全新版大学英语综合教程5课文原文及翻译@1和2单元

咱们吃素吧!

如果有一件事，既能增进健康、减少患上食物引起的疾病的危险，又有助于保护环境、保护千万动物安全生存，你做不做？ 我说的这件事就是每次坐下来就餐时挑选菜肴。

一百多万加拿大人已经行动起来：他们决定不吃肉。变化速度之快令人惊叹。

素食品的销售额大大增加，前所未有。尤受欢迎的是无肉汉堡包和热狗，以及以蔬为主的印度、中国、墨西哥、意大利和日本的菜肴。 加拿大环境部称，牛每产1公斤可食牛肉需排出40公斤粪便。安大略省农业部估测，一家大型禽蛋工厂每星期可产出50－100吨禽粪。 这些粪便都到哪儿去了？1992年安大略省地下水调查发现， 43%的被测试水井都受到含有粪便大肠杆菌和硝酸盐等农业生产排出的废物的污染。本月初，阿尔伯达一家大型围栏肥育地经营者被指控将3千万升牛粪排入博河，―沿途生灵悉数被毁‖，一则新闻这么报道。

此外还有沼气，那是促使全球气候变暖和臭氧层减少的主要气体。 推动人们转向素食的是医学研究提出的关于如何增进健康的建议。一项又一项的研究都揭示了同样的基本事实：果蔬降低患慢性病的危险；肉类食品则增加这种危险。

美国饮食学协会指出，―科学资料表明，素食与降低多种慢性变性疾病的患病危险肯定有关系。‖

去年秋天，在检验了4500个饮食与癌症的研究报告之后，世界癌症研究基金会直截了当地指出：―我们一向利用不合适的养料来维持人类生理引擎的运转。‖ 据威尔夫大学营养科学教授布鲁斯·霍拉勃称，这一―不合适的养料‖致使加拿大每年用于治疗变性疾病的费用高达4000亿（加）元。

肉类食品存在严重的营养缺陷：它们不含纤维，含有过多的饱和脂肪和胆固醇，甚至可能含有微量的激素、类固醇和抗菌素。牛肉、猪肉、鸡肉或鱼肉都一样。

肉类食品也是越来越广为人知的大肠杆菌、弯曲菌以及其他致病细菌的孳生地。据加拿大食品检验机构称，十分之六的鸡染有沙门氏菌。吃肉无异于玩俄式轮盘赌，拿你的健康做赌资。

既然如此，政府为什么不采取任何措施？很遗憾，政府屈服于强有力的院外活动集团的压力，如牛肉信息中心、加拿大禽蛋营销公司、加拿大乳牛场场主协会等。根据信息自由法案获得的有关文件记载，这些集团迫使加拿大最新食品指南在1993年公布前作出修改。 这并不奇怪。即使建议动物蛋白质的摄入量减少一丁点儿都会给这些企业带来每年数十亿元的损失。

健康和食品安全是选择素食生活方式令人信服的理由，但此外还有更为重大的因素要考虑。以饲养动物为基础的农业是世界上对环境破坏最严重的产业之一。

想一想培育、饲养、建牲畜栏、运输、加工和包装加拿大每年宰杀的5亿头牲畜所需的巨大资源。其中的每一个环节都耗费水和能源。阿尔伯达农业署估计，生产肉耗费的能源比生产谷物多10－20倍。 用于直接为人们提供食物的土地还不到农业用地的四分之一。其余的都用来放牧和种饲料。森林、湿地和草原的生态系统遭受相当严重的破坏，以满足对土地的需求。土地的大量利用加剧了表土的流失，增加了会带来负面作用的化肥和杀虫剂的施用，增加了从筑有水坝的河流中引水灌溉的需求。如果人们能摒弃肉食，许多土地就能回复到未开垦状态。

问题在于，动物在把植物转化为可食用的肉类这方面的效率很低。举例来说，美国政府估测，生产1公斤猪肉需要耗费8.4 公斤的谷物。 我们把这么多资源耗费在动物身上，又得到什么回报呢？粪肥—— 据官方资料，仅加拿大，就以每秒10,000多公斤的速度排出。

不把天然沼气资源包括在内，加拿大27%的沼气、全世界20%的沼气都来自牲畜。

获普利策提名奖的《新美洲饮食》一书作者约翰·罗宾斯说得好：―食用食物链较低部分的食物或许是我们可用以阻止环境破坏、保护自然资源的最最有效的行动。‖

我们的环境也包括为食其肉而被宰杀的动物。当今工厂化农场的牲畜寿命极短，过着悲惨的、不正常的生活，这已是公认的事实。 作为我在沃特卢大学研究工作的一部分，我参观过一些全国最大的―加工‖厂。这个经历让我日后尽做噩梦。

我见到―固执‖的牛被打、尖叫着的猪在屠宰室被人用电卡钳追逐。 我万分震惊地目睹一头牛躲过了眩晕枪，结果被缚住后腿倒挂起来，惨遭活剐，一直挣扎到断气。

工头见我惊骇不已，便说：―管它呢！它们反正得死。‖ 由于传送线停转一分钟就要损失好几百元，家畜的利益就变得不如利润重要。据加拿大农业署称，在加拿大，每个工作日，每小时有150,000多头家畜被―加工‖。

情况变得甚至更可怕。家畜在宰杀前的运输途中，法律允许在36－72小时内不给进食、进水，不让休息。即使在炎夏或零度以下的严冬，它们连乘温控卡车的―奢侈‖也不让享受。

加拿大农业署估计，加拿大每年有3百多万头家畜在宰杀前的运输途中痛苦地慢慢死去。

本人还参观过一些典型的加拿大农场。猪崽喷着鼻息、公鸡在粮仓的空场上昂首行走的日子已经一去不复返。而今大多数的现代化农场都有一个个狭长的、没有窗户的牲畜棚，牲畜一生关在棚里，如囚犯一般。我见到过四只鸡挤在一个笼里，喂奶的母猪与猪崽被铁条隔开，肉用小牛关在狭窄得转不过身来的板条箱里。这些牲畜几乎都终年不见阳光，呼吸不到新鲜空气—— 它们天生的欲望大都得不到满足。

面对这种严峻的现实固然困难，置之不理更是难上加难。一日三次，你要做出不仅影响自身生活质量、更是事关整个有生命世界的决定。我们手里的餐刀餐叉拥有改变这个世界的力量。

让我们想一想阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦的话吧：―没有什么比转向素食更有益于人类健康，更能增加世间万物的生存机会。‖

One Writer's Beginnings

1 I learned from the age of two or three that any room in our house, at any time of day, was there to read in, or to be read to. My mother read to me. She'd read to me in the big bedroom in the mornings, when we were in her rocker together, which ticked in rhythm as we rocked, as though we had a cricket accompanying the story. She'd read to me in the dining room on winter afternoons in front of the coal fire, with our

cuckoo clock ending the story with

\must have given her no peace. Sometimes she read to me in the kitchen while she sat churning, and the churning sobbed along with any story. It was my ambition to have her read to me while I churned; once she granted my wish, but she read off my story before I brought her butter. She was an expressive reader. When she was reading \Puss in Boots,\instance, it was impossible not to know that she distrusted all cats.

作家起步时

我从两三岁起就知道，家中随便在哪个房间里，白天无论在什么时间，都可以念书或听人念书。母亲念书给我听。上午她都在那间大卧室里给我念，两人一起坐在她那把摇椅里，我们摇晃时，椅子发出有节奏的滴答声，好像有只唧唧鸣叫的蟋蟀在伴着读故事。冬日午后，她常在餐厅里烧着煤炭的炉火前给我念，布谷鸟自鸣钟发出―咕咕‖声时，故事便结束了；晚上我在自己床上睡下后她也给我念。想必我是不让她有一刻清静。有时她在厨房里一边坐着搅制黄油一边给我念，故事情节就随着搅制黄油发出的抽抽搭搭的声响不断展开。我的奢望是她念我来搅拌；有一次她满足了我的愿望，可是我要听的故事她念完了，她要的黄油我却还没弄好。她念起故事来富有表情。比如，她念《穿靴子的猫》时，你就没法不相信她对猫一概怀疑。2 It had been startling and disappointing to me to find out that story books had been written by people, that books were not natural wonders, coming up of themselves like grass. Yet regardless of where they came from, I cannot remember a time when I was not in love with them — with the books themselves, cover and binding and the paper they were printed on, with their smell and their weight and with their possession in my arms, captured and carried off to myself. Still illiterate, I was ready for them, committed to all the reading I could give them.

当我得知故事书原来是人写出来的，书本原来不是什么大

自然的奇迹，不像草那样自生自长时，真是又震惊又失望。不过，姑且不论书本从何而来，我不记得自己有什么时候不爱书—— 书本本身、封面、装订、印着文字的书页，还有油墨味、那种沉甸甸的感觉，以及把书抱在怀里时那种将我征服、令我陶醉的感觉。还没识字，我就想读书了，一心想读所有的书。

3 Neither of my parents had come from homes that could afford to buy many books, but though it must have been something of a strain on his salary, as the youngest officer in a young insurance company, my father was all the while carefully selecting and ordering away for what he and Mother thought we children should grow up with. They bought first for the

future .

我的父母都不是来自那种买得起许多书的家庭。然而，虽然买书准得花去他不少薪金，作为一家成立不久的保险公司最年轻的职员，父亲一直在精心挑选、不断订购他和母亲认为儿童成长应读的书。他们购书首先是为了我们的前程。

4 Besides the bookcase in the living room, which was always called \encyclopedia tables and dictionary stand under windows in our dining room. Here to help us grow up arguing around the dining room table were the Unabridged Webster, the Columbia Encyclopedia, Compton's Pictured Encyclopedia, the Lincoln Library of Information, and later the Book of Knowledge. In \soon begin on — and I did, reading them all alike and

as they came, straight down their rows, top shelf to

bottom.

My mother read secondarily for information;

she sank as a hedonist into novels. She read Dickens in the spirit in which she would have eloped with him. The novels of her girlhood that had stayed on in her imagination, besides those of Dickens and Scott and Robert Louis Stevenson, were Jane Eyre, Trilby, The Woman in White, Green Mansions, King Solomon's Mines.

除了客厅里有一向被称作―图书室‖的书橱，餐厅的窗子下还有几张摆放百科全书的桌子和一个字典架。这里有伴随我们在餐桌旁争论着长大的《韦氏大词典》、《哥伦比亚百科全书》、《康普顿插图百科全书》、《林肯资料文库》，以及后来的《知识库》。―图书馆‖书橱里的书没过多久我就能读了—— 我的确读了，全都读了，按着顺序，一排接着一排读，从最上面的书架一直读到最下面的书架。母亲读书最重要的不在获取信息。她是为了享受快乐而埋头读小说。她读狄更斯时的神情简直就像要跟他私奔似的。她少女时代读的小说印在了她心头的，除了狄更斯、司各特和罗伯特·路易斯·斯蒂文森等人的作品之

外，还有《简·爱》、《切尔比》、《白衣女士》、《绿厦》和《所罗门王的矿藏》。

5 To both my parents I owe my early acquaintance with a beloved Mark Twain. There was a full set of Mark Twain and a short set of Ring Lardner in our bookcase, and those were the volumes that in time united us all, parents and children.

多亏了我的父母，我很早就接触了受人喜爱的马克·吐温。own children of the book, but he had brought it along with him from Ohio to our house and shelved it in our bookcase.

这本书没了封面，封底用几条纸片粘牢，有好几层，如今都泛黄了，书页上污迹斑斑，边角处都破碎了；书中花哨的插图脱了页，但都保存良好，夹在书里。即使在少不更事的童年，我就觉得那是我父亲小时候拥有的惟一一本书。他一直珍藏着这本书，或许还枕着这本没了封面的书睡觉：他7岁时就没了母书橱里有一整套马克·吐温文集和一套不全的林·拉德纳作品集，这些书最终将父母和孩子联结在一起。

6 Reading everything that stood before me was how I came upon a worn old book that had belonged to my father as a child. It was called Sanford and Merton. Is there anyone left who recognizes it, I wonder? It is the famous moral tale written by Thomas Day in the 1780s, but of him no mention is made on the title page of this book; here it is Sanford and Merton in Words of One Syllable by Mary

Godolphin. Here are the rich boy and the poor boy and Mr. Barlow, their teacher and interlocutor, in long discourses alternating with dramatic scenes — anger and rescue allotted to the rich and the poor

respectively. It ends with not one but two morals, both engraved on rings: \may,\be good.\

我一本接一本阅读摆在我面前的书，读着读着便发现一本又破又旧的书，是我父亲小时候的。书名是《桑福徳与默顿》。我不相信如今还有谁会记得这本书。那是托玛斯·戴在18世纪80年代撰写的一本著名的进行道德教育的故事书，可该书的扉页上并没有提及他；上面写的是《桑福徳与默顿简易本》，玛丽·戈多尔芬著。书中讲的是一个富孩子和一个穷孩子与他们老师巴洛先生之间的冗长的谈话，其间穿插着戏剧性场面—— 分别写了富孩子和穷孩子如何发火、如何获救。书末讲的道德寓意不是一条，而是两条，都印在环形图案里：―不管发生什么，该做的就去做‖，还有―想做伟人，必须先学会做个好人‖。

7 This book was lacking its front cover, the back held on by strips of pasted paper, now turned golden, in several layers, and the pages stained, flecked, and tattered around the edges; its garish illustrations had come unattached but were preserved, laid in. I had the feeling even in my heedless childhood that this was the only book my father as a little boy had had of his own. He had held onto it, and might have gone to sleep on its coverless face: he had lost his mother when he was seven. My father had never made any mention to his

亲。我父亲从来没跟自己的孩子提起过这本书，但他从俄亥俄一路把它带到我们的家，把它放进我们的书橱。

8 My mother had brought from West Virginia that set of Dickens: those books looked sad, too — they had been through fire and water before I was born, she told me, and there they were, lined up — as I later realized, waiting for me.

母亲则从西弗吉尼亚带来了那套狄更斯：那套书看上去也惨不忍睹—— 她告诉我，我还没出生，这些书就历经水火之灾，可现在它们还是整齐地排列在那儿—— 后来我意识到，是等着我去读。

9 I was presented, from as early as I can remember, with books of my own, which appeared on my birthday and Christmas morning. Indeed, my parents could not give me books enough. They must have sacrificed to give me on my sixth or seventh birthday — it was after I became a reader for myself-the ten-volume set of Our Wonder World. These were beautifully made, heavy books I would lie down with on the floor in front of the dining room hearth, and more often than the rest volume 5, Every Child's Story Book, was under my eyes. There were the fairy tales — Grimm, Andersen, the English, the French, \Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves\Aesop and Reynard the Fox; there were the myths and legends, Robin Hood, King Arthur, and St. George and the Dragon, even the history of Joan of Arc; a whack of Pilgrim's Progress and a long piece of Gulliver. They all carried their classic illustrations.

I located myself in these

pages and could go straight to the stories and pictures I loved; very often \The Yellow Dwarf\choice, with Walter Crane's Yellow Dwarf in full color making his terrifying appearance flanked by turkeys. Now that volume is as worn and backless and hanging apart as my father's poor Sanford and Merton. One measure of my love for Our Wonder World was that for a long time I wondered if I would go through fire and water for it as my mother had done for Charles

Dickens; and the only comfort was to think I could ask my mother to do it for me.

从记事起我就收到给自己的书了，那是在生日时，还有圣诞节早晨。我父母真的是送给我再多的书都嫌不够。在我6岁或7岁生日时—— 那是在我自己能读书之后—— 他们送我一套10卷本的《我们的神奇世界》，为此，准是作了不少牺牲。那套书真漂亮，厚厚的，我总是带着它躺在餐厅壁炉前的地板上，读得最多的是第5卷：《儿童故事》。那都是些童话故事—— 格林的、安徒生的、英国童话、法国童话，―阿里巴巴和四十大盗‖； that asks you to believe, the feeling that resides in the printed word, reaches me through the reader-voice: I have supposed, but never found out, that this is the case with all readers — to read as listeners — and with all writers, to write as listeners. It may be part of the desire to write.

The sound of what falls on the page

begins the process of testing it for truth , for me. Whether I am right to trust so far I don't know. By now I don't know whether I could do either one, reading or 还有伊索寓言和列那狐的故事；还有神话和传奇故事，如罗宾汉、亚瑟王、圣乔治和龙，甚至还有历史故事圣女贞德；还有一部分《天路历程》，以及一长段《格列佛游记》。每篇故事都有精彩的插图。我早已让自己走进这些故事中去了，一翻就能翻到自己喜爱的故事和插图；《黄肤色小矮人》常常是我的首选，沃尔特·克莱恩绘的彩色插图中黄肤色小矮人看着令人害怕，他左右还有火鸡侍立。如今这册书已经跟父亲那本损坏的《桑福徳与默顿》一样，又破又旧，最后几页掉了，书页散了。有很长一段时间，我一直想自己能不能像母亲为查尔斯·狄更斯做的那样，为《我们的神奇世界》这套书赴汤蹈火，从这一点也可想见我对这套书是多么珍爱；惟一令人安慰的是我相信我可让母亲为我这么做。

10 I believe I'm the only child I know of who grew up with this treasure in the house. I used to ask others, \Our Wonder World?\them The Book of Knowledge could not hold a candle to it.

在所有认识的孩子们当中，我想自己是惟一有家藏宝库伴随着长大的孩子。过去我常常问别人：―你有《我们的神奇世界》吗？‖我常常得跟人解释，《知识库》根本没法跟这套书比。

11 I live in gratitude to my parents for initiating me — as early as I begged for it, without keeping me waiting — into knowledge of the word, into reading and spelling, by way of the alphabet. They taught it to me at home in time for me to begin to read before starting to school.

我感激父母通过认识字母对我—— 早在我要求之时，而没有让我等待—— 进行文字启蒙，教我阅读和拼写。他们在家里教我，我得以在上学前就开始了阅读。

12 Ever since I was first read to, then started reading to myself, there has never been a line read that I didn't hear. As my eyes followed the sentence, a voice was saying it silently to me. It isn't my mother's voice, or the voice of any person I can identify, certainly not my own. It is human, but inward, and it is inwardly that I listen to it. It is to me the voice of the story or the poem itself. The cadence, whatever it is

writing, without the other.

从最初听故事，到后来自己开始读书，从来没有一行读过的字我不闻其声。当我的目光扫过一个句子时，就会有个声音默念给我听。那不是母亲的声音，也不是我能辨认的某个人的声音，当然也不是我本人的声音。那是人的声音，但是内在的，我倾听的正是内心深处的声音。对我而言，那就是故事本身的声音，就是诗本身的声音。那抑扬顿挫的声音，不论它要你相信的是什么，那印刷文字中蕴含的情感，通过诵读者的声音传递给我：我一直猜想，却始终没能证实，所有的读者都如此—— 边读边听，所有的作者都如此—— 边写边听。那或许是写作欲望的一部分。对我而言，落在纸页上的声音可帮助测试写下来的是否是实事真情。我不知道我相信到这个程度是否对头。如今我也不知道自己能不能做到只读不写，或只写不读。

13 My own words, when I am at work on a story, I hear too as they go, in the same voice that I hear when I read in books. When I write and the sound of it comes back to my ears, then I act to make my changes. I have always trusted this voice.

在写小说时，我也能听见文字落纸的声音，与我读书时听到的声音一样。我写着，那声音传入耳内，于是我闻声而动，加以

修改。我一直信赖这一声音。

Prison Studies

1 Many who today hear me somewhere in person, or on television, or those who read something I‘ve said, will think I went to school far beyond the eighth grade. This impression is due entirely to my prison studies.

狱 中 学 习

今天，许多在什么地方直接听我讲话的人，或在电视上听我讲话的人，或读过我写的东西的人，都会以为我上学远不止只读到8年级。这一印象完全归之于我在监狱里的学习。

2 It had really begun back in the Charlestown Prison, when Bimbi first made me feel envy of his stock of knowledge. Bimbi had always taken charge of any conversation he was in, and I had tried to emulate him. But every book I picked up had few sentences which

didn‘t contain anywhere from one to nearly all of the words that might as well have been in Chinese[2 … the words that might as well have been in Chinese: … it would have made no difference if the English words had been in Chinese, because I didn‘t have the slightest knowledge of either.]2. When I just skipped those words, of course, I really ended up with little idea Over and over, aloud, to myself, I read my own handwriting.

记得我抄写了一天。然后,我把本子上抄写下的所有字大声朗读给自己听。一遍又一遍，我大声朗读自己抄写的字。

7 I woke up the next morning, thinking about those words—immensely proud to realize that not only had I written so much at one time, but I‘d written words that of what the book said. So I had come to the Norfolk Prison Colony still going through only book-reading motions. Pretty soon, I would have quit even these motions, unless I had received the motivation that I did.

其实这事要从查尔斯顿监狱说起，一开始宾比就让我对他的知识渊博羡慕不已。宾比总是主宰谈话话题，我总想效仿他。可是，我随便打开一本书，几乎没有一个句子不是少则一两个字，多则差不多所有的字都不认识。我只好跳过这些字，结果自然是对书上说的几乎一无所知了。因此，我被解送到诺福克拘留所时，读书还只是为了摆摆样子而已。要不是我真的获得了学习动力，我恐怕没多久就会连读书的样子也懒得去摆了。

3 I saw that the best thing I could do was get hold of a dictionary—to study, to learn some words. I was lucky enough to reason also that I should try to improve my penmanship. It was sad. I couldn‘t even write in a straight line. It was both ideas together that moved me to request a dictionary along with some tablets and pencils from the Norfolk Prison Colony school.

我认识到，最要紧的是得到一本字典好认字学字。幸好我还认识到得好好练习写字。说来悲伤，我写字都不能写得齐整成行。这两个想法促使我向诺福克拘留所学校要了字典，还有本子和笔。

4 I spent two days just riffling uncertainly through the dictionary‘s pages. I‘d never realized so many words existed! I didn‘t know which words I needed to learn. Finally, just to start some kind of action, I began copying.

整整两天，我把字典一页页翻了个遍，不知该怎么学。我压根儿没想过会有那么多字。我不知道自己需要学哪些字。最后，总得有所行动吧，我便开始抄写。

5 In my slow, painstaking, ragged handwriting, I copied into my tablet everything printed on that first page, down to the punctuation marks.

我写字又慢又费劲，而且歪歪斜斜，但我在本子上抄写下了第一页上包括标点在内的所有印刷符号。

6 I believe it took me a day. Then, aloud, I read back, to myself, everything I‘d written on the tablet.

I never knew were in the world. Moreover, with a little effort, I also could remember what many of these words meant. I reviewed the words whose meanings I didn‘t remember. Funny thing, from the dictionary first page right now, that ―aardvark‖ springs to my mind. The dictionary had a picture of it, a long-tailed, long-eared, burrowing African mammal, which lives off termites caught by sticking out its tongue as an anteater does for ants.

我第二天早上醒来，仍想着那些字—— 想到自己不仅一次写了那么多字，而且还写了以前根本不认识的字，不由得深感自豪。更何况，略加回想，我还能记住其中许多字的意思。没记住的字我都复习了一遍。有趣的是，此时此刻，那本字典第一页上―aardvark‖这个字跃入了我的脑海。字典上有一幅画它的插图，那是一种长尾巴长耳朵会掘洞的非洲哺乳动物，像食蚁兽捕食蚂蚁那样伸出舌头捕食白蚁。

8 I was so fascinated that I went on—I copied the dictionary‘s next page. And the same experience came when I studied that. With every succeeding page, I also learned of people and places and events from history. Actually the dictionary is like a miniature encyclopedia. Finally the dictionary‘s A section had filled a whole tablet—and I went on into the B‘s. That was the way I started copying what eventually became the entire dictionary. It went a lot faster after so much practice helped me to pick up handwriting speed. Between what I wrote in my tablet, and writing letters, during the rest of my time in prison I would guess I wrote a million words.

我完全着迷了，于是继续抄—— 我又抄写了字典的第二页。我学这一页上的字时体验到了同样的感受。每学一页字，我还学到了一点有关人物、地方和历史事件的知识。字典实际上就像是一部小型百科全书。最后，字典上A那部分字的条目抄满了整整一个本子—— 接着我抄写B字部。我就是这样开始抄写的，最后抄完了整本字典。大量的抄写帮助我提高了书写速度，以后抄写起来就快了许多。从在本子上抄写，到后来在那段余下的服刑时间里写信，我估计自己在监狱里写了一百万字。

9 I suppose it was inevitable that as my word-base broadened, I could for the first time pick up a book and

read and now begin to understand what the book was saying. Anyone who has read a great deal can imagine the new world that opened. Let me tell you something: from then until I left that prison, in every free moment I had, if I was not reading in the library, I was reading on my bunk. You couldn‘t have gotten me out of books with a wedge. Between Mr. Muhammad‘s teachings, my correspondence, my visitors—usually Ella and Reginald—and my reading of books, months passed without my even thinking about being imprisoned. In fact, up to then, I never had been so truly free in my life.

