最新雅思阅读20篇

http://jinan.newchannel.org/

济南新航道学校

IELTS READING

雅思阅读

高分必备习题集

注：本习题集仅供济南新航道内部学员使用，严禁翻印，传阅。

I will persist until I succeed!

1

http://jinan.newchannel.org/

Contents

1. Amateur naturalist 业余自然学家（P3）

2. Communicating Styles and Conflict 交流的方式与冲突(P6) 3. Health in the Wild 野生动物自愈.(p10) 4. The Rainmaker 人工造雨(P13)

5. Shoemaker-Levy 9 Collision with Jupiter 舒梅克彗星撞木星(P16) 6. A second look at twin studies 双胞胎研究(P19) 7. Transit of Venus 金星凌日(P22)

8. Placebo Effect—The Power of Nothing安慰剂效应(P25) 9. The origins of Laughter 笑的起源(P29) 10. Rainwater Harvesting 雨水收集(P32) 11. Serendipity:The Accidental Scientists科学偶然性(P36) 12. Terminated! Dinosaur Era! 恐龙时代的终结(P40) 13. TV ADDICTION 电视上瘾(P43) 14. EI nino and Seabirds 厄尔尼诺和水鸟(P46) 15. The extinct grass in Britain 英国灭绝的某种草(P50) 16. Education philosophy教育的哲学(P53) 17. The secret of Yawn打哈欠的秘密(P57) 18. consecutive and simultaneous translation交替传译和同声传译(P60) 19. Numeracy: can animals tell numbers?动物会数数么？(P63) 20. Going nowhere fast(P66) 21. The seedhunters种子收集者(P69) 22. The conquest of Malaria in Italy意大利征服疟疾(P72)

I will persist until I succeed!

2

http://jinan.newchannel.org/

READING PASSAGE 1

You should spend about 20minutes on Questions 27-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 below. 文章背景：

业余自然学家主要讲述的是有一些人，平时喜欢观察自然界的植物生长，养蜂过程，气候变化，等等与大自然相关的变化并且做记录得到一些数据，这种数据叫做“amateur data‖. 本文主要介绍业余自然学家以及一些专业自然学家探讨业余自然学家的数据是否能用，以及应该如何使用这些自然学家的数据，其可信度有多少等问题。

Amateur Naturalists

From the results of an annual Alaskan betting contest to sightings of migratory birds, ecologists are using a wealth of unusual data to predict the impact of climate change. A Tim Sparks slides a small leather-bound notebook out of an envelope. The book‘s yellowing pages contain beekeeping notes made between 1941and 1969 by the late Walter Coates of Kilworth, Leicestershire. He adds it to his growing pile of local journals, birdwatchers‘ list and gardening diaries. ―We‘re uncovering about one major new record each month,‖ he says, ―I still get surprised.‖ Around two centuries before Coates, Robert Marsham, a landowner from Norfolk in the east of England, began recording the life cycles of plants and animals on his estate- when the first wood anemones flowered, the dates on which the oaks burst into leaf and the rooks began nesting. Successive Marshams continued compiling these notes for 211 years.

B Today, such records are being put to uses that their authors could not possibly have expected. These data sets, and others like them, are proving invaluable to ecologists interested in the timing of biological events, or phenology. By combining the records with climate data, researchers can reveal how, for example, changes in temperature affect the arrival of spring, allowing ecologists to make improved predictions about the impact of climate change. A small band of researchers is combing through hundreds of years of records taken by thousands of amateur naturalists. And more systematic projects have also started up, producing an overwhelming response. ―The amount of interest is almost frightening,‖ says Sparks, a climate researcher at the Centre for Ecology and Hydrology in Monks Wood, Cambridgeshire.

C Sparks first became aware of the army of ―closet phenologists‖, as he describes them, when a retiring colleague gave him the Marsham records. He now spends much of his time following leads from one historical data set to another. As news of his quest spreads, people tip him off to other historical records, and more amateur phenologists come out of their closets. The British devotion to recording and collecting makes his job easier- one man from Kent sent him 30 years‘ worth of kitchen calendars, on which he has noted the date that his neighbour‘s magnolia tree flowered.

D Other researchers have unearthed data from equally odd sources. Rafe Sagarin, an ecologist at Stanford University in California, recently studied records of a betting contest in which participants attempt to guess the exact time at which a specially erected wooden tripod will fall through the surface of a thawing river. The competition has taken place annually on the Tenana River in Alaska since 1917, and analysis of the

I will persist until I succeed!

3

http://jinan.newchannel.org/

results showed that the thaw now arrives five years earlier than it did when the contest began.

E Overall, such records have helped to show that, compared with 20years ago, a raft of natural events now occur earlier across much of the northern hemisphere, from the opening of leaves to the return of birds from migration and the emergence of butterflies from hibernation. The data can also hint at how nature will change in the future. Together with models of climate change, amateurs‘ records could help guide conservation. Terry Root, an ecologist at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, has collected birdwatchers‘ counts of wildfowl taken between 1955 and 1996 on seasonal ponds in the American Midwest and combined them with climate data and models of future warming. Her analysis shows that the increased droughts that the models predict could halve the breeding populations at the ponds. ―The number of waterfowl in North America will most probably drop significantly with global warming,‖ she says.

F But not all professionals are happy to use amateur data. ―A lot of scientists won‘t touch them, they say they‘re too full of problems,‖ says Root. Because different observers can have different ideas of what constitutes, for example, an open snowdrop. ―The biggest concern with ad hoc observations is how carefully and systematically they were taken,‖ says Mark Schwartz of the University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, who studies the interactions between plants and climate.‖ We need to know pretty precisely what a person‘s been observing- if they just say ?I note when the leaves came out‘, it might not be that useful,‖ Measuring the onset of autumn can be particularly problem-atic because deciding when leaves change colour is a more subjective process than noting when they appear.

G Overall, most phenologists are positive about the contribution that amateurs can make. ―They get at the raw power of science: careful observation of the natural world,‖ says Sagarin. But the professionals also acknowledge the need for careful quality control. Root, for example, tries to gauge the quality of an amateur archive by interviewing its collector. ―You always have to worry- things as trivial as vacations can affect measurement. I disregard a lot of records because they‘re not rigorous enough,‖ she says. Others suggest that the right statistics can iron out some of the problems with amateur data. Together with colleagues at Wageningen University in the Netherlands, environmental scientist Arnold van Vliet is developing statistical techniques to account for the uncertainty in amateur phenological data. With the enthusiasm of amateur phenologists evident from past records, professional researchers are now trying to create standardized recording schemes for future efforts. They hope that well-designed studies will generate a volume of observations large enough to drown out the idiosyncrasies of individual recorders. The data are cheap to collect, and can provide breadth in space, time and range of species. ―It‘s very difficult to collect data on a large geographical scale without enlisting an army of observers,‖ says Root.

H Phenology also helps to drive home messages about climate change. ―Because the public understand these records, they accept them,‖ says Sparks. It can also illustrate potentially un pleasant consequences, he adds, such as the finding that more rat infestations are reported to local councils in warmer years. And getting people

I will persist until I succeed!

4

http://jinan.newchannel.org/

involved is great for public relations. ―People are thrilled to think that the data they‘ve been collecting as a hobby can be used for something scientific – it empowers them,‖ says Root.

Questions 27-33

Reading Passage 3 has eight paragraphs A-H

Which paragraph contains the following information?

Write the correct letter A-H in boxes 27-33 on your answer sheet.

27. The definition of phenology

28. How Sparks first became aware of amateur records

29. How people reacted to their involvement in data collection 30. The necessity to encourage amateur data collection

31. A description of using amateur records to make predictions 32. Records of a competition providing clues for climate change

33. A description of a very old record compiled by generations of amateur naturalists

Questions 34-36

Complete the sentences below with NO MORETHA N TWO WORDS from the passage.

Write your answers in boxes 34-36 on your answer sheet

34. Walter Coates‘s records largely contain the information of . 35. Robert Marsham is famous for recording the of animals and plants on his

land.

36. According to some phenologists, global warming may cause the number of

waterfowl in North America to drop significantly due to increased .

Questions 37-40

Choose the correct letter A, B, C or D.

Write your answers in boxes 37-40 on your answer sheet.

37. why do a lot of scientists discredit the data collected by amateurs? A Scientific method was not used in data collection.

B Amateur observers are not careful in recording their data. C Amateur data is not reliable.

D Amateur data is produced by wrong candidates.

38. Mark Schwartz used the example of leaves to illustrate that?

A Amateur records can‘t be used.

B Amateur records are always unsystematic. C The color change of leaves is hard to observe. D Valuable information is often precise.

39. How do the scientists suggest amateur data should be used?

A Using improved methods.

B Be more careful in observation. C Use raw materials.

I will persist until I succeed!

5

http://jinan.newchannel.org/

D Applying statistical techniques in data collection.

40. What‘s the implication of phenology for ordinary people?

A It empowers the public. B It promotes public relations.

C It warns people of animal infestation.

D It raises awareness about climate change in the public.

READING PASSAGE 2

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 on the following page. 文章背景：

交流的方式与冲突。从古希腊时期开始，一位叫做hippocrate 的人就开始通过分类人的性格来更好的处理人与人的冲突及如何更好的了解自己。本文主要阐述了四种性格类型：sanguine类型的人活泼积极向上。Phlegmatic是冷静而具有分析性的性格，melancholic类型的人体贴而具有同情心。Choleric类型的人大胆而且直接。在workplace, 一个团队需要四种性格的人都有才能保证正常的运转。

Communicating Styles and Conflict

Knowing your communication style and having a mix of styles on your team can provide a positive force for resolving conflict. Section A

As far back as Hippocrates‘ time (460-370 B.C) people have tried to understand other people by characterizing them according to personality type or temperament. Hippocrates believed there were four different body fluids that influenced four basic types of temperament. His work was further developed 500 years later by Galen (130-200 A.D). These days there are any number of self-assessment tools that relate to the basic descriptions developed by Galen, although we no longer believe the source to be the types of body fluid that dominate our systems.

