美国文学史复习资料汉语版 - 图文

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美国文学史复习1（colonialism) 第一部分 殖民主义时期的文学 一、时期综述

1、清教徒采用的文学体裁：a、narratives 日记 b、journals 游记 2、清教徒在美国的写作内容： 1）their voyage to the new land

2) Adapting themselves to unfamiliar climates and crops 3) About dealing with Indians

4) Guide to the new land, endless bounty, invitation to bold spirit 3、清教徒的思想：

1）puritan want to make up pure their religious beliefs and practices 净化信仰和行为方式

2) Wish to restore simplicity to church and the authority of the Bible to the theology. 重建教堂，提供简单服务，建立神圣地位

3）look upon themselves as chosen people, and it follow logically that anyone who challenged their way of life is opposing God's will and is not to be accepted. 认为自己是上帝选民，对他们的生活有异议就是反对上帝

4）puritan opposition to pleasure and the arts sometimes has been exaggerated. 反对对快乐和艺术的追求到了十分荒唐的地步 5）religious teaching tended to emphasize the image of a wrathful God.强调上帝严厉的一面，忽视上帝仁慈的一面。 4、典型的清教徒： John Cotton & Roger William

他们的不同：John Cotton was much more concerned with authority than with democracy; William begins the history of religious toleration in America.

5、William的宗教观点：Toleration did not stem from a lack of religious convictions. Instead, it sprang from the idea that simply to be virtuous in conduct and devout in belief did not give anyone the right to force belief on others. He also felt that no political order or church system could identify itself directly with God. 行为上的德，信仰上的诚，并没有给任何人强迫别人该如何行事的权利。没有任何政治秩序和教会体制能够直接体现神本身的意旨。 6、英国最早移民到美国的诗人：Anne Bradstreet

7、在殖民时期最好的清教徒诗人：the best of Puritan poets is Edward Tayor. 学习指南：

1、Could you give a description of American Puritans? 关于美国清教徒的描绘

Like their brothers back in England, were idealists, believing that the church should be restored to the \

first-century church as established by Jesus Christ himself. To them religion was a matter of primary importance. They made it their chief business to see that man lived and thought and acted in a way which tended to the glory of God. They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from God, all that John Calvin, the great French theologian who lived in Geneva had preached. It was this kind of religious belief that they brought with them into the wildness. There they meaant to prove that were God's chosen people enjoying his blessings on this earth as in Heaven.

2、Hard work, thrift, piety and sobriety were the Puritan values that dominated much of the earliest American writing. 3、The work of two writers, Anne Bradstreet & Edward Taylor, rose to the level of real poetry. 4、The earliest settlers included Dutch, Swedes, Germans, French, Spaniards Italian, and Portuguese. 美国文学史复习2（reasoning and revolution) (2009-01-17 15:54:25) 一、美国的性质：

The war for Independence ended in the formation of a Federative bourgeois democratic republic - the United States of America. 联邦的资产阶级民主共和国--美利坚合众国。 二、代表作家：

1、Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林 1706-1790

1）\Poor Richard's Almanac\穷人查理德的年鉴 annual collection of proverbs 流行谚语集

It soon became the most popular book of its kind, largely because of Franklin's shrewd humor, and first spread his reputation 2) Founded the Junto, a club for informal discussion of scientific, economic and political ideas. 建立了一个秘密俱乐部，讨论的主题是政治、经济和科学等时事方面的问题

3）established America's first circulating library, founded the college--University of Pennsylvania. 建立了美国第一个可租借的图书馆，还创办了一所大学——就是现在的宾夕法尼亚大学。 4）first applied the terms \

5)As a representative of the Colonies, he tried in vain to counsel the British toward policies that would let America grow and flourish in association with England. He conducted the difficulty negotiations with France that brought financial and military support for America in the war. 作为殖民地的代表，他不断建议英国改变政策，使美国可以和英国一起发展、繁荣。他说服法国支持美国的独立战争。

6）As an author he had power of expression, simplicity, a subtle humor, sarcastic.作为作家具有非凡的才能，表达简洁明了，幽默，讽刺天才、

7）The Way to Wealth 致富之道 The Autobiography自传 18世纪美国唯一流传至今的自传

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2、Thomas Paine 托马斯·佩因 1737-1809 \最平凡的人

1）famous pamphlet \Common Sense\著名的政治小册子《常识》 it boldly advocated a \and brought the separatist agitation to a crisis. 拥护独立宣言，是分裂活动发展成最后危机。 2）\American Crisis\《美国危机》，signed \Common Sense\第一段）

The Case of the Officers of Excise税务员问题；Common Sense常识；American Crisis美国危机；Rights of Man人的权利：Downfall of Despotism专制体制的崩溃；The Age of Reason理性时代 3、Thomas Jefferson 托马斯·杰弗逊

1）drafted the Declaration of Independence. 起草了独立宣言 2）与清教徒不同，主张追求幸福。All Men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of happiness. 人人生而平等，他们都从―造物主‖那边被赋予了某些不可转让的权利，其中包括生命权、自由权和追求幸福的权利。 4、Philip Freneau 菲利普·费瑞诺 poet and political journalist 诗人和政治方面的新闻记者 1）perhaps the most outstanding writer of the post-revolutionary period. 2)has been called the \美国诗歌之父 The Rising Glory of America蒸蒸日上的美洲；The British Prison Ship英国囚船；To the Memory of the Brave Americans纪念美国勇士-----同类诗中最佳；The Wild Honeysuckle野生的金银花；The Indian Burying Ground印第安人殡葬地 学习指南： 1、Theology dominated the Puritan phase of American writing. Politics was the next great suject to command the attention of the best minds.

2、Freneau was neoclassical by training and taste ye romantic in essential spirit. 美国文学史复习3（Romanicism) (2009-01-17 18:58:09) 一、文学特征： 1、Environment:

1)shaped by their New World environment 美洲大陆新环境

2）array of ideas inherited from the romantic traditons of Europe 欧洲早期浪漫主义思潮 2、美国文学特点：

pluralistic多元化 manifestations varied 表现形式多样 Individualistic个人主义 conflicting 矛盾

3、Romanticism的特点：frequently shared certain general characteristics, moral enthusiam, faith in the value of

individualism and intuitive perception, and a presumption that he natural world was a source of corruption.浪漫主义之间大多是相通的，都注重道德，强调个人主义价值观和直觉感受，并且认为自然是美的源头，人类社会是腐败之源。 4、Transcendentalism 超验主义

1）as a moral philosophy, transcendentalism was neither logical nor systematized. It exalted feeling over reason, individual expression over the restraints of law and custom.不讲逻辑，不讲系统，只强调超越理性的感受，超越法律和世俗束缚的个人表达。

2)they spoke for cultural rejuvenation and against the materialism of American society.呼吁文化复兴，反对美国社会的拜金主义。

3）they believe in the transcendence of \which all things are a part. 相信精神上的超越，相信无所不能的善的力量，强调善为万物之源。

4）it could exercise a healthy and restorative influence on the human mind. ―Go back to nature, sink yourself back into its influence and you’ll become spiritually whole again.‖ The natural implication of all this was, of course, that things in nature tended to become symbolic, and the physical world was a symbol of the spiritual. This in turn added to the tradition of literary symbolism in American literature.