想来也是自然而然的，随着词汇的增加，我第一次能够拿起一本书读下去，开始明白书上说的是什么。任何阅读广泛的人都想象得出在我面前展现的崭新世界。我不妨告诉你：从那时起，直到我离开那座监狱，在任何可以自由支配的时间里，我不是在图书室里，就是在自己的铺位上看书。真的是手不释卷。我的日常活动就是听穆罕默德先生传道，写写信，会会客—— 来探视的一般都是埃拉和雷金纳德—— 加上读书，几个月一晃而过，我甚至没想过自己是在坐牢。事实上，在这之前，我从来没觉得自己是如此自由。

10 The Norfolk Prison Colony‘s library was in the school building. A variety of classes were taught there by instructors who came from such places as Harvard and Boston universities. The weekly debates between inmate teams were also held in the school building. You would be astonished to know how worked up convict debaters and audiences would get over subjects like ―Should Babies Be Fed Milk?‖

诺福克拘留所的图书室在教学楼里。来自哈佛大学、波士顿大学等等院校的教员教授不同的课程。每周还在教学楼里举行囚犯间的辩论会。想必你听了会大吃一惊，那些囚犯辩手和听众会对诸如―该不该给婴儿喂牛奶‖这类辩题争得面红耳赤。

11 Available on the prison library‘s shelves were books on just about every general subject. Much of the big private collection that Parkhurst had willed to the prison[ Much of the big private collection that

Parkhurst had willed to the prison: Many of the books that had been bought and kept by Parkhusrt and later given to the prison according to his will] was still in crates and boxes in the library—thousands of old books. Some of them looked ancient: covers faded, old-time parchment-looking binding. Parkhurst, I‘ve mentioned, seemed to have been principally interested in history and religion. He had the money and the special interest to have a lot of books that you wouldn‘t have in general

circulation. Any college library would have been lucky to get that collection.

拘留所图书室架子上书的种类几乎包罗万象。帕克赫斯特遗赠给拘留所的为数可观的私人藏书中的大多数仍在图书室的板箱及盒子里搁着—— 成千上万本旧书。有些看上去年代久远：封面褪了色，像是用旧式的羊皮纸装订的。我刚才说过，帕克赫斯特的兴趣似乎主要在历史和宗教方面。他有财力，有与众不同的兴趣，得以收藏了许多外面一般见不到的书。任何一家大学图书馆若能得到这批收藏，都不失为一桩幸事。

12 As you can imagine, especially in a prison where there was heavy emphasis on rehabilitation, an inmate was smiled upon if he demonstrated an unusually intense interest in books. There was a sizable number of well-read inmates, especially the popular debaters. Some were said by many to be practically walking encyclopedias. They were almost celebrities. No university would ask any student to devour literature as I did when this new world opened to me, of being able to read and understand.

你可以想象，在一座着重强调改造罪犯的监狱里，一个囚犯要是表现出对书本不同寻常的强烈兴趣，自然会大受赞许。囚犯中有不少人读过许多书，尤其是那些最受欢迎的辩手。在不少人看来，有些简直称得上是活的百科全书。他们差不多就是名人。我能读书能读懂了，一个崭新的世界展现在我的面前；那时，我那么贪婪地阅读文学作品，没有一所大学能让其学生这么做。

13 I read more in my room than in the library itself. An inmate who was known to read a lot could check out more than the permitted maximum number of books. I preferred reading in the total isolation of my own room. 我在自己囚室里读书比在图书室里更快。爱读书的囚犯可以借走超出最大规定数量的图书。我更喜欢独自一人在自己囚室里读书。

14 When I had progressed to really serious reading, every night at about ten p.m. I would be outraged with the ―lights out.‖ It always seemed to catch me right in the middle of something engrossing.

当我水平提高到能阅读真正的严肃读物之后，每天晚上10点左右听到喊―熄灯‖，我就非常气恼。似乎每次都是在我读得最入神的时候喊―熄灯‖。

15 Fortunately, right outside my door was a corridor light that cast a glow into my room. The glow was enough to read by, once my eyes adjusted to it. So when ―lights out‖ came, I would sit on the floor where I could continue reading in that glow.

幸好我门外正好有个过道灯，囚室透进一点灯光。眼睛适

应后，那光线看书还可凑和。于是喊过―熄灯‖后，我就坐在地板上借着微光继续阅读。

16 At one-hour intervals the night guards paced past every room. Each time I heard the approaching footsteps, I jumped into bed and feigned sleep. And as soon as the guard passed, I got back out of bed onto the floor area of that light-glow, where I would read for another fifty-eight minutes—until the guard approached again. That went on until three or four every morning. Three or four hours of sleep a night was just satisfying my curiosity—because you can hardly mention anything I‘m not curious about. I don‘t think anybody ever got more out of going to prison than I did. In fact, prison enabled me to study far more intensively than I would have if my life had gone differently and I had attended some college. I imagine that one of the biggest troubles with colleges is there are too many distractions, too much panty-raiding, fraternities, and boola-boola and all of that. Where else but in prison could I have attacked my ignorance by being able to enough for me. Often in the years in the streets I had slept less than that….

夜班看守每隔一小时在各个囚室外巡查。每次听到脚步声走近，我就跳到床上装睡。等看守一走，我就下床，回到照到灯光的地板上，再读上58分钟——直到看守又来巡查。这样一直持续到每天凌晨三四点钟。我晚上睡3、4个小时就够了。在流浪街头的岁月里，我常常睡得还要少贩贩贩

17 I have often reflected upon the new vistas that reading opened to me. I knew right there in prison that reading had changed forever the course of my life. As I see it today, the ability to read awoke inside me some long dormant craving to be mentally alive. I certainly wasn‘t seeking any degree, the way a college confers a status symbol upon its students. My homemade education gave me, with every additional book that I read, a little bit more sensitivity to the deafness, dumbness, and blindness that was afflicting the black race in America. Not long ago, an English writer telephoned me from London, asking questions. One was, ―What‘s your alma mater?‖ I told him, ―Books.‖ You will never catch me with a free fifteen minutes in which I‘m not studying something I feel might be able to help the black man.

我常常思忆阅读为我打开的新天地。还在狱中时，我就认识到阅读已经不可逆转地改变了自己的人生历程。今天想来，阅读唤醒了自己内心蛰伏已久的对精神生活的渴望。当然我不是想追求什么学位，像大学授予学生学位那样。我的自学经历使我每读一本书，就加深一点对美国黑人深受其苦的那种聋、哑、盲的认识。不久前，一位英国作家从伦敦打来电话问了一些问题。其中一个是：―你曾在哪所学校就读？‖我回答说，―书本。‖你不会看到我有一刻钟空闲着，而不去用来学习我觉得对黑人或许有所帮助的知识。

18 Every time I catch a plane, I have with me a book that I want to read—and that‘s a lot of books these days. If I weren‘t out here every day battling the white man, I could spend the rest of my life reading,

study intensely sometimes as much as fifteen hours a day?

每次坐飞机，我都随身携带一本要读的书—— 到今天已读了不少书。要不是我每天都出来跟白人做斗争，我会在余生把时间都花在读书上，仅仅是为了满足自己的好奇心—— 因为你几乎说不出有什么东西是我不感到好奇的。我想没有人像我那样在狱中获得如此多的裨益。事实上，监禁使我得以一心读书，如果我有着不同的人生历程，如果我上过大学，我未必能如此专心致志。我想，大学生活最大的弊端之一在于分心的事太多，―抢短衬裤‖闹个没完，联谊会活动太频繁，种种胡闹，不一而足。除了监狱，还有什么地方我能有时一天专心攻读15小时之多，

借以攻克自己的无知？

Let's Go Veggie!

1 If there was a single act that would improve your health, cut your risk of food-borne illnesses, and help preserve the environment and the welfare of millions of animals, would you do it?

咱们吃素吧!

如果有一件事，既能增进健康、减少患上食物引起的疾病的危险，又有助于保护环境、保护千万动物安全生存，你做不做？

2 The act I'm referring to is the choice you make every time you sit down to a meal.

我说的这件事就是每次坐下来就餐时挑选菜肴。

3 More than a million Canadians have already acted: They have chosen to not eat meat. And the pace of change has been dramatic.

一百多万加拿大人已经行动起来：他们决定不吃肉。变化速度之快令人惊叹。

4 Vegetarian food sales are showing unparalleled growth. Especially popular are meat-free burgers and hot dogs, and the plant-based cuisines of India, China, Mexico, Italy and Japan.

素食品的销售额大大增加，前所未有。尤受欢迎的是无肉汉堡包和热狗，以及以蔬为主的印度、中国、墨西哥、意大利

和日本的菜肴。

5 Fuelling the shift toward vegetarianism have been the health recommendations of medical research. Study after study has uncovered the same basic truth: 鸡染有沙门氏菌。吃肉无异于玩俄式轮盘赌，拿你的健康做赌资。

11 So why aren't governments doing anything about this? Unfortunately, they have bowed to Plant foods lower your risk of chronic disease; animal foods increase it.

推动人们转向素食的是医学研究提出的关于如何增进健康的建议。一项又一项的研究都揭示了同样的基本事实：果蔬降低患慢性病的危险；肉类食品则增加这种危险。

6 The American Dietetic Association says:

\a vegetarian diet and reduced risk for several chronic degenerative diseases.\

美国饮食学协会指出，―科学资料表明，素食与降低多种慢性变性疾病的患病危险肯定有关系。‖

7 This past fall, after reviewing 4,500 studies on diet and cancer, the World Cancer Research Fund flatly stated: \engine on the wrong fuel.\

去年秋天，在检验了4500个饮食与癌症的研究报告之后，世界癌症研究基金会直截了当地指出：―我们一向利用不合适的养料来维持人类生理引擎的运转。‖

8 This \boost the cost of degenerative disease in Canada to an estimated $400 billion a year, according to Bruce Holub, a professor of nutritional science at the University of Guelph. 据威尔夫大学营养科学教授布鲁斯·霍拉勃称，这一―不合适的养料‖致使加拿大每年用于治疗变性疾病的费用高达4000亿（加）元。

9 Animal foods have serious nutritional drawbacks: They are devoid of fiber, contain far too much saturated fat and cholesterol, and may even carry traces of hormones, steroids and antibiotics. It makes little difference whether you eat beef, pork, chicken or fish.

肉类食品存在严重的营养缺陷：它们不含纤维，含有过多的饱和脂肪和胆固醇，甚至可能含有微量的激素、类固醇和抗菌素。牛肉、猪肉、鸡肉或鱼肉都一样。

10 Animal foods are also gaining notoriety as breeding grounds for E. coli, campylobacter and other bacteria that cause illness. According to the Canadian Food Inspection Agency, six out of ten chickens are infected with salmonella. It's like playing Russian

roulette with your health.

肉类食品也是越来越广为人知的大肠杆菌、弯曲菌以及其他致病细菌的孳生地。据加拿大食品检验机构称，十分之六的

pressure from powerful lobby groups such as the Beef Information Center, the Canadian Egg Marketing Agency and the Dairy Farmers of Canada. According to documents retrieved through the Freedom of Information Act, these groups forced changes to Canada's latest food guide before it was released in 1993.

既然如此，政府为什么不采取任何措施？很遗憾，政府屈服于强有力的院外活动集团的压力，如牛肉信息中心、加拿大禽蛋营销公司、加拿大乳牛场场主协会等。根据信息自由法案获得的有关文件记载，这些集团迫使加拿大最新食品指南在1993年公布前作出修改。

12 This should come as no surprise: Even a minor reduction in recommended intakes of animal protein could cost these industries billions of dollars a year. 这并不奇怪。即使建议动物蛋白质的摄入量减少一丁点儿都会给这些企业带来每年数十亿元的损失。

13 While health and food safety are compelling reasons for choosing a vegetarian lifestyle, there are also larger issues to consider. Animal-based agriculture is one of the most environmentally destructive industries on the face of the Earth. 健康和食品安全是选择素食生活方式令人信服的理由，但此外还有更为重大的因素要考虑。以饲养动物为基础的农业是世界上对环境破坏最严重的产业之一。

14 Think for a moment about the vast resources required to raise, feed, shelter, transport, process and package the 500 million Canadian farm animals slaughtered each year. Water and energy are used at every step of the way. Alberta Agriculture calculates that it takes 10 to 20 times more energy to produce meat than to produce grain.

想一想培育、饲养、建牲畜栏、运输、加工和包装加拿大每年宰杀的5亿头牲畜所需的巨大资源。其中的每一个环节都耗费水和能源。阿尔伯达农业署估计，生产肉耗费的能源比生产谷物多10－20倍。

15 Less than a quarter of our agricultural land is used to feed people directly. The rest is devoted to grazing and growing food for animals. Ecosystems of forest, wetland and grassland have been decimated to fuel the demand for land. Using so much land heightens topsoil loss, the use of harsh fertilizers and

pesticides, and the need for irrigation water from dammed rivers. If people can shift away from meat, much of this land could be converted back to wilderness.

用于直接为人们提供食物的土地还不到农业用地的四分之一。其余的都用来放牧和种饲料。森林、湿地和草原的生态系统遭受相当严重的破坏，以满足对土地的需求。土地的大量利用加剧了表土的流失，增加了会带来负面作用的化肥和杀虫剂的施用，增加了从筑有水坝的河流中引水灌溉的需求。如果人们能摒弃肉食，许多土地就能回复到未开垦状态。

16 The problem is that animals are inefficient at converting plants to edible flesh. It takes, for example, 8.4 kilograms of grain to produce one kilogram of pork, the U. S. government estimates.

问题在于，动物在把植物转化为可食用的肉类这方面的效率很低。举例来说，美国政府估测，生产1公斤猪肉需要耗费8.4 公斤的谷物。

17 After putting so many resources into animals, what do we get out? Manure — at a rate of over 10,000 kilograms per second in Canada alone, according to the government. Environment Canada says cattle excrete 40 kilograms of manure for every kilogram of edible beef. A large egg factory can produce 50 to 100 tonnes of waste per week, the Ontario Ministry of Agriculture estimates.

我们把这么多资源耗费在动物身上，又得到什么回报呢？粪肥—— 据官方资料，仅加拿大，就以每秒10,000多公斤的速度排出。加拿大环境部称，牛每产1公斤可食牛肉需排出40公斤粪便。安大略省农业部估测，一家大型禽蛋工厂每星期可产出50－100吨禽粪。

18 And where does it go? In the 1992 Ontario Groundwater Survey, 43 per cent of tested wells were contaminated with agricultural run-off containing fecal coliform bacteria and nitrates. Earlier this month, charges were laid against a large Alberta feedlot operator for dumping 30 million litres of cattle manure into the Bow River, \a news story described it.

这些粪便都到哪儿去了？1992年安大略省地下水调查发现， 43%的被测试水井都受到含有粪便大肠杆菌和硝酸盐等农业生产排出的废物的污染。本月初，阿尔伯达一家大型围栏肥育地经营者被指控将3千万升牛粪排入博河，―沿途生灵悉数被毁‖，一则新闻这么报道。

19 And then there is methane, a primary

contributing gas in global warming and ozone layer depletion. Excluding natural sources, 27 per cent of

Canada's and 20 per cent of the world's methane comes from livestock.

此外还有沼气，那是促使全球气候变暖和臭氧层减少的主要气体。不把天然沼气资源包括在内，加拿大27%的沼气、全世界20%的沼气都来自牲畜。

20 John Robbins, author of the Pulitzer prize-nominated book Diet for a New America (Group West), said it best when he stated: \the food chain is perhaps the most potent single act we can take to halt the destruction of our environment and preserve our natural resources.\

获普利策提名奖的《新美洲饮食》一书作者约翰·罗宾斯说得好：―食用食物链较低部分的食物或许是我们可用以阻止环境破坏、保护自然资源的最最有效的行动。‖

21 Our environment also includes the animals killed for their meat. It has become an accepted fact that today's factory-farmed animals live short, miserable, unnatural lives.

我们的环境也包括为食其肉而被宰杀的动物。当今工厂化农场的牲畜寿命极短，过着悲惨的、不正常的生活，这已是公认的事实。

22 As part of my research at the University of Waterloo, I toured some of the country's largest \recurring nightmares.

作为我在沃特卢大学研究工作的一部分，我参观过一些全国最大的―加工‖厂。这个经历让我日后尽做噩梦。

23 I saw \stubborn\squealing pigs chased around the killing floor with electric calipers.

我见到―固执‖的牛被打、尖叫着的猪在屠宰室被人用电卡钳追逐。

24 I looked on in utter shock as a cow missed the stun gun and was hoisted fully conscious upside down by its hind leg and cut to pieces, thrashing until its last breath.

我万分震惊地目睹一头牛躲过了眩晕枪，结果被缚住后腿倒挂起来，惨遭活剐，一直挣扎到断气。

25 Noticing my shock, the foreman remarked: \

工头见我惊骇不已，便说：―管它呢！它们反正得死。‖

26 Because it can cost hundreds of dollars per minute to stop the conveyor line, animal welfare comes second to profit. Over 150,000 animals are

\according to Agriculture Canada.

由于传送线停转一分钟就要损失好几百元，家畜的利益就变得不如利润重要。据加拿大农业署称，在加拿大，每个工作日，每小时有150,000多头家畜被―加工‖。

27 The picture gets uglier still. En route to slaughter, farm animals may legally spend anywhere from 36 to 72 hours without food, water or rest. They're not even afforded the \controlled trucks in extreme summer heat or sub-zero \chances for survival of life on Earth as the Evolution to a vegetarian diet.\

让我们想一想阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦的话吧：―没有什么比转向素食更有益于人类健康，更能增加世间万物的生存机会。‖

32

Bon appetite.

祝君胃口好。

cold.

情况变得甚至更可怕。家畜在宰杀前的运输途中，法律允许在36－72小时内不给进食、进水，不让休息。即使在炎夏或零度以下的严冬，它们连乘温控卡车的―奢侈‖也不让享受。

28 Agriculture Canada has estimated that more than 3 million Canadian farm animals die slow and painful deaths en route to slaughter each year. 加拿大农业署估计，加拿大每年有3百多万头家畜在宰杀前的运输途中痛苦地慢慢死去。

29 I've also visited typical Canadian farms. Gone are the days when piglets snorted and roosters strutted their way about the barnyard. Most of today's modernized farms have long, windowless sheds in which animals live like prisoners their entire lives. I have seen chickens crammed four to a cage, nursing pigs separated from their young by iron bars and veal calves confined to crates so narrow they couldn't turn around. Few of these animals ever experience sunlight or fresh air — and most of their natural urges are denied.

本人还参观过一些典型的加拿大农场。猪崽喷着鼻息、公鸡在粮仓的空场上昂首行走的日子已经一去不复返。而今大多数的现代化农场都有一个个狭长的、没有窗户的牲畜棚，牲畜一生关在棚里，如囚犯一般。我见到过四只鸡挤在一个笼里，喂奶的母猪与猪崽被铁条隔开，肉用小牛关在狭窄得转不过身来的板条箱里。这些牲畜几乎都终年不见阳光，呼吸不到新鲜空气—— 它们天生的欲望大都得不到满足。

30 Although it is difficult to face these harsh realities, it is even more difficult to ignore them. Three times a day, you make a decision that not only affects the quality of your life, but the rest of the living world. We hold in our knives and forks the power to change this world. 面对这种严峻的现实固然困难，置之不理更是难上加难。一日三次，你要做出不仅影响自身生活质量、更是事关整个有生命世界的决定。我们手里的餐刀餐叉拥有改变这个世界的力量。

31 Consider the words of Albert Einstein:

Where’s the Beef?

Alan Herscovici

1 With summer comes that most wonderful of North American traditions, the backyard barbecue. The succulent aroma of fresh grilled steak, sausages, chicken and fish draws family, friends and neighbours together for a communal feast. Inevitably, in these politically correct times the conversation may drift to the question of whether we really ought to be eating meat at all.

牛肉在哪里？

阿伦泛兆瓤宋? 随夏日而来的是北美传统习俗中最美妙的一件事，后院烤肉餐。刚下烤架的牛排、香肠、鸡肉、鱼肉鲜美无比，引来了亲朋好友、左邻右舍，大家一起欢宴。不用说，在如今这个讲求政治正确的时代，聊着聊着就可能聊到我们究竟该不该吃肉的问题。

2 The following guide should help see you through until the burgers are done.

以下的指南想必会帮助你捱过等待汉堡牛排烤熟的那段时间。

3 Appealing to self-interest, a common opening line for proselytizing vegetarians is to claim that ―eating meat is bad for us.‖ They have trouble explaining, however, why human health and longevity have improved steadily as animal products became more readily available throughout this century. In fact, meat is an excellent source of 12 essential nutrients, including protein, iron, zinc and B vitamins.

出于人们往往考虑自身利益这一点，那些劝人茹素的素食者通常一开口就声称―肉食有害健康‖。然而，他们难以解释，为什么本世纪动物源性食品日益普及，人们的健康水平和寿命却持续上升。事实上，肉类富含12种人体必需的营养成分，其中包括蛋白质、铁、锌和各种维生素B。

4 It is true that excessive fats can be harmful, but today‘s meats are lean. Based on equal-size servings, tofu has more fat than a sirloin steak and only half the

protein. (Tofu also makes a mess of the grill.) 不错，过多的脂肪有害健康，但如今的肉都是瘦肉。以同样大小的一份计，豆腐比一块后腿部牛排的脂肪含量多，而蛋白质含量仅是其一半。(何况豆腐会把烤架弄得一团糟。)

5 With the exception of certain religious sects, people have rarely been vegetarian by choice. Most often, vegetarianism is the unfortunate result of poverty. Yet the veggie crowd also claims that ―humans are not natural meat-eaters.‖ Our teeth are not as sharp and our intestinal tracts not as short as those of cats and other pure carnivores. But we are not equipped to be herbivores, either. Like other omnivores (such as bears or racoons), our digestive equipment allows us to tackle a wide range of foods. 除了某些宗教派别，很少有人自愿吃素。素食主义往往是贫穷的不幸产物。然而，那伙吃素的还说什么―人类并非天生的肉食者‖。相比那些猫科动物及其他纯食肉动物，我们的牙齿不够锋利，我们的肠道又过长。但人类也并非理想的食草动物。如同其他杂食动物(如熊和浣熊)一样，我们的消化系统可以应付多种多样的食物。

6 If we were not designed to eat meat, why do we produce large quantities of the enzymes required to break down such foods? Why is vitamin B12 (found only in animal products) essential to human life? If we were not natural meat-eaters, or at least bug and grub eaters, our species would have died out long ago. If we did not develop as hunters, why are our eyes in the front to our heads like those of other predators (tigers, wolves or owls)? Why does the mere smell of a sizzling steak set my saliva glands watering?

如果我们生来不吃肉，那人体何以会产生大量分解肉食所必需的消化酶？为什么维生素B12(仅含于动物源性食品中)为人体不可或缺？如果人类并非天生的肉食者—— 至少要会吃昆虫—— 那人类这一物种早就灭绝了。如果人类不曾进化为猎食其他物种的动物，那为什么如其他食肉动物(如虎、狼或猫头鹰)一样，我们的眼睛长在头的前部？为什么一块烤得咝咝作响的牛排的香味就会让我的唾液分泌腺流出口水？

7 Shifting their ground, animal activists now charge that livestock threatens the environment. But much of the world‘s arable land is best suited to be used as pasture. It is too hilly, fragile, dry or cold for cultivation. Cattle convert grass into nutrients that can be digested by humans. Those who promote organic agriculture understand that livestock completes the nutrient cycle by returning organic matter to the soil with manure. 动物保护主义者换了个进攻方向，指责牲畜威胁环境。然

而，世界上许多可耕地用作牧场最适合。那些土地起伏不平，土质贫瘠，不是太干就是气候太冷，不宜耕种。牲畜把牧草转化为人类能够消化的食物。那些提倡有机农业的人深知，牲畜通过粪肥把有机物质返回土壤，以此完成食物循环的过程。

8 Other anti-meat myths can also be dismissed. For example: · Whatever you may think about fast food hamburgers, eating them does not encourage the destruction of Amazon rainforests. Because of disease-control measures, no unprocessed South American beef products at all may be imported into Canada. · Livestock do not use up grains that could otherwise feed starving people in Third World countries. The main diet of cattle is grass and hay. Pigs, chickens and other farm animals are generally fed corn and barley, while people eat mainly wheat and rice. Animals also consume pest-and weather-damaged grains, crop residues (corn stalks and leaves) and by-products from food processing, such as unusable grains (or parts of grains) left over from producing breakfast cereals and other human foods. Raising livestock in Canada does not prevent us from shipping emergency supplies to people in need. Hunger today, however, is usually the result of political, economic and distribution problems, not a lack of production capacity. · The production of methane gas by livestock is not a major contributor to global warming. Methane gas is only one of many possible ―greenhouse‖ gases. It is produced by all sorts of decomposition of organic matter, including normal digestion (even by vegetarians). Main sources of greenhouse gases include wetlands, forest fires, landfills, rice paddies, the extraction of gas, oil and coal—and even termites. · Meat does not contain harmful pesticide, antibiotic or other residues. This is assured by stringent Agriculture Canada and Health Canada regulations and inspection. Concerns about dangerous bacteria are easily addressed by cooking your meat well. (Fruit and raw vegetables, in fact, present a more difficult problem.)