Section B

The value in self-assessments that help determine personality style, learning styles, communication styles, conflict-handling styles, or other aspects of individuals is that they help depersonalize conflict in interpersonal relationships.

The depersonalization occurs when you realize that others aren‘t trying to be difficult, but they need different or more information than you do. They‘re not intending to be rude; they are so focused on the task they forget about greeting people. They would like to work faster but not at the risk of damaging the relationships needed to get the job done. They understand there is a job to do, but it can only be done right with the appropriate information, which takes time to collect.

When used appropriately, understanding communication styles can help resolve conflict on teams. Very rarely are conflicts true personality issues. Usually they are

I will persist until I succeed!

6

http://jinan.newchannel.org/

issues of style, information needs, or focus.

Section C

Hippocrates and later Galen determined there were four basic temperaments: sanguine, phlegmatic, melancholic and choleric. These descriptions were developed centuries ago and are still somewhat apt, although you could update the wording. In today‘s world, they translate into the four fairly common communication styles described below:

Section D

The sanguine person would be the expressive or spirited style of communication. These people speak in pictures. They invest a lot of emotion and energy in their communication an often speak quickly, putting their whole body into it. They are easily sidetracked onto a story that may or may not illustrate the point they are trying to make. Because of their enthusiasm they are great team motivators. They are concerned about people and relationships. Their high levels of energy can come on strong at times and their focus is usually on the bigger picture, which means they sometimes miss the details or the proper order of things. These people find conflict or differences of opinion invigorating and love to engage in a spirited discussion. They love change and are constantly looking for new and exciting adventures.

Section E

The phlegmatic person-cool and persevering-translates into the technical or systematic communication style. This style of communication is focused on facts and technical details. Phlegmatic people have an orderly, methodical way of approaching tasks, and their focus is very much on the task, not on the people, emotions, or concerns that the task may evoke. The focus is also more on the details necessary to accomplish a task. Sometimes the details overwhelm the big picture and focus needs to be brought back to the context of the task. People with this style think the facts should speak for themselves, and they are not as comfortable with conflict. They need time to adapt to change and need to understand both the logic of it and the steps involved.

Section F

The melancholic person who is softhearted and oriented toward doing things for others translates into the considerate or sympathetic communication style. A person with this communication style is focused on people and relationships. They are good listeners and do things for other people-sometimes to the detriment of getting things done for themselves. They want to solicit everyone‘s opinion and make sure everyone is comfortable with whatever is required to get the job done. At times this focus on others can distract from the task at hand. Because they are so concerned with the needs for others and smoothing over issues, they do not like conflict. They believe that change threatens the status quo and tends to make people feel uneasy, so people with this communication style, like phlegmatic people, need time to consider the

I will persist until I succeed!

7

http://jinan.newchannel.org/

changes in order to adapt to them.

Section G

The choleric temperament translates into the bold or direct style of communication. People with this style are brief in their communication-the fewer words the better. They are big picture thinkers and love to be involved in many things at once. They are focused on tasks and outcomes and often forget that the people involved in carrying out the tasks have needs. They don‘t do detail work easily and as a result can often underestimate how much time it takes to achieve the task. Because they are so direct, they often seem forceful and can be very intimidating to others. They usually would welcome someone challenging them, but most other styles are afraid to do so. They also thrive on change, the more the better.

Section H

A well-functioning team should have all of these communication styles for true effectiveness. All teams need to focus on the task, and they need to take care of relationships in order to achieve those tasks. They need the big picture perspective or the context of their work, and they need the details to be identified and taken care of for success.

We all have aspects of each style within us. Some of us can easily move from one style to another and adapt our style to the needs of the situation at hand – whether the focus is on tasks or relationships. For others, a dominant style is very evident, and it is more challenging to see the situation from the perspective of another style.

The work environment can influence communication styles either by the type of work that is required or by the predominance of one style reflected in that environment. Some people use one style at work and another at home.

The good news about communication styles is that we all have the ability to develop flexibility in our styles. The greater the flexibility we have, the more skilled we usually are at handling possible and actual conflicts. Usually it has to be relevant to us to do so, either because we think it is important or because there are incentives in our environment to encourage it. The key is that we have to want to become flexible with our communication style. As Henry Ford said, ―Whether you think you can or you can‘t, you‘re right!‖

Questions 27-34

Reading passage 3 has eight sections A-H.

Choose the correct heading for each section from the list of headings below. Write the correct number i-x in boxes 27-34 on your answer sheet.

I will persist until I succeed!

8

http://jinan.newchannel.org/ List of headings i Summarizing personality types ii Combined styles for workplace iii Physical explanation iv A lively person who encourages v Demanding and unsympathetic personality vi Lazy and careless personality vii The benefits of understanding communication styles viii Cautious and caring ix Factual and analytical personality x Self-assessment determines one‘s temperament 27 Section A 28 Section B 29 Section C 30 Section D 31 Section E 32 Section F 33 Section G 34 Section H

Questions 35-39

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3？In boxes 35-39 on your answer sheet write

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information FALSE if the statement contradicts the information NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this 35 It is believed that sanguine people dislike variety.

36 Melancholic and phlegmatic people have similar characteristics.

37 Managers often select their best employees according to personality types. 38 It is possible to change one‘s personality type.

39 Workplace environment can affect which communication style is most effective.

Question 40

Choose the correct letter A, B, C or D

Write your answers in box 40 on your answer sheet. The writer believes using self-assessment tools can A help to develop one‘s personality.

B help to understand colleagues‘ behavior.

C improve one‘s relationship with the employer. D directly resolve conflicts.

I will persist until I succeed!

9

http://jinan.newchannel.org/

READING PASSAGE 3 文章背景：

野生动物存在一种先天性的本领那就是生病后其本能可以让其借助某些物质 到治病的效果。例如某些鸟类例如Macaws会吃泥土以解食物中存在的毒素。 更有趣的是，某位科学家观察到大猩猩总是会吃某种树叶，吃的时候表情痛 说明并非好吃，后来该科学家发现大猩猩吃树叶是为了利用其自身不能消化 树叶排出肠道的parasite(寄生虫)。 这一点表明动物先天是有自我医治的本能的.

Health in the Wild

Many animals seem able to treat their illnesses themselves. Humans may have a thing or two to learn from them.

For the past decade Dr Engel, a lecture in environmental sciences at Britain‘s Open University, has been collating examples of self-medicating behavior in wild animals. She recently published a book on the subject. In a talk at the Edinburgh science Festival earlier this month, she explained that the idea that animals can treat themselves has been regarded with some skepticism by her colleagues in the past. But a growing number of animal behaviourists now think that wild animals can and do deal with their own medical needs.

One example of self-medication was discovered in 1987. Michael Huffman and Mohamedi Seifu, working in the Mahale Mountains National Park in Tanzania, noticed that local chimpanzees suffering from intestinal worms would dose themselves with pith of a plant called Veronia. This plant produces poisonous chemicals called terpenes. Its pith contains a strong enough concentration to kill gut parasites, but not so strong as to kill chimps(nor people, for that matter; locals use the pith for the same purpose).Given that the plant is known locally as ―goat-killer‖, however, it seems that not all animals are as smart as chimps and humans. Some consume it indiscriminately, and succumb.

Since the Veronia-eating chimps were discovered, more evidence has emerged suggesting that animals often eat things for medical rather than nutritional reasons. Many species, for example, consume dirt- a behavior known as geophagy. Historically, the preferred explanation was that soil supplies minerals such as salt. But geophagy occurs in areas where the earth is not a useful source of minerals, and also in places where minerals can be more easily obtained from certain plants that are known to be rich in them. Clearly, the animals must be getting something else out of eating earth.

The current belief is that soil-and particularly the clay in it-helps to detoxify the defensive posions that some plants produce in an attempt to prevent themselves from being eaten. Evidence for the detoxifying nature of clay came in 1999, from an experiment carried out on macaws by James Gilardi and his colleagues at the

I will persist until I succeed!

10

http://jinan.newchannel.org/

University of California, Davis, Macaws eat seeds containing alkaloids, a group of chemicals that has some notoriously toxic members such as strychnine. In the wild, the birds are frequently seen perched on eroding riverbanks eating clay. Dr Gillardi fed one group of macaws a mixture of a harmless alkaloid and clay, and a second group just the alkaloid. Several hours later, the macaws that had eaten the clay had 60% less alkaloid in their blood streams than those that had not, suggesting that the hypothesis is correct.

Other observations also support the idea that clays is detoxifying. Towards the tropics the amount toxic compounds in plants increases-and so does the amount of earth eaten by herbivores. Elephants lick clay from mud holes all year around, except in September when they are bingeing on fruit which, because it has evolved to be eaten, is not toxic. And the addition of clay to the diets of domestic cattle increases the amount of nutrients that they can absorb from their food by 10-20%.

A third instance of animal self-medications is the use of mechanical scours to get rid of gut parasites. In 1972 Richard Wrangham, a researcher at the Gombe Stream Reserve in Tanzania, noticed that chimpanzees were eating the leaves of a tree called Aspilla. The chimps chose the leaves carefully by testing them in their mouths. Having chosen a leaf, a chimp would fold it into a fan and swallow it. Some of the chimps were noticed wrinkling their noses as they swallowed these leaves, suggesting the experience was unpleasant. Later, undigested leaves were found on the forest floor.