5）代表人物：Emerson爱默生，believed that man was a part of absolute good。人性本善

Thoreau 梭 罗，beheld divinity in the ―unspotted innocence‖ of nature. 自然才是神圣的―洁白无瑕‖

5、Literary forms文学形式：Novels, short stories, and poems replaced sermons and manifestos as America’s principal literary forms.长篇小说、短篇故事和诗歌取代说教类及宣言类作品成为美国主要的文学形式。 6、Imaginative literature想象类文学

7、the wilderness came to function almost as a dramatic character that illustrated moral law.戏剧化特色的野性讽喻了时代的道德准则。

8、The desire for an escape from society and a return to nature became a permanent convention of American literature. 逃离社会，回到自然成为了美国文学永恒的创作习惯。

9、Nationalism stimulated a greater literary interest in America’s language. In 1828 Noah Webster published ―An American Dictionary of the English Language‖. American character types speaking local dialects appeared in poetry and fiction with increasing frequency. 受民族主义影响，作家的目光转向了美国本土的语言，具有美国特征的本土方言开始在诗歌和小说中大量涌现。

10、At mid-century a cultural reawakening brought a ―flowering of New England.‖ Led by Hawthorne, Emerson, and Thoreau. New England → Transcendentalism, 从新英格兰文学到超验主义。 二、代表作家：

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1、Washington Irving华盛顿.欧文 the first great belletrist 第一个纯文学作家，划线部分为三个主要contribution ① the first great prose stylist of American romanticism. 美国第一位浪漫主义散文文体作家 ②―Sketch Book‖《见闻札记》, the first modern short stories and the first great American juvenile literature.现代文学史上第一部短篇小说和美国第一部伟大的青少年文学读物。 ③Irving restored the waning Gothic romances which Poe soon infused with psychological subtleties.重振了没落的哥特式浪漫主义小说，随后坡在此基础上，把心理学的一些知识融入了这种体裁。 ④―Legends of the Conquest of Spain‖《西班牙征服记》

A History of New York 纽约的历史-----美国人写的第一部诙谐文学杰作；

The Sketch Book见闻札记The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷的传说-----使之成为美国第一个获得国际声誉的作家；Bracebridge Hall布雷斯布里奇田庄；Talks of Travellers旅客谈；The Alhambra阿尔罕伯拉 2、James Fenimore Cooper 詹姆斯.芬尼莫.库珀 ①contribution: launched two kinds of immensely popular stories → the sea adventure tale and the frontier saga 开创了两种流传极广的小说体裁，边疆传奇小说和海上传奇小说。 ②―Leatherstocking Tales‖《皮袜子故事集》，包括―The Deerslayer‖《杀鹿者》、―The Last of the Mohicans‖《最后的莫希干人》、―The Pathfinder‖《探路人》、―The Pioneers‖《拓荒者》、―The Prairie‖《大草原》, regard as ―the nearest approach yet to an American epic.‖ 被认为是迄今为止美国最接近史诗的作品。 ③the central figure in the novels, Natty Bumppo. 小说的中心人物，纳蒂.班波 Judge Temple: man remain savage without law and order

The Spy 间谍 The Pilot 领航者 The Littlepage Manuscripts 利特佩奇的手稿 3、William Cullen Bryant 威廉.卡伦.布莱恩特 poet 诗人 ①as Irving had shown that American prose had cone of age, so Bryant demonstrated to European readers that American

poetry was ready to demand serious attention.当欧文预示美国散文时代的到来时，布莱恩特向欧洲读者证实了美国的诗歌达到相当高的水平。 ②He was the first American to gain the stature of a major poet.第一个获得美国主要诗人称号的作家。 ③ ―To a Waterfowl‖《致水鸟》the most perfect brief poem in the language. 用美国英语写作的最完美的短诗。 4、Edgar Allan Poe 埃德加.阿伦.坡 ①show his true talents as an editor, poet, literary critic. 编辑、诗人、文学评论家。 ②Graham’s Magazine 格雷厄姆杂志（坡的工作场所） ③―The Fall of the House of Usher‖《鄂谢府崩溃记》、―The Raven‖《乌鸦》the title poem of a collection, ―Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque‖《述异集》first collection of short stories. 第一部短篇小说集。 ④often use grotesque or fantastic events.擅长描写哥特式和幻想类的小说。 5、Ralph Waldo Emersion 拉尔夫.沃尔多.爱默生 ①be responsible for bringing Transcendentalism to New England, 是把超验主义引入新英格兰的先驱。 ②Emerson believed above all in individualism个人主义, independence of mind思想独立, and self-reliance自强. ③作品：―Nature‖《论自然》、―Essays‖《随笔录》、 ―The American Scholar‖《美国学者》, our intellectual Declaration of Independence.我们知识分子的独立宣言。 ④his most important works are ―Representative Men ‖《代表》and ―English Traits‖《英国人》、―Poems‖《诗集》 ⑤摘自《论自然》：Standing on the bare ground, -my head bathed by the blithe air, and uplifted into infinite space, -all mean egotism vanishes. I become a transparent eye-ball. 人形的约束没有了。 6、Henry David Thoreau 亨利.戴维.梭罗 ①Emerson’s truest disciple. Put into practice many of Emerson’s theories 爱默生最忠实的信徒，把爱默生的许多理论付诸于实践。 ②―In Walden‖《沃尔登》成名作。―Civil Disobedience‖《平民反抗》essay 随笔。非暴力不合作 ③教义：I would not have anyone adopt my mode of living, each should find out his own way, not his neighbor’s or his parents. 我不希望人们接受我的生活模式，每一个都应该发现自己的生活方式，不是邻居的，也不是他父母的。 ★7、Nathaniel Hawthorne 纳萨尼尔.霍桑 ①background: one of his ancestors was Judge Hathorne, who harm a person.曾经有个做法官的祖辈害人。 ②―The House of the Seven Gables‖七尖角阁房，是霍桑著名神秘小说中的一个房屋名称。 ③he reveals the depth of his concern with the dark side of Puritanism, the harshness and the persecutions.对清教徒阴暗面的深切关注，认为清教徒的戒行过于森严，对不同信仰人的迫害过于残酷。 ④―Mosses from an Old Manse‖《古厦青苔》、―The Marble Faun‖《玉石神像》 ⑤特点⑴unique gift was for the creation of strongly symbolic stories which touch the deepest roots of man’s moral nature. 独特才能主要表现在他能够通过一些极具象征意义的故事来触摸人类灵魂深处的道德品质。 ⑵his ability to create vivid and symbolic images that embody great moral questions appears strongly in his short stories. 短篇小说里，通过活生生、极具有象征意义的想象来体现人类社会的一些重大道德问题。 ⑶to make a story exist in its own right but at the same time appear as a moral symbol.杰出之处在于他能把一个故事安放在自己设置的正义标准之中来讲述，他书中的正义标准成为当时人们的道德参考。 ⑥（课堂笔记提及的）―The Scarlet Letter‖《红字》 ⑴女主角honest, calmly face fault 诚实，坦然的面对罪过。

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⑵弗洛伊德人格理论：Id 本我 → 欲望，只要快乐 →Roger 女主角的丈夫 Ego 自我 → 分辨对错，受约束，符合现实 →Hester 女主角 Superego 超我 → →Dim 女主角的情人，牧师 ⑶女主角的自我成长和自我救赎的过程。Ego growth and redeem by her own of process ⑦―The Scarlet Letter‖analysis分析：it not a praise of a Hester sinning, but a hymn on the moral growth of the woman when sinned against. Young Hester borders on being licentious. Her drive is sexual. She does her best to keep her hold on the magic chain humanity. Her life eventually acquires a real significance when she reestablishes a meaningful relationship with her fellowmen Symbolic of her moral development is the gradual imperceptible change with the scarlet letter undergoes in meaning. At first it is a token of shame, ―Adultery‖ but then the genuine sympathy and help Hester offered to her fellow

villagers’ changes it to ―Able‖. Later in the story, the letter A appears in the sky, signifying ―Angel‖. There is reason to agree with the critical observation that A may represent Adamic, or prehistoric, an archetypal vice suggestive of ―original sin,‖ Dimmesdale, on the other hand, banishes himself form society. Deeply preoccupied with himself, he lives a stranger among his admirers. The result is that, whereas Hester is able to reconstruct her life and win a moral victory, Dimmesdale undergoes the tragic experience of physical and spiritual disintegration. Between him and Hester they point to a moral as Hawthorne may intend them to do, that the best policy for man is to be true, honest, and ever ready to show one’s worst to the outside world. ★8、Herman Melville 赫尔曼.麦尔维尔 ①―Moby Dick‖《白鲸》，a tremendous chronicle of whaling voyage in pursuit of a seemingly supernatural white whale.主要讲述了一个为追捕一只想象中的神秘白鲸的漫长海上故事。②The book is steeped in symbolism. 本书达到了象征主义手法的创作高峰。③主人公：Ishmael，取自圣经。④在书中说：to write a mighty book you must have a mighty theme. 写一部宏大的著作，必须有一个宏大的主题。⑤故事人物：Captain Ahab.船长阿哈比；Queequeg，捕鲸人奎因奎格，was a friendly person；⑥the rebellious struggle of Captain Ahab against the overwhelming, mysterious vastness of the universe and its awesome, sometimes merciless forces. The fitting symbol for his theme was the ―gliding great demon of the seas of life.‖阿哈比舰长和各种危险之间的激烈斗争，他同那些强大的、神秘的自然展开斗争，他们令人毛骨悚然，有时还冷酷无情。他把那只大白鲸贴切的比喻为―生命海洋中滑行的恶魔‖。 ⑦―Moby Dick‖：one of the major themes in Melville is alienation, which he sensed existing in the life of his time on different levels, between man and man, man and society, and man and nature. Captain Ahab seems to be the best illustration of it all. The voyage itself is a metaphor for ―search and discovery, the search for the ultimate truth of experience.‖ He had Ahab topmost in his mind. In a sense Ahab embodies all of the evil he once consigned to Moby Dick. 9、Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 亨利.沃兹沃思.朗费罗 poet 诗人 ①it would be hard, also, to overestimate the importance of his anthology ―The Poets and Poetry of Europe‖. His own poetry became a means of teaching readers of his day something of the possible range of poetic subject matter and techniques,