其他反对肉食的奇谈怪论也都不值一驳。如： l 无论你对快餐食品汉堡包好恶如何，食用汉堡包并不会加快对亚马孙雨林的破坏。由于采取了各种控制疾病的措施，未经加工的南美牛肉制品根本不能进入加拿大。 l 牲畜并不曾消耗掉原本可用于赈济第三世界饥民的粮食。牲畜的主要饲料是青草和干草。猪、鸡和其他家畜通常用玉米和大麦饲养，而人食用的主要是小麦和稻米。动物还吃遭受虫灾和灾害气候的粮食、庄稼的残

留物(如玉米的梗和叶)，还有食品加工的副产品，如加工早餐谷类食品和其他人类食品的剩下的不能用的粮食(或部分粮食)。在加拿大，饲养牲畜毫不妨碍我们将紧急救援物资运送给急需的人。事实上，当今的粮荒往往是政治、经济、分配不公造成的结果，而非生产力不足所致。 l 牲畜产生的沼气并非全球气候变暖的祸首。沼气只是许多潜在的―温室‖气体中的一种。沼气由各种有机物在分解过程中生成，其中包括正常的(甚至包括素食者的)消化过程产生的部分。温室气体的主要来源包括湿地、森林火灾、垃圾埋填地、水稻田以及气体、石油和煤炭的开采，甚至包括白蚁。 l 食用肉并不含有于健康有害的杀虫剂、著文说。

12 It would require more ink than is available to us here to respond to all the claims animal activists have made about the supposed evils of modern livestock husbandry methods, what they misleadingly label ―factory farming.‖ For example, they criticize the caging of laying hens, while ignoring the fact that such systems improve hygiene, preventing disease and reducing the need for antibiotics.

我们在此无法花费过多的笔墨逐一反驳动物保护主义者指抗菌素或其他残留物。这由加拿大农业部和加拿大卫生部严格的规定和检查制度所确保。至于对危险的细菌的担心，只需将肉煮熟煮透即可轻易解决。(事实上，水果和生食蔬菜带来的问题更不易解决。)

9 One study that is not often cited by animal activists is a recent report by the Centre for Energy and the Environment at the University of Exeter in England. David Coley and his associates analyzed how much fuel energy is used to produce and process different foods. Burning fuel releases carbon into the atmosphere, the major suspected cause of global warming.

动物保护主义者很少引用一项研究，那就是英格兰埃克塞特大学能源与环境中心最近的一份报告。戴维房评捌浜献髡叻治隽松爰庸げ煌称匪姆训娜剂夏茉础H忌杖加徒寂湃氪笃悖四巳蚱虮渑闹饕尚住?

10 To the dismay of the politically correct set, meat scores far better than vegetables on this environmental-impact scale. It requires eight

megajoules of fuel energy to produce enough beef or burgers to provide one megajoule of food energy. The fuel energy costs of chicken and lamb are seven megajoules and six megajoules respectively. Typical salad vegetables, however, require as much as 45 megajoules of fuel energy for each energy unit of food intake provided.

令那些讲求政治正确的人感到沮丧的是，在对环境的影响方面，肉要比蔬菜得分高得多。提供1兆焦耳食物能量的牛肉或汉堡牛排需耗费8兆焦耳的燃料能源。鸡肉和羊肉的耗能分别为7和6兆焦耳。而常见的色拉蔬菜却需要耗费多达45兆焦耳的燃料能源才能提供一个能量单位的食物摄入。

11 ―Meat does well because it is not highly processed, provides a lot of calories and is often produced locally.‖ Coley reported in New Scientist last December.

―肉耗能少，因为肉加工程度不高，能提供大量的卡路里，而且常常是本地加工生产。‖科利在去年12月的《新科学家》上

控现代家畜饲养方法，即他们误导性地称作的―工厂化养殖‖的种种莫须有的危害。例如，他们抨击蛋禽的笼养化，却忽视了这样的事实，即此类系统能改善卫生，预防疾病，减少对抗生素的需求。

13 Detailed responses to animal-welfare concerns are provided in Food for Thought: Facts about Food and Farming, published by the Ontario Farm Animal Council.

安大略禽畜饲养会社发表的《应有的思考：食物与饲养业的基本情况》对有关动物生存状况的关注作了详细解答。

14 For debate around the barbecue, suffice it to say that animals cannot be productive unless they receive excellent nutrition and care. Farmers who do not provide good care for their animals will not remain in business for long.

至于围绕烤肉餐的争论，只需这样说就够了：动物得不到精良的食物和精心的照料就不长肉。饲养场主不精心饲养禽畜则无法长期经营。

15 Once fallacious claims about health,

environment and animal welfare are stripped away, the heart of the animal-rights argument is exposed. What right, they ask, do we have to use animals at all? 一旦有关健康、环境以及动物生存状况的谬论被揭穿，有关动物权益的争论的核心便一清二楚了。他们质问道：我们究竟有什么权利去吃禽畜？

16 The central fallacy of this argument is that it ignores basic principles of biology and ecology. Every plant and animal species naturally produces far more offspring than their environment can support to maturity. This ―surplus‖ provides food for other species. Aboriginal people called this ―the cycle of life.‖ We now usually call it ―the food chain.‖ We are part of this cycle, like every other living organism on the planet. The domestication of livestock has been a very successful survival strategy, not only for humans, but also for the other species involved.

这一论点的主要谬误在于忽视了生物学与生态学的基本原理。各类动植物物种自然而然地繁衍出大量后代，远远超出环境允许其长到成熟的数量。―过剩部分‖则为其他物种提供了食物。土著人称其为―生命的循环‖。我们现在通常名之曰―食物链‖。如同地球上其他各种有机生命体一样，我们人类是这一循环的一个组成部分。驯养动物向来就是一种极为成功的生存策略，对人类如此，对有关的其他物种也如此。

17 The squeamishness some people now feel about 朱迪斯·维奥斯特

我一直想写一个令我深感兴趣的话题：关于说谎的问题。我觉得这个题目很难写。所有我交谈过的人都对什么事情可以说谎—— 什么事情绝对不可以说谎—— 持有强烈的、常常不容别人分说的个人意见。最后我得出结论，我不能下任何定论，因为这样做就会有太多的人立即反对。我想我还是提出若干都与说谎有关的道义上的难题吧。我将向读者阐明我对这些难题的个人看法。你们觉得对吗？ eating animals does not represent a more evolved sensitivity to nature. It is a symptom of how cut off some people have become from nature.

如今有些人对吃肉觉得反感，这并不反映出他们对自然变得更加敏感。这表明了他们离开自然已经何等之远。

18 Thanks to modern agriculture, many city people now take our abundant food supply for granted. We forget that all our food must still be wrested from the land. Even our vegetables must be protected from other creatures. Even a carrot clings to the soil with all its strength. Like other animals, we kill to eat. But because we are human, we can also give thanks and treat the animals that feed us with respect.

多亏了现代农业，如今许多城镇居民对充足的食品供应习以为常，认为理当如此。我们已经忘却，凡人所食仍得靠土地出产。即便人类所食的蔬菜也必须加以守护，以防其他动物侵犯。即便生长中的胡萝卜也竭尽全力紧贴大地。一如其他动物，我们为吃肉而宰杀禽畜。然而，我们有幸为人，因而还能为此感恩，还能慎重地对待给我们提供肉食的动物。

19 I think those burgers should be ready about now…

我看那些汉堡牛排这会儿该烤熟了……

The Truth About Lying

Judith Viorst

1. I've been wanting to write on a subject that intrigues and challenges me: the subject of lying. I've found it very difficult to do. Everyone I've talked to has a quite intense and personal but often rather intolerant point of view about what we can — and can never never — tell lies about. I've finally reached the conclusion that I can't present any ultimate conclusions, for too many people would promptly disagree. Instead, I'd like to present a series of moral puzzles, all concerned with lying. I'll tell you what I think about them. Do you agree?

关于说谎的真相

Social Lies

2. Most of the people I've talked with say that they find social lying acceptable and necessary. They think it's the civilized way for folks to behave. Without these little white lies, they say, our relationships would be short and brutish and nasty. It's arrogant, they say, to insist on being so incorruptible and so brave that you cause other people unnecessary embarrassment or pain by compulsively assailing them with your honesty. I basically agree. What about you?

社交性谎言

和我交谈过的大多数人都说，他们认为旨在促进社会交际的谎言是可以接受的，也是必要的。他们认为这是一种文明的行为。他们说，要不是这类无关紧要的谎言，人与人之间的关系就会变得粗野不快，无法持久。他们说，如果你要做到十二分正直、十二分无畏，不由自主地用你的诚实使他人陷入不必要的窘境或痛苦之中，这只能说你是傲慢自大。对此，我基本赞同。你呢？

3. Will you say to people, when it simply isn't true, \hairdo,\\ 你会不会跟人说：―我喜欢你的新发型，‖―你气色好多了，‖―见到你真高兴，‖―我玩得很尽兴，‖而实际上根本不是这么回事儿？

4. Will you praise hideous presents and homely kids?

你会不会对令人憎厌的礼物，或相貌平平的孩子称赞有加？

5. Will you decline invitations with \night — so sorry we can't come,\you'd rather stay home than dine with the So-and-sos? 你婉辞邀请时会不会说―那天晚上我们正好没空—— 真对不起，我们不能来，‖而实际上你是宁肯呆在家里也不想跟某某夫妇一起进餐？

6. And even though, as I do, you may prefer the polite evasion of \

cooked up a storm

\— which tastes like

warmed-over coffee — \must, proclaim it wonderful?

虽然像我那样，你也想用 ―太丰盛了‖这种委婉的托辞，而不是盛赞―那汤味道好极了‖(其实味同重新热过的咖啡)，但如果你必须赞美那汤，你会说它鲜美吗?

7. There's one man I know who absolutely refuses to tell social lies. \me, I feel I'm a bit of a coward, I feel I'm dodging responsibility, I feel...guilty. What about you? 我有时也说这种谎，不过我总觉得不该说。我知道为什么要说这种谎，但说这种谎终究不对。每当我为了不让别人讨厌自己、看轻自己、或冲着自己嚷嚷而说谎时，我总觉得自己有点像个懦夫，觉得自己是在逃避责任，觉得……愧疚。你呢？

10. Do you, when you're late for a date because you simply not made that way.\argument that saying nice things to someone doesn't cost anything is, \— it destroys your credibility.%unsolicited, offer his views on the painting you just bought, but you don't ask his frank opinion unless you want frank, and his silence at those moments when the rest of us liars are muttering, \for the most part, eloquent enough. My friend does not indulge in what he calls \flattery, false praise and mellifluous comments.\tell fibs he will not go along. He says that social lying is lying, that little white lies are still lies. And he feels that telling lies is morally wrong. What about you? 我认识一个人，他完全拒绝说这类社交性谎言。―我不会那一套，‖他说，―我生来就不会那一套。‖讲到对人家说几句好听的话并不失去什么，他的回答是：―不对，当然有损失—— 那会损害你的诚信度。‖因此你不问他，他不会对你刚买来的画发表意见，但除非你想听老实话，否则你也不会去问他的真实想法。当我们这些说谎者轻声称赞着―多美啊‖的时候，他的沉默往往是极能说明问题的。我的这位朋友从来不讲他所说的―奉承话、虚假的赞美话和动听话‖。别人说些无伤大雅的谎言，他则不。他说社交性谎言还是谎言，无关紧要的小小谎言还是谎言。他认为说谎不合道德。你呢？

Peace-Keeping Lies

8. Many people tell peace-keeping lies: lies designed to avoid irritation or argument, lies designed to shelter the liar from possible blame or pain; lies (or so it is rationalized) designed to keep trouble at bay without hurting anyone.

息事宁人的谎言

不少人为了息事宁人而说谎：那种意在避免生气或争吵的谎言，意在使说谎者免受可能的责备或烦恼的谎言；意在(或据认为理应)不伤害他人而又能帮助避免麻烦的谎言。

9. I tell these lies at times, and yet I always feel they're wrong. I understand why we tell them, but still they feel wrong. And whenever I lie so that someone won't disapprove of me or think less of me or holler at

overslept, say that you're late because you got caught in a traffic jam?

你由于睡过头赴约会迟到了，会不会说是因为碰上堵车才晚到的？

11. Do you, when you forget to call a friend, say that you called several times but the line was busy? 你忘了给朋友打电话，会不会谎称打过好几次，可电话老占线？

12. Do you, when you didn't remember that it was your father's birthday, say that his present must be delayed in the mail?

你忘了父亲的生日，会不会说寄给他的礼物准是给耽搁了？

13. And when you're planning a weekend in New York City and you're not in the mood to visit your mother, who lives there, do you conceal — with a lie, if you must — the fact that you'll be in New York? Or do you have the courage — or is it the cruelty? — to say, \— I don't plan on seeing you\

你打算去纽约市度周末，但又不想去看望住在那里的母亲，你会——必要的话用谎言——隐瞒你将到纽约的事实，还是会勇敢地——或者说狠心地——说：―我要来纽约，可是抱歉，我不打算来看望你‖？

14. (Dave and his wife Elaine have two quite different points of view on this very subject. He calls her a coward. She says she's being wise. He says she must assert her right to visit New York sometimes and not see her mother. To which she always patiently replies: \mother's too old to change. We get along much better when I lie to her.\

(戴夫和妻子伊莱恩正是在这个问题上有两种颇不相同的观点。他称她为懦夫。她说自己处理这事是明智的。他说她应该维护自己有的时候去纽约但不去看望母亲的权利。对此她总是耐心地回答说：―我们何必无谓地争吵呢？我母亲年纪大了，不会改了。我对她说个谎，我们相处得就更好。‖)

15. Finally, do you keep the peace by telling your husband lies on the subject of money? Do you reduce

what you really paid for your shoes? And in general do you find yourself ready, willing and able to lie to him when you make absurd mistakes or lose or break things?

最后一点，你会不会在钱的问题上对丈夫说谎，以求太平？你会不会少报买鞋子的钱？你出了什么荒唐的错误或丢失了物品打碎了器皿时是不是常常想对他撒谎，而且会对他撒谎？

16. \romantic idea that part of intimacy was confessing every dumb thing that you did so they insist — utterly devastating.

他们会对密友说谎，因为关于其才能、其爱子或其精神状态的实话会——不妨说他们坚持这么认为——使其身心受到极大伤害。

22. I sometimes tell such lies, but I'm aware that it's quite presumptuous to claim I know what's best for others to know. That's called

playing God . That's

called manipulation and control. And we never can be sure, once we start to juggle lies, just where they'll to your husband. But after a couple of years of that,\says Laura, \

―过去我往往不切实际地以为亲密关系的一个组成部分就是把自己做的每件蠢事都如实告诉丈夫。可这么过了几年之后，‖劳拉说，―我就改了主意!‖

17. And having changed her mind, she finds herself telling peacekeeping lies. And yes, I tell them too. What about you?

改主意后，她在不知不觉中说谎话求太平了。没错，我也说这种谎。你呢？

Protective Lies

18. Protective lies are lies folks tell — often quite serious lies — because they're convinced that the truth would be too damaging. They lie because they feel there are certain human values that supersede the wrong of having lied. They lie, not for personal gain, but because they believe it's for the good of the person they're lying to. They lie to those they love, to those who trust them most of all, on the grounds that breaking this trust is justified.

保护性谎言

保护性谎言就是因为人们认为事实真相危害性太大而说的谎言，这类谎言通常事关重大。他们说谎，因为他们认为，人的某些价值观念压倒了说谎这一错误行为本身。他们说谎不是为个人私利，而是因为他们相信，那是为他们对之说谎的人好。他们对自己所爱的人撒谎，对最信任自己的人撒谎，就是因为他们认为这样做是有正当理由的。

19. They may lie to their children on money or marital matters.

他们会在金钱或婚姻问题上对子女说谎。

20. They may lie to the dying about the state of their health.

他们会对垂死者隐瞒真实病情。

21. They may lie to their closest friend because the truth about her talents or son or psyche would be — or

land, exactly where they'll roll.

有时我也说这种谎，可我明白，声称自己懂得什么事他人应该知道，这未免太自以为是了。这无异于充当上帝。这无异于操纵和控制他人。而我们一旦开始玩起谎言戏法，就再也无法知道谎言何时会收场，究竟会滑向何方。

23. And furthermore, we may find ourselves lying in order to back up the lies that are backing up the lie we initially told.

而且，我们会不知不觉地为了圆先前说的谎言而说谎。

24. And furthermore — let's be honest — if conditions were reversed, we certainly wouldn't want anyone lying to us.

而且——我们不妨直说——如果情形倒过来，我们当然不愿意别人对自己说谎。

25. Yet, having said all that, I still believe that there are times when protective lies must nonetheless be told. What about you?

不过，话虽如此，我还是觉得有时保护性谎言还非说不可。你呢？

Trust-Keeping Lies

26. Another group of lies are trust-keeping lies, lies that involve triangulation, with A (that's you) telling lies to B on behalf of C (whose trust you'd promised to keep). Most people concede that once you've agreed not to betray a friend's confidence, you can't betray it, even if you must lie. But I've talked with people who don't want you telling them anything that they might be called on to lie about.

信守承诺的谎言

另一类谎言是信守承诺的谎言，涉及三方的谎言，即A（你）为了C（你答应为其信守承诺者）而对B说谎。大多数人承认，一旦你答应不背叛朋友的信任，你就不能背叛，哪怕你必须说谎。但我与之交谈过的人中也有人不想听那些他们也许得为之说谎的事。

27. \Fran, \don't want to have to tell them for other people.\means, she agrees, that if her best friend is having an

affair, she absolutely doesn't want to know about it. ―我不为自己说谎，‖弗兰说，―我也不愿为别人说谎。‖她承认，这就意味着如果她最好的朋友有风流韵事的话，她绝对不想知道。

28. \you'd betray me?\

―你是说，‖她最好的朋友问，―你会出卖我？‖

29. Fran is very pained but very adamant. \wouldn't want to betray you, so…don't tell me anything 38. \explained, \punished. I guess I gave myself away because I feel guilty about any kind of lying. It looks as if I'm stuck with telling the truth.\

―许多年来，我一直试图说谎，‖一位朋友解释说，―可我总是露馅，总是为此受罚。我想人家看出我说谎是因为我一说谎就觉得内疚。看来我只能说真话了。‖

39. For those of us, however, who are good at about it.\

弗兰心里很为难，但态度十分坚决。―我不想出卖你，所以……别跟我说这事。‖

30. Fran's best friend is shocked. What about you? 弗兰最好的朋友深感震惊。你呢？

31. Do you believe you can have close friends if you're not prepared to receive their deepest secrets? 你是不是认为，如果你不愿意了解朋友最深的隐密，你仍会有好朋友？

32. Do you believe you must always lie for your friends?

你是不是认为你必须一直为朋友说谎？

33. Do you believe, if your friend tells a secret that turns out to be quite immoral or illegal, that once you've promised to keep it, you must keep it? 你是不是认为，如果朋友透露的一个秘密是违反道德或法律的，而一旦你答应保密，你就得真的保密？

34. And what if your friend were your boss — if you were perhaps one of the President's men — would you betray or lie for him over, say,

Watergate?

如果你的朋友正好是你的上司—— 如果你恰好就是总统班底的人—— 比如说在水门事件这个问题上，你是背叛他还是为他说谎？

35. As you can see, these issues get terribly sticky. 可以想见这些问题非常棘手。

36. It's my belief that once we've promised to keep a trust, we must tell lies to keep it. I also believe that we can't tell Watergate lies. And if these two statements strike you as quite contradictory, you're right — they're quite contradictory. But for now they're the best I can do. What about you?

我以为，一旦我们答应信守承诺，我们就是说谎也得信守承诺。同时我也认为，在水门事件这类事情上我们不能说谎。如果你觉得这两点自相矛盾，那你就对了—— 这两者的确自相矛盾。但目前我只能如此。你呢？

37. There are those who have no talent for lying. 有些人不擅说谎。

telling lies, for those of us who lie and don't get caught, the question of whether or not to lie can be a hard and serious moral problem. I liked the remark of a friend of mine who said, \as a last resort — the truth's always better.\

可是，对我们这种擅于说谎的人来说，对我们这种说谎又不露馅的人来说，说谎还是不说谎会成为一个严肃的道德难题。我颇为赞同一位朋友的话，他说，―我愿意说谎。但只把这作为最后一手—— 真话总比谎话好。‖

40. \completely accept the lie I'm telling, I don't.\

―因为，‖他解释说，―哪怕别人对我的谎话完全信以为真，我自己可无法相信。‖

41. I tend to feel that way too. ?

本人也有同感。 42. What about you?

你呢？

White Lies

Sissela Bok

1 White lies are at the other end of the spectrum of deception from lies in a serious crisis. They are the most common and the most trivial forms that duplicity can take. The fact that they are so common provides their protective coloring. And their very triviality, when compared to more threatening lies, makes it seem unnecessary or even absurd to condemn them. Some consider all well-intentioned lies, however momentous, to be white; in this book, I shall adhere to the narrower usage: a white lie, in this sense, is a falsehood not meant to injure anyone, and of little moral import. I want to ask whether there are such lies; and if there are, whether their cumulative consequences are still without harm; and, finally, whether many lies are not defended as ―white‖ which are in fact harmful in their own right.

无伤大雅的小谎

西塞拉·博克

无伤大雅的小谎处于欺骗这个范畴的另一端，与重大时刻撒谎大不一样。它们是最常见的、最轻微的欺骗行为。这类小谎经常听到，这一事实本身就使之披上一层保护色。相比那些更具危害性的谎言，小谎的无关紧要使得对其进行谴责都显得没有必要甚至荒唐。有人把所有用心良善的谎言，无论多么事关重大，都看作是无伤大雅的小谎。在本书中，笔者取的是较为狭窄的意义：在这一意义上，无伤大雅的小谎指的是无意伤害他人的、没有道德含义的谎言。我想问, 是否真有这类谎言；to throw a cheerful interpretation on depressing circumstances, or to show gratitude for unwanted gifts. In the eyes of many, such white lies do no harm, provide needed support and cheer, and help dispel gloom and boredom. They preserve the equilibrium and often the humaneness of social relationships, and are usually accepted as excusable so long as they do not become excessive. Many argue, moreover, that such deception is so helpful and at times so necessary that it must be tolerated as an exception to a general 如果有的话，其日积月累的最终结果是否果然不具有伤害性；最后，许多实际上原本就具有伤害性的谎言是否没有被说成―无伤大雅‖。

2 Many small subterfuges may not even be intended to mislead. They are only ―white lies‖ in the most marginal sense. Take, for example, the many social exchanges: ―How nice to see you!‖ or ―Cordially yours.‖ These and a thousand other polite expressions are so much taken for granted that if someone decided, in the name of total honesty, not to employ them, he might well give the impression of an indifference he did not possess. The justification for continuing to use such accepted formulations is that they deceive no one, except possibly those unfamiliar with the language. 许多无关紧要的遁词也许根本就无意误导他人。它们不过勉强算是无伤大雅的小谎。如许多客套话：―见到你真高兴!‖或信末写的―你至诚的‖。这些和许许多多其他礼貌用语并无不妥，理当使用。要是有人为了要绝对诚实决定不用的话，他很可能给人一种为人冷漠的印象，而实际上此人并非如此。一直使用这些公众认可的套语的理由是它们骗不了人，那些并不通晓这一语言的人或许是例外。

3 A social practice more clearly deceptive is that of giving a false excuse so as not to hurt the feelings of someone making an invitation or request: to say one ―can‘t‖ do what in reality one may not want to do. Once again, the false excuse may prevent unwarranted inferences of greater hostility to the undertaking than one may well feel. Merely to say that one can‘t do something, moreover, is not deceptive in the sense that an elaborately concocted story can be.

一种显然更具有欺骗性质的社会惯例是假造一个理由，以便不伤害邀请人或请求者的感情：对自己其实不欲为的事推托说―不能为‖。同样的，这一假造的理由或许会防止他人莫须有地推断自己对所说之事抵触多多。再者，仅仅说一句自己不能做某事，不像煞费苦心编造的一通谎话那样带有欺骗性。

4 Still other white lies are told in an effort to flatter,

policy against lying. Thus Bacon observed: Doth any man doubt, that if there were taken out of men‘s minds vain opinions, flattering hopes, false valuations, imaginations as one would, and the like, but it would leave the minds of a number of men poor shrunken things, full of melancholy and indisposition, and unpleasing to themselves?

还有一些无伤大雅的小谎旨在讨好他人、对令人沮丧的境况做出使人高兴的解释，或者对别人赠送的无用礼物表示感谢。在许多人看来，这类无伤大雅的小谎没有害处，给人以必要的支持和安慰，有助于驱除忧郁和厌烦。它们保障人际关系的平衡，而且常常帮助人们在交往中保住人情味。只要不过分，这类谎话一般被看作是可以原谅的。更有甚者，许多人认为，这类欺骗行为裨益良多，有时还必不可少，故应作为反对撒谎这一总原则的例外加以容忍。培根曾这样说： 如果把自视过高的看法、奢望、不实的评价、一厢情愿的想法等等都从人们的脑海里赶走，那会使一些人感到空虚、悲哀、不舒服、讨厌自己，对此有人怀疑过吗？

5 Another kind of lie may actually be advocated as bringing a more substantial benefit, or avoiding a real harm, while seeming quite innocuous to those who tell the lies. Such are the placebos given for innumerable common ailments, and the pervasive use of inflated grades and recommendations for employment and promotion.