Dr Wrangham rightly guessed that the leaves had a medicinal purpose-this was, indeed, one of the earliest interpretations of a behavior pattern as self-medication. However, he guessed wrong about what the mechanism was. His(and everybody else‘s) assumption was that Aspilla contained a drug, and his sparked more than two decades of phytochemical research to try to find out what chemical the chimps were after. But by the 1990s, chimps across Africa had been seen swallowing the leaves of 19 different species that seemed to have few suitable chemicals in common. The drug hypothesis was looking more and more dubious.

It was Dr Huffman who got to the bottom of the problem. He did so by watching what came out of the chimps, rather than concentrating on what went in. He found that the egested leaves were full of intestinal worms. The factor common to all 19 species of leaves swallowed by the chimps was that they were covered with microscopic hooks. These caught the worms and dragged them form their lodgings.

Following that observation, Dr Engel is now particularly excited about how knowledge of the way that animals look after themselves could be used t to improve the health of live-stock. People might also be able to learn a thing or two-and may, indeed, already have done so. Geophagy. For example, is a common behavior in many parts of the world. The medical stalls in African markets frequently sell tablets made of different sorts of clays, appropriate to different medical conditions.

I will persist until I succeed!

11

http://jinan.newchannel.org/

Africans brought to the Americas as slaves continued this tradition, which gave their owners one more excuse to affect to despise them. Yet, as Dr Engel points out, Rwandan mountain gorillas eat a type of clay rather similar to kaolinite-the main ingredient of many patent medicines sold over the counter in the west for digestive complaints. Dirt can sometimes be good for you, and to be ―as sick as a parrot‖ may, after all, be a state to be desired.

Questions 1-4

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1? In boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information FALSE if the statement contradicts the information NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

1. Dr. Engel has been working on animal self-medication research for 10 years. 2. Animals often walk a considerable distance to find plants medication. 3. Birds, like Macaw, often eat clay because it is part of their natural diet.

4. According to Dr. Engel, research into animal self-medication can help to invent new painkillers.

Questions 5-9

Complete the notes below using NO MORE THAN ONE WORD OR NUMBER from passage.

Write your answers in boxes 5-9 on your answer sheet. Date Name Animal Food Mechanism 1987 Michael Chimpanzee 5______of Contained Huffman and Veronia chemicals,6__Mohanmedi _, that can kill Seifu parasites 1999 James Gilardi Macaw Seeds(contain Clay and his 7_____)and can8____the colleagues clay poisonous contents in food 1972 Richard Chimpanzee Leaves with Such leaves Wrang-ham tiny 9_____on can catch and surface expel worms from intestines Questions 10-13

Complete the summary below using words from the box.

Write your answers, A-H, in boxes 10-13 on your answer sheet.

I will persist until I succeed!

12

http://jinan.newchannel.org/

Though often doubted, the self-medicating behavior of animals has been supported by an increasing amount of evidence. One piece of evidence particularly deals with10___, a soil-consuming behavior commonly found across animals species, because earth, often clay, can neutralize the 11____content of their diet. Such behavior can also be found among humans in Africa, where people purchase 12__at market stalls as a kind of medication to their illnesses. Another example if this is found in chimps eating leaves of often 13____taste but with no apparent medicinal value until its unique structure came into light. A. Mineral B plants C unpleasant D toxic E clay tablets F nutritional G geophagy H harmless

READING PASSAGE 4

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 below. 文章背景：

本文主要讲述了某种人造制雨器。

The Rainmaker

Sometimes ideas just pop up out of the blue. Or in Charlie Paton‘s case, out of the rain. ― I was in a bus in Morocco travelling through the desert,‖ he remembers. ―It had been raining and the bus was full of hot, wet people. The windows steamed up and I went to sleep with a towel against the glass. When I woke, the thing was soaking wet. I had to wring it out. And it set me thinking. Why was it so wet?‖

The answer, of course, was condensation. Back home in London, a physicist friend, Philip Davies, explained that the glass, chilled by the rain outside, had cooled the hot humid air inside the bus below its dew point, causing droplets of water to form on the inside of the window. Intrigued, Paton-a lighting engineer by profession-started rigging up his own equipment. ―I made my own solar stills. It occurred to me that you might be able to produce water in this way in the desert, simply by cooling the air. I wondered whether you could make enough to irrigate fields and grow crops.‖

Today, a decade on, his dream has taken shape as giant greenhouse on a desert island off Abu Dhabi in the Persian Gulf ---the first commercially viable Version of his ―seawater greenhouse‖. Local scientists, working with Paton under a license from his company Light Works, are watering the desert and growing vegetables in what is basically a giant dew-making machine that produces fresh water and cool air from sum and seawater. In awarding Paton first prize in a design competition two years ago, Marco Goldschmied, president of the Royal Institute of British Architects, called it ―a truly original idea which has the potential to impact on the lives of millions of people

I will persist until I succeed!

13

http://jinan.newchannel.org/

living in coastal water-starved areas around the world.‖

The design has three main parts (see Graphic). The greenhouse faces into the prevailing wind so that hot, dry desert air blows in through the front wall of perforated cardboard, kept wet and cool by a constant tickle of seawater pumped up from the nearby shoreline. The evaporating seawater cools and moistens the air. Last June, for example, when the temperature outside the Abu Dhabi greenhouse was 46°c, it was in the low 30s inside. While the air outside was dry, the humidity in the greenhouse was 90 percent. The cool, moist air allows the plants to grow faster, and because much less water evaporates from the leaves their demand for moisture drops dramatically. Paton‘s crops thrived on a single litre of water per square metre per day, compared to 8 litres if they were growing outside.

The second feature also cools the air for the plants. Paton has constructed a double-layered roof with an outer layer of clear polythene and an inner, coated layer that reflects infrared light. Visible light can stream through to maximise photosynthesis, while heat from the infrared radiation is trapped in the space between the layer, away from the plants.

At the back of the greenhouse sits the third element, the main water-production unit. Just before entering this unit, the humid air of the greenhouse mixes with hot, dry air from between the two layers of the roof. This means the air can absorb more moisture as it passes through a second moist cardboard wall. Finally, the hot saturated air hits a condenser. This is a metal surface kept cool by still more seawater-the equivalent of the window on Paton‘s Moroccan bus. Drops of pure distilled water from on the condenser and flow into a tank for irrigating the crops.

The greenhouse more or less runs itself. Sensors switch everything on when the sun rises and alter flows of air and seawater through the day in response to changes in temperature, humidity and sunlight. On windless days, fans ensure a constant flow of air through the greenhouse. ― once it is tuned to the local environment, you don‘t need anyone there for it to work,‖ says Paton. ― we can run the entire operation off one 13-amp plug, and in future we could make it entirely independent of the grid, powered from a few solar panels.‖

The net effect is to evaporate seawater into hot desert air, then recondense the moisture as fresh water. At the same time, cool moist air flows through the greenhouse to provide ideal conditions for the crops. The key to the seawater greenhouse‘s potential is its unique combination of desalination and air conditioning. By tapping the power of the sun it can cool as efficiently as a 500-kilowatt air conditioner while using less than 3 kilowatts of electricity. In practice, it evaporates 3000 litres of seawater a day and turns it into about 800 litres of fresh water---just enough to irrigate the plants. The rest is lost as water vapour.

I will persist until I succeed!

14

http://jinan.newchannel.org/

Critics point out that construction costs of ￡25per square metre mean the water is twice as expensive as water from a conventional desalination plant. But the comparison is misleading, says Paton. The natural air conditioning in the greenhouse massively increases the value of that water. Because the plants need only an eight of the water used by those grown conventionally, the effective cost is only a quarter that of water from a standard desalinator. And costs should plummet when mass production begins, he adds.

Best of all, the greenhouse should be environmentally, friendly. ― I suppose there might be aesthetic objections to large structures on coastal sites,‖ says Harris, ―but it is a clean technology and doesn‘t produce pollution or even large quantities of hot water.‖

Questions 27-31

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3? In boxes 27-31 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information FALSE if the statement contradicts the information NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

27. Paton came up with the idea of making water in desert by pure accident. 28. the bus Paton rode in had poor ventilation because of broken fans. 29. Paton woke up from sleep to discover that his towel was wet.

30. Paton started his greenhouse project immediately after meeting up with his friend. 31. Paton later opened his own business in the Persian Gulf.

Questions 32-36(图形题）

Questions 37-40

Complete the summary below using NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage

Write your answers in boxes 37-40 on your answer sheet.

The greenhouse Paton built is installed with37___to keep the air flowing if the wind stands still, and it is expected in the future to rely on electricity provided solely by 38___. Despite the high construction costs compared to desalination plants, the plants grown in Paton‘s greenhouse need much less water, and if produced in large quantities the 39___could be reduced remarkably. In addition to all these advantages, it is also40___, because it is clean and pollution free.

I will persist until I succeed!

15

http://jinan.newchannel.org/

to regard it as tantamount to charge of charlatanism, In fact, the placebo effect is a powerful part of all medical care, orthodox or otherwise, though its role is often neglected and misunderstood.

One of the great strengths of CAM may be its practioners‘ skill in deploying the placebo effect to accomplish real healing. ―Complementary practitioners are miles better at producing non-specific effects and good therapeutic relationships,‖ says Edzard Ernst, professor of CAM at Exeter University. The question is whether CAM could be integrated into conventional medicine, as some would like, without losing much of this power.

At one level, it should come as no surprise that our state of mind can influence our physiology: anger opens the superficial blood vessels of the face; sadness pumps the tear glands.

But exactly how placebos work their medical magic is still largely unknown. Most of the scant research to date has focused on the control of pain, because it‘s one of the commonest complaints and lends itself to experimental study. Here, attention has turned to the endorphins natural counterparts of morphine that are known to help control pain. ―Any of the neurochemicals involved in transmitting pain impulse or modulating them might also be involved in generating the placebo response,‖ says Don Price, an oral surgeon at the University of Florida who studies the placebo effect in dental pain.

