily life, but every coin has its two sides.

To start with, as a wireless mobile phone, it’s convenient for the user at any time to contact others. Secondly, it’s a helpful companion. With a multifunctional cell phone in hand, one can easily surf the net, downloading what he needs.

However, the cell phone has many disadvantages. For one thing, the machine itself is very expensive and its local service is very costly, not to mention its global service. For another, the radiation from the mobile phones might do harm to the user’s health.

In my opinion, with its expenses being reduced sharply and development will have a brighter future. Therefore its advantages will far outweigh it disadvantages.

Television

Obviously, the press is an important means of communication and is still a popular form of communicating news. People read newspapers everywhere, in the office, at home, on the train, even in the toilet and so on. Nevertheless, the coming of TV gives a shock to the world. Suddenly, it changes many things in people's daily life.

Nowadays TV is so popular that nearly every family has got a TV set in cities. People can watch and hear TV programs at the same time. TV programs are full of variety and viewers can enjoy news reports, plays, films, musical performances, sports, and interviews with prominent people and many other items. So TV attracts many people from the cinema, the radio and newspapers.

On the other hand, people can time and again hear criticism of TV programs. It has got too much violence and gunplay, which affects young people and even children. Watching too much TV will make people exhausted, lazy and stupid, and also waste a lot of valuable time.

Water and Life.

As a result of human activities, fresh water is becoming increasingly scarce. For one thing, the global industrialization has raised water pollution levels so sharply that we are destroying our fresh water supply. For another, with the fast growth of the world’s population, the human consumption of drinking water is also tremendously increasing. We have to admit that the world is facing serious water crisis.

参观 Notice

All the classmates will visit the Science Museum tomorrow (Friday), and everyone has to go to the school gate at 8 in the morning. We will go there on foot. We should take our notebook and pen so that we can write down what we are interested in. When visiting, we should listen and look carefully. In the museum, we can’t shout and take photos.

The most important, we have to hand in a visiting report next Monday.

How to learn English well

English is always my favorite subject and I am good at English. I would like to share 4 good studying habits with you.

First, remember 20 new words, and never give up. Second, go over grammar points I have learnt in English class regularly. Third, read an English article in China Daily every day. Fourth, write an English composition every week and ask teacher to revise that for me to improve the writing level. If you do things above, I am sure your English will also be improved

My best workmate最好的同事,朋友,最爱的人,感激的人grateful Mary is my best workmate.

Why so? Firstly I think she is the best man in the world. She is always very kind. Secondly, she is the top worker in her company. She is good at her work and always ready to help her workmates. I am proud of her. Thirdly, she studies hard. She is a good student. She always thinks it’s never too late to learn. So she comes together with me to study English in TV University. And she always gets the first place in class. I admire her very much.

Because of the above reasons, I like her very much, and she is my best workmate.

最喜欢的季节

There are four seasons in a year. They are spring, summer, autumn and winter.

Among the four seasons, I like spring best. Why so? Firstly, it’s neither cold nor hot in spring. It is getting warmer and warmer, so I like the weather in spring best. Secondly, many plants will turn green and come back to life in spring, so spring stands for hopes. Thirdly, we can go swimming in the river.

All in all, I can do so many things in spring, so spring is my favorite season.

My favorite book

My favorite book is “Dream of The Red Chamber”.

The book tries to tell us that there are different kinds of love, and only one kind should be considered as True Love. In our life, we should marry the true love instead of wealth and good looks. From this book, we also get to know a part of the noble people’s life in Qing Dynasty and find some life philosophies from it. So this book is very instructive to people. We should learn more from this book as well as other books.

My favorite Piece of Music

My favorite piece of music is “To Alice”. There are a few reasons as follows.

First of all, it is made by great musician Beethoven. I like him very much, so I like his music. Secondly, the music is very beautiful and soft. It showed his love to Alice. Thirdly, it is helpful to make you happy when you are listening to this piece of music. When I am very sad, I will listen to it.

So, it’s my favorite piece of music

My Dream.

I have a dream that I will be always young. Then I will have enough energy to do everything that I want. Moreover, I don't have to worry about being too old to take care of myself, thus becoming a burden to my family. I know that my dream will not come true. However, I think it is lucky that I am young now. So I will treasure my time, enjoy my life and try my best to do everything well

Bad Manners in Public 公共场所的不良举止行为

Although we consider ourselves as highly advanced beings living in a civilized society, bad manners can still be found here and there. For example, some cyclists run the red traffic lights, many passengers litter waste papers and plastic bags in the public places, and some tourists scrabble in tourist attractions, let alone spit on the street. In the cinema, some audience talk loudly on cell phones in front of others.

I’m strongly against talking loudly in the cinema, for this behavior shows no respect at all to others; what’s more, it upsets the audience who are in the mood of having fun.

Money is not everything

A famous saying goes that “money is a good servant but a bad master.” Should we become its masters or its slaves? I think money is not everything. I think we should be the masters of money and never be controlled by money. As we all know, money is necessary for a happy life, for we need money to make a living in the society. But money is not equal to happiness and a lot of rich people live a miserable life. We should think of money in a correct way and never do anything illegal in order to get money.

Health and eating habits健康饮食习惯or保持健康

Eating habits is closely related to health. In order to keep fit, we should pay more attention to our eating habits. My tips on good eating habits are as follows:

First, don’t eat too much or too little for each meal. Eating too much will cause overweight and eating too little is bad for health, too. Second, don’t eat between meals. Sometimes we like eating a little before the mealtime, as a result, we lose our appetite for lunch or dinner. Third, we should eat more fruits and vegetables. As the saying goes, “An apple a day makes the doctor away.” In my opinion, a good eating habit leads to a healthy life.

My Hobbies.

Everyone has different hobbies. Some people like painting and others like playing basketball. I like games, both indoor and outdoor. I like collecting cards and playing cards with my friends. But my favorite games are video games. I could play them all day long. I also like being outside in the fresh air, so I play a lot of sports. I like riding and roller-skating very much, and swimming is my favorite sport.

In addition, I like drawing pictures and reading comics. Listening to music and singing songs are things I enjoy too, and I'm learning how to play the guitar. Finally., I enjoy learning English because I like speaking with foreigners and I like watching Disney cartoons. As you can see, my hobbies keep me busy and excited. I'm always looking for new things to do!

The Chinese New Year.

The Chinese New Year is our traditional lunar New Year. It is the biggest and most important festival in China. It is time to say goodbye to the old year and warmly welcome the coming of New Year. We celebrate this festival all together with our family. All children put on new clothes and set off fireworks to express their happiness .All friends and relatives greet each other and wish for bigger success and better luck in the New Year. This is our Chinese new year.

How to Deal with Stress压力

Stress is a state of being upset that happens when we are under pressure. Both our feelings and our bodies get upset. We can even get emotionally and physically sick if we have too much stress for too long.

Stress can come at us from every direction. For instance, it can come from fights with other people. It can come when we have too many things to do and too little time to do them. It can also come when we do not have enough money to pay for what we want.

Since stress can make us sick, we have to learn how to deal with it. There are good ways and bad ways to do so. We should deal with stress in good

ways, of course. Good ways to cut down on stress include changing our lifestyles. For example, we can learn either to get along with people or to stay away from them. We can decide what to do now, what to do later, and what to leave off doing forever. We can also figure out how to get money or we can cut down on what we want.