另一种谎言，实际上人们也许认为，既能带来更为实在的好处，或能避免真正的伤害，而对那些撒谎者又看似无害。比如对无数常见疾病开的并无药效的安慰剂，以及为了求职或提升而普遍拔高的成绩和多有溢美之词的推荐信。

6 A large number of lies without such redeeming features are nevertheless often regarded as so trivial that they should be grouped with white lies. They are the lies told on the spur of the moment, for want of reflection, or to get out of a scrape, or even simply to pass the time. Such are the lies told to boast or exaggerate, or on the contrary to deprecate and

understate; the many lies told or repeated in gossip; Rousseau‘s lies[1 Rousseaus‘ lies: Rousseau /ru:s/ 卢梭 （Jean Jacques Rousseau, 1712-1778），法国启蒙思想家、哲学家、 教育家和文学家. In Reveries of the Solitary Stroller, Jean Jacques Rousseau says: ―Never have I lied in my own interest; but often I have lied through shame in order to draw myself from embarrassment in 客人说那个打破的花瓶并不值钱时，又何苦去耗费时间衡量这样做的微不足道的得失？何苦为了试图证明说无伤大雅的小谎是合理的就费心去解释这类无关紧要的失实，去使并不重要的事显得那么重要？

8 Triviality surely does set limits to when moral inquiry is reasonable. But when we look more closely at practices such as placebo-giving, it becomes clear that indifferent matters…when, having to sustain

discussion, the slowness of my ideas and the dryness of my conversation forced me to have recourse to fictions in order to say something.‖]1 told simply ―in order to say something‖; the embroidering on facts that seem too tedious in their own right; and the substitution of a quick lie for the lengthy explanations one might otherwise have to provide for something not worth spending time on.

然而，许多谎言并不像上述那样尚有好处可言，但人们常常认为它们无关紧要，所以应归为无伤大雅的谎言一类。那都是些脱口而出、不假思索的谎言，或是为了摆脱窘境、甚或仅仅是为了打发时间而说的谎言。这类谎言有的出于溢美夸大，有的则相反，出于有意贬低或缩小事态；许多来自流言蜚语；而卢梭式的谎言仅仅是―为有话可说‖；有的则是对本身太乏味的事实添油加醋；还有的则是因为与其为了不足道的事情费过多口舌还不如找个简短的托词了事。

7 Utilitarians often cite white lies as the kind of deception where their theory shows the benefits of common sense and clear thinking. A white lie, they hold, is trivial; it is either completely harmless, or so marginally harmful that the cost of detecting and evaluating the harm is much greater than the minute harm itself. In addition, the white lie can often actually be beneficial, thus further tipping the scales of utility. In a world with so many difficult problems, utilitarians might ask: Why take the time to weigh the minute pros and cons in telling someone that his tie is attractive when it is an abomination, or of saying to a guest that a broken vase was worthless? Why bother even to define such insignificant distortions or make mountains out of molehills by seeking to justify them?

功利主义者常称，说无伤大雅的小谎说明你思维清晰、明白事理，他们的理论表明，这样的欺骗有好处。他们认为，无伤大雅的小谎无关紧要；这种谎言没有丝毫害处，即使有也是微乎其微，若去探究、估计它的害处，其代价比微小的害处本身要大得多。再者，无伤大雅的小谎其实常常会有助益，这就使它的实用性显得更加突出。尘世间本已烦恼多多，功利主义者或许会问：在恭维一个人领带很漂亮其实很难看时，或宽慰

all lies defended as ―white‖ cannot be so easily dismissed. In the first place, the harmlessness of lies is notoriously disputable. What the liar perceives as harmless or even beneficial may not be so in the eyes of the deceived. Second, the failure to look at an entire practice rather than at their own isolated case often blinds liars to cumulative harm and expanding deceptive activities. Those who begin with white lies can come to resort to more frequent and more serious ones. Where some tell a few white lies, others may tell more. Because lines are so hard to draw, the indiscriminate use of such lies can lead to other deceptive practices. The aggregate harm from a large number of marginally harmful instances may, therefore, be highly undesirable in the end—for liars, those deceived, and honesty and trust more generally. 事物的琐碎性质的确限制了什么时候作道德质询是理智的。但如果我们仔细观察说安慰话这样的行为，很显然，不是所有被辩解为无伤大雅的小谎都能轻易开脱的。首先，众所周知，谎言的无害性大可商榷。说谎者认为无害甚或有益的在被欺骗者看来未必如此。第二，对某种行为不看整体效果，只看孤立的个案常常使说谎者对日积月累的伤害、日渐加剧的欺骗行为视而不见。那些起初撒些无伤大雅的小谎的人渐渐地可能会经常说谎，谎言越发出格。只要有人撒几个无伤大雅的小谎，其他人就可能说更多这类谎。由于界限如此难以划分，随意撒这类谎能导致其他的欺骗行为。最终，大量微小伤害合在一起形成的总的伤害会招致相当大的麻烦——对说谎者、被欺骗者是如此，更笼统地说，对诚实、信任也是如此。

9 In the post-Watergate period, no one need regard a concern with the combined and long-term effects of deception as far-fetched. But even apart from political life, with its peculiar and engrossing temptations, lies tend to spread. Disagreeable facts come to be sugar-coated, and sad news softened or denied altogether. Many lie to children and to those who are ill about matters no longer peripheral but quite central, such as birth, adoption, divorce, and death. Deceptive propaganda and misleading advertising abound. All these lies are often dismissed on the same grounds of

harmlessness and triviality used for white lies in general.

在水门事件之后的年代里，谁也不会对欺骗行为造成的多方面的、长远的影响表示忧虑看作很离奇。可是即使不把政治生活考虑在内，由于说谎具有独特的诱惑力，谎言也呈现蔓延之势。令人不快的事实被裹上了糖衣，使人伤心的消息被粉饰， ―你想什么时候开始呢？‖他问。

3 \ ―就现在，‖我回答说。

4 This seemed to please him, and with an energetic \specimens in yellow alcohol. \或干脆被掩盖。许多人对孩子撒谎，对那些有疑难问题的人撒谎，且涉及的问题已并非无关紧要，而是关系到出生、收养孩子、离婚等大事。骗人的宣传以及误导的广告比比皆是。所有这些谎言，如同普通无伤大雅的小谎一样，往往以无害和不值一提为理由而听之任之了。

10 It is worth taking a close look at practices where lies believed trivial are common. Triviality in an isolated lie can then be more clearly seen to differ markedly from the costs of an entire practice—both to individuals and to communities.

被认为无关紧要的谎言时常能够听到，这种说谎行为值得仔细研究一下。一经研究，我们就可以更加清楚地看到，在一个孤立的谎话中看到的极轻微伤害，与整个欺骗行为付出的代价之间有着明显的差异——对个人和对社会都如此。

Take This Fish and Look at

It

Samuel Scudder

1 It was more than fifteen years ago that I entered the laboratory of Professor Agassiz, and told him I had enrolled my name in the Scientific School as a student of

natural history . He asked me a few

questions about my object in coming, my antecedents generally, the mode in which I afterwards proposed to use the knowledge I might acquire, and, finally, whether I wished to study any special branch. To the latter I replied that while I wished to be well grounded in all departments of zoology, I purposed to devote myself especially to insects.

把这条鱼拿去好好看看

塞缪尔·斯卡德

我是在15余年前进入阿加西兹教授的实验室的，告诉他我已在科学学院注册读博物学。他略略询问了我来此的目的、我大致的经历、以后准备如何运用所学知识，最后问我是否希望修习某一特别学科。对最后一个问题我回答说，我希望自己在动物学各个领域都具有一定的基础，但特别想研究昆虫。

2 \

\haemulon; by and by I will ask what you have seen.\

他听了显然挺高兴，劲头十足地说道―很好‖，便从架子上取下一个黄色酒精里浸有标本的大罐。―把这条鱼拿去看看，‖他说，―我们叫它石鲈。过一会儿我会问你都看到些什么。‖

5 With that he left me, but in a moment returned with explicit instructions as to the care of the object entrusted to me.

说着他走了，但一会儿又回来跟我详细说明如何保管交给我的标本。

6 \naturalist,\does not know how to take care of specimens.\ ―一个人如果连怎样保护标本都不知道，‖他说，―他就不配当博物学家。‖

7 I was to keep the fish before me in a tin tray, and occasionally moisten the surface with alcohol from the jar, always taking care to replace the stopper tightly. Those were not the days of ground-glass stoppers and elegantly shaped exhibition jars; all the old students will recall the huge neckless glass bottles with their leaky, wax-besmeared corks, half eaten by insects, and begrimed with cellar dust. Entomology was a cleaner science than ichthyology, but the example of the Professor, who had unhesitatingly plunged to the bottom of the jar to produce the fish, was infectious; and though this alcohol had a \smell,\these sacred precincts, and treated the alcohol as though it were pure water. Still I was conscious of a passing feeling of disappointment, for gazing at a fish did not commend itself to an ardent entomologist. My friends at home, too, were annoyed when they discovered that no amount of eau-de-Cologne would

drown the perfume which haunted me like a shadow. 我得把放在一个锡盘里的鱼摆在面前，过一段时间用罐里的酒精润湿它的表面，每次都要记住把瓶塞塞紧。那个时候还没有毛玻璃瓶塞和外形精美的展示用瓶，过去的大学生都会记得那种硕大的无颈玻璃瓶，软木瓶塞全是洞孔，涂过蜡，被虫啃去一半，被地下室的灰尘弄得很脏。昆虫学这门科学比鱼类学干净，可教授没半点犹豫就伸手探入罐底捞出了鱼，他的榜

样颇具感染力。尽管酒精散发着一种―陈腐的鱼腥味‖，我却不敢在这神圣的场所流露出丝毫厌恶，只能把酒精当作纯净水对待。但我心头还是感到一丝失望，因为盯着看一条鱼实非一位满怀热情的昆虫学家之所爱。回家后我的那些朋友也不怎么高兴，他们发现，用再多的科隆香水也驱不走幽灵般附在我身上的那股异味。

8 In ten minutes I had seen all that could be seen in that fish, and started in search of the Professor — who had, however, left the Museum; and when I returned, after lingering over some of the odd animals stored in count the scales in the different rows, until I was convinced that was nonsense. At last a happy thought struck me — I would draw the fish; and with surprise I began to discover new features in the creature. Just then the Professor returned.

我回来后，得知阿加西兹教授回过博物馆，可又走了，要过几个小时才回来。我的那些同学都在忙着，不能一直跟他们谈话打搅他们。我慢吞吞地取出了那条面目可憎的鱼，怀着绝望心情接着看。我不能用放大镜，任何器材都不许用。一双手，两只眼，还有这条鱼：这个观察场地也未免太狭小了。我把一the upper apartment, my specimen was dry all over. I dashed the fluid over the fish as if to resuscitate the beast from a fainting fit, and looked with anxiety for a return of the normal sloppy appearance. This little excitement over, nothing was to be done but to return to a steadfast gaze at my mute companion. Half an hour passed — an hour — another hour; the fish began to look loathsome. I turned it over and around; looked it in the face — ghastly; from behind, beneath, above, sideways,

at three-quarters' view — just as ghastly.

I was in despair; at an early hour I concluded that lunch was necessary; so, with infinite relief, the fish was carefully replaced in the jar, and for an hour I was free.

才十分钟，我就把那条鱼能看的全都看了个遍，接着开始找教授，他却已经离开了博物馆。我在楼上存放着奇异动物的房间里转悠了一会儿，等我回去时，我的鱼标本全都干了。我急忙把酒精洒上去，就像是要把它从昏迷中救醒过来似的，急切地等着它回复到平时那湿漉漉的样子。一阵小小的兴奋过后就无事可干了，只好继续凝视着我那一言不发的伙伴。半个小时过去了，一个小时，又是一个小时。看着看着觉得那条鱼讨厌得很。我把鱼翻来翻去，瞧瞧头部—— 怪可怕的；再从后面看，从下面、上面、侧面看，再从展示面部四分之三的角度看—— 也是怪可怕的。我都绝望了。时间还早，可我觉得应该去吃午饭了，于是我如释重负地把鱼小心翼翼地放回到罐里，便去逍遥了一个小时。

9 On my return, I learned that Professor Agassiz had been at the Museum, but had gone, and would not return for several hours. My fellow-students were too busy to be disturbed by continued conversation. Slowly I drew forth that hideous fish, and with a feeling of desperation again looked at it. I might not use a magnifying-glass; instruments of all kinds were interdicted. My two hands, my two eyes, and the fish: it seemed a most limited field. I pushed my finger down its throat to feel how sharp the teeth were. I began to

根手指伸进它的喉部，试试它的牙齿有多锋利。我开始数一排排鱼鳞，一直数到自己也觉得荒唐。最后我想出了一个绝妙的主意—— 把鱼画下来。我惊讶地发现这家伙身上还真有不少新特征。就在这时教授回来了。

10 \best of eyes. I am glad to notice, too, that you keep your specimen wet, and your bottle corked.\

对了，‖他说，―笔的目光也是最敏锐的。而且，令人高兴的是，我还注意到你的标本没有干，瓶子也是塞住的。‖

11 With these encouraging words, he added: \what is it like?\

说了这番鼓励话之后，他接着问：―好了，看得怎么样了？‖

12 He listened attentively to my brief rehearsal of the structure of parts whose names were still unknown to me: the fringed gill-arches and movable operculum; the pores of the head, fleshy lips and lidless eyes; the lateral line, the spinous fins and forked tail; the compressed and arched body. When I finished, he waited as if expecting more, and then, with an air of disappointment:

他专注地听我简要叙述鱼体的结构，许多部位我还不知道叫什么：带边缘的鳃弓、活动鳃盖骨、头部细孔、肉质唇部、无睑眼；侧线、刺状鳍、叉状尾；扁曲身体。我讲完了，他仍等着，似乎还想听下去，接着带着失望的神情说：

13 \continued more earnestly, \of the most conspicuous features of the animal, which is plainly before your eyes as the fish itself; look again, look again!\

―你看得不够仔细。唉，‖他满脸认真地接着说道，―你连这条鱼最明显的一项特征都没看出来，跟这条鱼一样，那特征就明摆在你的眼前。再看，再看!‖说着他走了，留下我沮丧不已。

14 I was piqued; I was mortified. Still more of that wretched fish! But now I set myself to my task with a will, and discovered one new thing after another, until I saw how just the Professor's criticism had been. The

afternoon passed quickly; and when, towards its close, the Professor inquired:

我怒从心生，我深感屈辱。还要看那条该死的鱼!不过，这次我看时憋了一股劲，于是发现了一个又一个新特征，到最后我明白教授的批评的确有道理。一个下午很快过去了。下午将尽时，教授问道：

15 \ ―发现了没有？‖

16 \ventured to ask what I should do next.

他那听上去极为满意的―当然是，当然是!‖的回答补偿了前一晚多少个不眠的小时。等他高兴而又热情地—— 他一向如此—— 讲述完这一发现的重要性，我斗胆问接下来我该做什么。

22 \left me again to my own devices. In a little more than an hour he returned, and heard my new catalogue.

―哦，看你那条鱼!‖他说着走了，又不管我了。过了一小时多一点，他回来了，听我汇报新的发现。

how little I saw before.\

―还没有，‖我回答说，―肯定还没有，可我看出了原先自己的确没观察到什么。‖

17 \won't hear you now; put away your fish and go home; perhaps you will be ready with a better answer in the morning. I will examine you before you look at the fish.\

―这是仅次于最好的结果了，‖他认真地说，―不过现在我不打算听你讲。把鱼放好，然后就回家吧。说不定到了明天早上你会回答得更好。明天在你看鱼之前我再问你。‖

18 This was disconcerting. Not only must I think of my fish all night, studying, without the object before me, what this unknown but most visible feature might be; but also, without reviewing my discoveries, I must give an exact account of them the next day. I had a bad memory; so I walked home by Charles River in a distracted state, with my two perplexities.

这真是太为难人了。我不仅得整晚想着这条鱼，要在实物不在眼前的情况下仔细琢磨这一未知却又极其显著的特征是什么；而且，第二天要在无法回顾我所作发现的情况下对我所观察到的东西作一精确描述。我记性不好，因此我沿着查尔斯河走回家时心烦意乱，想着自己的两个难题。

19 The cordial greeting from the Professor the next morning was reassuring; here was a man who seemed to be quite as anxious as I that I should see for myself what he saw.

第二天早上，教授热情的问候让人感到安慰。眼前这人跟我一样，急切地希望我能独立看出他业已观察到的事物。

20 \has symmetrical sides with paired organs?\

―您的意思是不是说，‖我问，―这条鱼两侧对称，器官成对？‖

21 His thoroughly pleased \repaid the wakeful hours of the previous night. After he had discoursed most happily and enthusiastically — as he always did — upon the importance of this point, I

23 \that is not all; go on\placed that fish before my eyes, forbidding me to look at anything else, or to use any artificial aid. \look,\injunction.

―很好，很好!‖他重复说道。 ―可这还不够，接着看。‖于是，整整三天，他把那条鱼置于我眼前，不让我看别的东西，也不让我借助任何工具。―看看，看看，再看看，‖就是他不断重复的指令。

24 This was the best entomological lesson I ever had — a lesson whose influence has extended to the details of every subsequent study; a legacy the Professor had left to me, as he has left it to so many others, of inestimable value which we could not buy, with which we cannot part.

这是我上过的最好的昆虫学课—— 其影响延伸到以后每一项研究的各个细节。这是阿加西兹教授留给我以及其他许多人的遗产，其价值无法估量，千金难买，我们决不会割舍。

25 The fourth day, a second fish of the same group was placed beside the first, and I was bidden to point out the resemblances and differences between the two; another and another followed, until the entire family lay before me, and a whole legion of jars covered the table and surrounding shelves; the odor had become a pleasant perfume; and even now, the sight of an old, six-inch worm-eaten cork brings fragrant memories. 第四天，另一条同类的鱼摆在了前一条鱼的旁边，我被要求指出两者之间的异同。接着一条，又一条，直到这一科的全部成员都摆放在我的眼前，许许多多罐子占满了桌子和周围的架子。那气味也变得如香水般迷人。直到今天，只要看见一个被蛀虫咬过的6英寸长的旧软木塞，都会引起我美好的回忆。

26 The whole group of haemulons was thus brought in review; and, whether engaged upon the dissection of the internal organs, the preparation and examination of the bony framework, or the description of the various parts, Agassiz's training in the method of observing facts and their orderly arrangement was

ever accompanied by the urgent exhortation not to be 4 Her large brown eyes became daggerish slits. content with them.

就这样，整个石鲈一群全都拿来观察过了。无论是在解剖内脏，在制作和检查骨架，还是在描述各种不同的部位，阿加西兹在训练学生观察事实及其有序排列的能力时，始终谆谆告诫大家不能满足于已有的发现。

27 \brought into connection with some general law.\ ―事实是枯燥无聊的，‖他常说，―除非与某种普遍规律联系在一起。‖

28 At the end of eight months, it was almost with reluctance that I left these friends and turned to insects; but what I had gained by this outside experience has been of greater value than years of later investigation in my favorite groups.

快满8个月时，我依依不舍地离开了这些鱼类朋友，转向昆虫类。可是，我从这次自己选修学科以外的经历中得到的收获，其价值超过以后我对自己喜欢的动物群所作的多年研

究。

Unforgettable Miss Bessie

Carl T. Rowan

1 She was only about five feet tall and probably never weighed more than 110 pounds, but Miss Bessie was a towering presence in the classroom. She was the only woman tough enough to make me read Beowulf and think for a few foolish days that I liked it. From 1938 to 1942, when I attended Bernard High School in McMinnville, Tenn., she taught me English, history, civics—and a lot more than I realized.

难忘恩师贝西小姐

卡尔·T·罗旺 她身高不过5英尺上下，体重可能从来不超过110磅，但贝西小姐在教室里形象极其高大。她是个厉害女人，只有她能逼得我去读《贝奥武甫》，而且有那么几天，我还真傻乎乎地觉得自己挺喜欢这首史诗。从1938年到1942年，我在田纳西州麦克敏维尔的伯纳德高中上学，她教我英语、历史、公民学，还有许多当时我未能领悟的东西。

2 I shall never forget the day she scolded me into reading Beowulf.

我永远忘不了她训斥着要我读《贝奥武甫》的那一天。

3 \interested in it.\

\可是，贝西小姐，\我抱怨说，\我对它不怎么感兴趣。\

\taught you better than that.\

她那双褐色的眼睛眯成一条缝，射出的目光犀利如刀。\小伙子，\她说，\你竟敢对我说'ain't'!我教过你该怎么说。\

5 \pleaded, \first-string end on the football team. And if I go around saying 'it isn't' and 'they aren't,' the guys are gonna laugh me off the squad.\

\贝西小姐，\我恳求道，\我正在努力争取当上橄榄球队的正式边锋。要是我老是说'it isn't'和'they aren't'，那帮人会嘲笑我，把我撵出球队的。\

6 \because you have guts. But do you know what really takes guts? Refusing to lower your standards to those of the crowd. It takes guts to say you've got to live and be somebody fifty years after all the football games are over.\

\小伙子，\她回答说，\你打橄榄球是因为你有勇气。可你是不是知道什么事情真正需要勇气？那就是决不把你的做人标准降低到和那帮子人一样。你要鼓起勇气对他们说，橄榄球比赛全部结束后你还想出人头地生活50年呢。\

7 I started saying \still made first-string end—and class

valedictorian—without losing my buddies' respect. 我开始说\和\了，而且照样当上了正式边锋—— 还成为班级里致告别辞的毕业生代表—— 却一点也没有失去伙伴们的尊重。

8 During her remarkable 44-year career, Mrs. Bessie Taylor Gwynn taught hundreds of economically deprived black youngsters—including my mother, my brother, my sisters and me. I remember her now with gratitude and affection—especially in this era when

Americans are so wrought-up about a \mediocrity\finding competent, caring teachers. Miss Bessie was an example of an informed, dedicated teacher, a blessing to children and an asset to the nation.

在她44年不平凡的教学生涯中，贝西·泰勒·格温太太教过许多穷困的黑人孩子——其中有我的母亲、兄弟、姐妹，还有我本人。今天，我怀着热爱和感激之情记住她——尤其在今天这个时代，在国人对公共教育\日益平庸化\，对称职的、有爱心的教师难觅等问题深感不安之时，我更是忘不了她。贝西小姐有见识、有奉献精神，堪称教师楷模，有她这样的老师是孩子们的福分，对国家来说她是宝贵的人才。

9 Born in 1895, in poverty, she grew up in Athens,

Ala., where there was no public school for blacks. She attended Trinity School, a private institution for blacks run by the American Missionary Association, and in 1911 graduated from the Normal School (a \high school) at Fisk University in Nashville. Mrs. Gwynn, the essence of pride and privacy, never talked about her years in Athens; only in the months before her death did she reveal that she had never attended Fisk and what you think about her.\

这位看似弱不禁风的女子能读懂莎士比亚、弥尔顿、伏尔泰的作品，能把布克尔·T·华盛顿和W·E·B·杜波伊斯说得栩栩如生。她深信了解花纳税人的钱并制定维护公共利益政策的官员是非常重要的，因此她要我们记住最高法院全体法官以及总统内阁全体成员的名字。要是贝西小姐说：\站起来，告诉大家弗朗西丝·珀金斯是谁，你觉得她怎么样\，而你却毫无准备，那真够窘的。

University itself because she could not afford the four-year course.

她于1895年出生在贫苦人家，在亚拉巴马的阿森斯长大。当时那里没有黑人公立学校。她上的是三一学堂，一所美国传教士协会为黑人开设的私立学校。1911年她毕业于纳什维尔的菲斯克大学附属师范学校(一所\极棒的\高级中学)。格温太太是个自尊心很强、很想维护隐私的人，从来不提她在阿森斯读过的岁月。直到她去世前几个月，她才透露说，她从来没上过菲克斯大学本部，因为她付不起4年的学费。

10 At Normal School she learned a lot about Shakespeare, but most of all about the profound importance of education—especially, for a people trying to move up from slavery. \head, boy,\the Ku Klux Klan, the Congress or anybody.\

在师范学校求学时，她学到许多关于莎士比亚的知识，但更重要的是她认识了教育的极端重要性—— 对一个正试图摆脱奴隶地位的民族尤为重要。\你装进脑袋的东西，小伙子，\她说过，\三K党夺不走，国会夺不走，谁都夺不走。\

11 Miss Bessie's bearing of dignity told anyone who met her that she was \the word. There was never a discipline problem in her classes. We didn't dare to mess with a woman who knew about the Battle of Hastings, Magna Carta and the Bill of Rights—and who could also play the piano. 见过贝西小姐的人都从她端庄的举止中看出她是绝对\有学识的\。她任课的班上从来没有纪律问题。我们不敢跟一个知道黑斯廷斯战役、英国大宪章、权利法案——又能弹钢琴的女教师捣乱。

12 This frail-looking woman could make sense of Shakespeare, Milton, Voltaire, and bring to life Booker T. Washington and W. E. B. DuBois. Believing that it was important to know who the officials were that spent taxpayers' money and made public policy, she made us memorize the names of everyone on the Supreme Court and in the President's Cabinet. It could be embarrassing to be unprepared when Miss Bessie said, \

13 Miss Bessie knew that my family, like so many others during the Depression, couldn't afford to subscribe to a newspaper. She knew we didn't even own a radio. Still, she prodded me to \look out for your future and find some way to keep up with what's going on in the world.\Chattanooga Times. I rarely made a dollar a week, but I got to read a newspaper every day.

贝西小姐知道，跟大萧条时期许多人家一样，我家订不起报纸。她知道我家连收音机也没有。但她还是敦促我\要为自己的未来着想，设法了解天下大事。\于是我成了查塔努加《时报》的送报员。我一星期挣不满1美金，但我每天都能读到报纸。

14 Miss Bessie noticed things that had nothing to do with schoolwork, but were vital to a youngster's development. Once a few classmates made fun of my frayed, hand-me-down overcoat, calling me \As I was leaving school, Miss Bessie patted me on the back of that old overcoat and said, \fret about what you don't have. Just make the most of what you do have—a brain.\

贝西小姐十分关注某些虽与功课无关，但对孩子的成长却至关重要的事。一次几个同学拿我那件穿烂了的旧大衣开玩笑，叫我\破烂\。放学回家时，贝西小姐拍拍我穿着那件旧大衣的背部说：\卡尔，千万别为你没有的东西而烦恼。要充分利用你拥有的东西—— 脑子。\

15 Among the things that I did not have was electricity in the little frame house[ frame house: a house constructed from a wooden skeleton, typically covered with timber boards 木板屋] that my father had built for $400 with his World War I bonus. But because of her inspiration, I spent many hours squinting beside a kerosene lamp reading Shakespeare and Thoreau, Samuel Pepys and William Cullen Bryant.