―But endorphins are still out in front.‖ That case has been strengthened by the recent work of Fabrizio Benedetti of Turin, who showed that the placebo effect can be abolished by a drug naloxone, which blocks the effects of endorphins. Benedetti induced pain in human volunteers by inflating a blood-pressure cuff on the forearm. He did this several times a day for several days, using morphine each time to control the pain. On the final day, without saying anything, he replaced the morphine with a saline solution. This still relieved the subjects‘ pain: a placebo effect. But when he added naloxone to the saline the pain relief disappeared. Here was direct proof that placebo analgesia is mediated, at least in part, by these natural opiates.

Still, no one knows how belief triggers endorphin release, or why most people can‘t achieve placebo pain relief simply by willing it. Though scientists don‘t know exactly how placebos work, they have accumulated a fair bit of knowledge about how to trigger the effect. A London rheumatologist found, for example, that red dummy capsules made more effective painkillers than blue, green or yellow ones. Research on American students revealed that blue pills make a difference: if Aspro or Tylenol are what you like to take for a headache, their chemically identical generic equivalents may be less effective.

I will persist until I succeed!

26

http://jinan.newchannel.org/

It matters, too, how the treatment is delivered. Decades ago, when the major tranquilliser chlorpromazine was being introduced, a doctor in Kansas categorized his colleagues according to whether they were keen on it, openly skeptical of its benefits, or took a ―let‘s try and see‖ attitude. His conclusion: the more enthusiastic the doctor, the better the drug performed. And this year Ernst surveyed published studies that compared doctors‘ bedside manners. The studies turned up one consistent finding: ―Physicians who adopt a warm, friendly and reassuring manner,‖ he reported, ―are more effective than those whose consultations are formal and do not offer reassurance.‖

Warm, friendly and reassuring are precisely CAM‘s strong suits, of course. Many of the ingredients of that opening recipe—the physical contact, the generous swathes of time, the strong hints of supernormal healing power—are just the kind of thing likely to impress patients. It‘s hardly surprising, then, that complementary practitioners are generally best at mobilizing the placebo effect, says Arthur Kleinman, professor of social anthropology at Harvard University.

Questions 27-32

Complete the following sentences with the correct ending. Choose the correct letter, A-H, for each sentence below.

Write your answers in boxes 27-32 on your answer sheet.

27 Appointments with alternative practitioner

28 An alternative practitioner‘s description of treatment 29 An alternative practitioner who has faith in what he does 30 The illness of patients convinced of alternative practice 32 Conventional medical doctors

Questions 33-35

A should be easy to understand. B ought to improve by itself. C should not involve any mysticism. D ought to last a minimum length of time. E needs to be treated at the right time. F should give more recognition. G can earn high income. H do not rely on any specific treatment. I will persist until I succeed!

27

http://jinan.newchannel.org/

Choose the correct letter, A,B,C or D.

Write your answers in boxes 33-35 on your answer sheet.

33 In the fifth paragraph, the writer uses the example of anger and sadness to illustrate that

A people‘s feelings could affect their physical behavior. B how placebo achieves its effect is yet to be understood. C scientists don‘t understand how the mind influences the body. D research on the placebo effect is very limited.

34 Research on pain control attracts most of the attention because A only a limited number of researches have been conducted so far. B scientists have discovered that endorphins can help reduce pain. C pain reducing agents might also be involved in placebo effect. D patients often experience pain and like to complain about it.

35 Fabrizio Benedetti‘s research on endorphins indicates that A they are widely used to regulate pain. B they can be produced by willful thoughts. C they can be neutralized by introducing naloxone. D their pain-relieving effects of not last long enough.

Questions 36-40

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3? In boxes 36-40 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information FALSE if the statement contradicts the information NOT GIVEN if there is on information on this

36 There is enough information for scientists to fully understand the placebo effect. 37 A London based researcher discovered that red pills should be taken off the market.

38 People‘s reference on brands would also have effect on their healing.

I will persist until I succeed!

28

http://jinan.newchannel.org/

39 Medical doctors have a range of views of the newly introduced drug of chlorpromazine.

40 Alternative practitioners are seldom known for applying placebo effect.

READING PASSAGE 9

文章背景： 笑的根源。有位科学家为了研究笑的起源所以将人类和大猩猩的笑作了比较，发现两者是不一样的。又将大猩猩的笑和小婴儿进行了比对发现其模式相似。 灵长类动物（primates）很多都有笑的功能。虽然我们依然不能对笑的起源做出合理的解释，但有一点是肯定的，那就是原始的人类发笑绝对不是因为史前的笑话而笑（prehistoric joke）.笑一定是潜藏在我们生物机体中的一种本能反应。

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.

The origins of Laughter

While joking and wit are uniquely human inventions, laughter certainly is not. Other creatures, including chimpanzees, gorillas and even rats, laugh. The fact that they laugh suggests that laughter has been around for a lot longer than we have.

There is no doubt that laughing typically involves groups of people. ―Laughter evolved as a signal to others — it almost disappears when we are alone,‖ says Robert Provine, a neuroscientist at the University of Maryland. Provine found that most laughter comes as a polite reaction to everyday remarks such as ―see you later‖, rather than anything particularly funny. And the way we laugh depends on the company we‘re keeping. Men tend to laugh longer and harder when they are with other men, perhaps as a way of bonding. Women tend to laugh more and at a higher pitch when men are present, possibly indicating flirtation or even submission.

To find the origins of laughter, Provine believes we need to look at play. He points out that masters of laughing are children, and nowhere is their talent more obvious than in the boisterous antics, and the original context is play. Well-know primate watchers, including Dian Fossey and Jane Goodall, have long argued that chimps laugh while at play. The sound they produce is known as a pant laugh. It seems obvious when you watch their behavior — they even have the same ticklish spots as we do. But after removing the context, the parallel between human laughter and a chimp‘s characteristic pant laugh is not so clear. When Provine played a tape of the pant laughs to 119 of his students, for example, only two guessed correctly what it was.

I will persist until I succeed!

29

http://jinan.newchannel.org/

These findings underline how chimp and human laughter vary. When we laugh the sound is usually produced by chopping up a single exhalation into a series of shorter with one sound produced on each inward and outward breach. The question is: does this pant laughter have the same source as our own laughter? New research lends weight to the idea that it does. The findings come from Elke Zimmerman, head of the Institute for Zoology in Germany, who compared the sounds made by babies and chimpanzees in response to tickling during the first year of their life. Using sound spectrographs to reveal the pitch and intensity of vocalizations, she discovered that chimp and human baby laughter follow broadly the same pattern. Zimmerman believes the closeness of baby laughter to chimp laughter supports the idea that laughter was around long before humans arrived on the scene. What started simply as a modification of breathing associated with enjoyable and playful interactions has acquired a symbolic meaning as an indicator of pleasure.

Pinpointing when laughter developed is another matter. Humans and chimps share a common ancestor that lived perhaps 8 million years ago, but animals might have been laughing long before that. More distantly related primates, including gorillas, laugh, and anecdotal evidence suggests that other social mammals can do too. Scientists are currently testing such stories with a comparative analysis of just how common laughter is among animals. So far, though, the most compelling evidence for laughter beyond primates comes from research done by Jaak Panksepp from Bowling Green State University, Ohio, into the ultrasonic chirps produced by rats during play and in response to tickling.

All this still doesn‘t answer the question of why we laugh at all. One idea is that laughter and tickling originated as a way of sealing the relationship between mother and child, Another is that the reflex response to tickling is protective, alerting us to the presence of crawling creatures that might harm us or compelling us to defend the parts of our bodies that are most vulnerable in hand-to –hand combat. But the idea that has gained the most popularity in recent years is that laughter in response to tickling is a way for two individuals to signal and test their trust in one another. This hypothesis starts from the observation that although a little tickle can be enjoyable, if it goes on too long it can be torture. By engaging in a bout of tickling, we put ourselves at the mercy of another individual, and laughter is what makes it a reliable signal of trust, according to Tom Flamson, a laughter researcher at the University of California, Los Angels. ―Even in rats, laughter, tickle, play and trust are linked. Rats chirp a lot when they play,‖ says Flamson. ―These chirps can be aroused by tickling. And they get bonded to us as a result, which certainly seems like a show of trust.‖

We‘ll never know which animal laughed the first laugh, or why. But we can be sure it wasn‘t in response to a prehistoric joke. The funny thing is that while the origins of laughter are probably quit serious, we owe human laughter and our language-based humor to the same unique skill. While other animals pant, we alone can control our

I will persist until I succeed!

30

http://jinan.newchannel.org/

breath well enough to produce the sound of laughter. Without that control there would also be no speech — and no jokes to endure.

Questions 1-6

Look at the following research findings (Questions 1-6) and the list of people below. Match each finding with the correct person, A,B,C or D.

Write the correct letter, A,B,C or D, in boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet.

NB You may use any letter more than once.

1 Babies and some animals produce laughter which sounds similar. 2 Primates are not the only animals who produce laughter.

3 Laughter can be used to show that we feel safe and secure with others. 4 Most human laughter is not a response to a humorous situation. 5 Animal laughter evolved before human laughter. 6 Laughter is a social activity.

Questions 7-10

Complete the summary using the list of words, A-K, below.

Write the correct letter, A-K, in boxes 7-10 on your answer sheet.

Some scientists believe that laughter first developed out of 7 . Research has revealed that human and chip laughter may have the same 8 . Scientists have long been aware that 9 laugh, but it now appears that laughter might be

List of People A Provine B Zimmerman C Panksepp D Flamson I will persist until I succeed!

31

http://jinan.newchannel.org/

more widespread than once thought. Although the reasons why humans started to laugh are still unknown, it seems that laughter may result from the 10 we feel with another person.

Questions 11-13

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage1?