We should not deal with stress in bad ways because bad ways to cut down on stress just lead to more troubles, for example, skipping out and leaving our work undone, blaming our problems on someone else, stealing or cheating

（1）quiet 安静地 quite 相当,十分

（2）affect Vt影响,假装感动 /эfэkt/ effect n.结果,效果,影响 /ifekt/ Vt.招致,效应,实现

effort n.努力,成就 /efэt/ afford Vt.买得起,供应 /эfo:d/

（3）adapt 适应 adopt 采用 adept 内行

（4）angel 天使 angle 角度 （5）dairy 牛奶厂 diary 日记 （6）contend V.奋斗,斗争

content n.内容,目录,容量 a.满足的 context n.上下文 contest v.争论,n.比赛 contact Vt.n.联系,接触 connect V.连接,联合

contract n.合同,婚约 V.感染 contrast n.v.对照,对比

（7）principal 校长,主要的 principle 原则 （8）implicit 含蓄的 explicit 明白的 （9）dessert 甜食 desert 沙漠 v. 放弃 dissert 写论文 （10）pat 轻拍 tap 轻打

slap 掌击 rap 敲，打

（11）decent 正经的 descent n. 向下， 血统 descend v 向下

（12）sweet 甜的 sweat 汗水 （13）later 后来 latter 后者 latest 最近的 lately adv. 最近

（14）costume 服装 custom 习惯

（15）extensive 广泛的 intensive 深刻的 （16）aural 耳的 oral 口头的

（17）abroad 国外 aboard 上（船，飞机） （18）altar 祭坛 alter 改变 （19）assent 同意 ascent 上升 accent 口音

（20）champion 冠军 champagne 香槟酒 campaign 战役

（21）baron 男爵 barren 不毛之地的 barn 古仓

（22）beam 梁,光束 bean 豆

been have 过去式

（23）precede 领先 proceed 进行，继续 （24）pray 祈祷 prey 猎物

（25）chicken 鸡 kitchen 厨房 （26）monkey 猴子 donkey 驴 （27）chore 家务活 chord 和弦 cord 细绳

（28）cite 引用

site 场所 sight 视觉

（29）clash（金属）幢击声 crash 碰幢,坠落 crush 压坏

（30）compliment 赞美 complement 附加物 （31）confirm 确认 conform 使顺从 (32) opinion n.主张,观点,判断 attitude n.态度,意见 standpiont n.立场,观点 viewpiont n.观点

position n.立场,位置,职位,阵地 vt.安置

（33）council 议会 counsel 忠告 consul 领事

（34）crow 乌鸦 crown 王冠 clown 小丑 cow 牛

（35）dose 剂药 doze 打盹

（36）drawn draw 过去分词 drown 溺水 （37）emigrant 移民到国外 immigrant 从某国来的移民 （38）excess n. 超过 exceed v.超过 excel 擅长

（39）hotel 青年旅社 hostel 旅店

motel 汽车旅馆

inn n. (乡村)旅馆 v.住旅馆 roadhouse (公路旁)旅馆

lodge Vi.寄宿 Vt.容纳 n.门房,(浏览区的)旅馆

（40）latitude 纬度 altitude 高度

gratitude 感激

（41）immoral 不道德的 immortal 不朽的 （42）lone 孤独的 alone 单独的 lonely 寂寞的

（43）mortal 不死的 metal 金属

mental 神经的 medal 勋章 model 模特 meddle 玩弄

（44）scare 惊吓 scarce 缺乏的 （45）drought 天旱 draught 通风，拖，拉 draughts （英）国际跳棋 （47）assure 保证 ensure 使确定 insure 保险

（48）except 除外 expect 期望 accept 接受 excerpt 选录 exempt 免除

（49）floor 地板 flour 面粉 （50）incident 事件 accident 意外 （51）inspiration 灵感 aspiration 渴望 （52）march 前进,行军,三月(M大写) match 比赛 math数学

（53）patent 专利 potent 有力的 potential 潜在的 （54）police 警察 policy 政策 politics 政治

（55）protest 抗议 protect 保护

（56）require 需要 inquire 询问 enquire 询问 acquire 获得

（57）revenge 报仇 avenge 为??报仇 （58）story 故事 storey 楼层 store 商店

（59）strike 打 stick 坚持 strict 严格的

（60）expand 扩张 expend 花费 extend 延长

（61）commerce 商业 commence 开始 （62）through 通过 thorough 彻底的 (al)though 尽管

thought think 过去分词 （63）purpose 目的 suppose 假设 propose 建议

（64）expect 期望 respect 尊敬 aspect 方面 inspect 视察 suspect 怀疑

（65）glide n.滑翔 v.滑行,(时间)消逝 slide v.使滑行 n.幻灯片 slip 跌落

coast n.海岸,滑坡 v.沿海岸而行 skim v.撇去(油脂)

（66）steal 偷 steel 钢

（67）strive 努力 stride 大步走 （68）allusion 暗示 illusion 幻觉 delusion 错觉 elusion 逃避

（69）prospect 前景 perspective 透视法 （70）stationery 文具 stationary 固定的 （71）loose 松的 lose 丢失

loss n. 损失 lost lose过去式

（72）amend 改正,修正 emend 校正

（73）amoral unmoral immoral 同义 不道德的

（73）cheat v.欺骗,骗取 n.骗子

dupe vt.欺骗,愚弄 n.易受骗的人 trick vt.欺骗 n.诡计,恶作剧,窍门 hoax v. n. 愚弄

betray vt.出卖,背叛,泄露 delude vt.迷惑,蛊惑 hoodwink vt.欺骗,蒙蔽

(74)lay 念/lei/ vi.下蛋,打赌. vt放置,铺设,平息 n.位置,形势. a.世俗的,外行的 vbl.lie的过去式

过去式,过去分词,现在分词 laid, laid, laying lie 念/lai/ vi.躺,位于. v.说谎. n.谎言

躺,位于 过去式,过去分词,现在分词 lay, lain, lying 说谎 过去式,过去分词,现在分词 lied, lied, lying

学位英语名词性从句考点

名词性从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。因为它是从句，因此具有句子的结构特点（即有一套主谓成份）；同时又具有名词性特点，所以可以在复合句中作主语、宾语、表语或同位语。 一、连接词what与that的用法区别

引导主、宾、表语从句时，what要充当主语、宾语或表语等句子成分，that不作任何成分，只在语法上起连接的作用。例如 ____ we can’t get seems better than ____ we have.

A. What; what B. what; that C. That; that D. That; what

解析：本句包含一个主语从句和一个宾语从句，且两个从句都缺乏宾语，可见两个引导词都必须充当成分，所以答案是A。又如： ____ caused the accident is still a complete mystery. A. What B. That C. How D. Where

解析：该题答案是A，what在主语从句中作主语，即作谓语动词caused的执行者。在下面的例句中，that不充当任何成份，只起语法连接作用（因为句子本身不缺成分）：

That the former Iraq president Saddam was captured has been proved.