我没有的东西包括我家小木板屋没有电，那屋是父亲从他一战退伍军人补助金里拿出400美元盖的。但由于她的鼓励，我花了大量时间在煤油灯下眯着眼阅读莎士比亚、梭罗、塞缪尔·佩皮斯和威廉·科伦·布赖恩特的作品。

16 No one in my family had ever graduated from

high school, so there was no tradition of commitment to learning for me to lean on. Like millions of

youngsters in today's ghettos and barrios, I needed the push and stimulation of a teacher who truly cared. Miss Bessie gave plenty of both, as she immersed me in a wonderful world of similes, metaphors and even onomatopoeia. She led me to believe that I could write sonnets as well as Shakespeare, or iambic-pentameter 不要再有什么梦想了，\贝西小姐曾经这样告诫我。

19 So I read whatever Miss Bessie told me to, and tried to remember the things she insisted that I store away. Forty-five years later, I can still recite her \live by,\

Longfellow's lines from \The heights by great men reached and kept Were not attained by sudden flight. But they, while their verse to put Alexander Pope to shame.

我家从来没有过高中毕业生，因此没有用功读书的先例供我学习。如同今天贫民窟里和西裔聚居区里千百万的孩子一样，我需要一个真正关心人的老师的督促和激励。贝西小姐既随时督促我，又经常激励我，她让我沉浸在一个由明喻、暗喻，甚至拟声词构成的奇妙世界里。她使我相信，我能写出不比莎士比亚逊色的十四行诗，能写出让亚历山大·蒲柏感到羞愧的抑扬格五音步诗。

17 In those days the McMinnville school system was rigidly \struggle to put anything in their heads. Our high school was only slightly larger than the once-typical little red schoolhouse, and its library was outrageously

inadequate—so small, I like to say, that if two students were in it and one wanted to turn a page, the other one had to step outside.

在那个时代，麦克敏维尔所有的学校对黑人实行严格的种族歧视，穷苦的黑人小孩要想学到一点东西得发奋努力。我们的高中只比南方曾经特有的那种红色小校舍稍大一点，它的图书馆差透了——它是如此之小，我可以说，要是有两个学生在里面看书，一个学生想翻一下书页，另一个学生就得让开。

18 Negroes, as we were called then, were not allowed in the town library, except to mop floors or dust tables. But through one of those secret Old South[3 Old South: the South before the Civil War]3 arrangements between whites of conscience and blacks of stature, Miss Bessie kept getting books smuggled out of the white library. That is how she introduced me to the Bront?s, Byron, Coleridge, Keats and Tennyson. \if you can't write, you might as well stop dreaming,\Miss Bessie once told me.

那时候，我们这些黑人(当时人们称我们\是不准进市图书馆的，除非是去拖地板或擦桌子。但是，贝西小姐利用南北战争前有良知的白人和有影响的黑人之间所达成的某种秘密安排，设法不断地将书从白人图书馆偷运过来。她用这个办法使我读到勃朗特三姐妹、拜伦、科勒律治、济慈和丁尼生的作品。\你要是不读书，你就不会写，要是你不会写，那你就

companions slept, Were toiling upward in the night. 所以，贝西小姐要我读什么，我就读什么，并努力记住她要我一定要记住的东西。到现在45年了，我仍背得出她推崇的\立身至理名言\，譬如亨利·沃兹华斯·朗费罗写的《圣奥古斯丁的梯子》中的诗句： 伟人们登上高山之顶， 并非一蹴而就。 而是当同伴们酣睡时， 他们仍不辞辛劳摸黑向上攀爬。

20 Years later, her inspiration, prodding, anger, cajoling and almost osmotic infusion of learning finally led to that lovely day when Miss Bessie dropped me a note saying, \Nashville Tennessean.\

许多年之后，她的激励和敦促、她的发怒、她的劝诱，她那差不多是潜移默化式的知识传授，终于化作一个美好的日子，那天贝西小姐给我写了封短信：\我在纳什维尔出版的《田纳西人》上读到你的专栏文章，我深感骄傲。\

21 Miss Bessie was a spry 80 when I went back to McMinnville and visited her in a senior citizens' apartment building. Pointing out proudly that her building was racially integrated, she reached for two glasses and a pint of bourbon. I was momentarily shocked, because it would have been scandalous in the 1930s and '40s for word to get out that a teacher drank, and nobody had ever raised a rumor that Miss Bessie did.

我回到麦克敏维尔前往一个老年公寓看望她的时候，她已八十高龄了，但仍精神矍铄。她自豪地告诉我，这个公寓里黑人白人都有，说着她取出两个杯子和一品脱波旁威士忌酒。我顿时感到震惊，因为在二十世纪三、四十年代，要是有传言说当老师的喝酒，那就会成为丑闻，那时候也从来没有谁说过贝西小姐会喝酒。

22 I felt a new sense of equality as she lifted her glass to mine. Then she revealed a softness and compassion that I had never known as a student. 她和我碰杯，我不由产生一种从未有过的平等感。当时她流露出的温柔和怜爱是我当学生时从未感受过的。

23 \said, \obviously asking you for help with question number

seven, 'Name a common carrier,' I can still picture you looking at your exam paper and humming a few bars of 'Chattanooga Choo Choo.' I was so tickled, I couldn't punish either of you.\

\我一直记得那天考试，\她说，\巴斯特·马丁伸出七根手指，显然是问你怎么回答第七题，'说出一种常见的运输工具'，我现在还能想象，当时你看着自己的试卷，哼了《查塔努加车--车》中的几节艺娓豪至耍懔┪夷母龆济环ǚ!!?

24 Miss Bessie was telling me, with bourbon-laced grace, that I never fooled her for a moment.

贝西小姐是借着威士忌的酒力在告诉我，我什么事都没能蒙过她。

25 When Miss Bessie died in 1980, at age 85, hundreds of her former students mourned. They knew the measure of a great teacher: love and motivation. Her wisdom and influence had rippled out across generations.

1980年，贝西小姐以85岁高龄辞世时，她教过的许多学生前来哀悼。他们知道衡量一位杰出教师的标准：爱与动力。她的智慧和影响惠及几代人。

26 Some of her students who might normally have been doomed to poverty went on to become doctors, dentists and college professors. Many, guided by Miss Bessie's example, became public-school teachers. 她的一些学生，原本也许注定要一生贫困，但后来成长为医生、牙医、大学教授。贝西小姐的不少学生受她榜样的影响，都成为公立学校教师。

27 \conducted her classroom did more for me than anything I learned in college,\Knoxville, Tenn., a highly respected English teacher who spent 43 years in the state's school system. \many times, when I faced a difficult classroom problem, I asked myself, How would Miss Bessie deal with this? And I'd remember that she would handle it with laughter and love.\

\对贝西小姐以及她的课堂教学方式的回忆，比我在大学里所学到的任何东西都更有帮助，\在公立学校系统任教43年、备受尊敬的英语教师，来自田纳西州诺克斯维尔的格拉迪斯·伍德回忆道。\多少次，当我在课堂上遇到难题时，我就自问，贝西小姐对这事会怎么处理？我总记起她总是用笑声，用爱来解决问题。\

28 No child can get all the necessary support at home, and millions of poor children get no support at all. This is what makes a wise, educated,

warm-hearted teacher like Miss Bessie so vital to the

minds, hearts and souls of this country's children. 孩子不可能从家里得到所有必要的帮助，千百万穷孩子根本得不到帮助。正因为如此，像贝西小姐那样有智慧、有知识、有热情的教师对我国儿童智力、心灵的发展有着重大

的意义。

Grant and Lee

Bruce Catton

1 When Ulysses S. Grant and Robert E. Lee met in the parlor of a modest house at Appomattox Court House, Virginia, on April 9, 1865, to work out the terms for the surrender of Lee's Army of Northern Virginia, a great chapter in American life came to a close, and a great new chapter began.

格兰特和李

布鲁斯·卡顿 1865年4月9日，当尤利西兹·S·格兰特和罗伯特·E·李在弗吉尼亚州阿珀马特科斯县城一所不太大的房子的客厅里会面，商讨李所率的北弗吉尼亚军队投降条件时，美国人生活中一个伟大的篇章结束了，一个崭新的重要篇章开始了。

2 These men were bringing the Civil War to its virtual finish. To be sure, other armies had yet to surrender, and for a few days the fugitive Confederate government would struggle

desperately and vainly, trying to find some way to go on living now that its chief support was gone. But in effect it was all over when Grant and Lee signed the papers. And the little room where they wrote out the terms was the scene of one of the poignant, dramatic contrasts in American history.

此二人是在实质上终止内战。诚然，其他军队尚未投降，已失去主要支柱的逃亡的邦联政府仍将绝望地徒然挣扎数日，想法寻觅生机。其实，在格兰特和李签署文件之时，一切都已结束。他们拟定投降条件时用的那间小客厅成了见证美国史上强烈的戏剧性对照的场所。

3 They were two strong men, these oddly different generals, and they represented the strengths of two conflicting currents that, through them, had come into final collision.

这两位截然不同的将军都是强有力的人物，他们代表着两股相互冲突的力量的潮流，那两股潮流通过他们最终发生碰撞。4

Back of Robert E. Lee was the notion that the

old aristocratic concept might somehow survive and be dominant in American life.

罗伯特·E·李所仰仗的信念是，古老的贵族观念或许能以某种方式继续存在下去，并左右美国人的生活。

5 Lee was tidewater Virginia, and in his background were family, culture, and tradition... the age of chivalry transplanted to a New World which was making its own legends and its own myths. He embodied a way of life that had come down through

the age of knighthood

and the English country squire. America was a land that was beginning all over again, dedicated to nothing Confederacy... the best thing that the way of life for which the Confederacy stood could ever have to offer. He had passed into legend before Appomattox. Thousands of tired, underfed, poorly clothed Confederate soldiers, long since past the simple enthusiasm of the early days of the struggle, somehow considered Lee the symbol of everything for which they had been willing to die. But they could not quite put this feeling into words.

If the Lost Cause, sanctified

much more complicated than the rather hazy belief that all men had equal rights and should have an equal chance in the world. In such a land Lee stood for the feeling that it was somehow of advantage to human society to have a pronounced inequality in the social structure. There should be a leisure class, backed by ownership of land; in turn, society itself should be keyed to the land as the chief source of wealth and influence. It would bring forth (according to this ideal) a class of men with a strong sense of obligation to the community; men who lived not to gain advantage for themselves, but to meet the solemn obligations which had been laid on them by the very fact that they were privileged. From them the country would get its leadership; to them it could look for the higher values — of thought, of conduct, of personal deportment — to give it strength and virtue.

李是弗吉尼亚州沿海低地人氏，他的生活背景是家庭、文化、传统……，是被移植到这个正在形成自身的传说与神话的新世界的骑士时代。他体现了从骑士和英格兰乡绅时代流传下来的一种生活方式。美国是个一切从头开始的国度，信奉的只不过是一种颇为模糊的信念，即人人拥有平等的权利，在世间应有平等的机会，如此而已。在这样一个国度里，李代表着这样一种情感，即社会结构中保留一种明显的不平等多少有利于人类社会。理应存在一个拥有土地的有闲阶级；反过来，社会本身应以土地为本，视其为财富与势力的主要来源。（根据这一理想）这样一个社会会造就一个对社会有着强烈责任感的阶级，他们不是为自己获利活着，而是为了承担自己的特权所赋予的重大责任活着。国家从他们中觅得领导人员；国家可依靠他们产生更加高尚的价值观念—— 思想方面的，行为方面的，个人风度方面的—— 以求国兴德盛。

6 Lee embodied the noblest elements of this aristocratic ideal. Through him, the landed nobility justified itself. For four years, the Southern states had fought a desperate war to uphold the ideals for which Lee stood. In the end, it almost seemed as if the Confederacy fought for Lee; as if he himself was the

by so much heroism and so many deaths, had a living justification, its justification was General Lee. 李体现了这一贵族理想的最高尚的部分。拥有土地的贵族通过他获得存在的理由。四年间，南方各州拼死战斗，以捍卫李所代表的理想。到后来，南部邦联似乎是为李而战；李本人似乎就是南部邦联……似乎是南部邦联所代表的生活方式能提供的菁华。还在来到阿珀马特科斯之前，他已经成为传奇人物了。成千上万疲于征战、忍饥挨饿、征衣褴褛的邦联士兵早已失去了战争伊始的单纯的热情，他们把李视作自己甘愿为之献身的一切的象征。只是他们不善表述这种情感。这一被无数英雄行为、无数阵亡将士神圣化了的注定失败的事业若有其现实的理由证明其是正确的话，那这理由就是李将军。

7 Grant, the son of a tanner on

the Western

frontier, was everything Lee was not. He had come up the hard way and embodied nothing in particular except the eternal toughness and sinewy fiber of the men who grew up beyond the mountains. He was one of a body of men who owed reverence and obeisance to no one, who were self — reliant to a fault, who cared hardly anything for the past but who had a sharp eye for the future.

格兰特是西部边远地区一个制革工人的儿子，他与李截然不同。他历经艰难才出人头地，他并不代表哪种特别的信念，所体现的只是在边远山区长大的人所具有的永远能吃苦耐劳、坚忍不拔的品质。他不敬畏任何人，不顺从任何人，过分讲求自力更生，他不追怀既往，但能用敏锐的目光看未来。

8 These frontier men were the precise opposite of the tidewater aristocrats. Back of them, in the great surge that had taken people over the Alleghenies and into the opening Western country, there was a deep, implicit dissatisfaction with a past that

had settled

into grooves. They stood for democracy, not from any reasoned conclusion about the proper ordering of human society, but simply because they had grown up in the middle of democracy and knew how it worked. Their society might have privileges, but they would be privileges each man had won for himself. Forms and

patterns meant nothing. No man was born to anything, except perhaps to a chance to show how far he could rise. Life was competition.

这些西部边民与东部沿海低地的贵族恰恰相反。在他们的心目中，在爬过阿勒格尼山脉、进入辽阔的西部的人潮中，存在着对因循守旧的过去的不直接言明的深深不满。他们拥护民主制度，不是经缜密分析后推断出了适合人类社会的管理形式，自己的地域，因为捍卫它，也就是捍卫赋予他生命最深刻意义的一切。

11 The Westerner, on the other hand, would fight with an equal tenacity for the broader concept of society. He fought so because everything he lived by was tied to growth, expansion, and a constantly widening horizon. What he lived by would survive or 而仅仅是由于他们生长在民主政体之中，懂得民主制度如何运作。他们的社会或许也存在特权，但那是每个人自己赢得的特权。惯例与固有模式不起任何作用。也许除了都有一个可以展示自己有多少发展空间的机会外，没有人生来就享有什么。生活就是竞争。

9 Yet along with this feeling had come a deep sense of belonging to a national community. The Westerner who developed a farm, opened a shop, or set up in business as a trader, could hope to prosper only as his own community prospered — and his community ran from the Atlantic to the Pacific and from Canada down to Mexico. If the land was settled, with towns and highways and accessible markets, he could better himself. He saw his fate in terms of the nation's own destiny. As its horizons expanded, so did his.

He had,

in other words, an acute dollars-and-cents stake in the continued growth and development of his country. 然而，伴随着这种情感的是对国家的深深的归属感。那些开垦农场、开店或从事贸易的西部人只有在所属的社会富起来时自己才有希望富起来—— 他们所属的社会从大西洋一直到太平洋，从加拿大一直到墨西哥。如果人们前来定居，建立起城镇、公路和近便的市场，他们自己也就能改善生活。他们从国家的命运出发看自身的命运。国家的疆域拓展了，他们自身的天地也会随之拓展。换言之，他们的利益与国家的兴旺发达紧紧相连，息息相关。

10 And that, perhaps, is where the contrast between Grant and Lee becomes most striking. The Virginia aristocrat, inevitably, saw himself in relation to his own region. He lived in a static society which could endure almost anything except change. Instinctively, his first loyalty would go to the locality in which that society existed. He would fight to the limit of

endurance to defend it, because in defending it he was defending everything that gave his own life its deepest meaning.

而这，或许正是格兰特与李之间最大差异之所在。那位弗吉尼亚贵族必然要将自己与他生活的地区相联系。他生活在一个几乎容得一切，惟独容不得变化的静止的社会里。出于天性，他的第一忠诚归于这一社会所在的地域。他会不惜一切地捍卫

fall with the nation itself. He could not possibly stand by unmoved in the face of an attempt to destroy the Union. He would combat it with everything he had, because he could only see it as an effort to cut the ground out from under his feet.

而西部人则以同样的执着捍卫自己更为开明的社会观。他为此而战，因为他赖以为生的都与发展、开拓以及不断拓宽的地平线密切相连。他所赖以为生的一切与国家同存共亡。面对颠覆联邦的企图他不可能无动于衷，袖手旁观。他将竭尽所能与之斗争，因为他只能将这一企图视为挖他墙脚的举动。

12 So Grant and Lee were in complete contrast, representing two diametrically opposed elements in American life. Grant was the modern man emerging; beyond him, ready to come on the stage, was the great age of steel and machinery, of crowded cities and a restless burgeoning vitality. Lee might have ridden down from the old age of chivalry, lance in hand, silken banner fluttering over his head. Each man was the perfect champion of his cause, drawing both his strengths and his weaknesses from the people he led. 因此格兰特和李两人截然相反，代表着美国人生活中两种完全对立的要素。格兰特是初露锋芒的现代人；他身后准备登场的是钢铁和机器的伟大时代，是拥挤的城市时代，是永不满足、欣欣向荣、生机勃勃的时代。李则手握长矛从古老的骑士时代一路策马奔来，旌旗在头上飘扬。两人都是各自事业的杰出捍卫者，从所率的民众中汲取长处，同时也承袭了他们的弱点。

13 Yet it was not all contrast, after all. Different as they were — in background, in personality, in underlying aspiration — these two great soldiers had much in common. Under everything else, they were marvelous fighters. Furthermore, their fighting qualities were really very much alike.

然而，存在于两人之间的也不完全是差异。虽然他们很不一样—— 如背景、个性、胸怀的抱负—— 但这两位杰出的军人却也有着许多的共同之处。最根本的是，两人都是优秀的斗士。再者，两人在战场上显示出的品质也极为相似。

14 Each man had, to begin with, the great virtue of utter tenacity and fidelity. Grant fought his way down

the Mississippi Valley in spite of acute personal discouragement and profound military handicaps. Lee hung on in the trenches at Petersburg after hope itself had died. In each man there was an indomitable quality... the born fighter's refusal to give up as long as A Brief History of the American Civil War

Gary Gallagher

he can still remain on his feet and lift his two fists. 首先，两人都具有极其顽强和忠诚的崇高品格。格兰特不顾巨大的个人伤痛和重大的军事失利，沿密西西比河流域一路打过来。李在完全丧失希望的情况下死守彼得斯堡战壕。两人都具有一种百折不挠的个性……一种与生俱来的斗士精神：一息尚存，就战斗到底。

15 Daring and resourcefulness they had, too; the ability to think faster and move faster than the enemy. These were the qualities which gave Lee the dazzling campaigns of Second Manassas and Chancellorsville 1and

won Vicksburg for Grant2.

两人还都既勇敢又足智多谋；都有比敌手思考敏捷、行动迅速的能力。正是这些品质为李赢得了世人赞叹的第二次默纳塞斯战役和桑塞勒兹维尔战役，为格兰特赢得了维科斯堡大捷。16 Lastly, and perhaps greatest of all, there was the ability, at the end, to turn quickly from war to peace once the fighting was over. Out of the way these two men behaved at Appomattox came the possibility of a peace of reconciliation. It was a possibility not wholly realized, in the years to come, but which did, in the end, help the two sections to become one nation again... after a war whose bitterness might have seemed to make such a reunion wholly impossible. No part of either man's life became him more than the part he played in their brief meeting in the McLean house at Appomatox. Their behavior there put all succeeding generations of Americans in their debt. Two great Americans, Grant and Lee — very different, yet under everything very much alike. Their encounter at Appomattox was one of the great moments of American history.

最后，或许也是最重要的，是战事一旦结束，有能力迅速化干戈为玉帛。两人在阿珀马特科斯的行事方式带来了和平修好的可能。这一可能并没有在以后的几年中完全成为现实，但在经历了势不两立、恢复联邦似乎根本无望的战争之后，这一可能最终还是促使两大阵营重新合为一个国家。两人的生活中再没有比在阿珀马特科斯马克莱恩住宅里的简短会面中所起的作用更能体现其个性了。他们当时这样做，一代又一代美国人都对他们感恩。两位杰出的美国人，格兰特和李，如此不同，却又在几乎所有方面都如此相像。两人在

阿珀马特科斯的会晤是美国历史上一个辉煌的时刻。

1 The American Civil War is sometimes called the War Between the States, the War of Rebellion, or the War for Southern Independence. It began on April 12, 1861, when Confederate General P. G. T. Beauregard opened fire on Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor, South Carolina, and lasted until May 26, 1865, when the last Confederate army surrendered. The war took more than 600,000 lives, destroyed property valued at $5 billion, brought freedom to 4 million black slaves, and opened wounds that have not yet completely healed more than 125 years later.

美国内战简述

卡尔·T·罗旺 美国内战有时被称作南北战争、叛乱战争，或南方独立战争。1861年4月12日，南部邦联的博勒加德将军对南卡罗来纳州查尔斯顿港的萨姆特要塞首先开火，于是战争爆发，一直持续到1865年5月26日最后一支南部邦联军部队投降。战争夺去了六十多万人的生命，造成五十亿美元的财产损失，给四百万黑奴以自由，造成的创伤在一百二十五年之后仍未能完全愈合。

Causes 2 The chief and immediate cause of the war was slavery. Southern states depended on slavery to support their economy. Southerners used slave labor to produce crops, especially cotton. However, slavery was illegal in the Northern states. By the 1850s abolitionism was growing in the North, and when the antislavery Republican candidate A. Lincoln was elected president in 1860, the Southern states, one after another, seceded to protect their right to keep slaves. South Carolina declared its secession first and then it was followed by six other states—Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas. Immediately the question of federal property in these states became important, especially the forts in the harbor of Charleston, S.C. Lincoln resolved to hold Sumter. The new Confederate government under President Jefferson Davis and South Carolina were equally determined to oust the Federals.

起因 内战主要的、直接的起因是奴隶制。南方各州依靠奴隶制维持其经济。南方人使用黑奴劳力种植农作物，尤其是棉花。然而，奴隶制在北方各州是非法的。到了19世纪50年代，

废奴主义在北方日渐赢得人心，1860年，反对奴隶制的共和党组成了有11个州的南部邦联。内战第一场重大军事战役打响了：候选人A·林肯当选总统之后，南方各州便相继脱离联邦，以维持其畜奴的权利。南卡罗来纳州率先宣布脱离，随后其他六州----密西西比州、佛罗里达州、阿拉巴马州、佐治亚州、路易斯安那州、得克萨斯州----也紧接着脱离。联邦政府在这些州的财产归属问题顿时变得相当紧迫，尤其是南卡罗来纳州查尔斯顿港的那些要塞。林肯决意保住萨姆特要塞。而杰斐逊·戴维斯总统领导下的新成立的南部邦联政府以及南卡罗来纳州同样有决心把联邦政府支持者赶走。

Sumter to Gettysburg 3 When, on Apr. 12, 1861, the Confederate commander Beauregard, acting on instructions, ordered the firing on Fort Sumter, hostilities officially began. Lincoln immediately called for troops to be used against the seven seceding states, which were soon joined by Arkansas, North Carolina, Virginia, and Tennessee, completing the 11-state Confederacy. In the first important military campaign of the war untrained Union troops under Irvin McDowell, advancing on Richmond, now the Confederate capital, were routed by equally inexperienced Confederate soldiers led by Beauregard and Joseph E. Johnston in the first battle of Bull Run (July 21, 1861). This fiasco led Lincoln to bring up George B. McClellan, who was for a few months the chief Northern commander. The able organizer of the Army of the Potomac, he nevertheless failed in the Peninsular campaign (Apr.–July, 1862), in which Robert E. Lee succeeded the wounded Johnston as commander of the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia. Lee planned the diversion in the Shenandoah Valley, which, brilliantly executed by Thomas J. (Stonewall) Jackson, worked perfectly. Next to Lee himself, Jackson, with his famous ―foot cavalry,‖ was the South‘s greatest general. Lee then went on to save Richmond in the Seven Days battles (June 26–July 2) and was

victorious in the second battle of Bull Run (Aug. 29–30). However, he also failed in his first invasion of enemy territory. In September, McClellan, whom Lincoln had restored to command of the defenses of Washington, checked Lee in Maryland. When McClellan failed to attack the Confederates as they retreated, Lincoln removed him again, this time permanently.