In boxes 11-13 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information FALSE if the statement contradicts the information NOT GIVEN if there is on information on this

11 Both men and women laugh more when they are with members of the same sex. 12 Primates lack sufficient breath control to be able to produce laughs the way humans do.

13 Chimpanzees produce laughter in a wider range of situations than rats do.

READING PASSAGE 10 文章背景：

雨水收集。斯里兰卡有一个地方每年雨季变化很大所以当地饱受干旱（drought）的折磨。因为用水困难所以妇女和孩子需要花3个小时到别处取水。于是当地村民与政府合作发明了一种新式水箱（tank）和水槽（gutter）相结合的以雨水为主要水源的灌溉和取水系统。后来一位叫做Muthukandiya的村民进一步改进了该装置，将该装置改为了可以有村民自己控制的取水装置。。每一个设备造价为195美金。很快该村就都安装了这种装置。很多人从众受益匪浅。

A combat B chirps C pitch D origins E play F rats G primates H confidence I fear J babies K tickling I will persist until I succeed!

32

http://jinan.newchannel.org/

Rainwater Harvesting

For two years southern Sri Lanka suffered a prolonged drought, described by locals as \crop for four or five consecutive seasons. Livestock died, water in wells dropped to dangerously low levels,children were increasingly malnourished and school attendance has fallen. An estimated 1.6 million people were affected.

A Muthukandiya is a village in Moneragala district, one of the drought-stricken

areas in the \zone\of southern Sri Lanka (斯里兰卡), where half the country's population of 18 million lives. Rainfall in the area varies greatly from year to year, often bringing extreme dry spells in between monsoons (季风). But this drought was much worse than usual. Despite some rain in November, only half of Moneragala's 1,400 tube wells in working order by March. The drought devastated supplies of rice and freshwater fish, the staple diet of inland villages. Many local industries closed down and villagers headed for the towns in search of work.

B The villagers of Muthukandiya arrived in the 1970s as part of a government

resettlement scheme. Each family was given six acres of land, with no irrigation system. Because crop production, which relies entirely on rainfall, is insufficient to support most families, the village economy relies on men and women working as day-labourers in nearby sugar-cane plantations. Three wells have been dug to provide domestic water, but these run dry for much of the year. Women and children may spend several hours each day walking up to three miles (five kilometres) to fetch water for drinking, washing and cooking.

C In 1998, communities in the district discussed water problems with Practical

Action South Asia. What followed was a drought mitigation initiative based on a low-cost \harvesting\technology already used in Sri Lanka and elsewhere in the region. It uses tanks to collect and store rain channelled by gutters(水槽) and pipes as it runs off the roofs of houses.

D Despite an indigenous tradition of rain-water harvesting and irrigation systems

going back to the third century BC, policy-makers in modern times have often overlooked the value of such technologies, and it is only recently that officials have taken much interest in household-level structures. Government and other programmes have, however, been top-down in their conception and application, installing tanks free of charge without providing training in the skills needed to build and maintain them properly. Practical Action South Asia's project deliberately took a different approach, aiming to build up a local skills base among builders and users of the tanks, and to create structures and systems so that communities can manage their own rainwater harvesting schemes.

I will persist until I succeed!

33

http://jinan.newchannel.org/

E The community of Muthukandiya was involved throughout. Two meetings were

held where villagers analysed their water problems, developed a mitigation plan and selected the rainwater harvesting technology. Two local masons received several days' on-the-job training in building the 5,000 litre household storage tanks: surface tanks out of ferro-cement (钢丝网水泥) and underground tanks out of brick. Each system, including tank, pipes, gutters and filters, cost US$195 - equivalent to a month's income for an average village family. Just over half the cost was provided by the community, in the form of materials and unskilled labour. Practical Action South Asia contributed the rest, including cement, transport and payment for the skilled labour. Households learned how to use and maintain the tanks, and the whole community was trained to keep domestic water supplies clean. A village rainwater harvesting society was set up to run the project. To date, 37 families in and around Muthukandiya have storage tanks. Evaluations show clearly that households with rainwater storage tanks have considerably more water for domestic needs than households relying entirely on wells and ponds. During the driest months, households relying entirely on wells and ponds. During the driest months, households with tanks may have up to twice as much water available. Their water is much cleaner, too.

F Nandawathie, a widow in the village, has taken full advantage of the

opportunities that rainwater harvesting has brought her family. With a better water supply now close at hand, she began by growing a few vegetables. The income from selling these helped her to open a small shop on her doorstep. This increased her earnings still further, enabling her to apply for a loan to install solar power in her house. She is now thinking of building another tank in her garden so that she can grow more vegetables. Nandawathie also feels safer now that she no longer has to fetch water from the village well in the early morning or late evening. She says that her children no longer complain so much of diarrhoea(腹泻). And her daughter Sandamalee has more time for school work.

G In the short term, and on a small scale, the project has clearly been a success. The

challenge lies in making such initiatives sustainable, and expending their coverage. At a purely technical level, rainwater harvesting is evidently sustainable. In Muthukandiya, the skills required to build and maintain storage tanks were taught fairly easily, and can be shared by the two trained masons, who are now finding work with other development agencies in the district.

H The non-structural elements of the work, especially its financial and

organizational sustainability, present a bigger challenge. A revolving fund was set up, with households that had already benefited agreeing to contribute a small monthly amount to pay for maintenance, repairs and new tanks. However, it appears that the revolving fund concept was not fully understood and it has proved difficult to get households to contribute. Recovering costs from interventions that do not generate income directly will always be a difficult

I will persist until I succeed!

34

http://jinan.newchannel.org/

proposition, although this can be overcome if the process is explained more fully at the outset. I

The Muthukandiya initiative was planned as a demonstration project, to show that community-based drought mitigation through rainwater harvesting was feasible. Several other organizations have begun their own projects using the same approach. The feasibility of introducing larger tanks is being investigated.

J However, a lot of effort and patience are needed to generate the interest, develop

the skills and organize the management structures needed to implement sustainable community-based projects. It will probably be some time before rainwater harvesting technologies can spread rapidly and spontaneously across the district's villages, without external support.

Questions 1-6

Answer the questions below.

Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer.

1 What is the major way for local people make barely a support of living in

Muthukandiya village.

2 Where can adult workers make extra money from in daytime?

3 What have been dug to supply water for daily household life?

4 In which year did the plan of a new project to lessen the effect of drought begin?

5 Where do the gutters and pipes collect rainwater from?

6 What help family obtain more water for domestic needs than those relying on

only wells and ponds?

Questions 7-14

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading in Reading Passage 1? In boxes 7-14 on your answer sheet, white YES if the statement is true NO if the statement is false NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage

I will persist until I succeed!

35

http://jinan.newchannel.org/

7 Most of the government's actions and other programmes have somewhat failed.

8 Masons were trained for the constructing parts of the rainwater harvesting

system.

9 The cost of rainwater harvesting systems was shared by local villagers and the

Practical Action South Asia.

10 Tanks increase both the amount and quality of the water for domestic use.

11 A widow earned money to send her daughter to go to school through the help of

rainwater harvesting.

12 Households benefited began to pay part of the maintenance or repairs.

13 Training two masons at the same time is much more preferable to training single

one.

14 Other organizations have begun building larger tanks than all the tanks built in

Muthukandya.

READING PASSAGE 11 文章背景：

科学偶然性。在科学家做实验或者调查的过程中，他们原来计划的目标是完成或发现某物质，但是在实验操作的过程中，突发的情况却给了他们新的方向和突破，让他们偏离了最初的初衷而很偶然的发现了新的东西。这种现象就称为Serendipity。

Serendipity:The Accidental Scientists

A A paradox (n.看似矛盾而实际却可能正确的说法) lies close to the heart of

scientific discovery. If you know just what you are looking for, finding it can hardly count as a discovery, since it was fully anticipated (v.预期). But if, on the other hand, you have no notion (n.概念) of what you are looking for, you cannot know when you have found it, and discovery, as such, is out of the question. In the philosophy of science, these extremes map onto the purist forms of deductivism (n.演绎) and inductivism (n.推理): In the former, the outcome is supposed to be logically contained in the premises (n.前提，假设) you start with; in the latter, you are recommended to start with no expectations whatsoever and see what turns up.

I will persist until I succeed!

36

http://jinan.newchannel.org/

B As in so many things, the ideal (adj. 理想的) position is widely supposed to

reside somewhere in between these two impossible-to-realize extremes. You want to have a good enough idea of what you are looking for to be surprised when you find something else of value, and you want to be ignorant enough of your end point that you can entertain alternative outcomes. Scientific discovery should, therefore, have an accidental aspect, but not too much of one. Serendipity is a word that expresses a position something like that. It's a fascinating word, and the late Robert King Merton– ?the father of the sociology of science‘–liked it well enough to compose its biography, assisted by the French cultural historian Elinor Barber.

C Serendipity means a ?happy accident‘ or ?pleasant surprise‘; specifically, the

accident of finding something good or useful without looking for it. The first noted use of ?serendipity‘ in the English language was by Horace Walpole (1717–1792). In a letter to Horace Mann (dated 28 January 1754) he said he formed it from the Persian fairy tale The Three Princes of Serendip, whose heroes ?were always making discoveries, by accidents and sagacity, of things they were not in quest of‘. The name stems from Serendip, an old name for Sri Lanka.

D Besides antiquarians, the other community that came to dwell on serendipity to

say something important about their practice was that of scientists. Many scientists, including the Harvard physiologist Walter Cannon and, later, the British immunologist Peter Medawar, liked to emphasize how much of scientific discovery was unplanned and even accidental. One of Cannon's favorite examples of such serendipity is Luigi Galvani's observation of the twitching (n.抽搐) of dissected frogs' legs, hanging (n.悬挂) from a copper wire, when they accidentally touched an iron railing, leading to the discovery of ?galvanism‘; another is Hans Christian Orsted's discovery of electromagnetism when he unintentionally brought a current-carrying wire parallel (adj.平行) to a magnetic needle. The context in which scientific serendipity was most contested and had its greatest resonance was that connected with the idea of planned science. The serendipitists were not all inhabitants of academic ivory towers. Two of the great early-20th-century American pioneers of industrial research–Willis Whitney and Irving Langmuir, both of General Electric–made much play of serendipity, in the course of arguing against overly rigid research planning.