二、 连接词whether和if的用法区别

通常，引导主语从句、表语从句和引导同位语从句时，要用连词whether，不用if；习惯上也只能说whether or not，而不说if ?or not。例如： ____ the 2000 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing is not known yet. A. Whenever B. If C. Whether D. That

解析：试题中的从句位于句首，不难知道这是一个主语从句，所以答案是C。但是在宾语从句中表达“是否”既可用if也可用whether。

三、 名词性从句的语序

与别的从句一样，名词性从句必须用陈述语序。例如: No one can be sure ____ in a million years.

A. what man will look like B. what will man look like C. man will look like what D. what look will man like 解析：由于从句不能倒装，所以答案只能是A。又如：

You can’t imagine ____ when they received these nice Christmas presents. A. how they were excited B. how excited they were C. how excited were they D. they were how excited

解析：答案是B。同时还须注意，从句的引导词必须始终置于句首，而且how和被修饰的词excited不能分裂开。

四、 形式主语、形式宾语

当主语从句较长，而谓语较短时，常常将从句后置，而用it作为形式主语，置于句首。 动词后接复合宾语，也可用it作形式宾语。例如:

____ is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language. A. There B. This C. That D. It

解析：所需词至于句首，同时后面有that-从句（逻辑主语），可见这里应该用形式主语it,所以答案是D。think, find, consider, believe, feel等动词后常带复

合宾语。例如：

Many people think it possible that a trade war between EU and the States will happen.

五、 Who / whoever, what / whatever等的用法区别

一般说来，what/who等含特指意义，而whatever/whoever等含泛指意义，意为“无论什么/无论谁”。例如： It is generally considered unwise to give a child ____ he or she wants. A. however B. whatever C. whichever D. whenever

解析：答案是B，whatever引导一个宾语从句，并且作wants的宾语。这里的whatever不能改成what，因为题意想表达的显然是“无论孩子要什么就给他/她什么事不明智的”，具有泛指的概念。同时要注意，这里whatever也不能改用no matter what，因为后者只能引导状语从句。又如： ____ has helped to save the drowning girl is worth praising. A. Who B. The one C. Anyone D. Whoever

解析：答案是D，whoever意为“无论谁”，表泛指。比较下例：

I can’t remember at the moment who has said the words. （这里的who表特定的某人）

六、 Where, when, why等连接副词引导的名词性从句

Where, when, why等连接副词也可以引导名词性从句，使用的关键是：这个词必须符合句子的逻辑意义要求。例如： — I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week. — Is that ____ you had a few days off?

A. why B. when C. that D. where

解析：答案是A，why引导的从句作表语，同时why在从句中作原因状语。这里之所以选why，而不是when或 where等，唯一的依据便是句子的逻辑含义，及语境。又如（MET94）；

—Do you remember ____ he came? —Yes, I do, he came by car.

A. How B. when C. that D. if

解析：答案是A，从答语 “he came by car”可知这里问的是“he”来的方式，所以用how引导。

七．“介词+who(m)引导的宾语从句”与“介词+ whom”引导的定语从句的区别

介词后面的引导词用主格还是宾格，决定于它在宾语从句中作主语还是宾语。例如： It was a matter of ____ would take the position. A. who B. whoever C. whom D. whomever

解析：答案是A。这是一个含宾语从句的复合句，作介词of宾语的，是后面的整个句子，而不是宾语从句的引导词，由于这里引导词在从句中作主语，所以要用主格who（作宾语时自然要用whom）。比较下例：

Our country has thousands of excellent scientists, most of whom have received higher education at home.

这是一个“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句；引导定语从句的是“most of+关系代词”而不只是这个关系代词，同时这个引导词又作介词of的宾语，所以要用宾格whom。（注意与介词后面的宾语从句的引导词的用法进行比较和区别。）

八、连接词that的省略

引导宾语从句时，that通常可以省略，但引导主语、表语和同位语从句时，that不能省。例如：

China’s success in manned-spacecraft travel shows ____ our country has become one of the greatest powers in space research. A. what B. which C. 不填 D. it that

解析：该句中的从句作shows的宾语，是宾语从句，又因为从句中不缺主、宾语，所以只能用that引导；又因引导宾语从句时that可以省略，所以答案是C。

九、同位语从句引导词where, when的用法特点

说明先行词内容的同位语从句的引导词where, when与被说明的名词在概念上不一致。但引导定语从句的引导词却必须保持一致。是比较： Then arose the question ____ we were to get so much money.

This the house ____ the great man Mao Zedong was born 110 years ago. A. where B. that C. about which D. in which

解析：答案分别是(1) A (2) A/D。先行词与where, when概念一致时，是定语从句，（2）中的house与where同表地点，且这个关系副词where或when可以用“介词+which”的形式代替，所以答案A 和D都可以引导。（1）题中的question与where不表同一概念，可见是同位语从句，所以where不能改用“介词+which”的形式。

定语从句

1.定语从句：定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个名词性成分，相当于形容词，所以又称为形容词性从句，一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。

2.关系词：引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词，关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等；关系副词有where, when, why等。关系词常有3个作用：1，引导定语从句。2，代替先行词。3，在定语从句中担当一个成分。 注：关系代词有主语.宾语之分。一般whom作为宾语。

4.定语：定语用来限定、修饰名词或代词的，是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用‘??的’表示。主要由形容词担任。此外，名词，代词，数词，分词，副词，不定式以及介词短语也可以来担任，也可以由一个句子来担任．单词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的词之前，作前置定语。短语和从句作定语时则放在所修饰的词之后，作后置定语。

先行词：被定语从句修饰的名词、代词称为先行词。 （十一）定语从句的难点分析

（一）限制性定语从句只能用that的几种情况

1．当先行词是anything, everything, nothing (something 除外), few, all, none, little, some等代词时，或者是由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much，each等修饰时

(1) Have you taken down everything (that) Mr. Li has said?

(2) There seems to be nothing (that) seems impossible for him in the world. (3) All that can be done has been done.

(4) There is little (that) I can do for you.

注意1：部分时候that可以省略，如部分例句将that用括号括住。 注意2：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可以用who

(4) Any man that/.who has a sense of duty won’t do such a thing. 2. 当先行词被序数词修饰

(1) The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben. 3. 当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时

(1) This is the best film that I have seen.

4. 当形容词被the very, the only，the same,the last 修饰时 (1) This is the very good dictionary that I want to buy,

(2) After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owned. 当先行词指人时，偶尔也可以用who

(3) Wang Hua is the only person in our school who will attend the meeting？ 5. 当先行词前面有who, which等疑问代词时 (1) Who is the man that is standing there? (2) Which is the T-shirt that fits me most? 6. 当先行词既有人，也有动物或者物体时

(1) Can you remember the scientist and his theory that we have learned? 7.当关系代词在定语从句中做表语或先行词本身就作主语的表语

(1)The village is no longer the one that it used to be 10 years ago. (2)This is a good book that will help you a lot.

（二）关系代词as和which引导的定语从句as和which引导非限制性定语从句，有相同之处也有不同之处。具体情况是： 1．As和which都可以在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，代表前面整个句子。 (1) He married her, as/which was natural. (2) He was honest, as/which we can see.

2. as 引导非限制性定语从句，可放在主句之前，或者主句之后，甚至可以切割一个主句；which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。另外，as有“正如??，正像??”的意思

(1) As is known to all, China is a developing country. (2) He is from the south, as we can see from his accent. (3) John, as you know, is a famous writer.