ancient, medieval, and modern. 《欧洲诗人及诗》不能把这部作品估计过高。他自己的诗歌成为了他教学的材料，在书中他讲述了诗的主题和一些写作技巧。从古代的，中世纪的一直到现代的诗歌，他都一一作了阐述。 ②殊荣：he became the only American to be honored with a bust in the Poet’s corner of Westminster Abbey.朗费罗被安葬在威斯敏斯特教堂的诗人之角，他也是美国惟一获此殊荣的诗人。 ③The gentleness, sweetness, and purity for his poetry was popular during his lifetime. 他的诗歌因高雅宜人、纯正有韵味而大受欢迎。 ④he was consistently high-minded but conventional, and untouched by the religious and social struggles that disturbed his contemporaries. 他接受正统的思想，但并不保守。他的思想没有受到当时社会、宗教和各种政治斗争的影响。 ⑤特点：exercised a great influence in bringing European culture to the U.S., and likewise did much to popularize American folk themes abroad where his work was immensely popular and widely translated.在引进欧洲文化上起巨大推动作用，也把美国民间文化传播到国外，他的作品还被翻译成多种文字，在海外受到高度评 美国文学史复习4（Realism） (2009-01-17 19:44:25)

一、Background

1）Mechanization 机器化 2）Urbanization 城市化 3）Industrialization 工业化

4）Federal government(race种族平等进入宪法）标志着马克·吐温的《镀金时代》开始 5）Railway system工业化的一大标志，电力和石油的应用 二、文化特征：

1）女性发挥作用明显，女性的作者和读者明显增多 2）开始关注Mid class

3）现实主义（realism）-->New York replaced Boston as the nation's literary center. 纽约成为新的文化中心。 一、时期综述：

1、镀金时代：The Gilded Age, an age of excess and extremes, of decline and progress, of poverty and dazzling wealth, of gloom and buoyant hope. 无节制、走极端，倒退和进步、贫困和富有并存，既令人沮丧又让人有希望的时代。 2、Although Americans continued to read the works of Irving, Cooper, Hawthorne, and Poe, the great age of American

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romanticism had ended. By the 1870s the New England Renaissance had waned. 新英格兰的文艺复兴已开始接近尾声。 3、现实主义和自然主义作家的人物刻画方法：

19世纪末,the literary naturalists who followed them, rejected the portrayal of idealized characters and events. Instead, they sought to describe the wide range of American experience and to present the subtleties of human personality, to portray characters who were less simply all good or all bed.

反对在作品中描绘理想化了的人物和事件，关注人性中的微妙之处。

4、Realism：（现实主义）appeared in the United States in the literature of local color, an amalgam of romantic plots and realistic descriptions of things was immediately observable. the dialects, customs, sights.现实主义有浓厚的美国本土特色，是浪漫主义故事情节和现实主义描写相结合的产物：美国风味的方言、风俗、各种观点

5、Naturalism：自然主义 a new and harsher realism, 新型的更为冷峻的现实主义，产生悲观的流派 ，产生于the end of the century 十九世纪末，因为Perception of society’s disorders 对社会无序的感知。Presenting characters of low social and economic classes who were dominated by their environment and heredity. 设法尽力客观真实地展现出受环境与出身局限的下层人民和各种经济阶层人物的真正生活。

The naturalists emphasized that the world was amoral, that men and women had no free will, that their lives were controlled by heredity and the environment, the religious ―truths‖ were illusory, that the destiny of humanity was misery in life and oblivion in death. 强调世界的非道德性，人们没有意志的自由，宗教上的真理是虚幻的，现实生活是痛苦的。 Deterministic 决定论，宿命的，

代表作家：Stephen Crane 史蒂芬.克莱恩, Frank Norris 弗朗克.诺里斯, Jack London 杰克.伦敦, Theodore Dreiser 西奥多.德莱塞.

6、Darwinism: 达尔文主义:an evident influence on naturalism, stress the animality of man, to suggest that be was

dominated by the irresistible forces of evolution. 对自然主义影响极大，强调人的动物性，意味着人的命运受进化的不可抗力来决定的。

7、William Dean Howells 威廉.迪安.豪厄斯， ①The arbiter of 19th century literary realism in America。十九世纪美国现实主义文学泰斗，提拔许多年轻作家 ②His defined realism: nothing more and nothing less than the truthful treatment of material. 不加一分，不减一分，百分之百描写现实。 ③中央视角：an objective point of view 二、代表作家：

1、Walt Whitman 沃尔特.惠特曼 ①★free verse (自由诗体) without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme. 无固定节奏，无有规律的韵脚 ②―Leaves of Grass‖草叶集 1870 the first genuine epic poem. 美国历史上第一部真正的史诗 Poem’s 特点：most of the poems in ―Leaves of Grass‖are about man and nature. ③关注点：In his poetry, he combined the ideal of democratic common man and that of the rugged individual ④诗人职责：he envisioned the poet as a hero, a savior and a prophet, one who leads the community by his expressions of the truth.表达真理的前提下，引导社会发展。 2、Emily Dickinson 爱米丽.狄金森 ①作品： ―I died for Beauty‖ 我为美而死（诗歌） Beauty / Truth / Goodness are ultimate(终极) the same

―Because I could not stop for Death‖我不能等候死神 Theme：死亡是实现永恒Immortality的途径 ②特点：her poetry in unique and unconventional in its own way. Her poems have no titles, hence are always quoted by their first lines.

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3、Harriet Beecher Stowe 哈丽雅特.比彻.斯托 小说家 only one female prose writer(散文作家) in 19 century 代表作：―Uncle Tom’s Cabin‖汤姆叔叔的小屋 关注农奴制度 Pay attention to serf's system 4、Mark Twain 马克.吐温 ①美国现实主义文学的代表作―Adventures of Huckleberry Finn‖哈克贝里.费恩历险记(马克最有名的作品) ②特点：local colorist 地方特色:a unique variation of American literary realism, it refers to the particular concern about the local character of a region. ③contribution贡献：colloquial speech accepted as literary medium口语化被文学界接受 ④代表作：―The Gilded Age‖70-90年代，镀金时代，贫富分化，财富积累。 ―The Adventures of Tom Sawyer‖用词简单、幽默、使用当地语言编写 ―Life on the Mississippi‖

5、O. Henry 欧.亨利 short story 短篇小说 ①特点：tell about the lives of poor people in New York关注下层人; usually short简单; plots are exceedingly clever and interesting，humor abounds情节极度聪明有趣并富于幽默; the end is always surprising结尾意外; contain a great deal of slang and colloquial expressions使用大量的俚语和口语. ②代表作：―The Four Million‖《四百万》 小说集 、―The Gift of the Magi‖《麦琪的礼物》 单部小说 ★6、Henry James 亨利.詹姆斯 novelist小说家；Literature theoretician 文学理论家，从小受欧洲教育 ①心理现实主义的开创者：the founder of psychological realism. The literary career of him is generally divided into three

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periods, in the first periods, James took great interest in international theme; exemplify the mature and formidable style of a third literary period, which critics have come to praise as ―The Major Phase‖. ②特点：(1)deeply into the individual psychology of his characters, writing in a rich and intricate style that supported his intense scrutiny of complex human experience.深刻探讨人物人性心理，用深厚、复杂的写作方式对复杂的个人经历进行揣摩