从萨姆特到葛底斯堡 1861年4月12日，南部邦联军司令博勒加德按照指示，下令对萨姆特要塞开火，敌对态势正式形成。林肯立即要求动用军队以抵抗脱离联邦的七个州—— 阿肯色州、北卡罗来纳州、弗吉尼亚州和田纳西州不久也脱离联邦，

欧文·麦克道尔率领的未经训练的联邦军队在向当时已是南部邦联政府首都的里士满进军时，在第一次布尔溪战役中(1861年7月21日)被博勒加德和约瑟夫·E·约翰斯顿率领的同样缺乏作战经验的南部邦联军士兵击溃。这一惨败促使林肯起用曾担任过几个月北方军队总司令的乔治·B·麦克莱伦。这位有才干的波托马科军团的组织者，在半岛战役中(1862年4月－7月)却同样受挫，在这场战事中，罗伯特·E·李接替了受伤的约翰斯顿担任北弗吉尼亚州南部邦联军司令。李在谢伦多厄山谷部署了佯攻，这一战在托马斯·J·(石壁)杰克逊的出色指挥下，打得非常漂亮。声望仅次于李的杰克逊以其著名的步骑兵成为南方最卓越的将军。随后李在七日战役中(6月26日－7月2日)守住了里士满，又在第二次布尔溪战役中(8月29日－30日)获胜。但他第一次入侵敌方领土的行动未能成功。到了9月，被林肯复职指挥华盛顿防御的麦克莱伦在马里兰将李击退。南部邦联军撤退之时，麦克莱伦没有追击，于是林肯再次将其撤职，此后永未起用。

4 Two subsequent Union advances on Richmond, the first led by Ambrose E. Burnside and the second by Joseph Hooker, ended in resounding defeats (Dec. 13, 1862, and May 2–4, 1863). Although Lee lost Jackson at the battle of Chancellorsville, the victory prompted him to try another invasion of the North.

联邦军队随后两次进攻里士满，第一次由安布罗兹·E·伯恩塞德率领，第二次由约瑟夫·胡克率领，但均以惨败告终(1862年12月13日，1863年5月2日－4日)。李在查斯勒维尔战役中折损大将杰克逊，但此战告捷，促使他再次进犯北方。

5 On June 3, 1863, Lee began to move his Army of Northern Virginia across the Rappahannock. Hooker, who was aware of Lee‘s movements, shifted the Army of the Potomac northward, using it as a shield between Lee and the capital at Washington. Late in June, Hooker resigned his command, convinced that he had lost the confidence of the administration. On June 28, General George G. Meade replaced Hooker. Meade had been one of Hooker‘s corps commanders.

1863年6月3日，李指挥其北弗吉尼亚州南部邦联军渡过拉帕汉诺克河。胡克获悉了李军队的动向，便将波托马科军团北移，使其成为李和首都华盛顿之间的一块护盾。6月下旬，胡克认为自己已失去政府的信任而辞职。6月28日，乔治·G·米德将军接替胡克。米德曾是胡克的一位军团司令。

6 On July 1 advance units of the two armies stumbled into each other near the little town of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, 16 km north of the Maryland border. Both Lee and Meade realized that a

battle was unavoidable. Fighting broke out that day. Union troops, after early reverses, managed to hold a strategic position on Cemetery Hill. The second day, July 2, saw confused fighting on both Union flanks. Confederate Generals Longstreet and John B. Hood assaulted high ground at the Peach Orchard and Little Round Top, but by night the Federals held key positions. The most dramatic action of the battle came on the third day, when General George E. Pickett led a gallant but hopeless charge against the Union center, ―the bloody angle.‖ Pickett‘s drive tried to charge across an open field at Cemetery Ridge, but concentrated Union fire stopped him. The battle was a decisive Union victory, but both armies suffered very heavy losses. Meade‘s casualties numbered 23,000 and Lee‘s about 25,000. Lee began his retreat on July 4. To the great disappointment of President Lincoln, Meade did not pursue the Confederate army and make Lee stand and fight. By July 14 the Confederate commander had brought the remnant of his army back to the safety of Virginia. Gettysburg had been a severe defeat for the South, both in terms of men lost and the army‘s morale. In November 1863 President Lincoln dedicated a national cemetery to those who had died in the Battle of Gettysburg. His speech, known as the Gettysburg Address, became famous as an expression of the democratic spirit and reconfirmed Lincoln‘s intention to reunite the country.

7月1日，两军的先头部队在马里兰边界以北16公里处的宾夕法尼亚小镇葛底斯堡附近相遇。李和米德两人都意识到战斗不可避免。当日战斗就打响了。开始时遭受挫折的联邦军队最终成功地守住了公墓山上的一处战略要地。第二天，即7月2日，联邦军队的两翼都出现了混战。南部邦联军朗斯特里特和约翰·B·霍德将军向桃园和小圆顶的高地发起了进攻，但到晚上，联邦军队占领了各重要阵地。此战最富戏剧性的军事行动发生在第三天，乔治·E·皮克特将军向联邦中坚部队所在地―血角‖发起了勇猛却毫无希望的攻击。皮克特的强攻部队试图冲过公墓岭上的一块开阔地，但联邦军队的加强火力将其挡住。此战联邦军队取得了决定性胜利，但双方都伤亡惨重。米德部队的伤亡人数为二万三千人，而李的伤亡人数约为二万五千人。7月4日，李开始撤退。令林肯总统大失所望的是，米德竟然没有乘胜追击从而迫使李还击。到7月14日，南部邦联军司令李将残余部队安全撤回到弗吉尼亚。葛底斯堡一战无论是在人员损失还是在军队士气上都使南方遭受重创。1863年11月，林肯总统为葛底斯堡战役中的阵亡将士举行了国家公墓落成仪式。

他发表的葛底斯堡演说以其表达民主精神而闻名，演说还再次证实了林肯捍卫国家统一的意图。

Turning Point 7 The Union victories at Gettysburg and Vicksburg in July, 1863, marked a definite turning point in the war. Both sides now had seasoned, equally valiant soldiers, and in Lee and Ulysses S. Grant each had a superior general. But the North, with its larger population and comparatively enormous industry, enjoyed a tremendous material advantage. Both sides also resorted to conscription, even though it met some resistance.

转折点 1863年7月联邦军队在葛底斯堡和维科斯堡的胜利标志着战争的一个转折点。当时双方的士兵同样训练有素，骁勇善战，双方也都有着出色的将军，李和尤利西兹·S·格兰特。然而北方凭借其更多的人口和相对庞大的工业拥有巨大的物资优势。双方也都采用了征兵制招募士兵，尽管遭遇一些抵制。

Grant and Sherman Lead to Victory 8 In March, 1864, Lincoln, for many years an admirer of Grant, made him commander in chief. Leaving the West in Sherman‘s capable hands, Grant came east, took personal charge of Meade‘s Army of the Potomac, and engaged Lee in the Wilderness campaign (May–June, 1864). Outnumbered but still spirited, the Army of Northern Virginia was slowly and painfully forced back toward Richmond, and in July the tenacious Grant began the long siege of Petersburg. Although Confederate General Jubal A. Early won at Monocacy (July 9), threatening the city of Washington, the Confederates were unable to repeat Jackson‘s

successful diversion of 1862, and Union General Philip H. Sheridan, victorious in the grand manner at Cedar Creek (Oct. 19), virtually ended Early‘s activities in the Shenandoah Valley. For his part, Sherman, opposed first by the wily Joe Johnston and then by John B. Hood, won the Atlanta campaign (May–Sept., 1864). 格兰特和谢尔曼率军走向胜利 1864年3月，多年来一直赏识格兰特的林肯任命其为总司令。格兰特把西线交给能征善战的谢尔曼，自己在东线亲自统领米德的波托马科军团，发起了攻击李的荒野战役(1864年5月－6月)。北弗吉尼亚州南部邦联军寡不敌众但士气仍然高昂，他们艰难地朝里士满方向缓缓后撤。到了7月，性格顽强的格兰特开始长期围攻彼得斯堡。尽管南军将领朱伯尔·A·厄尔利在默诺卡西获胜(7月9日)，一度威胁到华盛顿市，南部邦联军却未能再现1862年杰克逊佯攻战的辉煌，在雪松湾大获全胜(10月19日)的联邦军将领菲利普·H·谢里丹实际上结束了厄尔利在谢伦多厄山谷的军事行动。

至于谢尔曼，他先后遭到诡计多端的约瑟夫·约翰斯顿和约翰·B·霍德的抵抗，但还是取得了亚特兰大战役(1864年5月－9月)的胜利。

The Election of 1864 9 On the political front, a movement within the Republican party to shelve Lincoln had collapsed as the tide turned in the Union‘s favor. With Andrew Johnson, Lincoln‘s own choice for Vice President, the President was renominated in June, 谢里丹在弗尔伍福克告捷(1865年4月1日)后，彼得斯堡的防线被突破，南军撤离了里士满(4月3日)。李的退路被谢里丹截断，于是明智地放弃了无效抵抗，于1865年4月9日在阿珀马特科斯县城向格兰特投降。残存的南军获悉李已投降，也放弃了抵抗，造成六十多万人伤亡的南北冲突就此结束。

Aftermath 12 The long war was over, but for the victors the peace was marred by the assassination of Abraham Lincoln, the greatest figure of the war. The 1864. The Democrats nominated McClellan. Lincoln was easily reelected.

1864年大选 在政治战线上，由于形势正转而对联邦政府有利，共和党内部排斥林肯的活动未能得逞。林肯亲自挑选安德鲁·约翰逊为副总统候选人，在任总统于1864年6月再次获候选人提名。民主党提名麦克莱伦为候选人。林肯轻而易举再度当选。

Lee‘s Surrender 10 After the fall of Atlanta, which had contributed to Lincoln‘s victory, Sherman‘s troops made their destructive march through Georgia. Hood had failed to draw Sherman back by invading

Union-held Tennessee, and after the battle of Franklin (Nov. 30,1864) Hood‘s army was almost completely annihilated. Sherman presented Lincoln with the Christmas gift of Savannah, Ga.,[1 the Christmas gift of Savannah, Ga.: Sherman‘s victory in the battle of Savannah (10-21 December 1864)]1 and then moved north through the Carolinas. Union naval commander Farragut‘s victory at Mobile Bay (Aug. 5, 1864) had effectively closed that port, and on Jan. 15, 1865, Wilmington, N.C., was also cut off .

李投降 亚特兰大被攻克为林肯大选获胜起了重要作用，之后，谢尔曼的军队一路横扫佐治亚。霍德曾入侵已被联邦军占领的田纳西，但未能使谢尔曼后退，打完富兰克林战役(1864年11月30日)，霍德几乎全军覆灭。谢尔曼给林肯的圣诞礼物是佐治亚州的萨瓦纳大捷，随后他挥师北上，进入南北卡罗来纳州。联邦海军将领法拉格特在莫比尔湾的胜利(1864年8月5日)成功地关闭了该港口，到了1865年1月15日，北卡罗来纳州的威尔明顿也被围。

11 After Sheridan‘s victory at Five Forks (Apr. 1, 1865), the Petersburg lines were breached and the Confederates evacuated Richmond (Apr. 3). With his retreat blocked by Sheridan, Lee, wisely giving up the futile contest, surrendered to Grant at Appomattox Courthouse on Apr. 9, 1865. The surviving Confederate armies also yielded when they heard of Lee‘s capitulation, thus ending the conflict that resulted in over 600,000 casualties.

ex-Confederate states, after enduring the unsuccessful attempts of Reconstruction to impose a new society on the South, were readmitted to the Union, which had been saved and in which slavery was now abolished. The Civil War brought death to more Americans than did any other war, including World War II. The war cost untold billions and nourished rather than canceled hatreds and intolerance, which persisted for decades. Monuments commemorating Civil War figures and events are conspicuous in almost all sizable Northern towns and are even more numerous in the upper South.

战争后果 旷日持久的战争结束了，但是对胜利者来说，战争中最伟大的人物阿伯拉罕·林肯的被暗杀给和平蒙上了一层阴影。前邦联各州计划在南部重建一个新社会的企图失败后，重新纳入联邦，联邦因此得以保住，奴隶制被废除。内战造成的国民死亡人数超出了其他任何一场战争，包括第二次世界大战。内战消耗了巨大财富，滋养而非化解了仇恨和褊狭，这种仇恨和褊狭一直持续了几十年。现在，几乎在所有较大的北方城镇里都赫然竖立着怀念内战人物和事件的纪念碑，在南方的北部地区其数量甚至更多。

The Legacy

Virginia Woolf

1 'For Sissy Miller.' Gilbert Clandon, taking up the pearl brooch that lay among a litter of rings and brooches on a little table in his wife's drawing-room, read the inscription: 'For Sissy Miller, with my love.'

遗赠物

弗吉妮娅·伍尔芙

―给西瑟·米勒。‖吉尔伯特·克兰登拿起放在太太客厅小桌子上那一堆戒指和胸针中的那枚珍珠胸针，念着上面的字：―给西瑟·米勒，谨致爱意。‖

2 It was like Angela to have remembered even Sissy Miller, her secretary. Yet how strange it was, Gilbert Clandon thought once more, that she had left

everything in such order — a little gift of some sort for every one of her friends. It was as if she had foreseen her death. Yet she had been in perfect health when she left the house that morning, six weeks ago; when she stepped off the kerb in Piccadilly and the car had killed her.

她连自己的秘书西瑟·米勒都记在心里，安吉拉就是这样的人。可多奇怪，吉尔伯特·克兰登又一次想着，她居然把一切都安排得那么井然有序—— 每一位朋友都有一件小小的礼物。似乎她预见到了自己的死。可是，六个星期前，她在那天上午离家时身体很好, 正当她走下皮卡迪利大街的人行道时，一辆汽车把她撞死。

3 He was waiting for Sissy Miller. He had asked her to come; he owed her, he felt, after all the years she had been with them, this token of consideration. Yes, he went on, as he sat there waiting, it was strange that Angela had left everything in such order. Every friend had been left some little token of her affection. Every ring, every necklace, every little Chinese box — she had a passion for little boxes — had a name on it. To him, of course, she had left nothing in particular, unless it were her diary. Fifteen little volumes, bound in green leather, stood behind him on her writing table. Ever since they were married, she had kept a diary. Some of their very few — he could not call them quarrels, say tiffs — had been about that diary. When he came in and found her writing, she always shut it or put her hand over it. 'No, no, no,' he could hear her say, 'After I'm dead — perhaps.' So she had left it him, as her legacy. It was the only thing they had not shared when she was alive. But he had always taken it for granted that she would outlive him. If only she had stopped one moment, and had thought what she was doing, she would be alive now. But she had stepped straight off the kerb, the driver of the car had said at the inquest. She had given him no chance to pull up...Here the sound of voices in the hall interrupted him.

他在等西瑟·米勒。他请她来的。他觉得她与他们夫妇俩相处了那么多年，自己应当以这种方式表示关心。真的，他坐在那儿等着，心里还在想，安吉拉把一切安排得这么井然有序，是很奇怪。每个朋友都得到一份代表她的情谊的小小礼物。每一枚戒指，每一串项链，每一个小巧的中国盒—— 她对小巧的盒子情有独钟—— 都有个名字附在上面。当然，她没给他留下什么特别的物品，除非是她的那些日记。15本小本子，用绿色皮面装帧，全都摆放在他身后的书桌上。婚后她就开始记日记

了。两人偶有的—— 称不上争吵，只能说是别扭—— 都是为了这些日记。每当他走进房间看到她在写，她总是合上本子，或用手按着。―不，不行，不行，‖他会听到她说，―也许，等我死后吧。‖就这样，她把日记作为遗物留给了他。这是她生前夫妇俩惟一不曾共同拥有的东西。不过他一直认为自己一定会先走。只要她停顿片刻，想一想自己在干什么，此刻她就依然在这世上。可她径直走下人行道，在接受调查时那位驾车者这么说。她令他措手不及……就在这时，大厅里的说话声打断了他的思绪。

4 'Miss Miller, Sir,' said the maid. ―米勒小姐来了，先生，‖女仆说。

5 She came in. She was terribly distressed, and no wonder. Angela had been much more to her than an employer. She had been a friend. To himself, he thought, as he pushed a chair for her and asked her to sit down, she was scarcely distinguishable from any other woman of her kind. There were thousands of Sissy Millers — drab little women in black carrying attaché cases. But Angela, with her genius for

sympathy, had discovered all sorts of qualities in Sissy Miller. She was

the soul of discretion, so silent, so

trustworthy, one could tell her anything, and so on. 她走了进来。她极为悲伤，这也难怪。安吉拉不仅仅是她的雇主。还是她的朋友。在他自己看来，他一边暗自想着，一边为她拉过一张椅子，请她坐下，她和所有像她这种身份的人几乎没有什么区别。有成千上万个西瑟·米勒—— 毫无情趣的小妇人，身穿缁衣，手提公文包。可天生会同情人的安吉拉在西瑟·米勒身上发现了种种优良品质。她十分谨慎，守口如瓶，值得信任，你什么话都可以对她说，等等。

6 Miss Miller could not speak at first. She sat there dabbing her eyes with her pocket handkerchief. Then she made an effort.

米勒小姐开始时说不出话来。她坐在那儿用手帕轻拭眼睛。接着她定了定神。

7 'Pardon me, Mr Clandon,' she said. ―请原谅，克兰登先生，‖她说。

8 He murmured. Of course he understood. It was only natural. He could guess what his wife had meant to her.

他含糊应了一声。他当然明白。这太自然了。他想像得出妻子对她意味着什么。

9 'I've been so happy here,' she said, looking round. Her eyes rested on the writing table behind him. It was here they had worked — she and Angela. For Angela had her share of the duties that fall to the

lot of the

wife of a prominent politician, she had been the

greatest help to him in his career. He had often seen her and Sissy sitting at that table — Sissy at the typewriter, taking down letters from her dictation. No doubt Miss Miller was thinking of that, too. Now all he had to do was to give her the brooch his wife had left her. A rather incongruous gift it seemed. It might have been better to have left her a sum of money. Or even the typewriter. But there it was — 'For Sissy Miller, with 事—— 她一向爱着的一位兄弟，在安吉拉之前的一两个星期去世了。好像是什么意外？他只记得安吉拉跟自己说过；天生会同情人的安吉拉为此非常难过。他这么想着时西瑟·米勒已经站了起来。她正在戴手套。显然她觉得自己不该打扰。可是，他不能对她的将来不表示一下关心就让她走。于是他一边说，一边紧紧握着她的手。―请记住，米勒小姐，若需帮助尽管开口，本人定当效劳……‖说着，他打开门。刹那间，她似乎突然想到了什么，在门口停了下来。

my love.' And, taking the brooch, he gave it her with the little speech that he had prepared. He knew, he said, that she would value it. His wife had often worn it... And she replied, as she took it, almost as if she too had prepared a speech, that it would always be a treasured possession. ... She had, he supposed, other clothes upon which a pearl brooch would not look quite so incongruous. She was wearing the little black coat and skirt that seemed the uniform of her profession. Then he remembered — she was in mourning, of course. She too had had her tragedy — a brother, to whom she was devoted, had died only a week or two before Angela. In some accident, was it? He could remember only Angela telling him; Angela, with her genius for sympathy, had been terribly upset. Meanwhile Sissy Miller had risen. She was putting on her gloves. Evidently she felt that she ought not to intrude. But he could not let her go without saying something about her future. And so he added, as he pressed her hand. 'Remember, Miss Miller, if there's any way in which I can help you, it will be a pleasure....' Then he opened the door. For a moment, on the threshold, as if a sudden thought had struck her, she stopped.

―我在这里一向非常愉快，‖她说着，环顾四周。她的目光落在他身后的书桌上。她俩就是在这里工作的—— 她和安吉拉。因为安吉拉肩负着政要夫人应该承担的各种责任，在他的政治生涯中她给了他极大的帮助。他经常看见她和西瑟坐在这张书桌旁—— 西瑟把她口授的信件用打字机打出。不用说，米勒小姐也在想这些往事。现在他所要做的就是把太太留给她的胸针交给她。这件礼物似乎不太合适。还不如给她一笔钱呢。即便那台打字机也更合适些。可是礼物早已安排好了——―给西瑟·米勒，谨致爱意。‖他拿着胸针，交给她时讲了几句事先想好的话。他深知，他说，她会珍惜这枚胸针。他夫人生前经常佩戴它……她接过胸针时回答说，简直也像事先准备过似的，它永远是件珍爱之物……他猜想她有别的跟这枚珍珠胸针更相配的衣服。她身上穿着黑衣黑裙，像是她那种职业的人穿的制服。他随即想起，她是穿着丧服，没错。她自己也遇到了伤心

10 'Mr Clandon,' she said, looking straight at him for the first time, and for the first time he was struck by the expression, sympathetic yet searching, in her eyes. 'If at any time,' she was saying, 'there's anything I can do to help you, remember, I shall feel it, for your wife's sake, a pleasure....'

―克兰登先生，‖她说，目光第一次直视着他，他第一次为她的眼神暗暗吃惊，既流露出同情又十分锐利。―如果什么时候，‖她说道，―有什么事我能帮上忙，请记住，为了夫人，我会很高兴为您效劳……‖

11 With that she was gone. Her words and the look that went with them were unexpected. It was almost as if she believed, or hoped, that he would have need of her. A curious, perhaps a fantastic idea occurred to him as he returned to his chair. Could it be, that during all those years when he had scarcely noticed her, she, as the novelists say, had entertained a passion for him? He caught his own reflection in the glass as he passed. He was over fifty; but he could not help admitting that he was still, as the looking-glass showed him, a very distinguished-looking man.

说完她走了。她的话，还有说话时的神态真是出乎意料。就好像她以为，或者希望，自己会需要她。他坐回到椅子里时，产生了一个离奇的，甚或是荒唐的念头。会不会，那么多年来，虽然自己很少注意过她，她却像那些小说家写的那样对自己暗生情愫？他走过镜子时瞄了一眼镜子中的自己。他已经年过半百，可他不得不承认，自己依旧仪表堂堂，就像刚才镜子里看到的那样。

12 'Poor Sissy Miller!' he said, half laughing. How he would have liked to share that joke with his wife! He turned instinctively to her diary. 'Gilbert, ' he read, opening it at random, 'looked so wonderful....' It was as if she had answered his question. Of course, she seemed to say, you're very attractive to women. Of course Sissy Miller felt that too. He read on. 'How proud I am to be his wife!' And he had always been very proud to be her husband. How often when they dined out somewhere he had looked at her across the table

and said to himself. She is the loveliest woman here! He read on. That first year he had been

standing for

Parliament . They had toured his constituency. 'When Gilbert sat down the applause was terrific. The whole audience rose and sang: \jolly good fellow.\I was quite overcome.' He remembered that, too. She had been sitting on the platform beside him. He could still see the glance she cast at him, and how she had tears in her eyes. He read on rapidly, filling in scene after scene from her scrappy fragments. 'Dined at the ―我多希望，‖有一天的日记里写着，―吉尔伯特有个儿子!‖奇怪的是，他本人从不怎么以此为憾事。生活那么丰富，那么充实，的确如此。那年派给了他一个无足轻重的政府中的职务。一个小职位而已，可她的评论竟然是：―现在我相信他会当上首相!‖嗯，如果情况朝另外的方向发展，或许果真如此了。他略略停顿，思忖着事情的进展或许会如何不同。政治就是一场赌博，他想；可这游戏还没完呢。年方五十还有机会。他目光飞快地掠过一页又一页日记，都是些琐碎小事，那些构成她生活的无关紧要的快乐琐事。

13 He took up another volume and opened it at House of Commons.... To an evening party at the Lovegroves. Did I realize my responsibility, Lady L. asked me, as Gilbert's wife?' Then as the years passed — he took another volume from the writing table — he had become more and more absorbed in his work. And she, of course, was more often alone. It had been a great grief to her, apparently, that they had had no children. 'How I wish,' one entry read, 'that Gilbert had a son!' Oddly enough he had never much regretted that himself. Life had been so full, so rich as it was. That year he had been given a minor post in the government. A minor post only, but her comment was: 'I am quite certain now that he will be Prime Minister!' Well, if things had gone differently, it might have been so. He paused here to speculate upon what might have been. Politics was a gamble, he reflected; but the game wasn't over yet. Not at fifty. He cast his eyes rapidly over more pages, full of the little trifles, the

insignificant, happy, daily trifles that had made up her life.