E Yet what Cannon and Medawar took as a benign (adj.有益的) method, other

scientists found incendiary (adj.煽动性的). To say that science had a significant serendipitous (adj.偶然发现的) aspect was taken by some as dangerous denigration (n.诋毁). If scientific discovery were really accidental, then what was the special basis of expert authority?

F In this connection, the aphorism (n.格言，警句) of choice came from no less an

authority on scientific discovery than Louis Pasteur:\

I will persist until I succeed!

37

http://jinan.newchannel.org/

mind.\as one is looking for something else, but the ability to notice such events, to see their potential (adj.潜在的) bearing (n.方向，影响) and meaning, to exploit their occurrence and make constructive use of them–these are the results of systematic mental (adj.精神的，头脑的) preparation. What seems like an accident is just another form of expertise. On closer inspection, it is insisted, accident dissolves into sagacity (n.精确地判断).

G In 1936, as a very young man, Merton wrote a seminal essay on \

Unanticipated Consequences of Purposive Social Action.\It is , he argued, the nature of social action that what one intends is rarely what one gets: Intending to provide resources for buttressing Christian religion, the natural philosophers of the Scientific Revolution laid the groundwork for secularism (n.政教分离论); people wanting to be alone with nature in Yosemite Valley wind up crowding one another. We just don't know enough–and we can never know enough–to ensure that the past is an adequate guide to the future: Uncertainty about outcomes, even of our best-laid plans, is endemic. All social action, including that undertaken with the best evidence and formulated according to the most rational criteria, is uncertain in its consequences.

You should spend about 20 minutes on question 28-40, which are based on reading passage 3 on the following pages. Questions 28-33

Reading passage 3 has seven paragraphs, A-G

Choose the correct heading for paragraphs A-F from the list of headings below.

Write the correct number, i-x, in boxes 28-33 on your answer sheet. List of headings i The origin of serendipity ii Horace Walpole's fairy tale iii Arguments against serendipity iv Two basic knowledge in the paradox of scientific discovery v The accidental evidences in and beyond science vi Opponents of authority vii Accident and mental preparation viii Planned research and anticipated outcome ix The optimum balance between the two extremes 28 Paragraph A 29 Paragraph B 30 Paragraph C

I will persist until I succeed!

38

http://jinan.newchannel.org/

31 Paragraph D 32 Paragraph E 33 Paragraph F

Questions 34-36

Complete the summary below, using NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the Reading Passage for each answer.

Write your answer in boxes 34-36 on your answer sheet.

The word ?serendipity‘ was coined in the writing of 34________ to Horace Mann. He derived it from a 35________, the characters of which were always making fortunate discovery by accident. The stem Serendip was a former name for 36________.

Questions 37-40

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

Write the correct letter in boxes 37-40 on your answer sheet.

37 What does ?inductivism? mean in paragraph A? A Observation without anticipation at the beginning. B Looking for what you want in the premise C The expected discovery D The map we pursued

38 Scientific discovery should A be much of accidental aspect B be full of value

C be between the two extremes D be sceptical

39 The writer mentions Luigi Galvani's observation to illustrate A the cruelty of frog's dissection

B the happy accident in scientific discovery C the practice of scientists D the rigid research planning

40 Why does the writer mention the example in Yosemite Valley in paragraph? A To illustrate the importance of a systematic plan

B To illustrate the conflict between reality and expectation C To illustrate the original anticipation D To illustrate the intention of social action

I will persist until I succeed!

39

http://jinan.newchannel.org/

READING PASSAGE 12 文章背景：

离现在6500万年之久的恐龙时代遭遇了大灭绝从而为新生命的孕育开辟了道路。科学家们对恐龙时代的开始和结束的原因一直没有定论。某位科学家认为恐龙灭绝和铱元素的增多有关系。后来通过研究恐龙的脚印发现恐龙的灭绝是一个很快的过程。应该和食物的大量减少有关，进一步推测出当时有小行星撞击地球改变了恐龙的进化从而导致恐龙时代的终结。

Terminated! Dinosaur Era!

A The age of dinosaurs, which ended with the cataclysmic bang of a meteor impact 65 million years ago, many also have begun with one. Researchers found recently the first direct, though tentative, geological evidence of a meteor impact 200 million years ago, coinciding with amass extinction that eliminated half of the major groups of life and opened the evolutionary door for what was then a relatively small group of animals: dinosaurs.

B The cause and timing of the ascent of dinosaurs has have been much debated. It has been impossible to draw any specific conclusions because the transition between the origin of dinosaurs and their ascent to dominance has not been sampled in detail. ―There is probably a geochemical signature of something important happening, probably an asteroid impact, just before the time in which familiar dinosaur-dominated communities appear,‖ said Dr. Paul E. Olsen, a professor of earth and environmental sciences at Columbia University‘s Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory in Palisades,N.Y.

C Olsen and his colleagues studied vertebrate fossils from 80 sites in four different ancient rift basins, part of a chain of rifts that formed as North America began to split apart from the supercontinent that existed 230-190 million years ago. In the layer of rock corresponding to the extinction, the scientists found elevated amounts of the rare element iridium (元素，铱). A precious metal belonging to the platinum group of elements, iridium is more abundant in meteorites than in rocks.

D On earth, a similar spike of iridium in 65 million-year-old rocks gave rise in the 1970s to the theory that a meteor caused the demise of the dinosaurs. That theory remained controversial for years until it was corroborated by other evidence and the impact site was found off the Yucatan Peninsula. Scientists will need to examine the new iridium anomaly similarly. The levels are only about one-tenth as high as those found at the later extinction. That could mean that the meteor was smaller or contained less iridium or that a meteor was not involved-iridium can also come from the Earth‘s interior, belched out by volcanic eruptions. Dr. Michael J. Benton, a professor of vertebrate paleontology at the University of Bristol in England, described the data as ―the first reasonably convincing evidence of an iridium spike‖.

E The scientists found more evidence of rapid extinction in a database of 10,000 fossilized footprints in former lake basins from Virginia to Nova Scotia. Although

I will persist until I succeed!

40

http://jinan.newchannel.org/

individual species cannot usually be identified solely from their footprints—the track of a house cat, for example, resemble those of a baby tiger—footprints are much more plentiful than fossil bones and can provide a more complete picture of the types of animals walking around. ―It makes it very easy for us to ell the very obvious signals of massive fauna change,‖ Dr. Olsen said. Because the sediment piles up quickly in lake basins, the researchers were able to assign a date to each footprint, based on the layer of rock where it was found. They determined that the mix of animals walking across what is now the East Coast of North America changed suddenly about 200 million years ago.

F The tracks of several major reptile groups continue almost up to the layer of rock marking the end of the Triassic geologic period (三叠纪) 202 million years ago, and then vanish in younger layers from the Jurassic Period (白垩纪). ―I think the footprint methodology is very novel and very exciting,‖ said Dr. Peter D. Ward, a professor of geology at the University of Washington. He called the data ―very required more research. Last year, researchers led by Dr. Ward reported that the types of carbon in rock changed abruptly at this time, indicationg a sudden dying off of plants over less than 0,000 years. The footprint research reinforces the hypothesis that the extinction was sudden.

G Several groups of dinosaurs survived that extinction, and the footprints show that new groups emerged soon afterward. Before the extinction, about one-fifth of the footprints were left by dinosaur; after the extinction, more than half were from dinosaurs. The changes, the researchers said, occurred within 30,000 years—a geological blink of an eye. The scientists postulate that the asteroid or comet impact and the resulting death of Triassic competitors allowed a few groups of carnivorous dinosaurs to evolve in size very quickly and dominate the top of the terrestrial food chain globally.

H Among the creatures that disappeared in the extinction were the dominant predators at the time: 15-foot-long rauisuchians (劳鳄目) with great knife-like teeth and phytosaurs (植蜥类) that resembled large crocodiles. Dinosaurs first evolved about 230 million years ago, but they were small, competing in a crowded ecological niche. Before the extinction 200 million years ago, the largest of the meat-eating dinosaurs were about the size of large dogs. Not terribly impressive.‖ Dr. Olsen said. The dinosaurs quickly grew. The toe-to-heel length of the foot of a meat eater from the Jurassic period was on average 20 percent longer than its Triassic ancestor. Larger feet can carry bigger bodies; the scientists infer the dinosaurs doubted in weight, eventually evolving into fearsome velociraptors (迅龙), tyrannosaurus rex (霸王龙) and other large carnivorous dinosaurs.

I The spurt in evolution is similar to the rise of mammals after the extinction of dinosaurs. Mammals, no larger than small dogs during the age of dinosaurs, diversified into tigers, elephants, whales and people after the reptilian competition died away. The success of the dinosaurs after the Triassic-Jurassic extinction may be why they did not survive the second extinction.‖ Small animals always do better in catastrophic situations, Dr. Olsen said, because they can survive on smaller amounts of food.‖ He also pointed out that scientists now believe the small dinosaurs did

I will persist until I succeed!

41

http://jinan.newchannel.org/

survive. ―We just call them birds,‖ he said.

Question 1-6

Use the information in the passage to match the people (listed A-C) with opinions or deeds (listed 1-6) below.

Write the appropriate letter (A-C) in boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet.

A Paul Olsen B Michael Benton C Peter Ward

1 Large animals are in a disadvantageous position when disasters happen.

2 Radical changes in carbon types are related to massive extinction of vegetation. 3 The changes in earth‘s vegetation become easier to identify.