(2)1st person and 3rd person narration，第一和第三人称的叙述 (3)omniscient 全视角是不真实的; ③家庭背景：father: philosopher哲学家,富有；brother: psychologist, philosopher心理学家,哲学家； ④创作原则：The art of Fiction小说的艺术;art vs. life, brings the meaning of life; ⑤贡献contribution：in his critical commentaries, he made major contributions to the art of fiction itself, helping to transform the novel from its alliance with journalism and romantic story-telling into an art from of penetrating analysis of individuals confronting society, chronicles of the psychological perceptions that James himself defined as the highest from of experience. 詹姆斯把小说从新闻形式和浪漫故事转变成为了对个人在社会大环境中面对种种冲突，进行深刻剖析的文学形式；对人们心理感受进行反映的一种文学形式，他定义这位感受的最高形式。 ⑥代表作：―The American‖、―Daisy Miller‖、― in the Portrait of a Lady‖(早期最好的作品)

Last full-length novel ==―The Wings of the Dove‖、―The Ambassadors‖、―The Golden Bowl‖ ⑦The name of the heroine ―in the Portrait of a Lady” is Isabel Acher. The novel is representative of the best of James’ mature work. The plot concerns the courtship, marriage, and development of the character of Isabel Archer, a young American girl who has been left penniless by the death of her father. The intricate novel of psychological and moral

interrelationships is in one sense another treatment of the Jamesian theme of the American in conflict with European culture and in another sense the most personal of his novels, an intimate picture of a woman’s soul presented with masterly psychological finesse.

7、Jack London 杰克.伦敦 ①代表作：―The People of the Abyss‖、―The Call of the Wild‖、―The Sea Wolf‖、 ―Martin Eden‖(autobiographical novel自传体小说) ②while embracing the socialism of Marx, London also believed in the triumph of the strongest individuals. This contradiction is most vividly projected in the patently autobiographical novel. 8、Theodore Dreiser 西奥多.德莱塞 ①代表作：―Sister Carrie‖《嘉莉妹妹》 the first novel, which traces the material rise of Carrie Meeber and the tragic decline of G. W. Hurstwood.

―The Financier‖、―The Titan‖、―The Stoic‖Trilogy of Desire 欲望三部曲 ②―An American Tragedy‖《美国悲剧》，The identification of potency with money is at the heart of Dreiser’s greatest and most successful novel,德莱塞最恢宏、最成功的小说，表达了金钱万能的主题。

美国文学史复习5（the 20th century） 一、Background: ① World War I 第一次世界大战，America have great profit. ② Jump in technology (automobile / radio) 科技方面的跳跃 （汽车/收音机） ③ old moral code breaks 旧道德体系破碎 1、Imagism 意象派：is a poetic movement of England and the United States, flourished from 1909-1917. Its credo, expressed in Some Imagist Poets, included the use of the language of common speech, project matter, the evocation of images in hard, clear poetry, and concentration.

2、Lost Generation：迷惘的一代，Writers of the first postwar era self-consciously acknowledged that they were a ―Lost Generation,‖ devoid of faith and alienated from a civilization. It describes the Americans who remained in Paris as a colony of ―expatriates‖ or exiles. It describes the writers like Hemingway who lived in semipoverty. It describes the Americans who returned to their native land with an intense awareness of living in an unfamiliar changing world.

3、Modernism现代主义：is loosely a synonym of anything contemporary. Strictly, especially in literary criticism, which began in the late 19th century and the theory of psycho-analysis as its theoretical base. They pay more attention to the psychic time than the chronological one. 4、现代主义的标志：T. S. Eliot’s ―The Waste Land‖, the most significant American poem of the twentieth century, helped to establish a modern tradition of literature rich with learning and allusive thought. 5、典型的迷惘一代：

F. Scott Fitzgerald, ―The Great Gatsby‖ 《了不起的盖茨比》 novel

Ernest Hemingway ―The Sun Also Rises‖《太阳照样升起》 ―A Farwell to Arms‖《告别了，武器》 William Faulkner ―The Sound and the Fury‖ 《喧嚣与骚动》

6、Playwrights戏剧、剧作家：Eugene O’Neill ―The Emperor Jones‖《琼斯国王》、―Anna Christie‖《安娜.克里斯蒂》、―The Hairy Ape‖《毛猿》

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7、The Jazz Age(享乐时代)：when New Orleans musicians moved ―up the river‖ to Chicago, and the theatre of New York’s Harlem pulsed with the music that had become a symbol of the times. Fitzgerald portrays the Jazz Age as a generation of ―the beautiful and damned‖, drowning in their pleasures. 二、代表作家：

1、Ezra Pound 埃兹拉.庞德 诗人 ①Imagism 意象派的代表人物。Pound and Eliot became the early leaders in restoring to poetry the use of literary reference as an imaginative instrument. 庞德和爱略特都是运用意象主义作为文学表现手法的早期诗人。 ②major work of poetry is the long poem called ―The Cantos‖ 2、Robert Frost 罗伯特.弗洛斯特 自然主义诗人 poet ①诗歌特点和内容：(1)rejected the revolutionary poetic principles of his contemporaries, choosing instead ―the

old-fashioned way to be new.‖ He employed the plain speech of rural New Englanders and preferred the short, traditional forms of lyric and narrative.

(2)He saw nature as a storehouse of analogy and symbol.

(3)His concern with nature reflected deep moral uncertainties, and his poetry, for all its apparent simplicity, often

probes mysteries of darkness and irrationality in the bleak and chaotic landscapes of an indifferent universe where men stand alone, unaided and perplexed. ②he become a national bard美国民族诗人的翘首, win four Pulitzer Prizes获得了四次普利兹奖. ③―The Road Not Taken‖、―Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening‖向往大自然，想逃避社会；死亡、迷惑 3、Wallace Stevens 华莱士.斯蒂文斯 诗人 ①His work is primarily motivated by the belief that ―ideas of order,‖ that is ,true ideas, correspond with an innate order in nature and universe, and that it is the high privilege of individuals and mankind to discover this correspondence. 作品动机起源于秩序理念，他的秩序就是真理，就是自然与宇宙天然一致的次序，是人类与个体发现这种一致性的特权。 ②代表作：―The Man with the Blue Guitar‖《带蓝吉他的人》；

―Necessary Angel‖《必要的天使》，collection of his occasional lectures on poetry诗歌的评论.

―Anecdote of the Jar‖《坛子的轶事》jar – man made – art, wildness – nature, jar bring order/meaning to the nature, 艺术到自然的秩序， integrated 统一体 ③特点：(1)he adopted a variety of experimental styles, created poetic surfaces of Frenchified elegance, exotic imagery, odd sounds, curious analogies, and inscrutable titles.尝试过多种实验性的写作风格。

(2)he confronted the contemporary abandonment of traditional values and sought to come to terms with the confusions of his time. The problem of the interrelation between the ideal and the real became a constant theme in his later poetry.理想和现实中所交叉的矛盾。

(3)a series of oppositions between inner and outer worlds – between subject and object, perceiver and perceived, fiction and fact, ―imagination and reality‖(想象与现实) ★4、Thomas Stearns Eliot 托马斯.斯特恩斯.爱略特 现代主义代言人 ①多重身份：poet诗人, critic评论家, playwright剧作家 ②代表作：

―The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock‖poems，holds its place in the development of Eliot’s poetry as a whole.