(4) He has been to Paris more than several times, which I don’t believe. 注意：当主句和从句存在逻辑上的因果关系时，常用which

(5) Tom was always late for school, which made his teacher angry. 3. 当先行词受such, the same修饰时，常用as

(1) I have never heard such a story as he tells. (2) He is not such a fool as he looks.

(3) This is the same book as I lost last week.

注意：当先行词由the same修饰时，偶尔也用that引导定语从句，但是和由as所引导的定语从句意思不同 (4) She wore the same dress that she wore at Mary’s wedding. 她穿着她在MARY婚礼上穿过的一条裙子。

(5) She wore the same dress as her young sister wore. 她穿着和她妹妹所穿的一样的裙子。 注意：定语从句such?as ?与结果状语从句such? that

?的区别：as在所引导的定语从句中作主语，宾语；that在结果状语从句中不做成分 (6)He has such a good laptop as I want to buy.

(7)He has such a good laptop that I want to by one.

(三）以the way为先行词的定语从句通常由in which, that引导，而且通常可以省略。 (1) The way in which/ that/./ he answered the question was surprising. (四) but有时也可以做关系词引导定语从句

(1) There are very few but understand his idea. ( but= who don’t )

(五) 区分定语从句和同位语从句

1．定语从句修饰先行词，它和先行词是修饰关系； 同位语从句说明先行词的具体内容，是补充说明的关系

(1) The plane that has just taken off is for London. 定语从句 (2) The fact that he has been dead is clear. 同位语从句

2．定语从句由关系代词或者关系副词引导，关系词在句中充当成分，有时可以省略； 同位语从句主要由that引导，在句中一般不做成分；

句子也可以由when, where, how, why, whether, what等词引导，充当成分 (1) The news he told me is true.

(2) The news that he has just died is true.

(3) The problem that we are facing now is how we can collect so much money. 定语 (4) The problem how we can collect so much money is difficult to solve.

3. 同位语从句和先行词一般可以用be动词发展成一个完整的句子，而定语从句不可以 (1) The idea that we could ask the teacher for advice is wonderful. 同位语 (2) The idea was that we could ask the teacher for advice.

(3) The fact that the earth moves around the earth is known to all. (4) The fact is that the earth moves around the earth. 18. 定语从句

定语从句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。

关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which等。 关系副词有： when, where, why等。 18.1 关系代词引导的定语从句

关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。

1）who, whom, that

这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下： Is he the man who/that wants to see you?

他就是你想见的人吗？（who/that在从句中作主语）

He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.

他就是我昨天见的那个人。（whom/that在从句中作宾语）

2) Whose 用来指人或物，(只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which互换）, 例如：

They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。 Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green. 请递给我那本绿皮的书。 3）which, that

它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，例如：

A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。（which / that在句中作宾语） The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作宾语） ［定语从句］介词+关系词

1）介词后面的关系词不能省略。 2）that前不能有介词。

3）某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的\介词+关系词\结构可以同关系副词when 和where 互换。例如： This is the house in which I lived two years ago. 这是我两年前住过的房子。 This is the house where I lived two years ago.

Do you remember the day on which you joined our club？ 还记得你加入我们俱乐部的那一天吗？ Do you remember the day when you joined our club？

宾语从句

宾语从句 在句子中起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句.宾语从句分为三类:动词的宾语从句,介词的宾语从句和形容词的宾语从句. 时态：

1.主句用一般现在时，从句可用任意时态。 2.主句用过去时，从句用过去某个时态。

3.主句用过去时，从句是真理时，只用一般现在时。 宾语从句（版本四） 一、定义和宾从例句分析

宾语从句就是一个句子作动词或介词的宾语。 A 作动词的宾语: I heard the news.

主语 谓语动词 名词作宾语

I heard that he would come here later on. 主语 谓语动词 一个句子作宾语---宾语从句 B 作介词的宾语:

He said nothing about the plan.

主语 谓语动词 代词作动词的宾语 介词 名词作介词的宾语

He said nothing about who broke the window last night. 主语 谓语动词 代词作动词的宾语 介词 一个句子作介词的宾语

二、带有宾语从句的复合句的构成

带有宾语从句的复合句就是用连接词把一个主句和一个宾语从句连接在一起。连接词有：that(可省略)，what, who, when, where, why, which, if, whether, how. 1 He suggested (that) we should clean the corridor every day. 宾语

2 He told me (that) he would leave Dalian airport at 8pm. 间接宾语 直接宾语

3 He told me where he was going to travel that summer. 间接宾语 直接宾语

4 He wanted to know what the manager had said at the meeting. who hadn’t passed the exam.

when she would leave this building. why she cried last night. where she was going to study.

which student was his partner in the short play.

if (whether) Tom could play basketball with him that morning. how she managed to solve the problem.

why water flows from a high position to a lower position.

在例子4中，当主句是过去时态时（一般过去时，过去进行时，过去将来时，过去完成时），从句根据不同情况必须使用过去时态的一种，（大自然的现象和真理除外）。

5 He is wanting to know what I can cook for dinner. who broke the window yesterday. when I can have a holiday.

why I failed the exam yesterday.

where I should have dinner with my friend tonight. which book is the best one.

if (whether) I have passed the exam.

how my cat escaped from the room last night.

在例子5中，当主语是现在时态时（一般现在时，现在进行时，一般将来时，现在完成时），从句可根据不同情况使用各种时态。 三、注意

A 宾语从句必须用陈述语序。

False: He is wondering when can he finish this difficult job. Right: He is wondering when he can finish this difficult job. B 有时候可以用it 作形式宾语，而把真正的宾语从句放在后面。

Bad: I thought that he could finish this job in just two hours impossible. Good: I thought it impossible that he could finish this job in just two hours.

Bad: He left whether we should continue this project to my judgment. Good: He left it to my judgment whether we should continue this project. C 带有宾语从句的复合句的否定形式一般是否定主句。 Bad: I think he doesn’t like the English teacher. Good: I don’t think he likes the English teacher.

D 主句一般过去时态，从句也要用过去时态；具体细节请看第一部分。 False: He wanted to know why he is crying in the corner. Right: He wanted to know why he was crying in the corner.

宾语从句的点点滴滴

宾语从句是英语复合句中的其中非常重要的从句之一。它是用一个句子做另一个句子的宾语，将这个句子叫做宾语从句。宾语从句做介词或及物动词的宾语。现在从下列三个方面总结归纳如下： 一，引导词

A,由that 引导的陈述句性的宾语从句，在很多动词如say, think, wish , hope, see, believe, agree, expect, hear , feel等动词后。连词that只起连接作用，在从句中不做句子的成分，也无词汇意义，在口语中常被省略，但在大多数情况下还是以不省为好，特别是在笔语中。 例：I told him that he was wrong.

l在think,believe, suppose, expect等动词引起的宾语从句中，有时谓语尽管是否定意义，却不用否定形式，而将think 等动词变为否定形式。 例：I don’t think you are right. (我认为你做的不对)

l在许多带有复合宾语的句子中，that引导的宾语从句经常移到句子的后面，而用it做形式宾语。 例：We think it wrong that he told a lie to everyone (我认为他向每一个人撒谎是错误的)

B,由连词if、 whether 引导的表示“是否?”的宾语从句。Whether,if 在从句中不做句子的成分，一般情况下，whether和if 可以替换。 例：I don’t know if/whether he will come tomorrow.