4 Geochemical evidence suggests an asteroid impact before dinosaurs appeared. 5 Footprint study is a way of research.

6 Persuasive clues of an iridium spike were discovered for the first time.

Question 7-13

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage? In boxes 7-13 on your answer sheet write

TRUE if the statement is true FALSE if the statement is false NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage ⒎ The rare element, iridium, was presented both on earth and in meteorites. ⒏ The meteor impact theory had been suspected before the discovery of the impact site and other supporting evidence. ⒐ Footprints are of little value in proving information, in comparison to fossil bones, because individual species cannot be identified with footprints. ⒑ According to scientists, the translation to a dinosaur-dominated era took place very quickly by geological time scales. ⒒ The creatures that disappeared in the extinction were dominantly the 15-foot-long rauisuchians and large crocodiles. ⒓ Tyrannosaurus rex was larger in body size than other carnivorous dinosaurs. ⒔ Large dinosaurs died out but small ones evolved and competed with birds and mammals.

I will persist until I succeed!

42

http://jinan.newchannel.org/

READING PASSAGE 13 文章背景：

电视成瘾。人们每天用来看电视的时间多的惊人。在发达国家每人每天要花3个小时的时间看电视，几乎是他们业余时间的一半。调查发现，相对于运动和读书之后带给人们的快乐而言，看电视之后人们的心情不会好转甚至会更糟。人们越在电视机前的时间长，就越不愿意离开它。研究发现人们之所以这么爱看电视，并非是因为电视节目的内容，而是因为看电视的形式吸引着人们。

TV ADDICTION

A The amount of time people spend watching television is astonishing,On average,individuals in the industrialised world devote three hours a day to the pursuit -fully half of their leisure time,and more than on any single activity save work and sleep.At this rate,someone who lives to 75 would spend nine years in front of the tube.To some commentators,this devotion means simply that people enjoy TV and make a conscious decision to watch it.But if that is the whole story,why do so many people experience misgivings about how much they view?In Gallup polls in 1992 and 1999,two out of five adult respondents and seven out of 10 teenagers said they spent too much time watching TV.Other surveys have consistently shown that roughly 10 percent of adults call themselves TV addicts.

B To study people's reaction to TV,researchers have undertaken laboratory experiments in which they have monitored the brain waves(using an electroencephalograph ,or EEG) to track behaviour and emotion in the normal course of life,as opposed to the artificial conditions of the lab.Participants carried beeper,and we signaled them six to eight times a day,at a random,over the period of a week ,whenever they heard the deep,they wrote down what they were doing and how they were feeling using a standardized scorecard.

C As one might expect,people who were watching TV when we beeped them reported and passive.The EEG studies similarly show less mental stimulation,as measured by alpha brain-wave production,during viewing than during reading.What is more surprising is that the sense of relaxation ends when the set is turned off ,but the feeling of passivity and lowered alertness continue.Survey participants say they have more difficulty concentrating after viewing than before.In contrast,they rarely indicate such difficulty after reading.After playing sports or engaging in hobbies ,people report improvements in mood.After watching TV,people's moods are about the same or worse than before.That may be because viewer's vague learned sense that they will feel less relaxed if they stop viewing .So they tend not to turn the set off.Viewing begets more viewing which is the same as the experience of habit-forming drugs.Thus,the irony of TV:people watch a great deal longer they plan to ,even though prolonged viewing is less rewarding.In our ESM studies the longer people sat in front of the set,the less satisfaction they said derived from it.For some,a twinge of unease or guilt that they they aren't doing something more productive may also accompany and

I will persist until I succeed!

43

http://jinan.newchannel.org/

depreciate the enjoyment of prolonged viewing.Researchers in Japan,the U.K and the U.S have found that this guilt occurs much more among middle-class viewers than among less affluent ones.

D What is it about TV that has such a hold on us? In part,the attraction seems to spring from our biological ' orienting response ' .First described by Ivan Pavlov in 1927,the orienting response in our instinctive visual or auditory reaction to any sudden or novel stimulus.It is part of our evolutionary heritage,a built-in sensitivity to movement and potential predatory threats.In 1986 Byron Reeves of Stanford University ,Esther Thorson of the University of Missouri and their colleagues began to study whether the simple formal features of television-cuts,edits,zooms,pans

Sudden noises-activate the orienting response,thereby keeping attention on the screen.By watching how brain waves were affected by formal features,the researchers concluded that thease stylistic tricks can indeed trigger involutionary significance of detecting movement......It is the form,not the content,of television that is unique,'

E The natural attraction to television's sound and light starts very early in life,Dafna Lemish of Tel Aviu University has described babies at six to eight weeks attending to television.We have observed slightly older infants who,when lying on their backs on the floor,crane their necks around 180 degrees to catch what light through yonder window breaks.The inclination suggest deeply rooted the orienting response is.

F The Experience Sampling Method permitted us to look at most every domain of everyday life:working,eating,reading,talking to friends,playing a sport ,and so on.We found that heavy viewers report feeling significantly more anxious and less happy than light viewers do in unstructured situations,such as doing nothing,daydreaming or waiting in line.The difference widens when the viewer is alone.Subsequently,Robert D. McIlwraith of the University of Mantitoba extensively studied those who called themselves TV addicts on surveys.On a measure called the Short Imaginal Processess Inventory(SIPI),he found that the self described addicts are more easily bored and distract themselves from unpleasant thoughts and to fill time.Other studies over the years have shown that heavy viewers are less likely to participate in community activities and sports and are more likely to be obese than moderate viewers or non-viewers.

G More than 25 years ago psychologist Tannis M.MacBeth Williams of the University of British Columbia studied a moutain commutity that had no television until cable finally arrived.Over time,both adults and children in the town became less creative in problem solving ,less able to persevere at tasks,and less tolerant of unstructured time. H Nearly 40 years ago Gary A.Steiner of the University of Chicago collected fascinating individual accounts of families whose set had broken.In experiments ,families have volunteered or been paid to stop viewing ,typically for a week or a month.Some fought ,verbally and physically.In a review of these cold-turkey studies,Charles Winick of the City University of New York concluded:' The first three or four days for most persons were the worst ,even in many homes where viewing was minimal and where there were other ongoing activites.In over half of all the households,during these few days of loss,the regular routines were disrupted ,family members had difficulties in dealing with the newly available

I will persist until I succeed!

44

http://jinan.newchannel.org/

time,anxiety and adaption were expressed.....By the second week,a move toward adaption to the situation was common.' Unforunately,researchers have yet to flesh out of these anecdotes:no one has systematically gathered statistics on the prevalence of these withdrawal symptoms.

I Even though TV does seem to meet the criteria for substance dependence ,not all researchers would go so far as to call TV addictive. McILwraith said in 1998 that's displacement of other activites by television may be socially significant but still fall short of the clinical requirement of significant impairment.' He argued that a new category of 'TV addiction' may not be necessary if heavy viewing stems from conditions such as depression and social phobia.Nevertheless,whether or not we formally diagnose someone as TV-dependent,millions of people sense that they can not readily control the amount of television they watch.

You should spend about 20 minutes on question 14-26,which are based on reading passage 2 on the following pages.

Question 14-18

Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage?

In boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet,write True If the statement is true False If the statement is false 14 Study shows that males are more likely to be addicted to TV than the females Not Given If the information is not given in the passage15 Greater improvements in mood are experienced after watching TV than playing sports. 16 TV addiction works in similar ways are drugs.

17 It is reported that people's satisfaction is in proportion to the time they spend watching TV.

18 Middle-class are more likely to feel guilty about watching TV than the poor.

Questions 19-23

Look at the following researchers (Questions 19-23) and the list of statements below. Match each researcher with correct statements.

Write the correct letter A-H in boxes 19-23 on your answer sheets. 19 Byron Reeves and Esther Thorson 20 Dafna Lemish

21 Robert D.McIlwraith

22 Tannis M.MacBeth Williams 23 Charles Winick A. Audiences would get hypnotized from viewing too much television. B. People have been sensitive to the TV signals since a younger age. C. People are less likely to accomplish their work with television. I will persist until I succeed! D.A handful of studies have attempted to study other types of media addiction. E. The addictive power of television could probably minimize the problems. F. Various media formal characters stimulate people's reaction on the screen. 45

http://jinan.newchannel.org/

Questions 24-26

Choose the correct letter,A,B,C,or D.

Write the correct letter in boxes 24-26 on your answer sheet. 24 People in the industrialised world

A devote ten hours watching TV on average .

B spend more time on TV than other entertainment. C call themselves TV addicts D enjoy working best

25 When compared with light viewers,heavy viewer A like playing sport more than reading B feel relaxed after watching TV. C spend more time in daydreaming

D are more easily bored while wasting in line.

26 Which of the following statements is true about the family experiment? A Not all the subjects participate in the experiment for free. B There has been a complete data.

C People are prevented from other activities during the experiment. D People can not adapt to the situation until the end.

READING PASSAGE 14 文章背景：

厄尔尼诺现象和水鸟。厄尔尼诺又称厄尔尼诺海流，是太平洋赤道带大范围内海洋和大气相互作用后失去平衡而产生的一种气候现象，就是沃克环流圈东移造成的。正常情况下，热带太平洋区域的季风洋流是从美洲走向亚洲，使太平洋表面保持温暖，给印尼周围带来热带降雨。但这种模式每2—7年被打乱一次，使风向和洋流发生逆转，太平洋表层的热流就转而向东走向美洲，随之便带走了热带降雨，出现所谓的“厄尔尼诺现象‘.本文主要讲述了科学家利用水鸟的研究来研究厄尔尼诺现象，因为水鸟的生活习性，繁殖，迁徙都会和气候的变化有关系。

Questions 37-49 Summary

Complete the summary below ,using NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the Reading Passage for each answer.