―Tradition and the Individual Talent‖essay,随笔《传统和个人天才》, the earliest statement of his aesthetics第一次阐释了自己的审美观点. provided a useful instrument for modern criticism.成为现代评论极为有效的评判标准。

―The Waste Land‖《荒原》one of the major works of modern literature. Use a new form — the orchestration of related themes in successive movement. 新的文学形式即相关的主题在连续运动中构成交响效果。 ―Four Quartets‖《四个四重奏》poem

―Murder in the Cathedral‖，poetic tragedy, 诗歌悲诗, a drama(戏剧) of impressive spiritual power.极富感染力的戏剧 ③作品特点：

(1) concerns various aspects of the frustration and enfeeblement of individual character as seen in perspective with the decay of states, peoples, and religious faith.触及人性中的软弱沮丧的弱点，正确思索了国家、人民、宗教信仰等的丧失。 (2)poem conceived as a made object, an organic thing in itself, whose concrete elements are true correlatives of the artist’s imagination and experience with respect to that poem.诗歌是客观成型的东西，诗歌的具体元素与艺术家的想象和经历密切相关，也与诗歌相一致。

(3)The degree to which fusion and concentration of intellect, feeling, and experience were achieved was Eliot’s criterion for judging the poem.知识、情感、体验的融合与集中程度是爱略特判定诗歌好坏的标准。 5、F. Scott Fitzgerald F.司各特.菲茨杰拉德 novelist 小说家 ①作品：―This Side of Paradise‖《人间天堂》，the first novel. ―The Great Gatsby‖ 《了不起的盖茨比》 novel ―Tender Is the Night‖ 《夜色温柔》 novel ②第二本小说的开展过程：dream梦想 → Daisy self-centered 理想化的淑女，自我为中心 → disenchantment, disillusion魔法消失，(因阶级差异)梦想破灭 → sense of failure and despair (light)失败和绝望 Ash 灰(象征) → forest树木，西部开发，树木变成灰了 ③limited point of view有限视角 → suspense悬念 + mystery神秘真实性→reliable可信的，不偏，不评价

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6、Ernest Hemingway 厄恩斯特.海明威 novelist 小说家 ①写作特点：(1)he developed a spare, tight, reportorial prose based on simply sentence structure and using a restricted vocabulary, precise imagery, and an impersonal, dramatic tone.推动了报告文学的发展，认为报告文学句子结构要简单，用语要节制，想象要简练，要采用不受感情影响的、戏剧化的语调。

(2) His primary concern was an individual’s ―moment of truth,‖ and his fascination with the threat of physical,

emotional, of psychic death is reflected in his lifelong preoccupation with stories of war.主题强调换个体―真理的瞬时性‖，痴迷于描写肉体情感方面面临的威胁和心灵死亡等主题。

(3) man’s greatest achievement is to show grace under pressure作品主题, or purity of line through the maximum of exposure最大限度地挖掘自己使自己成为一个纯粹的人. ②代表作：―The Sun Also Rises‖ Hemingway became the spokesman for ―a lost generation‖ ―A Farewell to Arms‖、―For Whom the Bell Tolls‖、―The Old Man and the Sea‖ 7、John Steinbeck 约翰.斯坦贝克 ①the foremost novelist of the American Depression.美国大萧条时期最杰出的小说家。 ②代表作：

―Of Mice and Men‖《人鼠之间》 portrayed the tragic friendship between two migrant workers ―The Grapes of Wrath‖《愤怒的葡萄》regarded as masterpiece 视为杰作。 8、William Faulkner 威廉.福克纳 ①作品的主题：the universal theme of ―the problems of the human heart in conflict with itself‖人类心灵与自己冲突是宇宙永恒的主题。 ②作品：―The Sound and the Fury‖《喧嚣与骚动》成名作、―Absalom, Absalom!‖、―Go Down, Moses‖ ③narrative method叙述方法:1、stream of consciousness 意识流

2、multiple point of view, narrator多角度，多个叙述者

《美国文学史》复习指南

使用教材：《美国文学史》（第二版）常耀信著

Chapter 1 Colonial America ★ 1607 Jamestown, Virginia：the first permanent English settlement in America ★ 1620 Plymouth, Massachusetts: the second permanent English settlement in America ★ Captain John Smith: the first American writer writing in English ★ Anne Bradstreet: the first American woman poet

Major work: The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung up in America (1650) Contemplations (9) on P. 17 （熟悉这首诗歌）

To My Dear and Loving Husband《致我亲爱的丈夫》 ★ Philis Wheatley: the first black woman poet in American literature ★ Edward Taylor: the most famous poet in the colonial period Huswifery on P. 19 （熟悉这首诗歌） ★ Roger Williams: The Bloody Tenet of Persecution for the Cause of Conscience (1644) Translated the Bible into the Indian tongue ★ John Winthrop: ―Model of Christian Charity‖ （〈基督慈善之典范〉） The History of New England (two volumes, 1825, 1826) (〈新英格兰史〉) 1630 --- 1649 in diary ★ Thomas Paine: Common Sense, The American Crisis, The Rights of Man, The Age of Reason ★ Philip Freneau: Poet of the American Revolution

The Wild Honeysuckle, The Indian Burying Ground, The Dying Indian: Tomo Chequi ★ Charles Brockden Brown: the first important American novelist

Wieland, Edgar Huntly, Ormond, Aurthur Mervyn

Chapter 2 Edwards, Franklin, Crevecoeur

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★ the 18 century: Age of Reason and Enlightenment

★ Jonathan Edwards: America’s first systematic philosopher

The Freedom of the Will, Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God ★ Benjamin Franklin: The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin, Poor Richard’s Almanac 熟悉37页的引文

★ Hector St. John de Crevecoeur: Letters from an American Farmer

Chapter 3 American Romanticism, Irving, Cooper

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★ Washington Irving: the first American writer to win international acclaim The Sketch Book: Rip Van Winkle, The Legend of Sleepy Hollow ★ James Fenimore Cooper: Leatherstocking Tales (五个故事的题目) Natty Bumpo (人物形象)

Chapter 4 New England Transcendentalism, Emerson, Thoreau

★ Ralph Waldo Emerson: Nature (the Bible and manifesto of New England Transcendentalism) The American Scholar (America’s Declaration of Intellectual Independence)

★ Henry David Thoreau: Walden, or Life in the Woods

Chapter 5 Hawthorne, Melville

★ Nathaniel Hawthorne: The Scarlet Letter, Twice-Told Tales, The House of the Seven Gables,

The Blithedale Romance, The Marble Faun, Young Goodman Brown

★ Herman Melville: Moby Dick, Omoo, Mardi, Redburn, White Jacket, Pierre

Chapter 6 Whitman, Dickinson

★ Walt Whitman: Leaves of Grass; free verse; Song of Myself

★ Emily Dickinson: Of the 1775 poems, only 7 poems were published in her lifetime. 熟悉教材中98至102页所选的诗歌

Chapter 7 Edgar Allan Poe ★ Edgar Allan Poe: The Fall of the House of Usher, The Philosophy of Composition, The Poetic Principle, The Raven，To Helen

熟悉教材中107页所选的The Raven中的部分诗行

Chapter 8 The Age of Realism, Howells, James

★ William Dean Howells: The Rise of Silas Lapham, Criticism and Fiction ★ Henry James: important writings listed on P. 125 the international theme

Chapter 9 Local Colorism, Mark Twain

★ Hamlin Garland: Crumbling Idols, Veritism (真实主义) ★ Bret Harte: The Luck of Roaring Camp

★ Mark Twain: 主要作品, vernacular literature, colloquial style

★ Harriet Beecher Stowe 斯托夫人 & her Uncle Tom’s Cabin《汤姆叔叔的小屋》 ★ Louisa May Alcott 路易莎·梅·奥尔科特 & her Little Women 《小妇人》 ★ Kate Chopin 凯特·肖班 & her The Awakening 《觉醒》

Chapter 10 American Naturalism, Crane, Norris, Dreiser, Robinson

★ Stephen Crane: Maggie: A Girl of the Streets (the first naturalistic novel in American

literature), The Red Badge of Courage (the first anti-war novel in American literature), Famous short stories: The Open Boat, The Bride Comes to the Yellow Sky ★ Frank Norris: The Octopus, McTeague

★ Theodore Dreiser: Sister Carrie, Jennie Gerhardt, the Desire Trilogy, The Genius ★ Edwin Arlington Robinson: Richard Cory

★ Jack London: The Call of the Wild, White Fang, The Sea Wolf, Martin Eden

★ O. Henry (William Sidney Porter): famous for his short stories such as The Gift of the Magi ★ Upton Sinclair: The Jungle, the Muckraking Movement

Chapter 11 The 1920s, Imagism, Pound

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★ The first American Renaissance: the first half of the 19th century ★ The second Renaissance: the 1920s

★ The three principles of the Imagist Poetry

★ 熟悉四首意象派诗歌：In a Station of the Metro, Oread, The Red Wheelbarrow, Fog, 并会分析其中的第一和第四首 ★ Ezra Pound: The Cantos, Hugh Selwyn Mauberley

Chapter 12 T. S. Eliot, Stevens, Williams

★ T. S. Eliot: The Waste Land （五个部分的题目）, The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock 其他主要作品

founder of New Criticism: depersonalization, objective correlative ★ William Carlos Williams: Paterson

Chapter 13 Frost, Sandburg, Cummings, Hart Crane, Moore ★ Robert Frost: New England poet, lyrical poet, the unofficial poet laureate, won the Pulitzer Prize four times The Road Not Taken (熟悉此诗), Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening, Mending Wall, Apple-picking <<摘苹果>>

★ Carl Sandburg: Fog, The Harbor (two famous Imagist poems)

★ E. E. Cummings: the most interesting experimentalist in modern American poetry ★ Hart Crane: The Bridge

Chapter 14 Fitzgerald, Hemingway ★ F. Scott Fitzgerald: the spokesman of the Jazz Age The Great Gatsby

★ Ernest Hemingway: Hemingway hero with ―grace under pressure‖, the iceberg principle

―I always try to write on the principle of the iceberg. There is seven-eights of it under water for every part that shows.