The teacher asked if/whether we had finished the experiment. l在介词后面的宾语从句中不用if引导

例：Everything depends on whether we have enough money。 l宾语从句中有or not时不用if引导.

例：I don’t know whether the movie star will come or not. l和不定式连用作宾语时不用if引导.

例：Whether to go there or not hasn’t been decided.

C,由wh-引导的宾语从句。连接代词who,whom,whose, what, which,和连接副词when, where, why, how 等连接的宾语从句，它们在句中即有连接从句的作用，又在句中充当句子的成分。

例：Do you know which film they are talking about? (which做定语) I don’t know where he lives. (where 做地点状语) 二，宾语从句的语序，

宾语从句从句的语序必须是陈述语序，即连接词+主语+谓语+其他成分 例：I believe that they will come soon. He asked me whether I was a teacher.

They wanted to know what they can do for us. 二，宾语从句的时态。

宾语从句的时态受主句的限制，

既：主句是一般现在时态，从句根据实际情况而定。

主句是一般过去时态，从句用相应的过去的时态。如果从句的动作发生在主句之前，则从句要用过去完成时态。 例:

1)She says that she is a student. She said that she was a student.

2)She says that she will fly to Japan in a week. She said that she would fly to Japan in a week.

3)She says that she has finished her homework already. She said that she had finished her homework already. 4)She says that she can sing a song in English. She said that she could sing a song in English.

l如果宾语从句说的是客观真理、自然现象或事实时，这时宾语从句要用一般现在时态。 例：The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun. He told me that Japan is an island country.

lCould you tell me?是用来征询对方的意见，语气委婉，并不表示过去。 例：Could you tell me when we will visit the Histury Museum? 注意事项：

u由陈述句变成宾语从句时，要注意人称的变化。

例：She said: “I have been to England before.” She said that she had been to England before. She asked me: “Do you like maths?” She asked me if I liked maths. u宾语从句与简单句的交换。

由连接代词和连接副词引导的宾语从句，如果宾语从句的主语和主句的主语是同一个人时，可以用“疑问词+不定式 ”做宾语的简单句结构。

例：I don’t know what I should do next. I con’t know what to do next.

He didn’t know where he would live. He didn’t know where to live. DO SOME EXERCISES: 1.Can you see________?

A. what he’s reading B. what is he reading C. what does he read D. he reads what

2.Does Jack come from Japan? Do you know?(合并成一个句子)

Do you know_____Jack _____from Japan? 3._What did your son say in the letter?

_He told me that he___ the Disney would the next day A.will visit B. has visited

C. is going to visit D. would visit 4.He didn’t know__________

A.what’s the matter B.what the matter is C. what was the matter D. what the matter was

5.Somebody called you just now,but I didn’t know____ A.who were they B. who they were C. who was it D. who it was 6.I want to know_____

A.what is his name B. what’s his name C. that his name is D. what his name is

7.---Could you tell me ___she is looking for? ---Her cousin,susan.

A.that B.whose C .who D.which

8.---What are you searching the Internet for? ---I’m trying to find out____.

A.What is the difference between SARS and BIRDFLU B.How many persons have died in Iraq C.How to protect our environment

D.Why is our Chinese team be able to beat Korea 9.Do you know___________?(谁正在唱歌)

10.Do you know___________?(她正在和谁谈话) 11.Do you know___________?(昨天发生了什么事)

The keys: 1 A.2 if ,comes.3D. 4 C. 5 D. 6 D. 7 C. 8 B 9 who is singing

10 who she is talking with 11 what happened yesterday

状语从句

状语从句的种类 用来修饰谓语动词、其它动词、定语、状语或整个句子的从句叫做状语从句。状语从句可分为： 1.时间状语从句；(adverbial clause of time) 2.地点状语从句；(adverbial clause of place) 3.原因状语从句；(adverbial clause of cause) 4.条件状语从句；(adverbial clause of condition)

5.目的状语从句；(adverbial clause of purpose) 6.让步状语从句；(adverbial clause of concession) 7.比较状语从句；(adverbial clause of comparison) 8.方式状语从句；(adverbial clause of manner) 9.结果状语从句。(adverbial clause of result) 十、状语从句在写作中的运用

写作中能合理、正确地使用状语从句，不但能地道的表达英文习惯，而且还能使文体结构更加严谨、美观。例如下文： My hobby

The hobby I enjoy most is fishing.

I started fishing (1)when I was five years old. I’ll never forget the day (2)when my father first took me fishing with him. On that day, I was holding a fishing rod (3)when a fish suddenly started pulling on the line. (4)I was so shocked that I fell into the water. But experience didn’t put me off and I have been fishing ever since.

Now I still go fishing with my father. And we often go out on Sundays and spend the whole day fishing in the river. (1)是由when引导的时间状语从句，这类从句的使用频率很高。

(2)句是由I’ll never forget the day .及when my father first took me fishing with him.两局组成。When在从句中做时间状语。 (3)句也是由when 引导的时间状语从句。When 常与suddenly 连用，主句常用过去进行是。译为 “正在??, 忽然??”. (4)是以 so?that? (太?..以直于??)引导的结果状语从句.

学位英语分词 动名词 虚拟语气的语法细节 语法小点——动名词

1.动名词主语

1） 名词直接放在句首作主语。例如：

Using the right hand to shake hands is a convention in many countries.

用右手握手是许多国家的一种习俗。

2） 动名词在“It is no use/ no good/ fun / a waste of time/ a good pleasure 等名词 + doing”结构中作主语，it为形式主语。例如：

It is no good writing to him; he never answers letters.

写信给他不妥，他从来不回信。

It is no use your complaining; the company won’t do anything about it. 抱怨是没有用的，公司是不会管的。

3） 动名词在“It is useless/ nice/ good/ interesting/ worthwhile 等形容词 + doing”结构中作主语。例如： It is good playing chess after supper. 晚饭后弈棋挺好。 It is useless speaking. 光说是没有用的。

4） 动名词在“There is(was) no + doing”结构中作主语。例如： There is no denying that she is very efficient. 她效率高是不容否认的。

There is no telling what he is going to do. 他要做什么一点消息都没有。 2. 动名词作宾语

1） 有些动词后面要求跟动名词作宾语。常这样用的动词有：

admit 承认 ； excuse 原谅 ； postpone 拖延 ；anticipate 期望； fancy 想象 practise 练习； appreciate 欣赏； finish 完成； prevent 防止； avoid 避免； forbid 禁止； propose 建议； consider 考虑； forgive 宽恕； recollect 回忆； delay 耽搁； imagine 想象； resent 厌恶； deny 否认； involve 涉及；

resist 抵制； detest 厌恶； keep 保留； risk 冒险； dislike 讨厌； mind 在意；挽救；害怕；错过；建议；喜

save dread miss suggest enjoy

欢； pardon 原谅；

understand 理解； escape 逃避；permit 允许

例如：

I recommend buying the dictionary.

我建议买这本词典。

I don’t anticipate meeting any opposition.