I will persist until I succeed!

46

http://jinan.newchannel.org/

EI nino and Seabirds

A Rhythm of the seasons cannot always be relied upon. At times the tropical Pacific Ocean and large expanses of the global atmosphere seem to be marching to the beat of a different drummer, disrupting the normal patterns of countless species of plants and animals along with hundreds of millions of human beings. So that they may anticipate these occasional lapses in the march of the seasons and help societies plan accordingly, scientists are seeking to understand these competing rhythms: the strongest of which is the alternation between the \climatic conditions in the Pacific region called El Ni?o.

B Seabirds are prominent and highly visible components of marine ecosystems that will be affected by global climate change. The Bering Sea region is particularly important to seabirds; populations there are larger and more diverse than in any similar region in North America—over 90% of seabirds breeding in the continental United States are found in this region. Seabirds, so named because they spend at least 80% of their lives at sea, are dependent upon marine resources for food. As prey availability changes in response to climatically driven factors such as surface sea temperature and extent of sea ice, so will populations of seabirds be affected.

C Seabirds are valued as indicators of healthy marine ecosystems and provide a ―vicarious use value‖ or existence value—people appreciate and value seabirds simply because they are there and enjoy them through venues such as pictures, nature programs, and written accounts without ever directly observing seabirds in their native environment. A direct measure of this value is demonstrated by Federal legislation that established specific national wildlife refuges to protect seabirds and international treaty obligations that provide additional protection for seabirds. Seabirds are also an important subsistence resource for many who live within the Bering Sea region. Furthermore, the rich knowledge

base about seabirds makes them a valuable resource as indicator species for measurement of change in the marine environment.

D The most abundant breeding species in Alaska are northern fulmars, storm-petrels, kittiwakes, murres, auklets and puffins. These species also form the largest colonies. Fulmars, storm-petrels and kittiwakes are surface feeders, picking their prey from the surface or just below the surface; murres, auklets, and puffins dive for their food. Fulmars nest primarily on island groups in and around the Bering Sea. They take a wide variety of prey (e.g., fish, squid, zooplankton, jellyfish) from the surface or just below the surface. Storm-petrels are strictly nocturnal and

nest below ground in either burrows or crevices between rocks.They forage on zooplankton and squid; in some areas they are dependent upon small fish such as capelin and sand lance caught at the surface.Black-legged kittiwakes are widespread throughout Alaska, Canada and Eurasia while red-legged kittiwakes are found only in the

Bering Sea region. Both are surface feeders although black-legged kittiwakes feed primarily on small fish and forage over the continental shelf and shelf break.

E Marine mammals have exhibited similar signs of food stress in recent years.Harbor seals at Tugidak Island in the Gulf of Alaska declined by about 85% between 1976

I will persist until I succeed!

47

http://jinan.newchannel.org/

and 1988.Steller sea lion populations declined by 36% in the Gulf of Alaska between 1977 and 1985,and by another 59% between 1985 and 1990.Northern fur seals declined about 35% by 1986 from their average numbers in the 1970s, although numbers had rebounded somewhat (20%) by 1990 . Associated with the declines in Steller sea lions are declines in birth rate, fewer breeding females, fewer pups, decreased adult body condition, decreased juvenile survival, and a change in population age structure.

F Walker noticed that monsoon seasons with low-index conditions are often marked by drought in Australia, Indonesia, India, and parts of Africa. He also claimed that low-index winters tend to be unusually mild in western Canada. One of his British colleagues chided him in print for suggesting that climatic conditions over such widely separated regions of the globe could be linked. In his reply Walker predicted, correctly, that an explanation would be forthcoming, but that it would require a knowledge of wind patterns above ground level, which were not routinely being observed at that time.

G The need for long-term series It seems obvious that without baseline data ornithologists are doomed to be surprised by the arrival of El Ni?o every few years.Even when ornithologists and ecologists are at hand to take advantage of an incoming El Ni?o ,lack of preexisting data,and of monitoring afterwards,makes it difficult 134 F.M .&J.M. Farina,and the normal years .Indeed ,according to Jakic, during the last century there were 12 El Ni?o years and 12 La Nina years,thus leaving about 76'normal'years in between.Thus,by heavily concentrating attention no only12% of the time of span El Ni?o ,and of neglecting possibly another 76% of the time。This situation maybe reminded only as long as data are logged on a regular or continuous basis,that is,as long-term time series.The recipe prescribed by Schreiber & Schreiber to understand El Ni?o effects on birds still stands:'....carry out long-term studies that will shed further light on the interactions between global atmospheric cycles,,ocean ographic phenomena,and avian populations.

H Populations of seabirds in Alaska are larger and more diverse than any similar region in the Northern Hemisphere. The extensive coastal estuaries and offshore waters of Alaska provide breeding, feeding and migrating habitats for 66 species of seabirds. At least 38 species of seabirds, over 50 million individuals, breed in Alaska. Eight Alaskan species breed only here and in adjacent Siberia. Five additional species range through the North Pacific, but their populations are concentrated in Alaska. In addition to breeding grounds, Alaskan waters also provide important wintering habitat for birds that breed in Canada and Eurasia. Shearwaters, which breed in the southern hemisphere, are the most

numerous species in Alaskan waters during the summer.

I As another indication that food has been limiting in recent years, several large-scale die-offs of seabirds, mostly surface-feeding species, have been observed in the Gulf of Alaska during the last decade, most notably in 1983, 1989, and 1993 .But Hatch

I will persist until I succeed!

48

http://jinan.newchannel.org/

thinks that it is too early to decide the these die-offs reports are somehow connected with the effect of El Ni?o.

Byrd and Tobish believe that high rainfall can affect survival of chicks in earthen burrows,and incidence of big storms with high winds during the chick-rearing period can cause morality for chicks of species nesting on cliff-;edges,but this view has not been considered as convincing evidence.

Questions14-17

Choose the correct answers in boxes 14-17mon your answer sheet.

14 Why do scientists want to investigate EI Nino phenomenon at the beginning of the paragraph?

A To learn the patterns of creatures that live in marine environment.

B Assist us to map out because it disturbs normal circle of for wildlife and human. C It has propound theory for both the academic side and practical side. D Tropical Pacific Ocean is where EI Nino affects most.

15 Why do scientists use seabirds as important subjects when observe climate change World-widely?

A Seabirds affected by prey changes according to the temperature and ice. B Its size is large enough to be observed.

C Ei Nino affects seabirds more than other sea creatures.

D North America is situated in the area where NI affects most.

16 What happened for Marine Mammals that live in Tugidak Island in Gulf of Alaska?

A Number of seals declined about 85% from the mid of 20th century. B Number of Steller sea lion declined while Number seals grew. C Birth rate and breeding females declined on the Tugidak Island.

D The situation of mammals on the island is not that worse than we expected.

17 According to J.Walker ,what happens in the monsoon seasons notably? A Flood and drought are seriously damage almost everywhere of the planet. B Walker's prediction would soon come true. C Drought only affect some parts of Africa.

D Drought will affect somewhere of the earth such as Australia and Indonesia.

Questions 18-26

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2? True If the statement is true False If the statement is false 18 Seabirds are regarded as precious indicators of changes in oeanic envirronment . Not Given If the information is not given in the passage I will persist until I succeed! 49 http://jinan.newchannel.org/

19 Seabirds such as Fulmars and Murres feed by the characteristic of prey in different ways.

20 Seller sea lions only declined in birth rate and fewer pups,but the whole population wouldn't be affected by changes.

21 With reply of Walker's colleague ,knowledge of wind patterns will be very helpful. 22 It is difficult to investigate EI Nino for ornithologist and ecologist because lack of available statistics and inspections.

23 Habit of seabirds in Alaska is similar to those in the Northern Hemisphere.

24 Number of Shearwaters in the southern hemisphere feed most during the summer. 25 Hatch thinks that it is too early to determine all the problems that are caused by EI Nino.

26 Byrd and Tobish think that heavy rainfall and storms cause mortality for chicks ，which has already been a convincing proof.

READING PASSAGE 15

文章背景：

英国有一种草叫做interrupted brome. 1972年被宣布从此绝迹。但是神奇的是它并未从此消失，它的复苏不是因为强大的基因技术，而是因为一位叫做Philip Smith的植物学家，一位名副其实的“绿手指”（greenfinger）,保留了2株成活的标本。接下来植物学家们打算在英国复苏这种草，但是进行起来却并非易事。因为它既不美观也不实用是一种名副其实的野草，并且其生物特征也决定了其考自身的力量繁殖下去也不可行，文章还探讨了这种草的来源等问题。

The “Extinct” Grass in Britain

A It‘s Britain‘s dodo. Called interrupted brome because of its gappy seed-head, this unprepossessing grass was found nowhere else in the world. Sharp-eyed Victorian botanists were the first to notice it, and by the 1920s the odd-looking grass had been found across much of southern England. Yet its decline was just as dramatic. By1972 it had vanished from its last toehold-two hay fields at Pampisford, near Cambridge. Even the seeds stored at the Cambridge University Botanic Garden as an insurance policy were dead, having been mistakenly kept at room temperature. Botanists mourned: a unique living entity was gone forever.

B Yet reports of its demise proved premature. Interrupted brome has come back from dead, and not through any fancy genetic engineering. Thanks to one green-fingered botanist, interrupted brome is alive and well living as a pot plant. Britain‘s dodo is about to become a phoenix, as conservationists set about relaunching its career in the wild.

C AT FIRST, Philip Smith as unaware that the scrawny pots of grass on his bench were at that remained of a uniquely British species. But when news of the ―extinction‖ of Bromus interruptus finally reached him, he decided to astonish his colleagues. He seized his opportunity at a meeting of the botanical Society of the

I will persist until I succeed!

50

本文来源：https://www.bwwdw.com/article/5nro.html