Anything you know you can eliminate and it only strengthens your iceberg. It is the part that doesn’t show. ‖ 冰山运动之雄伟壮观，是因为它只有八分之一在水面上。 水底的部分占整座冰山的八分之七。 主要作品

The Old Man and the Sea won him the 1954 Nobel Prize for literature.

Chapter 15 The Southern Renaissance, William Faulkner

★ William Faulkner: Yoknapatawpha County (his fictional kingdom) 主要作品（见教材）

Chapter 16 Anderson, Stein, Lewis, Cather, Wolfe

★ Sherwood Anderson: Winesburg, Ohio, colloquial style

★ Gertrude Stein: The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas, Three Lives ―You are all a lost generation.‖ (To Hemingway)

★ Sinclair Lewis: the first American author to win the Nobel Prize for literature (in 1930) Main Street, Babbit ★ Willa Cather: My Antonia

★ Thomas Wolfe: Look Homeward, Angel

Chapter 17 The 1930s, Dos Passos, Steinbeck

★ John Dos Passos: U. S. A.

★ John Steinbeck: The Grapes of Wrath (Joad family); Nobel Prize for literature in 1962 and Pulitzer Prize winner for

fiction

Chapter 18 Porter, Welty, McCullers, West, The New Criticism

★ Katherine Anne Porter: The Flowering Judas, The Jilting of Granny Weatherall ★ Eudora Welty: Death of a Traveling Salesman

★ Carson McCullers: The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter, The Ballad of the Sad Café

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★ Nathanael West: Miss Lonelyhearts

Chapter 19 American Drama ★ Eugene O’Neill: America’s greatest playwright so far, Pulitzer Prize winner four times, Nobel Prize Winner in 1936, 美国戏剧之父

The Emperor Jones, The Hairy Ape ★ Susan Glaspell: mother of American drama Trifles ★ Tennessee Williams 田纳西·威廉姆斯：P. 301

在美国戏剧史上地位仅次于Eugene O’Neil The Glass Menagerie 《玻璃动物园》The Streetcar Named Desire ★ Arthur Miller 亚瑟·米勒：P. 305

Death of a Salesman 《推销员之死》 ★ Edward Albee爱德华·阿尔比：P. 313

Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf? 《谁害怕弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫》 ★ The Theater of the Absurd 荒诞派戏剧：P. 313

Chapter 20 Postwar Poetry, Poets of the 1940s Generation

★ Postmodernism 后现代主义：P. 320

★ Elizabeth Bishop毕晓普：P. 327 后现代主义时期传统型女性诗人

Chapter 21 The Confessional School, The Beat Generation

★ The Confessional School 自白派诗歌: P. 356

★ Three representatives: Robert Lowell & his Life Studies 《人生探索》P. 357 Sylvia Plath 西尔维娅·普拉斯 & her poem Daddy《老爸》，The Bell Jar 《钟形罩/瓶中美人》（自传体小说，美国青少年的必读书）P. 364 Anne Sexton安妮·塞克斯顿 ★ The Beat Generation 垮掉的一代：P. 373 ★ Three representatives: Allen Ginsberg爱伦·金斯堡(垮掉一代的奠基者) & his Howl《嚎叫》 （垮掉一

代的宣言书） P. 374 & P.P. 376-83. Jack Kerouac 杰克·凯鲁阿克 & his On the Road《在路上》P. 374 William Burroughs 威廉·巴罗斯 & his Naked Lunch《裸体午餐》P. 374

Chapter 22 The New York School, Meditative Poetry, The Black Mountain Poets

★ New York School 纽约派（后现代主义时期的一个诗歌流派）: P. 393 ★ Representative: Frank O’Hara 弗兰克·欧哈拉& his Lunch Poems 《午餐诗》P. 394

★ The Black Mountain Poets黑山派诗人 （此诗歌流派的名称来源于北卡罗来纳Asheville的黑山学院，流派内的诗

人多为该学院的教师）P. 408

★ Representative: Charles Olson查尔斯·奥尔逊 P. 409

Chapter 23 Postwar American Novel (I) (传统型小说)

★ 美国犹太文学P.P. 429-48

★ Representatives：Saul Bellow索尔·贝娄 (1915 – 2005) PP. 429-36 1976 Nobel Prize winner (P. 430) Best work: Herzog《赫索格》 Norman Mailer诺尔曼·梅勒 （1923 – 2007）P.P. 436-41

Best work: The Naked and the Dead《裸者与死者》（反战小说） J. D. Salinger J. D. 塞林格 （1919-1-1 – 2010-1-27）P.P. 441-44

Best work: The Catcher in the Rye 《麦田里的守望者》（美国青少年的必读书） Bernard Malamud 伯纳德·马拉默德 P.P. 444-48 Best work: The Assistant《店员/伙计》 Philip Roth 菲利普·罗斯

Best work: Goodbye, Columbus《再见吧，哥伦布》

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★ John Updike (1932 – 2009) 约翰·厄普代克 P.P. 448-52

Best work: Rabbit pentalogy《兔子》五部曲 P. 448 ★ 南方文学：P. P. 454-63

Representatives: Flannery O’Connor 弗莱娜莉·奥康纳 P.P. 454-58 Best work: A Goodman Is Hard to Find《好人难寻》 William Styron 威廉·斯泰伦 （1925 – 2006）P.P. 458-62 Best work: Sophie’s Choice《苏菲的选择》 ★ 女性文学：Joyce Carol Oates 乔伊斯·卡洛尔·奥茨 P.P. 465-68 Best work: Them《他们》

Chapter 24 Postwar American Novel (II) （新型小说） ★ 荒诞派/黑色幽默小说 Black Humor/novels of the absurd P. 474 Representative: Joseph Heller 约瑟夫·海勒 P. P. 476-481

Best work: Catch-22 《第二十二条军规》

（Catch-22已成为词典中的一个词条，意为―不合情理的处境，叫人左右为难的情况，难以逾越的障碍‖）

Kurt Vonnegut 库特·冯尼格特 （1922 – 2007）P. P. 481-487

Best work: Slaughterhouse-Five《第五号屠场》（自传性作品） Ken Kesey 肯·凯西 （1935 – 2001） P.P. 487-491

Best work: One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest《飞越杜鹃巢》 ★ 前卫小说 avant-garde novel

Representative: Thomas Pynchon 托马斯·品钦 P. P. 501-7

Best work: V, Gravity’s Rainbow《万有引力之虹》 ★ Vladimir Nabokov 弗拉基米尔·纳博科夫 P.P. 514 – 9

二十世纪公认的杰出小说家和文体家，出生于俄国，后入美国国籍。与英国籍的波兰裔作家Joseph Conrad相媲美。两位都用精美的英文书写了对生活的观察和感悟。 Best work: Lolita 《洛丽塔》（曾一度被视为禁书）

Chapter 25 Multiethnic Literature (I) 少数族裔文学： African American Literature 美国黑人文学 ★ 美国黑人文学的发展轨迹 P. P. 520 - 7 ★ 黑人文学的繁荣期：Harlem Renaissance 哈莱姆文学繁荣（blues音乐得到了彰显） 最主要的代表人物：Langston Hughes兰斯顿·休斯 P.P. 527 - 530 美国黑人文学的桂冠诗人

主要作品：The Negro Speaks of Rivers 《黑人谈河流》 The Weary Blues《伤心的布鲁斯》 ★ 黑人小说的发展：Richard Wright 理查德·莱特 （1908—1960）P.P. 530-2 代表作品：Native Son《土生子》 Ralph Ellison 拉尔夫·埃里森 （1913 – 1994）P.P. 532 -5