―可怜的西瑟·米勒!‖他说着，微微一笑。他多想能把这件趣事讲给太太听!他下意识地取过她的日记。―吉尔伯特，‖他信手翻开来读道，―看上去真英俊……‖简直就像是她回答了自己的问题。没错，她仿佛在说，你让女人着迷。当然，西瑟·米勒也有同感。他接着读下去。―成为他的太太我感到太荣幸了!‖而他也一向以做她的丈夫为荣。多少次，两人外出就餐，他望着对座的她，暗自说。这儿数她最楚楚动人。他接着读。婚后第一年他竞选议员。两人一起在选区访问。―吉尔伯特坐下时，掌声雷动。听众全体起立，高唱着：?他是个大好人。‘我感动万分。‖他也记起了这事。她和自己并肩坐在台上。他仍记得她向自己投来的目光，记得她两眼噙着泪水。他快速读下去，她那些零乱的片断一幕幕涌入他的脑海。―在下议院就餐……前往洛夫格罗夫府参加晚会。作为吉尔伯特的太太，洛夫格罗夫夫人问我，我可曾意识到身负的责任？‖光阴一年年逝去—— 他从书桌上取过另一本日记簿—— 他越来越专注于工作。而她，独处的时间自然也越来越多。他俩没孩子，显然她对此深感悲伤。

random. 'What a coward I am! I let the chance slip again. But it seemed selfish to bother him about my own affairs, when he has so much to think about. And we so seldom have an evening alone.' What was the meaning of that? Oh here was the explanation — it referred to her work in the East End. 'I plucked up courage and talked to Gilbert at last. He was so kind, so good. He made no objection.' He remembered that conversation. She had told him that she felt so idle, so useless. She wished to have some work of her own. She wanted to do something — she had blushed so prettily, he remembered, as she said it sitting in that very chair — to help others. So every Wednesday she went to Whitechapel. He remembered how he hated the clothes she wore on those occasions. But she had taken it very seriously it seemed. The diary was full of references like this: 'Saw Mrs Jones.... She has ten children.... Husband lost his arm in an accident. ... Did my best to find a job for Lily.' He skipped on. His own name occurred less frequently. His interest slackened. Some of the entries conveyed nothing to him. For example: 'Had a heated argument about socialism with B. M.' Who was B. M.? He could not fill in the initials; some woman, he supposed, that she had met on one of her committees. 'B. M. made a violent attack upon the upper classes... . I walked back after the meeting with B. M. and tried to convince him. But he is so

narrow-minded.' So B. M. was a man — no doubt one of those 'intellectuals' as they call themselves, who are so violent, as Angela said, and so narrow-minded. She had invited him to come and see her apparently. 'B. M. came to dinner. He shook hands with Minnie!' That note of exclamation gave another twist to his mental picture. B. M., it seemed, wasn't used to parlour-maids: he had shaken hands with Minnie. Presumably he was one of those tame workingmen who air their views in

ladies' drawing-rooms. Gilbert knew the type, and had no liking for this particular specimen, whoever B. M. might be. Here he was again. 'Went with B. M. to the Tower of London.... He said revolution is bound to come. ... He said we live in a Fool's paradise.' That was just the kind of thing B. M. would say — Gilbert could hear him. He could also see him quite distinctly — a stubby little man, with a rough beard, red tie, dressed as they always did in tweeds, who had never done an honest day's work in his life. Surely Angela had the sense to see through him? He read on. 'B. M. said some very disagreeable things about. ...' The name was carefully scratched out. 'I would not listen to any more abuse of. ...' Again the name was obliterated. Could it have been his own name? Was that why Angela covered the page so quickly when he came in? The thought added to his growing dislike of B. M. He had had the impertinence to discuss him in this very room. Why had Angela never told him? It was very unlike her to conceal anything; she had been the soul of candour. He turned the pages, picking out every reference to B. M. 'B. M. told me the story of his childhood. His mother went out charring.... When I think of it, I can hardly bear to go on living in such luxury.... Three guineas for one hat! ' If only she had discussed the matter with him, instead of puzzling her poor little head about questions that were much too difficult for her to understand! He had lent her books. Karl Marx. 'The Coming

Revolution.' The initials B. M., B. M., B. M., recurred repeatedly. But why never the full name? He read on. 'B. M. came unexpectedly after dinner. Luckily, I was alone.' That was only a year ago. 'Luckily' — why luckily? — 'I was alone.' Where had he been that night? He checked the date in his engagement book. It had been the night of the Mansion House dinner. And B. M. and Angela had spent the evening alone! He tried to recall that evening. Was she waiting up for him when he came back? Had the room looked just as usual? Were there glasses on the table? Were the chairs drawn close together? He could remember nothing — nothing whatever. It became more and more inexplicable to him — the whole situation: his wife receiving an unknown man alone. Perhaps the next volume would explain. Hastily he reached for the last of the diaries — the one she had left unfinished when she died. There on the very first page was that cursed

fellow again. 'Dined alone with B. M.... He became very agitated. He said it was time we understood each other.... I tried to make him listen. But he would not. He threatened that if I did not...' the rest of the page was

scored over. He could not make out a single

word; but there could be only one interpretation: the scoundrel had asked her to become his mistress. Alone in his room! The blood rushed to Gilbert Clandon's face. He turned the pages rapidly. What had been her answer? Initials had ceased. It was simply 'he' now. 'He came again. I told him I could not come to any decision.... I implored him to leave me.' He had forced himself upon her in this very house? But why hadn't she told him? How could she have hesitated for an instant? Then: 'I wrote him a letter.' Then pages were left blank. Then there was this: 'No answer to my letter.' Then more blank pages: and then this: 'He has done what he threatened.' After that — what came after that? He turned page after page. All were blank. But there, on the very day before her death, was this entry: 'Have I the courage to do it too?' That was the end.

他又取过一本，信手翻开。―我真是个懦夫!我又让机会溜走了。可是，他有那么多事要考虑，而我却用自己的事去打搅他，而且我俩很少有机会单独在一起度过一个夜晚，这未免太自私了。‖这话是什么意思？哦这里有说明—— 指的是她在伦敦东区的工作。―我鼓起勇气，终于跟吉尔伯特谈了。他真好，太好了。他一点也不反对。‖他记起了那次谈话。她跟他说她觉得无所事事，像个废物。她希望能做点事。她想做些什么—— 她涨红着脸，那么可爱，他回想起来了，她说话时就坐在那张椅子里—— 去帮助别人。于是，她每星期三去怀特查普尔。他回想起来，自己是多么讨厌她去那儿时的穿戴。可看来她还真把这当一回事。日记里提到的全是这类事 ：―见到琼斯太太……她有十个孩子……丈夫在事故中失去了一条手臂……尽我的努力给莉莉找了个工作。‖他快速浏览着。自己的名字出现得少了。他的兴趣也不大了。有些记载他读了觉得莫名其妙。比如：―与B.M.就社会主义展开了激烈争论。‖谁是B.M.？他光看首字母猜不出来 ；是某位女士，他猜想，是她在某个委员会里认识的。―B.M.对上层社会大加抨击……会后我和B.M.一起步行回来，我想说服他。可他思想褊狭。‖就是说B.M.是个男的—— 肯定就是自称―知识分子‖的那类人，言词非常激烈，就像安吉拉说的那样，而且思想十分褊狭。显然是她邀请他来访。―B.M.前来赴宴。他竟然与明妮握手!‖这句话的惊叹语气使他对此人的印象更糟了。B.M.可能没见识过客厅女仆：他竟然与明妮握了手。大概他是那种听使唤的工人，在夫人小姐的起居室里发表自己的看法。吉尔伯特见识过那种人，且不论这位B.M.究竟是何许

人，他对这人全无好感。又写到这人。―和B.M.一起去伦敦塔……他说革命必将来临……他说我们陶醉在虚无缥缈的乐境之中。‖这是 B.M.常说的那种话—— 吉尔伯特完全料得到。他还能清楚地看到他的样子—— 一个矮矮胖胖的小男人，胡子拉茬，系着红色领带，穿着他们这种人天天穿的粗花呢衣服，一辈子从没干过一天正经活儿。安吉拉总该有头脑看穿这种人吧？他往 吉尔伯特·克兰登听任日记本滑落到地上。他能看到她在他眼前。她站在皮卡迪利大街的人行道上。她凝视着前方，紧握着双拳。车开过来了……

15 He could not bear it. He must know the truth. He strode to the telephone.

他无法再忍受了。他必须了解真相。他大步走到电话机旁。

下读。―B.M.说了些很难听的话，是有关……‖名字被小心翼翼地划掉了。―我再也不想听这些对……的诋毁之词了。‖名字又被划掉了。会不会是他自己的名字？会不会就为这个安吉拉在他进来时急急忙忙地把本子遮住？这一想法越发加深了他对B.M.的厌恶。他如此放肆，竟然就在这个房间里议论起他来了。可安吉拉怎么从没跟自己说起呢？她才不会对他隐瞒什么呢；她是直率诚恳的化身。他一页页翻着，找出提及B.M.的文句。―B.M.跟我讲了他童年的事。他母亲到别人家里干杂活……想到这一点，我真不愿继续过如此奢侈的生活……一顶帽子就花去三几尼!‖她只要跟自己谈谈这事就好了，用不着让她那可怜的小脑袋为这种她理解不了的事而烦恼嘛!他借书给她看。卡尔·马克思。《即将来临的革命》。B.M.，B.M.，B.M.的缩写一再重复出现。可为什么不用全名呢？他往下读。―晚餐后B.M.未经邀请自己来了。幸好我一人在家。‖那不过是一年前的事。―幸好‖—— 为什么幸好？——―我一人在家。‖自己那天晚上去哪里了？他查了查约会簿里的日期。那个晚上是去市长官邸赴宴。B.M.和安吉拉那天晚上单独在一起!他试图回忆那晚的情形。他回家时她有没有在等他？屋子里看上去跟平时一样吗？桌上有没有杯子？椅子有没有靠在一起？他什么也回想不起来—— 一点都想不起来了。这事变得越来越莫名其妙—— 整个事件：太太独自一人接待一个陌生男子。也许下一本日记能解释一切。他急急抓过最后一本日记簿—— 她生前没记完的那本。第一页赫然在目的又是那该死的家伙。―一个人与B.M.进餐……他非常激动。他说咱俩该相互理解了……我想让他听我说。可他不听。他威胁说要是我不……‖这一页其余的文字全都被涂抹掉了。他一个字也无法辨认；可只有一个解释：那个混蛋要她做他的情人。两人单独在他的房间!热血涌上了吉尔伯特·克兰登的脸。他快速地一页页翻过去。她怎么回答的呢？首字母不见了。现在干脆只说―他‖了。―他又来了。我告诉他我做不了决定。我恳求他离开我。‖他就在这所房子里迫她就范？可是为什么她不跟自己说呢？她用得着片刻犹豫吗？下面：―我给他写了一封信。‖后面几页都是空白。接着有这么一句话：―没有回信。‖后面又是空白，接着是：―他把威胁付之行动了。‖那以后—— 那以后怎么了？他一页一页地翻着。都是空白。可是，就在她出事的前一天，写着这么一句：―我有勇气也这么做吗？‖日记终止了。

14 Gilbert Clandon let the book slide to the floor. He could see her in front of him. She was standing on the kerb in Piccadilly. Her eyes stared; her fists were clenched. Here came the car...

16 'Miss Miller!' There was silence. Then he heard someone moving in the room.

―米勒小姐!‖没有声音。接着他听见房间里有人在走动。

17 'Sissy Miller speaking' — her voice at last answered him.

―我是西瑟·米勒‖—— 总算听到她来接电话了。

18 'Who,' he thundered, 'is B. M.?' ―到底谁，‖他吼道，―是B.M.？‖

19 He could hear the cheap clock ticking on her mantelpiece: then a long drawn sigh. Then at last she said:

他听得见她壁炉架上那座廉价钟的滴答声，接着是一声长长的叹息。最后她回答说：

20 'He was my brother.' ―他是我兄弟。‖

21 He was her brother; her brother who had killed himself.

那是她兄弟，她那自杀的兄弟。

22 'Is there,' he heard Sissy Miller asking, 'anything that I can explain?'

―有什么，‖他听到西瑟·米勒在说，―要我解释的吗？‖

23 'Nothing!' he cried. 'Nothing!' ―没有!‖他喊道。―没有!‖

24 He had received his legacy. She had told him the truth. She had stepped off the kerb to rejoin her lover. She had stepped off the kerb to escape from him. 他得到了属于自己的遗赠。她把真相告诉了他。她走下人行道与情人重新团聚。她走下人行道从自己身边逃逸。

Why Marriages Fail

Anne Roiphe

1 These days so many marriages end in divorce that our most sacred vows no longer ring with truth. ―Happily ever after‖ and ―Till death do us part‖ are expressions that seem on the way to becoming obsolete. Why has it become so hard for couples to stay together? What goes wrong? What has

happened to us that close to one-half of all marriages are destined for the divorce courts? How could we

have created a society in which 42 percent of out children will grow up in single-parent homes? Even though each broken marriage is unique, we can still find the common perils, the common causes for marital despair. Each marriage has crisis points and each marriage tests endurance, the capacity for both intimacy and change. Outside pressures such as job loss, illness, infertility, trouble with a child, care of aging parents and all the other plagues of life hit marriage the way hurricanes blast our shores. Some marriages survive these storms and others don‘t. Marriages fail, however, not simply because of the outside weather but because the inner climate becomes too hot or too cold, too turbulent or too stupefying.

婚姻何以失败

安妮·罗艾菲 如今，以离婚告终的婚姻如此之多，我们最神圣的誓约听上去都不再真实了。―婚后永远幸福‖和―直到死神将我们分开‖这类话语似乎快过时了。夫妻长相守何以变得如此困难？哪儿出了问题？我们到底怎么了，竟然有差不多半数的婚姻注定要为离婚走进法庭？有42%的儿童将在单亲家庭中长大，我们怎么把社会弄成这样了呢？虽然破裂的婚姻各有其独特的情况，但我们还是能找到致使婚姻无法维持下去的共同因素、共同原因。凡婚姻都有其危机时刻，都要经受对持久力的考验，经受对既能亲密相处又善应对变化这种能力的考验。外部压力，如失业、疾病、不育、抚育孩子、赡养年迈的父母，以及生活中其他种种烦恼，都会如飓风横扫海岸那样对婚姻带来打击。有些婚姻经受住了这些风暴，有些则不然。但婚姻失败并不是简单地由外部天气造成的，而是由于内部气候变得过热或过冷，变得过于狂暴或过于麻木造成的。

2 When we look at how we choose our partners and what expectations exist at the tender beginnings of romance, some of the reasons for disaster become quite clear. We all select with unconscious accuracy a mate who will recreate with us the emotional patterns of our first homes. Dr. Carl A. Whitaker, a marital therapist and emeritus professor of psychiatry at the University of Wisconsin, explains, ―From early childhood on, each of us carried models for marriage, femininity, masculinity, motherhood, fatherhood and all the other family roles.‖ Each of us falls in love with a mate who has qualities of our parents, who will help us rediscover both the psychological happiness and miseries of our past lives. We may think we have found a man unlike Dad, but then he turns to drink or drugs,

or loses his job over and over again or sits silently in front of the TV just the way Dad did. A man may choose a woman who doesn‘t like kids just like his mother or who gambles away the family savings just like his mother. Or he may choose a slender wife who seems unlike his obese mother but then turns out to have other addictions that destroy their mutual happiness. 如果我们来看一下自己如何挑选配偶，看一下在爱情最初的甜蜜阶段有着怎样的期待，婚姻触礁的一些原因便显而易见了。无意中我们都精确地选中了能和我们一起重建我们第一个家庭的情感模式的伴侣。婚姻心理治疗专家、威斯康星大学精神病学荣誉教授卡尔·A·威塔科尔解释说：―从幼年起，我们每一个人心里就对婚姻、女子气质、男子气质、为人母、为人父，以及其他各种家庭角色有了自己的样板。‖我们每一个人都爱上具有自己父母气质的伴侣，能帮助我们在心理上重温以往生活中的欢乐与苦难的伴侣。我们或许会以为自己找的男人与爸爸不同，可是到头来，就像爸爸那样，他酗酒，或者吸毒，或者一次又一次失业，或者就像爸爸那样一言不发地坐在电视机前。男人或许会选择一个像自己母亲一样不喜欢孩子的女人，一个像自己母亲一样把家里的钱全都赌光的女人。或者他会选择一个苗条的妻子，与体态臃肿的母亲看上去似乎不一样，可结果发现那女子有其他的嗜好，这就毁了双方的幸福。

3 A man and a woman bring to their marriage bed a blended concoction of conscious and unconscious memories of their parents‘ lives together. The human way is to compulsively repeat and recreate the patterns of the past. Sigmund Freud so well described the unhappy design that many of us get trapped in: the unmet needs of childhood, the angry feelings left over from frustrations of long ago, the limits of trust and the recurrence of old fears. Once an individual senses this entrapment, there may follow a yearning to escape, and the result could be a broken, splintered marriage. 男女双方都把意识到的和未意识到的对父母共同生活的混杂记忆带上婚床。人类总会不由自主地去重复并再现过去的生活模式。西格蒙德·弗洛伊德入木三分地描述了我们许多人所陷入的自设的不幸罗网：童年时期未能满足的欲望，多年前的挫折留下的愤怒情绪，信任受到限制以及旧日恐惧的重现。一个人一旦意识到自己陷入这样的困境，就可能渴望逃脱，其结果可能是婚姻破裂、分崩离析。

4 Of course people can overcome the habits and attitudes that developed in childhood. We all have hidden strengths and amazing capacities for growth and creative change. Change, however, requires work—observing your part in a rotten pattern, bringing difficulties out into the open—and work runs counter to

the basic myth of marriage: ―When I wed this person all my problems will be over. I will have achieved success and I will become the center of life for this other person and this person will be my center, and we will mean everything to each other forever.‖ This myth, which every marriage relies on, is soon exposed. The coming of children, the pulls and tugs of their demands on affection and time, place a considerable strain on that basic myth of meaning everything to each other, or merging together and solving all of life‘s problems. 就像沙尘暴侵蚀岩石、海浪蚕食沙丘，这一切以及生活中其他现实问题逐渐毁灭对幸福婚姻的幻想。那些伴随着浪漫爱情而来的欣喜若狂的美妙感觉实际上都是自我欺骗、自我催眠的梦幻，而这种自欺、这种梦幻使我们得以去缔结良缘。现实生活、工作中的失败、失望、劳累、体臭、重感冒以及艰难时世都会打破幻想，使我们与配偶间的关系陷入困境，使我们面对以这种或那种方式左右我们的儿时行为方式时毫无办法，使我们面对无法实现的种种期望时一筹莫展。

7 The struggle to survive in marriage requires adaptability, flexibility, genuine love and kindness and 当然，人们能够改变童年时期养成的习惯和形成的看法。我们都有潜在的活力，都有令人惊叹的能力使自己得以成长和创造性地变化。然而，变化需要有所行动——观察自己在糟糕的模式中的作用，公开遇到的难处——而行动却有悖于关于婚姻的神话：―我与此人结了婚，我所有的烦恼就会烟消云散。到了那时我算是获得成功了，我将成为此人生活的中心，此人也将成为我生活的中心，我们将永远视对方为自己生活的全部。‖这一维系所有婚姻的神话不久就被打破。孩子降生了，需要有人爱、需要有人花时间照料，这些拖累在相当程度上打击了那个说什么视对方为自己生活之全部，或者说什么夫妇融为一体解决生活中所有问题的神话。

5 Concern and tension about money take each partner away from the other. Obligations to demanding parents or still-depended-upon parents create further strain. Couples today must also deal with all the cultural changes brought on in recent years by the women‘s movement and the sexual revolution. The altering of roles and the shifting of responsibilities have been extremely trying[ trying: difficult or annoying; hard to deal with] for many marriages.

对金钱的关心以及由金钱造成的紧张关系使夫妻产生隔阂。对苛求的父母或仍需赡养的父母应尽的责任进一步加剧了紧张关系。如今，夫妻双方还必须应对近几年来妇女解放运动和性革命所带来的各种文化变革。角色的改变、责任的变更对相当一部分婚姻都是极其严峻的考验。

6 These and other realities of life erode the visions of marital bliss the way sandstorms eat at rock and the ocean nibbles away at the dunes. Those euphoric, grand feelings that accompany romantic love are really self-delusions, self-hypnotic dreams that enable us to forge a relationship. Real life, failure at work, disappointments, exhaustion, bad smells, bad colds and hard times all puncture the dream and leave us stranded with our mate, with our childhood patterns pushing us this way and that, with our unfulfilled expectations.

an imagination strong enough to feel what the other is feeling. Many marriages fall apart because either partner cannot imagine what the other wants or cannot communicate what he or she needs or feels. Anger builds until it erupts into a volcanic burst that buries the marriage in ash.

维系婚姻的努力要求有适应能力、灵活性、真挚的爱和亲切和善，还要有足够强的想象力，去感受对方的感情。许多婚姻破裂是因为男女双方都不能想像对方需要什么，也不会表达自己的需要和感情。于是怒气越积越多，最后如火山一样爆发出来，其灰烬终将婚姻埋葬。

8 It is not hard to see, therefore, how essential communication is for a good marriage. A man and a woman must be able to tell each other how they feel and why they feel the way they do; otherwise they will impose on each other roles and actions that lead to further unhappiness. In some cases, the

communication patterns of childhood—of not talking, of talking too much, of not listening, of distrust and anger, or withdrawal—spill into the marriage and prevent a healthy exchange of thoughts and feelings. The answer is to set up new patterns of communication and intimacy.

所以，不难看出，婚姻要美满，交流是多么重要。不管是丈夫还是妻子，必须能告诉对方他/她的感受，以及他/她为什么会有这种感受。不然的话，他们就会把导致进一步不幸的角色和行为强加给对方。有时候，儿时的交流模式——不讲话、讲得太多、不听对方讲话、不信任、生气、与对方相处时的冷漠等——会注入婚姻关系，阻止健康的思想和感情交流。解决的办法是建立新的交流和亲近模式。

9 At the same time, however, we must see each other as individuals. ―To achieve a balance between separateness and closeness is one of the major psychological tasks of all human beings at every stage of life,‖ says Dr. Stuart Bartle, a psychiatrist at the New York University Medical Center.

然而与此同时，我们必须把对方看作是独立的个人。―在亲与疏之间取得平衡是所有人在人生的每一个阶段都要遇到的主要心理任务之一，‖纽约大学医学中心的精神病学家斯图尔特·巴特尔博士如是说。

10 If we sense from our mate a need for too much intimacy, we tend to push him or her away, fearing that we may lose our identities in the merging of marriage. 13 All right—marriage has always been difficult. Why then are we seeing so many divorces at this time? Yes, our modern social fabric is thin, and yes, the permissiveness of society has created unrealistic expectations and thrown the family into chaos. But divorce is so common because people today are unwilling to exercise the self-discipline that marriage One partner may suffocate the other partner in a childlike dependency.

如果我们意识到配偶要求过多的亲密，我们往往会将他/她推开，担心自己会在融为一体的婚姻中失去自身独立性。夫妻一方孩子般地依赖对方会使对方感到透不过气来。

11 A good marriage means growing as a couple but also growing as individuals. This isn‘t easy. Richard gives up his interest in carpentry because his wife, Helen, is jealous of the time he spends away from her. Karen quits her choir group because her husband dislikes the friends she makes there. Each pair clings to each other and are angry with each other as life closes in on them. This kind of marital balance is easily thrown as one or the other pulls away and divorce follows.

理想的婚姻意味着不但夫妻情感与日俱增，而且各自要作为独立的个人同时发展。这不是件容易事。理查德放弃了对木工活的兴趣，因为妻子海伦对他撇下自己心生嫉妒。凯伦不去歌唱队了，因为她丈夫不喜欢她在歌唱队里的那些朋友。每对夫妻都朝朝暮暮守在一起，当他们感受到生活的压力时，彼此就生对方的气。当夫妻中任何一个不打算继续厮守时，这种婚姻平衡就很容易被打破，紧接着便是离婚。

12 Sometimes people pretend that a new partner will solve the old problems. Most often extramarital sex destroys a marriage because it allows an artificial split between the good and the bad—the good is projected on the new partner and the bad is dumped on the head of the old. Dishonesty, hiding and cheating create walls between men and women. Infidelity is just a symptom of trouble. It is a symbolic complaint, a weapon of revenge, as well as an unraveler of closeness. Infidelity is often that proverbial last straw that sinks the camel to the ground.

有时人们自以为找个新伴侣就能解决老问题。婚外性关系常常破坏婚姻，因为它使好与坏人为地分裂开来—— 好的记在新人名下，坏的倒在旧人头上。不诚实、隐瞒、欺骗等行为在夫妻之间筑起屏障。不忠乃婚姻出现问题的症状。不忠象征抗议，是复仇的武器，也是拆散亲密关系的工具。不忠行为常常成为谚语中所说的把骆驼压垮的那最后一根稻草。

requires. They expect easy joy, like the entertainment on TV, the thrill of a good party.

确实—— 婚姻从来就很难处理。那为什么偏偏如今会发生如此之多的离婚呢？没错，我们现代的社会结构相当薄弱；没错，社会的宽容放任使人们产生了不切实际的期望，使家庭陷入混乱。但离婚如此普遍是因为今天的人们不愿意运用婚姻所需的自我约束力。他们希望不花力气就能过上悠闲愉快的日子，就像看电视节目那么快乐，就像参加精彩的晚会那么兴奋。

14 Marriage takes some kind of sacrifice, not dreadful self-sacrifice of the soul, but some level of compromise. Some of one‘s fantasies, some of one‘s legitimate desires have to be given up for the value of the marriage itself. ―While all marital partners feel shackled at times it is they who really choose to make the marital ties into confining chains or supporting bonds,‖ says Dr. Whitaker. Marriage requires sexual, financial and emotional discipline. A man and a woman cannot follow every impulse, cannot allow themselves to stop growing or changing.

婚姻需要某种牺牲，不是那种可怕的刻骨铭心的自我牺牲，而是某种程度上的妥协。为了婚姻，一个人不得不放弃某些幻想、某些合理的欲望。―每对夫妻都会有时感到婚姻的束缚，但恰恰正是他们自己决定把男婚女嫁变成束缚人的羁绊或相互扶持的纽带的，‖威塔科尔博士说。婚姻需要夫妻双方在性、经济、情感等方面自律。夫妻都不能一味凭冲动行事，不能听任自己停滞不前或不思改变。

15 Divorce is not an evil act. Sometimes it provides salvation for people who have grown hopelessly apart or were frozen in patterns of pain or mutual unhappiness. Divorce can be, despite its initial devastation, like the first cut of the surgeon‘s knife, a step toward new health and a good life. On the other hand, if the partners can stay past the breaking up of the romantic myths into the development of real love and intimacy, they have achieved a work as amazing as the greatest cathedrals of the world. Marriages that do not fail but improve, that persist despite

imperfections, are not only rare these days but offer a wondrous shelter in which the face of our mutual

humanity can safely show itself.