我估计不会遇到任何反对意见。

Will you admit having broken the window?

你承认不承认打破了窗户？

2） 有些动词短语后也要求跟动名词作宾语。常这样用的动词短语有：

can’t stand 忍不住； can’t help 忍不住； feel like 想，欲；

give up 放弃； put off 推迟

例如：

He put off making a decision till he had more information.

在获得详情之前，他没有急于作出决定。

Do you feel like taking a walk?

你要不要去散步？

3） 动名词常跟在介词或介词短语后做宾语。常这样用的介词短语有：instead of，

例如：

，，，，等。 look forward to object to keep on see about take to

We are looking forward to coming to China.

我们期待着来中国。

We succeeded in getting over all the difficulties.

我们终于克服了所有的困难。

4） 在“have difficulty (trouble， problem， a hard time， fun， a good time) (+in) + 动名词； be busy (in) + 动名词；waste time (in) + 动名词；lost time (in) + 动名词；There is no point (in) + 动名词”等结构中，动名词做介词宾语，in常要省去。例如：

The children are busy doing their homework.

孩子们忙于做作业。

There is no point (in) making the simple experiments once again.

再做一次这种简单的实验是毫无意义的。

5） 在复合宾语中，用it作形式宾语，将动名词短语放在后面。例如：

I consider it a waste of time arguing about it.

我认为辩论这事是很浪费时间的。

6） 在“there be”结构当中，be为动名词时，该结构也是一种带逻辑主语的动名词形式。例如：

We can imagine there being a lot of fuss about it.

我们可以想象到人们对此大惊小怪。

Were you disappointed at there not having been more gifts?

你对没有更多的礼物感到失望吗？

3. 动名词的被动式

1） 动词need， require， want， deserve后，用动名词的主动形式表示被动意义。其用法相当于不定式的被动结构。例如：

The watch needs repairing. (=The watch needs to be repaired.)

这块表需要修理。

The problem deserves thinking about. (=The problem deservers to be thought about.)

这个问题值得考虑。

2） 在（be）worth后面只能用动名词的主动态来表示被动意义。例如：

His suggestion is worth considering.

他的提议值得考虑。

属“动词+介词+动名词”结构，这类词有：

look forward to doing pay attention to doing

give up doing apologize for doing succeed in doing dream of doing object to doing insist on doing worry about doing provent(stop)?from doing excuse sb for doing

devote?to doing accuse sb of doing aid sb in doing agree on doing think about doing ; 属“名词+介词+动名词”结构，这类词有：

difficulty in doing advice on doing delay in doing

experience in doing insist in doing habit of doing possibility of doing apology for doing success in doing sth. 等；

有些动词后只能跟动名词，这类词有：

enjoy , admit , avoid避免 , consider , dislike , delay , finish , imagine , include , keep , mind , miss , practise , recall , repent , resent , resist , risk , stop , suggest ;

属“形容词+介词+动名词”结构，这类词有： busy (in) doing according to doing aware of doing apologentic for doing capable of doing confident of doing

angry about doing exact in doing afraid of doing fond of doing guilty of doing

hopeful of doing intent on doing tired of doing responsible for doing suitable for doing

wrong in doing right in doing 等；

部分连接动词的区别：

○ try doing 意为“尝试”，重在做 ； try to do 意谓“企图”，重在想办法； ○regret doing 指对过去的行为懊悔； regret to do 指对现在的事情抱歉； ○cannot help doing 禁不住； cannot help to do 不能帮忙； ○propose doing 建议做； propose to do 打算做； ○stop smoking 戒烟； stop to smok 停下来吹烟；

○go on doing 继续做同一件事；go on to do 接着做另一件事；

○remember doing 表已完成的； remember to do 表未完成的动作； ○forget doing 忘记已做了的事；forget to do 忘记要做的事； ○agree on doing 商量做某事； agree to do 同意做某事； ○be good at eating 会吃 it is good to eat 很好吃

○be afraid of dying 恐怕要死了（客观）； be afraid to die 害怕得要死（主观）； ○like doing (长期的) 爱好； like to do （一时的）兴趣； ○living 钟爱的；lovely 可爱的； likely 可能的；

one?.another? 同一组中的两个个体 some?other?. 一些?..另一些??

others 其它的 ，不特指 ； the others 特指的那些 ； both?.and?. 两者都

either?or?. 两者中任一个 neither?.nor?.两者都不

One? ,the other? . 两个中的一个----，另一个----。 none of? 当中任何一个都不

虚拟语气的用法： 用在条件从句中

与现在事实相反，从句为：If +主语+动词过去式 主句为：主语+should(/would/could/might) + 动词原形 与过去事实相反，从句为：If +主语+had +过去分词

主句为：主语+should(would/could/might)+have +过去分词 与将来事实相反，从句为：If+主语+动词过去式

主句为：主语+should(would/could/might)+动词原形

用在主语从句中

常用句型为：it is(was)+ important (necessary , imperative , desirable, advisable ) +that ?.. 谓语用should +动词原形（或should+have+ 过去分词）或只用动词原形

用在宾语从句中

主句谓语动词用wish的，that从句的谓语动词可用过去式， 表示与现在事实相反；用过去完成式，表示与过去事实相反。 也可用would rather表愿望，从句用过去式。

主句谓语动词为demand , suggest , propose , order , arrange , insist,command , require , desire 等，that从句谓语用should+ 动词原形或只用动词原形。

用在表语从句中

句子主语常是suggestion , proposal , idea , motion 等，其谓语是 should+动词原形。

用在定语从句中

常用在it is time (that)?.句型里。

两个重要的情态动词结构： 别嫌烦，考的就是知识点！ must have done 对过去所做的肯定性推断； should have done 本来应该做却没做；

第一节 动词的时态

考试重点：一般现在时（if 从句和as soon as 从句）；进行时表将来；现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别；完成时瞬间动词以及have （has）been, have（has）gone的区别；过去完成时的时间状语；将来完成时。

一、一般现在式：

1、表示经常发生的动作或存在的状态：常和always, usually, often ,sometimes, every day, every week的等时间状语连用。 例：He goes to work every day. 他每天去上班。

2、表示普遍的真理。由于是众所周知的客观事实，所以一般不用时间状语。 例：The earth is round. 地球是圆的。

3、有些表示心理状态或感情的动词往往用一般现在时。 例：I don’t think you are right.我以为你错了。

4、在时间、条件状语从句中表示将来的动作：常用的连词有as soon as，when，till，if。

二、一般过去时：

1、表示过去的动作或状态：常和过去时间状语连用。just now, last year, when I was 8years old等。 三、一般将来时

1、will（shall）+原形动词：表示将来的动作或状态。 例：He will come and help you. 他会来帮助你的。

2、be going to +动词原形：表示马上就要发生的事情或打算好要做的事。 例：Are you going to attend the lecture? 你打算去听这个演讲吗？ 3、be to +动词原形： 表示安排或计划好了的动作。

例：The Third-Ring Road is to be open to traffic before National Day. 三环路将在国庆节前通车。

4、be about to +动词原形：表示即将发生的动作。

5、例：The lecture is about to begin.讲座即将开始。

6、某些表示开始、终结、往来行动的动词如：go ,come, start, arrive， leave 等的现在进行时可表示将来。 （1）We are leaving for Beijing tomorrow. 我们明天动身去北京。