代表作品：Invisible Man 《看不见的人》（社会抗议小说） James Baldwin 詹姆斯·鲍德温 P.P. 536 - 40

代表作品：Go Tell It on the Mountain《向苍天呼吁》 Toni Morrison 托尼·莫里森 P. P. 541-5

1993 Nobel Prize winner for literature, the 1st black Nobel Prize winner in American literature

代表作品：The Bluest Eye《最蓝的眼睛》 Sula 《秀拉》

Song of Solomon 《所罗门之歌》 Beloved 《宠儿》 Alice Walker 爱丽丝·沃克 P.P. 546-9

代表作品：The Color Purple《紫色》 Alex Haley 艾列克斯·哈利 P.P. 549 – 50 代表作品：Roots 《根》

Chapter 26 Multiethnic Literature (II) 少数族裔文学

★ Native American literature美国印第安文学 P.P. 555-69

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★ Asian American literature亚裔文学 ★ Pearl Buck 赛珍珠 P. 569

1938 Nobel Prize winner for literature for her Good Earth《大地》，the first American woman author to win this prize ★ 美国华裔文学的发展：P.P. 569-78

19世纪末至20世纪60年代 开创阶段 20世纪70和80年代 转折阶段

20世纪80年代末和90年代初 走向繁荣阶段

代表人物：Maxine Hong Kingston汤婷婷 & her The Woman Warrior《女勇士》、China Men 《中国佬》 Amy Tan 谭恩美 & her The Joy Luck Club《喜福会》

教材中提到的诺贝尔奖获得者： 第一位：Sinclair Lewis 1930 第二位：Eugene O’Neill 1936 第三位：Pearl Buck 1938 第四位：T. S. Eliot 1948 第五位：William Faulkner 1949 (1950 received the Prize) 第六位：Ernest Hemingway 1954 第七位：John Steinbeck 1962 第八位：Saul Bellow 1976 第九位：Toni Morrison 1993 美国文学 1、Benjamin Franklin本杰明·富兰克林1706-1790 2、Thomas Paine托马斯·潘恩1737-1809 3、Philip Freneau菲利普·弗伦诺1752-1832 4、Washington Irving华盛顿·欧文1783-1859 5、James Fenimore Cooper詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库珀1789-1851 6、William Cullen Bryant威廉·柯伦·布莱恩特1794-1878 7、Edgar Allan Poe埃德加·爱伦·坡1809-1849（以诗为诗；永为世人共赏的伟大抒情诗人-----叶芝） 8、Ralf Waldo Emerson拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生1803-1882 9．Nathaniel Hawthorne纳撒尼尔·霍桑1804-1864

A Modest Inquiry into the Nature and Necessity of a Paper Money;Poor Richard’s Almanack穷查理历书；The Way to Wealth致富之道；The Autobiography自传 The Case of the Officers of Excise税务员问题；Common Sense常识；American Crisis美国危机；Rights of Man人的权利：Downfall of Despotism专制体制的崩溃；The Age of Reason理性时代 The Rising Glory of America蒸蒸日上的美洲；The British Prison Ship英国囚船；To the Memory of the Brave Americans纪念美国勇士-----同类诗中最佳；The Wild Honeysuckle野生的金银花；The Indian Burying Ground印第安人殡葬地 A History of New York纽约的历史-----美国人写的第一部诙谐文学杰作；The Sketch Book见闻札记The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷的传说-----使之成为美国第一个获得国际声誉的作家；Bracebridge Hall布雷斯布里奇田庄；Talks of Travellers旅客谈；The Alhambra阿尔罕伯拉 The Spy间谍;The Pilot领航者;The Littlepage Manuscripts利特佩奇的手稿;Leatherstocking Tales皮裹腿故事集:The Pioneer拓荒者；The Last of Mohicans最后的莫希干人;The Prairie大草原;The Pathfinder探路者;The Deerslayer杀鹿者 The Poems1821/1932诗选:To a Waterfowl致水鸟-----英语中最完美的短诗;Thanatopsis死亡随想---受墓园派影响; The Whitefooted Deer白蹄鹿;A Forest Hymn森林赋;The Flood of Years似水流年 Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque怪诞奇异故事集;Tales故事集;The Fall of the House of Usher厄舍古屋的倒塌;Ligeia莱琪儿;Annabel Lee安娜贝尔·李-----歌特风格；首开近代侦探小说先河，又是法国象征主义运动的源头 Tamerlane and Other Poems帖木儿和其他诗;Al Araaf,Tamerlane and Minor Poems艾尔·阿拉夫，帖木儿和其他诗;The Raven and Other Poems乌鸦及其他诗:The Raven乌鸦;The City in the Sea海城;Israfel 伊斯拉菲尔;To Hellen致海伦 Essays散文集:Nature论自然-----新英格兰超验主义者的宣言书;The American Scholar论美国学者;Divinity;The Oversoul论超灵;Self-reliance论自立;The Transcendentalist超验主义者;Representative Men代表人物;English Traits英国人的特征;School Address神学院演说 Concord Hymn康考德颂;The Rhodo杜鹃花;The Humble Bee野蜂;Days日子-首开自由诗之先河 Twice-told Tales尽人皆知的故事;Mosses from an Old Manse古屋青苔:Young Goodman Brown年轻的古德曼·布朗;The Scarlet Letter红字;The House of the Seven Gables有七个尖角阁的房子--------心理若们罗曼史;The Blithedale Romance福谷传奇;The Marble Faun玉石雕像 13