离婚并非邪恶的行动。有时离婚能解救那些已经没有希望重归于好的夫妻，解救那些深深陷入凄楚痛苦之中的夫妻。如同外科医生动的第一刀，离婚最初固然带有破坏性，但那可能就是走向健康走向美好生活的必要一步。从另一方面来说，如果夫妻双方能共同度过那些爱情神话破灭的危机，进而培养真正的爱情与发展亲密关系，他们就完成了一项与世界上最宏伟的大教堂一样神奇的伟业。没有破裂而是改善了的婚姻，不尽完美却长久维持着的婚姻，如今不仅弥足珍贵，而且构筑成一个绝妙的庇护所，在其间夫妻双方可以安全地展示共同的人性。

Tongues of the Web

Anonymous

1 Since its earliest days, machine translation — the use of computers to translate documents from one language to another automatically — has suffered from exaggerated claims and impossible expectations. One characteristic (but apocryphal) tale tells of an American military system designed to translate Russian into English, which is said to have rendered the famous Russian saying \willing but the flesh is weak\vodka is good but the meat is rotten.\

网络语言

佚名 自问世之初，对于机器翻译—— 即运用计算机自动把文件从一种语言译成另一种语言—— 就有人言过其实地下断言，就有人寄予不切实际的期望。一则典型的(但系杜撰的)故事讲到美国军方一个专为俄译英设计的系统，据说它把著名的俄罗斯成语―心有余而力不足‖译作―酒香而肉臭‖。

2 This sort of joke prompts a

hollow laugh from

those in the machine-translation (MT) business. It does so because it demonstrates both the difficulty of getting computers to understand human languages, and the high expectations that must be met if MT is to be taken seriously. Over the years, there have been a number of promising new approaches in the field, and ever-cheaper processing and storage technology have helped improve things. But progress has been painfully slow, and the decisive breakthrough that will transform the fortunes of MT has never appeared.

从事机器翻译的业内人士听了这类笑话顶多苦笑一声。这是因为，这类故事表明要计算机理解人类语言是多么困难，也表明如果要人们真把机器翻译当回事，必须满足的期望有多么高。多年来，该领域开辟了不少颇具发展前途的新途径，越来

越便宜的处理和存储技术帮助作出了一些改进。但发展极其缓慢，将会改变机器翻译命运的决定性的突破尚未出现。

3 Now the Internet has given MT a much needed shot in the arm. This is odd because the ability to transmit information quickly and cheaply would not, on the face of it, appear to make the process of translation any easier. Yet, although the underlying technology of MT is still the same as it ever was, the rise of the Internet changes the way in which technology is perceived and the way it is used. And there are signs that, in future, it could improve the way it works as well.

如今因特网给了机器翻译以亟需的推动力。这未免奇怪，因为从表面看来，迅速而又便宜地传送信息的能力似乎不会使翻译的过程变得容易些。然而，虽然机器翻译的主要技术并无任何改进，因特网的崛起却改变了对技术的理解与使用。有迹象表明，在将来，机器翻译技术也将改进其目前的工作方法。

4 The idea of automating the process of translation using computers goes back to the late 1940s. Warren Weaver of the Rockefeller Foundation in New York wrote a memorandum suggesting that the code-breaking successes of the second world war, combined with electronic computers and the new \laid out by Claude Shannon, might form the basis of an automatic translation

system. This prompted research at several American universities, and the first public demonstration of MT — the result of a collaboration between IBM and Georgetown University — took place in 1954. This early system, based on a simple bilingual dictionary with a few rules to determine word order, caused a surge of enthusiasm and funding.

利用计算机使翻译自动化的想法始于20世纪40年代后期。纽约洛克菲勒基金会的沃伦·韦弗写了一份备忘录，说若能将第二次世界大战中成功的密码破译技术与电子计算机以及克劳德·香农提出的新―信息理论‖相结合，即能构成自动翻译系统的基础。这一意见促使美国若干大学展开研究，并于1954年举行了机器翻译的第一次公开展示—— 国际商用机器公司和乔治敦大学合作的结果。这一早期系统以一本由若干条规则决定词序的简单双语词典为基础，当时引起一阵热潮并引来一些研究基金。

5 For the next decade, MT researchers tried to overcome the limitations of simple dictionary-based systems using more complex approaches which analysed the source text using grammatical rules. \is well along

toward picking up the burden of machine translation,\declared the Atlantic Monthly in 1959. But despite such and storage became cheaper, other new approaches emerged in the 1990s: analysis of parallel texts (the optimism, progress was slow, and in 1964 the American government established a committee to examine the prospects for MT. Its report, issued two years later, concluded that, compared with human translators, MT systems were slower, less accurate, and twice as expensive. Instead, the committee recommended that research should concentrate on devising systems to assist human translators, rather than trying to replace them altogether. As a result, American funding for pure MT research dried up. 在以后的十年间，机器翻译研究人员试图突破以字典为基础的简单系统的限制，使用更复杂的方法，用语法规则分析原语文本。―如今，计算机，或者说电脑，渐渐地挑起机器翻译这副重担，‖1959年《大西洋月刊》如此宣称。然而，尽管态度如此乐观，进展却相当缓慢，1964年，美国政府建立了一个委员会试图探明机器翻译的前景。该委员会两年之后发布的报告断定，与人工翻译相比，机器翻译系统速度慢，准确率低，代价要高一倍。于是，该委员会建议机器翻译研究应致力于开发能帮助人工翻译的系统，而非试图完全取代人工翻译。结果美国纯粹机器翻译研究的资金来源枯竭了。

6 In some fields, however, it was recognised that even a rough-and-ready translation was better than none at all. Systran, a company established by Peter Toma, a researcher at the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, sold a Russian-to-English translation system to the United States Air Force in 1970, and the same system was subsequently adopted by the European Commission. During the 1970s, demand for translation systems began to emerge in the business community.

然而，人们认识到，在某些领域，即便是粗糙的翻译也聊胜于无。1970年，帕萨迪纳市加利福尼亚理工学院的研究人员彼得·托马建立的系统分析翻译家公司将一项俄英文翻译系统出售给美国空军，这一系统后来又被欧洲委员会采用。在20世纪70年代，商界对翻译系统的需求开始增长。

7 During the 1980s, the combination of rapid falls in the cost of computing power and increasing demand from governments and multinational companies caused a revival of interest in MT, spurring renewed research. New systems were developed. Many of them worked by translating the source text into an intermediate language or symbolic representation, from which it could be translated into any of several other languages. As computers became more powerful

same text in two languages) led to new

statistical-translation systems, which did not rely on any underlying grammatical rules, and to example-based systems which translated one sentence at a time by searching a database for examples of similar sentences whose translations were known.

到了20世纪80年代，计算机价格的迅速下跌以及政府和跨国公司日益增长的需求重新激活了对机器翻译的兴趣，激励人们继续研究。新的系统得到开发。不少新系统将原语文本变成某种可译为几种其他语言的中介语或符号系统。随着计算机的功能越来越大，存储器的价格越来越便宜，20世纪90年代出现了其他一些新方法：对平行文本的分析(用两种语言表达的同一文本)产生了不依赖任何基本语法规则的基于统计的机器翻译新系统，还产生了基于例句的翻译系统，即通过在数据库中搜索已有现成翻译的类似例句一次翻译一句句子。

8 Even so, the quality of MT has not really improved very much over the past three decades, says John Hutchins, an expert on the history of machine translation at the University of East Anglia, in Britain. \output now, compared with 1970, in many cases you can't see much

improvement,\systems have now been plugged into the Internet. That changes the way they are used, and the expectations of them.

英国东英格兰大学一位机器翻译史专家约翰·哈钦斯说，即便如此，在过去的三十年里，机器翻译的质量并没有得到多少改进。―如果你看一看如今的译文质量，将其与1970年时的译文对比一下，很多情况下你看不出有多少改进，‖他说。变化在于，如今的机器翻译系统接入了因特网。这改变了机器翻译系统的使用方式，改变了人们对机器翻译的期望。

9 The Internet has democratised MT and boosted demand dramatically, as users around the world struggle to understand pages in languages other than their own. And as companies set up increasingly elaborate websites, they have become aware of the need to maintain multiple sites in different countries and serve customers in different languages. Of America's 100 largest firms, 33 had multilingual websites at the end of 1999, and 57 did a year later. A study by Aberdeen Group, a management

consultancy, found that, on average, users spend up to twice as long at a site, and are four times more likely to

buy something from it, if it is presented to them in their own language. Another study by IDC, a technology consultancy, found that only 5% of the 50 top websites responded appropriately to e-mail queries in a foreign language; most simply asked for the message to be resent in English. All of which highlights the need for MT systems to provide on-the-fly translations, and for 是说英语的，但这一数字到2002年底估计会下降到32％。

11 Unfortunately, MT systems work best when they have been customised for a particular subject area, such as microbiology, aerospace or particle physics. This involves analysing typical documents and adding common words and technical terms to the system's dictionary. Using MT to translate Internet pages, which elaborate publishing systems that can manage multilingual websites.

巴别网络

因特网普及了机器翻译，并极大地促进了需求，因为世界各地的用户急欲看懂非母语的网页。不少公司在开设内容日益丰富的网站时，认识到需要在不同国家保持多个网站，需要为使用不同语言的用户提供服务。1999年底，美国100家最大的公司中有33家已建有多语种网站，一年后增加到57家。一家叫做阿伯丁集团的管理咨询公司的一项研究发现，用户在使用母语的网站上平均逗留时间增加一倍，在这类网站上购物的可能性高出四倍。一家名叫国际数据公司的技术咨询公司的一项研究发现，50个顶级网站中只有5%的网站恰当地回复了电子邮件中用外文写的问询；大多数网站径直要求对方用英文重发一次信件。所有这一切都突出地反映了人们需要能提供即时翻译的机器翻译系统，需要能应付多语种网站的精心设计的宣传系统。

10 Arguably the best known online MT system is Babel Fish, which relies on Systran software to translate pages retrieved by the Alta Vista search engine. Anyone who has used Babel Fish will be familiar with the unintentional hilarity of the results; one popular game involves scrambling the lyrics of pop songs by translating them from English into another language and then back again (a \round-trip\

translation). Other MT systems are also in use online, providing rough-and-ready translations of chat-room conversations and e-mail messages. Demand for such services is likely to increase as the diversity of Internet users increases. At the end of 2000, 48% of Internet users were English speakers, but this figure is expected to fall to 32% by the end of 2002.

巴别鱼可以认为是最著名的网上机器翻译系统，这一系统运用系统分析翻译家公司的软件翻译由Alta Vista搜索引擎检索出的网页内容。用过巴别鱼的人都了解它无意间引人发笑的翻译效果；一则流行的游戏把流行歌曲的歌词从英文译成另一种语言，再重新译回到英文（―来回‖翻译），这样歌词就被打乱了。网上还使用其他的机器翻译系统，为聊天室的谈话以及电子邮件提供粗糙的翻译。由于因特网用户日益多样化，对此类服务的需求可能会增长。2000年底，48％的因特网用户都

can be about anything at all, therefore produces terrible results, since no customisation is possible. To make matters worse, most MT systems were designed for use with high quality documents, whereas many web pages, chat-rooms and e-mails tend to involve slang, colloquial language and ungrammatical constructions.

遗憾的是，机器翻译只有在为某一特定领域（如微生物学、航空航天学或粒子物理学）专门设计时才会出最佳效果。这包括分析典型的文本，在该系统的字典中添加常用词和术语。使用机器去译内容几乎包罗万象的因特网文字会产出极糟的译文，因为根本不可能做到按用户需要专门设计。更糟的是，大多数机器翻译系统是为翻译高质量的文献设计的，而许多网页、聊天室和电子邮件往往夹杂着俚语、口语和不合乎语法的结构。

12 Even so, Steve McClure, an analyst at IDC, notes that the Internet has \refocused\a tool that provides a first draft for translators to becoming a general tool \partial understanding of perishable texts in high-volume environments without human involvement in the translation process\for machine translation: users want speed, rather than quality, and are more likely to accept poor results. 即便如此，国际数据公司一位名叫史蒂夫·麦克卢尔的分析师指出，因特网改变了开发机器翻译的方向，机器翻译不再是为翻译工作者提供初稿的工具，而是一件―翻译过程中不需人工介入即能迅捷地部分了解高容量信息环境中暂时出现的文本的‖普通工具。因特网改变了机器翻译的追求目标：用户需要的是速度而非质量，更有可能接受质量差的译文。

Computer-Based Translation Systems and

Tools

John Hutchins

1 Machine translation (MT) is still better known

for its failures than for its successes, and labours under misconceptions and prejudices from the ALPAC[2 ALPAC: Automatic Language Processing Advisory Committee（语言自动处理咨询委员会，成立于1964年）]2 report of more than thirty years ago. The idea of developing fully automatic general-purpose systems capable of near-human translation quality has been long abandoned. The aim of MT research and related activities is to produce aids and tools for professional and non-professional translators which exploit the potentials of computers to support human skills and intelligence. This research is now taking place in the context of rapid growth in the use of MT systems and translation tools, and is thus inevitably more oriented towards specific needs than some of the more idealistic research of previous decades.

利用计算机的翻译系统和工具

约翰·哈钦斯 人们对机器翻译仍是熟知其失败，而不太了解其成功之处。机器翻译顶着30多年前语言自动处理咨询委员会的一份报告所引起的各种误解和偏见勉力求得发展。开发质量接近于人工翻译的全自动通用翻译系统的设想早已被摈弃。研究机器翻译以及相关的活动的目的在于为专业和非专业的翻译人员提供辅助手段和工具，利用计算机的潜力协助人类的技能与智力的运用。目前这一研究正在机器翻译系统和翻译工具的使用迅速增多的背景之下进行，因此，与几十年前某些不切实际的研究不同，必然会更好适应各种具体的需求。

The recent growth of MT 2 The traditional MT user has been the large multinational company, requiring technical documentation and operating manuals in a range of languages. The system runs on a mainframe and produces ―raw‖ output of variable quality for revision (post-editing) by translators. A successful alternative has been the pre-editing of input texts (typically with a controlled ―regularised‖ language) to minimise the expensive editing processes. Both these types of MT use are continuing to expand rapidly. There are now millions of pages of translation produced every year.

机器翻译最近的发展 长期以来使用机器翻译的都是需要使用多种语言的技术文献和操作手册的大型跨国公司。翻译系统在主机上运行，产出质量不等的―粗糙‖译文以供翻译人员修订(译后编辑)。另一种有效的方式是预先编辑输入文本(通常是一种规范化的控制语言)，以期把昂贵的编辑过程缩到最短。这两种形式的机器翻译使用者在继续迅速增多。目前每年产出的翻译文字多达千百万页。

3 Although MT software for personal computers began to appear in the early 1980s, it has been during the current decade that sales of these systems have shown a dramatic rise. There are now estimated to be some 1000 different MT packages on sale (when each language pair is counted separately.) The products of one vendor (Globalink) are present in at least 6000 stores in North America alone; and in Japan one system (Korya Eiwa from Catena, for English-Japanese translation) is said to have sold over 100,000 copies in its first year on the market. Nearly all the Japanese computer and software companies seem to have a product, mainly for Japanese and English in both directions. Outside Japan, products come mostly from independent companies set up to develop and market a range of translation software products.

虽然用于个人计算机的机器翻译软件早在20世纪80年代初即已问世，但直到最近十年间，这类翻译系统的销售量才明显在上升。据估计，目前约有1000种不同的机器翻译组合程序出售(以两种语言作一套组合计算)。有家厂商(环球通翻译公司)的产品仅在北美就至少有6000家店在出售；日本有一种翻译系统(连锁有限公司的优秀英日翻译系统)据说第一年上市就售出100，000多套。在日本几乎所有的计算机和软件公司似乎都有一种自己的产品，主要是日英互译。在日本之外的其他地方，翻译系统主要产自开发、营销各类翻译软件产品的独立公司。

4 Though it is difficult to establish how much of the software purchased is regularly used (some cynics claim that only a very small proportion is tried out more than once), there is no doubting the growing volume of ―occasional‖ translation, i.e. by people from all backgrounds wanting gists of foreign text in their own language, or wanting to communicate in writing with others in other languages, however poor the quality. It is this latent market for low-quality

translation, untapped until very recently, which is now being discovered.

尽管难以确定售出的翻译软件有多少被经常使用(有些挖苦者称只有极小一部分被试用一次以上)，不容置疑的是，不论其质量如何糟糕，临时性翻译——即各种不同背景的人需要用他们自己的语言来了解外语文本的要点，或需要与操别种语言的人进行书面交流——的数量正在上升。正是这个直到最近才被开发的潜在的低质量翻译市场眼下正在被人们所发现。

5 The most dramatic change of all has probably been the use of MT for electronic mail. Two years ago, CompuServe introduced a trial service based on Intergraph's Transcend system for users of the MacCIM

Support Forum. Six months later, the World Community Forum began to use MT for translating conversational e-mail. Usage has rocketed. Most recently, Compuserve introduced its own translation service for longer documents either as unedited ―raw‖ MT or with optional human editing. Soon CompuServe will offer MT as a standard for all its e-mail.

最为显著的变化要数机器翻译在电子邮件方面的应用。两年前，CompuServe公司为苹果机版在线信息管理程序论坛用户试行推出了一项基于鹰图公司的―超越‖系统的服务。六个月之后，国际社区论坛开始运用机器翻译程序翻译网上书面交谈。此后使用量急剧上升。最近，CompuServe公司又推出了自己的对较长文件的翻译服务，一项是未加工的―粗糙型的‖机器翻译，另一项是经过有选择的人工加工。不久该公司将把机器翻译作为电子邮件附加的一项常规服务。

6 The use is not simple curiosity, although that is how it often begins. CompuServe records a high percentage of repeat large-volume users for its service, about 85% for unedited MT — a much higher

percentage than might have been expected. It seems that most is used for assimilation of information, where poorer quality is acceptable. The crucial point is that customers are prepared to pay for the product — and CompuServe is inundated with complaints if the MT service goes down!

使用机器翻译并非仅仅出于好奇，虽然开始时往往如此。CompuServe公司的记录显示多次需要大容量信息服务的用户比例颇高，其中约有85%的用户是购买未经编辑的机器翻译的—— 远远超出预计的比例。用得最多的似乎是获取信息，因此翻译质量较差并无大碍。重要的是，顾客愿意购买这一产品—— CompuServe公司的机器翻译服务一旦减少，抱怨就潮涌而来。

7 With cheaper PC software and wider access to the Internet, there has undoubtedly been an

unprecedented growth in the use of MT, and primarily among non-professional translators. It should be remembered that in multinational companies the users of MT (the post-editors) are not always professionally qualified translators and many have been specially trained to deal with MT output.

随着个人软件价格日趋便宜，上互联网的机会增多，使用机器翻译的人无疑也破天荒地多了起来，而且主要是非专业翻译人员。应该记住的是，跨国公司里机器翻译的使用者(译后编辑)常常并不总是合格的专业翻译人员，许多是受过特别培训专门处理机器翻译译文的人员。

8 In general, however, there continues to be

widespread opposition among many professional translators to fully automatic systems. What they and most translation agencies and smaller companies prefer is the translator workstation approach. 但总的来说，许多专业翻译人员仍然普遍反对全自动翻译系统。他们和大多数翻译公司及各种小公司觉得还是译者工作站的办法可取。

Translator workstations 9 For professional translators, the attraction of the workstation is the integration of tools from simple word processing aids (spelling and grammar checkers) to full automatic translation. The translator can choose to make use of whichever tool seems most appropriate for the task in hand. The vendors of these systems always stress that translators do not have to change their work patterns; the systems aim to increase productivity with translator-oriented tools which are easy to use and fully compatible with existing word processing systems. The four most widely used workstations all originate from Europe: Trados' Translation Workbench, IBM's TranslationManager, STAR's Transit, Eurolang's Optimizer. In facilities and functions, each offers similar ranges: multilingual split-screen word processing, terminology recognition, retrieval and management, translation memory (pre-translation based on existing texts), alignment software for users to create their own bilingual text databases, retention of original text formatting, and support for very wide range of European languages, both as source and target languages. Integration to MT systems is now provided by three of the workstations.

译者工作站 对专业翻译人员来说，工作站吸引他们的地方是，它把从简单的文字处理辅助手段(拼写与语法计算机查错程序)到全自动翻译等各种工具组合在一起。翻译人员可以选择使用最适合手头工作的任何工具。这类系统的销售者总是强调，翻译人员不必改变其工作方式；这类系统旨在提供为译员着想的、操作简便、与现存的文字处理系统完全兼容的翻译工具，以期提高工作效率。四家应用最广的工作站都来自欧洲：塔多思的翻译工作平台、国际商用机器公司的翻译管理程序、思达股份有限公司的中转，以及欧洲语言有限公司的优化程序。就工具和功能而言，各公司提供的东西大致相似：多语种分画面文字处理、术语辨认、读取与管理、译文记忆(根据现有文本的预译)、便于用户创立自己的双语文本资料库的调整软件、初始文本编排的保存，以及对既作为目标语又作为译出语的多种欧洲语言互译的支持。其中三家工作站目前提供综合机器翻译系统。

MT research 10 As already indicated, nearly all the 获得这一大难题(一向是机器翻译的障碍)正受到众多学术研究major computer software companies are showing interest in developing translation tools and systems, with Japanese and American companies in the vanguard; the growth in sales of PC-based products has revealed the huge potential market.

机器翻译研究 正如业已表明的，几乎所有生产计算机软件的大公司都对开发翻译工具和翻译系统表示感兴趣，领先的是日本和美国的公司；以个人计算机为主的产品销售量的增长使人们看到了巨大的潜在市场。

11 By comparison, academic research has declined relatively in the area of written language MT as such (i.e. as distinct from speech translation and multilingual applications in language engineering). Nevertheless, there is research on developing dialogue-based systems which combine

computer-interactive authoring and translating into an unknown language usually within a restricted subject field, thus ensuring higher quality output. There is much interest in exploring new techniques in neural networks, parallel processing, and particularly in corpus-based approaches: statistical text analysis (alignment, etc.), statistics-based generation from example texts, hybrid systems combining traditional linguistic rules and statistical methods, and so forth. Above all, the crucial problem of lexicon acquisition (always a bottle-neck for MT) is receiving major attention by many academic research groups, and the large lexical and text resources are being widely and fruitfully exploited. University MT research groups are increasingly working jointly with commercial organisations to develop customer-specific systems, e.g. Carnegie-Mellon University and the Caterpillar Corporation, or to undertake basic research for companies. However, the main emphasis of MT research has shifted to applications within the context of multilingual tools for specific needs and to longer-term research on speech translation.

相比之下，文字机器翻译(与口语翻译和语言工程的多语种应用完全不同)这一领域的学术研究相对减少。但是，有关开发对话系统的研究已经出现，这类系统兼有计算机交互式程序编制以及译成一种未知语言的功能，通常限定在某个领域内，这样能保障译文有较高的质量。人们对研究新技术颇感兴趣，如神经网络、并行处理技术，尤其是利用语料库的各种方法：如文本分析统计(调整等)、基于统计的样本文本翻译、兼备传统的语言规则和统计方法的混合体系，等等。最重要的是，词汇

团体的极大关注，巨大的词汇与文本资源正被广泛地、卓有成效地利用。高校的机器翻译研究团体越来越紧密地与商业机构合作，如卡内基－梅隆大学与卡特彼勒公司的合作，开发针对特定使用者的系统，或为公司开展基础研究。然而，机器翻译的重点已经转向为满足特殊需要的多语种翻译工具的应用，转向口语翻译的较长期研究。

Speech translation 12 The goal of automatic speech translation was always a distant vision for MT, until developments in speech technology began to make it a feasible objective from the 1980s. At first, research was on a small scale, e.g. the project at British Telecom to translate formulaic messages over the telephone. Later, in Japan a joint government and industry company ATR was established in 1986 near Osaka, and is now one of the main centres for automatic speech translation. The aim is to develop a

speaker-independent real-time telephone translation system for Japanese to English and vice versa, initially for hotel reservation and conference registration transactions.

口语翻译 口语自动翻译的目标过去一直是机器翻译对未来的憧憬 ，但自二十世纪八十年代以来，言语技术的发展渐渐使之成为可行的研究目标。起初，研究的规模很小，如英国电信搞的翻译用套话表达的电话信息的项目。后来，1986年在日本大阪附近成立了一个政府与企业合办的公司，如今这个叫做国际电气通信基础技术研究所的公司已成为口语自动翻译主要研究中心之一。其目的在于开发不受讲话者个体差异所限制的、实时的日英、英日电话翻译系统，初始用于预订旅馆客房和办理会议登记。

13 Speech translation is probably at present the most innovative area of computer-based translation research, and it is attracting most funding and the most publicity. However, few experienced observers expect dramatic developments in this area in the near future —the development of MT has taken many years to reach the present stage and researchers know that there is still much to be done to improve quality. 口语翻译或许是目前利用计算机的翻译研究中最具创新精神的领域，正在吸引大量的资金和公众的注意。然而，有经验的观察者不会期待该领域在近期会取得惊人的进展——开发机器翻译花了许多年才发展到目前这个阶段，研究人员深知，想提高质量，要做的事情还很多。

本文来源：https://www.bwwdw.com/article/5nzw.html