（2）The foreign guests are arriving in Jinan tonight. 外宾今晚到达济南。

四、过去将来时

表示在过去预计将要发生的动作，常用于宾语从句。

例：He wanted to know when the conference would start. 他想知道会议何时开始。

五、现在进行时

1、表示此时此刻（说话时）正在进行的动作。

例：The teacher is talking with his students. 这位老师正在同他的学生交谈。 2、表示现阶段正在进行的动作，但此刻并不一定在进行。

例：I am attending a conference in Beijing. 我正在北京参加一个会议。

六、过去进行时

1、表示在过去某一段时间正在进行的动作。常需用表示过去的时间状语或通过上下文来判断时间。 例：He was doing his homework from seven to nine last night. 昨天晚上七点到九点他正在做作业。 2、when 和while 的用法

（1）I fell and hurt myself while I _____tennis. A. was playing B. am playing C. play D. played

（答案：A。连接词when 表示时间上的点，其所引导的句子用过去时，while 表示持续的一段时间，其所引导的句子用过去进行时。）（1998年43题） （2）When you _____ this over with her, you should not see her any more. A. talk B. talked C. will talk D. talking （答案为B）（1999年35题）

（3）One of the guards _____ when the general came in, which made him very angry. A. has slept B. were sleeping C, slept D. was sleeping （答案为D）（1996年23题）

3、过去进行时表示过去将来的动作。现在进行时可以表示将来的动作，同样，过去进行时也可以表示从过去某时间看将来要发生的动作。 例：He went to see Xiao Li. He was leaving early the next morning. 他去看小李。他第二天一早就要离开此地了。

七、现在完成时

1、表示动作刚刚结束（常和just, now, already, yet等词连用）；或表示动作的结果（一般不用时间状语）。 （1）Li Ming has just turned off the light. 李明刚刚把灯关上。（说明现在灯已经关上了） （2）I have lost my pen. 我把笔丢了。（说明过去某时丢的，现在我还没有找到这支笔。）

2、表示过去某时开始的动作一直延续到现在，并且可能会继续延续下去（常用since引导的短语或从句，或由for 引导的短语连用）。

（1）He has lived here for 30 years. 他住在这儿已经三十年了。（现在还住在这儿）

（2）They’ve known each other since childhood. 他们从小彼此相识。（现在还继续来往） 3、非延续性动词的完成时和it is +时间+since?..（过去时） 英语中有些动词不能延续， 因此不能和表示延续的时间状语连用。 （1）He has _____ the army for ten years and is now an officer. A. gone into B. joined in C. been in D. come into

（答案：C。用现在完成时表示“继续”的概念时，只能用含有持续意义的动词，不可用瞬间性动词。1995年49题） （2）It is 3 years since I left Shanghai .我离开上海已经三年了。

（如果是非延续动词，这时常用 it is +时间+since 的句型代替，从句用过去时态。） 4、have（has）been to 和have （has）gone to 的区别

have（has ）been to：去过某地（表示某人的一种经历），可以和once，twice，often，never，ever 连用。

have（has）gone to：去某地了（表示某人已经离开此地，在去某地的路途上或已在某地，所以一般来说此句型只用于第三人称），此句型不能与上述时间状语连用。

（1）He has gone to America.（意思为他已经去了美国，现在不在此地） （2）He has been to America twice. 他去过美国两次。

八、过去完成时

1、表示在过去的某一时间或动作之前已经完成了的动作（即过去的过去）。这个过去的某一时间可用by, before等介词或连词引导的短语或一个从句来表示。 例：About the sixth century A.D. when few Europeans could read, the Chinese _____ paper. A. invented B. had invented C. have invented D. had been invented

（答案：B）（1997年35题）

2、表示从过去某一时间开始，一直持续到另一个过去的时间的动作。

例：The chemistry class _____ for five minutes when we hurried there. A. had been on B. was on

C. has been on D. would be on

（答案：A）（1995年24题）

3、在含有before, after, as soon as 等连词引导的状语从句的复合句中，由于连词本身可以明确表示动作发生的先后顺序，因此，主句和从句都可以用一般过去时表示，而不用过去完成时。

例：I called him as soon as I arrived.我刚一到就给他打电话。

4、过去完成时常用在no sooner ?than?, hardly/scarcely/barely?when?，一?就?。句型之中，句子倒装。 （1）No sooner had we sat down _____ we found it was time to go. A. than B. when C. as D. while

（答案为A）（1997年50题）

（2）Scarcely had he opened the door when a gust of wind blew the candle out. 他刚打开门，蜡烛就被一阵风吹灭了。

九、将来完成时：表示在将来某一时间以前完成的动作。 1、By the time John gets home, his aunt _____. A. will have B. leaves

C. will have left D. is leaving

（答案：C）（1995年25题）

2、I _____ writing the article by the time you get back. A. shall finish

B. must have finished C. have finished

D. shall have finished

（答案：D） （2000年24题）

十、现在完成进行时：表示从过去某时一直延续到现在的一个动作，这个动作一般会继续延续下去，或是到说话时结束， 但是强调到说话时为止一直在做的动作。 例：I _____ on the door for ten minutes now without an answer. A. was knocking B. am knocking C. knocking

D. have been knocking

（答案：D）（1998年49题）

第二节 被动语态

考试重点：感官动词和使役动词的被动语态；动词短语的被动语态；情态动词的被动语态；用主动表示被动的含义。 一、感官动词及使役动词如：see，feel，hear，watch，make，bid）在主动语态中用无to不定式做宾补，改为被动语态时要加to。 1、The middle-aged man was seen _____ out of the house on the afternoon of the murder. A. came

B. come C. to come D. have come

（答案为C）（2000年58题）

2、We were made to study harder. 我们被要求努力学习。

二、有些动词后面接一个介词或副词，构成短语。变被动语态时，短语动词做及物动词用。 1、The children are well looked after. 这些孩子得到了很好的照顾。 2、The doctor has been sent for. 已经派人去请大夫了。 三、情态动词的被动语态

构成：情态动词+be+过去分词。

1、The work must be finished before lunch. 这项工作必须在午饭前干完。 2、Nothing can be seen from here. 从这儿什么也看不见。 四、用主动表示被动的含义

常用：need/require +doing sth（=to be done）（此句型主语大多为物） 例：My room is a mess. It needs _____. A to be tidying up B. tidying up整理 C. to tidy up D. tidied up

（答案为B）（2000年47题）

第三节 情态动词

考试重点：情态动词+完成时

情态动词用来表示能力、允许、许诺、可能、劝告、意愿等概念或态度。情态动词无人称变化，在句子中和动词原形一起构成谓语。根据这几年的考试看，着重测验情态动词接完成时的用法。 一、must +现在完成时

表示对已发生的事情的一种肯定的猜测。

1、Mr. Green _____ my letter, otherwise he would have replied before now. A. must have received

B. must have failed to receive C. must receive

D. must fail to receive （答案：B）（1998年44题）

2、I believe he _____ an accident, otherwise he would have arrived on time. A. would have had B. could have had C. should have had