14 10、Henry David Threau亨利·大卫·梭罗1817-1862 11、Walt Whitman沃尔特·惠特曼1819-1892 12、Herman Melville赫尔曼·梅尔维尔1819-1891 13、Henry Wadsworth Longfellow亨利·沃兹沃思·朗费罗1807-1882 14、John Greenleaf Whittier约翰·格林里夫·惠蒂埃1807-1892 15、Harriet Beecher Stowe哈丽特·比彻·斯托1811-1896 16、Frederick Douglass弗莱德里克·道格拉斯1817-1895 17、Emily Dickinson埃米莉·迪金森1830-1886 18、Mark Twain马克·吐温（Samuel Longhorne Clemens）---美国文学的一大里程碑 19、Francis Bret Harte哈特1836-1902 20、William Dean Howells 威廉·狄恩·豪威尔斯1837-1920 21、Henry Adams享利·亚当斯1838-1918 22、William James威廉·詹姆斯1842-1910(首提―意识流‖理论) 23、Henry James享利·詹姆斯1843-1916 Wadden,or Life in the Woods华腾湖或林中生活;Resistance to Civil Government/Civil Disobedience抵制公民政府;A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers Leaves of Grass草叶集:Song of the Broad-Axe阔斧之歌;I hear America Singing我听见美洲在歌唱;When Lilacs Lost in the Dooryard Bloom’d小院丁香花开时;Democratic Vistas民主的前景;The Tramp and Strike Question流浪汉和罢工问题;Song of Myself自我之歌 Moby Dick/The White Whale莫比·迪克/白鲸；Typee泰比;Omoo奥穆;Mardi玛地;Redburn雷得本;White Jacket白外衣;Pierre皮尔埃;Piazza广场故事;Billy Budd比利·巴德 The Song of Hiawatha海华沙之歌----美国人写的第一部印第安人史诗;Voices of the Night夜吟;Ballads and Other Poens民谣及其他诗;Belfry of Bruges and Other Poems布鲁茨的钟楼及其他诗;Tales of a Wayside Inn路边客栈的故事---诗集：An April Day四月的一天/A Psalm of Life人生礼物/Paul Revere’s Ride保罗·里维尔的夜奔;Evangeline伊凡吉琳;The Courtship of Miles Standish迈尔斯·斯坦迪什的求婚----叙事长诗；Poems on Slavery奴役篇---反蓄奴组诗 Poems Written During the Progress of the Abolition Question废奴问题;Voice of Freedom自由之声;In War Time and Other Poems内战时期所作;Snow-Bound大雪封门;The Tent on the Beach and Other Poems海滩的帐篷 Ichabod艾卡博德;A Winter Idyl冬日田园诗 Uncle Tom’s Cabin汤姆叔叔的小屋;A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp德雷德阴暗大沼地的故事片;The Minister’s Wooing牧师的求婚;The Pearl of Orr’s Island奥尔岛的珍珠;Oldtown Folks老城的人们 Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass an American Slave弗莱德里克·道格拉斯，一个美国黑人的自述/My Bondage and My Freedom我的枷锁与我的自由/The life and Time of Frederick Douglass弗莱德里克·道格拉斯的生平与时代 The Poems of Emily Dichenson埃米莉·迪金森诗集-----―Tell all the truth and tell it slant‖迂回曲折的，玄学的 The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County加拉维拉县有名的跳蛙;The Innocent’s Abroad傻瓜出国记;The Gilded Age镀金时代;The Adventures of Tom Sawyer汤姆·索耶历险记;The Prince and the Pauper王子与贫儿;The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn哈克贝利·费恩历险记;A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court亚瑟王宫中的美国佬;The Tragedy of Pudd’nhead Wilson傻瓜威尔逊;Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc冉·达克;The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg败坏哈德莱堡的人 How to Tell a Story怎样讲故事---对美国早期幽默文学的总结 The Luck of Roaring Camp咆哮营的幸运儿------乡土文学作家 The Rise of Silas Lapham赛拉斯·拉帕姆的发迹;A Modern Instance现代婚姻; A Hazard of Now Fortunes时来运转;A Traveller from Altruia从利他国来的旅客;Through the Eye of the Needle透过针眼----乌托邦小说;Criticism and Fiction;Novel-Writing and Novel-Reading小说创作与小说阅读 History of the United States During the Administration of Jefferson and Madison(历史著作)；The Education of Henry Adams:An Autobiography享利·亚当斯的教育 Principles of Psychology心理学原理；The Will to Believe信仰的意志；Pragmatism:A New Name for Some Old Ways of Thinking实用主义：某些旧思想方法的新名称；The Meaning of Truth真理的意义 小说：Daisy Miller苔瑟·米乐；The Portrait of a Lady贵妇人画像；The Bostonians波士顿人；The Real Thing and Other Tales真货色及其他故事；The Wings of the Dove鸽翼；The Ambassadors大使；The Golden Bowl金碗 评论集：French Poets and Novelists法国诗人和小说家;Hawthorne霍桑;Partial Portraits不完全的画像;Notes and Reviews札记与评论;Art of Fiction and Other Essays小说艺术 24、Ambrose 小品集：The Fiend’s Deligh魔鬼的乐趣;Nuggests and Dust Panned out in California在加利福尼亚Bierce安布罗淘出的金块和金粉;Cobwebs from an Empty Skull来自空脑壳的蜘蛛网 斯·毕尔斯短篇小说集：Tales of Soldiers and Civilians军民故事;In the Midst of Life在人生中间;Can Such 1842-1914? Things Be?这种事情可能吗？The Devil’s Dictionary魔鬼词典(The Applicant申请者) 25、Edward Looking Backward:2000-1887回顾：从2000看1887年；Equality平等；The Duke of Sockbridge:A Bellamy爱德Romance of Shay’s Rebellion斯托克布里奇的公爵：雪司起义的故事;The Blindman’s World and 华·贝拉米Other Stories育人的世界及其他 1850-1898

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15 26、Edwin Charles Markham马卡姆1852-1940 27、Charles Waddell Chesnutt查尔斯·契斯纳特1858-1932 28、Hamlin Garland汉姆林·加兰1860-1940 29、O·Henry欧·享利（William Sidney Porter）1862-1910 30、Edith Wharton伊迪斯·华顿1862-1937 32、George Santayana桑塔亚那1863-1952 33、William E·B Dubois威廉·艾伯·杜波依斯1868-1963 34、Edgar Lee Masters埃德加·李·马斯特斯1868-1950 35、Edwin Arlington Robinson鲁宾逊1869-1935 36、Frank Norris弗兰克·诺里斯1870-1902 37、Stephen Crane斯蒂芬·克莱恩1871-1900 38、Theodore Dreiser西奥多·德莱塞1871-1945 39、Paul Laurence Dumbar保尔·劳伦斯·邓巴1872-1906 40、Jack London杰克·伦敦1876-1916 The Man With the Hoe荷锄人 The Conjure Woman巫女;The Wife of His Youth and Other Stories of the Color Line他青年时代的妻子(The Sheriff’s Children警长的儿女)(the pioneer of the color line);The Marrow of Tradition一脉相承 Crumbling Idol崩溃的偶像（真实主义veritism）;Man Travelled Roads大路(The Return of a Private三等兵归来);Rose of Ducher’s Cooly荷兰人山谷中的露斯;A Son of the Middle Border中部边地农家子 The Man Higher Up黄雀在后;Sixes and Sevens七上八下 The House of Mirth欢乐之家;Ethan Frome;Bunner Sister班纳姐妹;The Age of Innocent天真时代;The Customs of the Country乡村习俗;A Backward Glance回首往事 Scepticism and Animal Faith怀疑主义与动物性信仰;The Realms Being存在诸领域（本质/物质/真理/精神领域：4卷）(Relativity of Knowledge);Three Philosphical Poets三大哲学诗人；Poems(A Minuet:On Reaching the Age of Fifty小步舞曲：五十书怀);The Last Puritan最后的清教徒 Souls of Black Folk黑人的灵魂(Of Booker T Washington and Others);The Suppression of the African Slave Trade into the USA制止非洲奴隶贸易进入美国;The Philadephia Negro;John Brown;The Black Flame黑色的火焰（三部曲） A Book of Verse诗集;Maximilian马克西米连（诗集）; Spoon River Anthology斯普恩河诗集(Lucinda Matlock鲁欣达·马物罗克) Captain Craig克雷格上尉---诗体小说；The Town Down the River河上的城镇;The Man Against the Sky衬托着天空的人;Avon’s Harvest沃冯的收成;Collected Poems诗集 Moran of the Lady Letty茱蒂夫人号上的莫兰（romantic）;Mc-Teague麦克提格（naturalistic）;The Epic of the Wheat(realistic)小麦诗史(The Octopus章鱼,The Pit小麦交易所);A Deal in Wheat and Other Stories of the Old and New West小麦交易所及其他新老西部故事 Magic:A Girl of the Streets街头女郎梅姬（美国文学史上首次站在同情立场上描写受辱妇女的悲惨命运）；The Red Badge of Courage红色英勇勋章；The Open Boat小划子;The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky新娘来到黄天镇 Sister Carrie嘉莉姐妹;Jennie Gerhardt珍妮姑娘;Trilogy of Desire欲望三部曲(Financer金融家,The Titan巨人,The Stoic);An American Tragedy美国的悲剧（被称为美国最伟大的小说）;Nigger Jeff黑人杰弗 We Wear the Mask我们带着面具 他是美国第一个有成就的黑人诗人，被称为―黑种人的桂冠诗人‖(Poet Laureate of the Negro Race) The Son of the Wolf狼之子,The Call of the Wild野性的呼唤;The Sea-wolf海狼;White Fang白獠牙;The People of the Abyss深渊中的人们;The Iron Heel铁蹄;Marti Eden马丁·伊登;How I become a Socialist我怎样成为社会党人;The War of the Classes阶级之间的战争;What Life Means to Me生命对我意味着什么;Revolution革命;Love of Life热爱生命;The Mexican墨西哥人;Under the Deck Awings在甲板的天蓬下 41、Upton SinclairSpring and Harvest春天与收获;The Jungle屠场（揭发黑幕运动的代表作家）;King Coal煤炭大厄普顿·辛克莱尔王;Oil石油;Boston波士顿;Dragon’s Teeth龙齿 1878-1968 42、Irving BabbittLiterature and the American College文学与美国学院（）要求恢复古典文学教学;The New Laokoon欧文·白壁德新拉奥孔;Rousseau and Romanticism卢梭与浪漫主义;Democracy and Leadership民主与领导;On 1865-1933 being Creative论创造性 （新人文主义主要代表） 43、Villa Sibert O,Pioneers啊，先驱们;My Antonia我的安东尼亚;The Professor’s House教授之家;Death Comes Cather维拉·凯塞for the Archibishop大主教之死 1873-1947 44、Gertrude SteinThe Autobiography of Alice B Toklas爱丽丝·托克拉斯的自传；Tender Button温柔的钮扣 格特鲁德·斯坦因1874-1946

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