D. must have had

（答案为D）（2001年58题） 二、should （ought to ）+完成时

表示应该做的事情而没有做，否定式表示不该做的事情做了。含有对过去的动作的责备、批评。 1、They have done things they ought _____. A. not to do

B. not to be done C. not to have done D. not having done

（答案为C）（1999年59题）

2、I’m sorry I couldn’t get in touch with him before he left, I _____ him earlier. A. had a telephone B. have phoned

C. should have phoned D. should be phoned

（答案为C）（2000年26题） 三、could +完成时

表示能做的事情而没有做。表示对过去能做而未做的事情感到惋惜，遗憾。 1、He could have joined us, but he didn’t get our invitation in time. 他本来能够参加我们的，但是他没有收到我们的请贴。

2、I could have passed, but I did not study hard enough. 我本来能及格的，但是没有努力学习。

第四节 虚拟语气

如果所表示的条件根本不可能实现或实现的可能性很小时，称为虚拟条件句。

考试重点：虚拟语气的基本形式和用法；if的省略形式；含蓄条件句；以wish（that）引导的表示“愿望”的宾语从句；would rather 引导的从句；以as if, as though 引导的从句；以suggest, advise, insist 等词后引导的宾语从句；It is necessary（important）that引导的主语从句；It is time （that）?句型中。

一、虚拟语气的基本形式和用法：

虚拟（条件）语气中，主句与从句中谓语动词的形式可分为下面三类： 1、I would ask George to lend us the money if I _____ him. A. had known B. have known C. knew D. know

（答案：C。与现在的事实相反，从句用过去时）（1995年38题）

2、Do you think there would be less conflict冲突 in the world if all people _____ the same language?

A. spoke B. speak

C. had spoken D. will speak

（答案：A。与现在的事实相反，从句的谓语动词用过去时。） 3、If Bob____ with us, he would have had a good time. A. would come

B. would have come C. had come D. came

（答案为C。与过去的事实相反，从句的谓语动词用过去完成时。）（1995年59题）

二、if的省略形式

在虚拟条件句中， 如谓语包含were , had, should等词， 则可以把这些词放到主语前面，省略if。 1、_____ you were busy, I wouldn't have bothered you with my questions. A. If I realized B. Had I realized

C. Did I have realized that D. As I realized

（答案：B。虚拟条件句有时可以省略if，而将谓语中的过去式were，had，或should等移至主语之前。）（1996年39题） 2、_____, I should ask them some questions. A. Should they come to us B. If they come to us C. Were they come to us D. Had they come to us

（答案：A。与将来事实相反。）（1997年30题）

三、含蓄条件句

有时一个假设的情况不用条件从句表示，而用其它方式来表示，这样的句子叫含蓄条件句。常用with，without，but for。 1、Without your help, we _____ so much. A. didn’t achieve

B. would not have achieved C. will not achieve D. don’t achieve

（答案：B。这是一句含蓄条件句，条件暗含在介词短语without your help中，因此要用虚拟语气。）（1996年33题） 2、But for the rain, we _____ a nice holiday. A. should have

B. would have had C. would have D. will have had

（答案：B。2003年28题）

四、以wish（that）引导的表示“愿望”的宾语从句

wish后的宾语从句中要用虚拟语气，而在虚拟语气中时态的应用类似在非真实条件中从句时态的应用。表示现在或将来的愿望用：主语＋wish ＋从句（主语＋过去时）；表示一个过去没有实现的愿望用：主语＋wish +从句（主语＋过去完成时）；

1、Peter wishes that he _____ law instead of literature when he was in college. A. could study B. studied C. had studied D. would study

（答案：C）（2000年53题）

2、I didn’t go to the party, but I do wish I _____ there. A. were B. would be C. had been D. will be

（答案：C）（2001年53题）

五、would rather＋句子（过去时）

1、I’d _____ you didn’t touch that, if you don’t mind. A. rather B. better C. happier D. further （答为案：A）（1998年45题）

2、I am too busy these days. I would rather all of you _____ next month for a dinner. A. come

B. would come C. came

D. have come

（答案为C）（2002年46题）

六、以as if，as though引导的从句

在as if，as though引导的从句中，如果谈论的是不可能或不真实的情况时，它们所引用的状语从句要用虚拟语气，动词形式和wish 后面的从中动词形式变化相同。

1、He talks as if he _____ everything in the world.

A. knows B. knew

C. had known

D. would have known

（答案：B。as if（though）从句中非真实性情况用虚拟语气。本句表示说话人对现在的情况有所怀疑，所以用过去时。） 2、You are talking as if you had seen them

你谈的那么起劲，好像你真的见过似的。（表示想象中的过去的动作）

七、以suggest，advise，insist等词后引导的宾语从句中，从句的谓语动词要用should+动词原形，should可以省略。 类似的动词有：propose，insist，suggest，order，demand，require，request等。

1、The doctor advised that Mr. Malan _____ an operation right away so as to save his life. A. had

B. would have C. have

D. was going to have

（答案：C）（1998年28题）

2、His mother insisted that he _____ the coat when going out. A. put on B. puts on C. to put D. putting on

（答案：A）（1999年58题）

八、It is necessary/important/urgent that引导的主语从句中，从句的谓语动词要用should+原形动词，should可以省略。 1、It’s desired that she _____ to teach us at least twice a week. A. comes B. will come C. come D. may come

（答案：C）（1997年29题）

2、It’s urgent 紧急的that a meeting _____ before the final 决赛 decision is made. A. will be arranged B. must be arranged C. be arranged安排 D. would be arranged

（答案：C）（2003年45题）

九、It is time (that)?引导的定语从句中，谓语动词用过去时。

1、It’s high time we _____ something to stop traffic accident. A. do

B. will do C. did D. must do

（答案：C）（1996年43题）

2、Don’t you think it is time you _____ smoking? A. give up B. gave up

C. would give up D. should give up

（答案：B）（1999年31题）

第五节 非谓语动词 语法部分重要单词

1 虚拟语气宾语从句 order, demand, require, request, direct, command, urge, rule, suggest, advise, vote, propose move, recommend, prefer, decide, insist, desire, decree

主语从句vital, important, essential, imperative, obligatory, necessary, unnecessary, impossible, sad, strange, natural, advisable, fitting, proper, appropriate, desirable

2不定式

1)通常只接动词不定式作宾语的常考动词：

agree, attempt, claim, decide demand, ask, hesitate, beg ,fail, care, consent, promise, desire, hope, intend, learn, offer, plan, refuse, prepare, pretend, strive, require, appear, arrange, expect,manage, tend, afford, wish, want, seem ,struggle, swear, threaten, wait, undertake, venture, seek ,resolve, aim, determine, endeavor, apply, claim, pledge, pretend, profess, refuse, volunteer, vow, happen ,guarantee, neglect, proceed, prove, condescend, consent, trouble, bother(negative), care(negative), choose, fail etc

2)用于动词+宾语+不定式结构的常考动词：

force, hire, tell, require, teach, warn ,allow, ask, inform, beg, convince, expect, invite, order, permit, promise, instruct, prepare, urge, remind, want, advise, persuade, dare, forbid, like, challenge, request, get, need ,oblige, encourage, enable, compel, recommend, declare, prove, command, encourage, enable, lead, press, etc

本文来源：https://www.bwwdw.com/article/5q46.html