考研英语18年真题94—12

1986-2008年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题答案1

1994年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题

Section II: Cloze Test

Directions:

For each numbered blank in following passage, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)

The first and smallest unit that can be discussed in relation to language is the word. In speaking, the choice of words is __41__ the utmost importance. Proper selection will eliminate one source of __42__ breakdown in the communication cycle. Too often, careless use of words __43__ a meeting of the minds of the speaker and listener. The words used by the speaker may __44__ unfavorable reactions in the listener __45__ interfere with his comprehension; hence, the transmission-reception system breaks down.

__46__, inaccurate or indefinite words may make __47__ difficult for the listener to understand the __48__ which is being transmitted to him. The speaker who does not have specific words in his working vocabulary may be __49__ to explain or describe in a __50__ that can be understood by his listeners.

41. [A] of [B] at [C] for [D] on

42. [A] inaccessible [B] timely [C] likely [D] invalid

43. [A] encourages [B] prevents [C] destroys [D] offers

44. [A] pass out [B] take away [C] back up [D] stir up

45. [A] who [B] as [C] which [D] what

46. [A] Moreover [B] However [C] Preliminarily [D] Unexpectedly

47. [A] that [B] It [C] so [D] this

48. [A] speech [B] sense [C] message [D] meaning

49. [A] obscure [B] difficult [C] impossible [D] unable

50. [A] case [B] means [C] method [D] way

Section III: Reading Comprehension

Directions:

Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (40 points)

Text 1

The American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise, market-oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most. Private businessmen, striving to make profits, produce these goods and services in competition with other businessmen; and the profit motive, operating under competitive pressures, largely determines how these goods and services are produced. Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of inpidual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of inpiduals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.

An important factor in a market-oriented economy is the mechanism by which consumer demands can be expressed and responded to by producers. In the American economy, this mechanism is provided by a price system, a process in which prices rise and fall in response to relative demands of consumers and

1986-2008年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题答案2

supplies offered by seller-producers. If the product is in short supply relative to the demand, the price will be bid up and some consumers will be eliminated from the market. If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product. Thus, price is the regulating mechanism in the American economic system.

The important factor in a private-enterprise economy is that inpiduals are allowed to own productive resources (private property), and they are permitted to hire labor, gain control over natural resources, and produce goods and services for sale at a profit. In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private inpidual.

51. In Line 11, Paragraph 1, ―the desire of inpiduals to maximize their incomes‖ means ________.

[A] Americans are never satisfied with their incomes

[B] Americans tend to overstate their incomes

[C] Americans want to have their incomes increased

[D] Americans want to increase the purchasing power of their incomes

52. The first two sentences in the second paragraph tell us that ________.

[A] producers can satisfy the consumers by mechanized production

[B] consumers can express their demands through producers

[C] producers decide the prices of products

[D] supply and demand regulate prices

53. According to the passage, a private-enterprise economy is characterized by ________.

[A] private property and rights concerned

[B] manpower and natural resources control

[C] ownership of productive resources

[D] free contracts and prices

54. The passage is mainly about ________.

[A] how American goods are produced

[B] how American consumers buy their goods

[C] how American economic system works

[D] how American businessmen make their profits

Text 2

One hundred and thirteen million Americans have at least one bank-issued credit card. They give their owners automatic credit in stores, restaurants, and hotels, at home, across the country, and even abroad, and they make many banking services available as well. More and more of these credit cards can be read automatically, making it possible to withdraw or deposit money in scattered locations, whether or not the local branch bank is open. For many of us the ―cashless society‖ is not on the horizon -- it‘s already here.

While computers offer these conveniences to consumers, they have many advantages for sellers too. Electronic cash registers can do much more than simply ring up sales. They can keep a wide range of records, including who sold what, when, and to whom. This information allows businessmen to keep track of their list of goods by showing which items are being sold and how fast they are moving. Decisions to reorder or return goods to suppliers can then be made. At the same time these computers record which hours are busiest and which employees are the most efficient, allowing personnel and staffing assignments to be made accordingly. And they also identify preferred customers for

1986-2008年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题答案3

promotional campaigns. Computers are relied on by manufacturers for similar reasons. Computer-analyzed marketing reports can help to decide which products to emphasize now, which to develop for the future, and which to drop. Computers keep track of goods in stock, of raw materials on hand, and even of the production process itself.

Numerous other commercial enterprises, from theaters to magazine publishers, from gas and electric utilities to milk processors, bring better and more efficient services to consumers through the use of computers.

55. According to the passage, the credit card enables its owner to ________.

[A] withdraw as much money from the bank as he wishes

[B] obtain more convenient services than other people do

[C] enjoy greater trust from the storekeeper

[D] cash money wherever he wishes to

56. From the last sentence of the first paragraph we learn that ________.

[A] in the future all the Americans will use credit cards

[B] credit cards are mainly used in the United States today

[C] nowadays many Americans do not pay in cash

[D] it is now more convenient to use credit cards than before

57. The phrase ―ring up sales‖ (Line 3, Para. 2) most probably means ―________‖.

[A] make an order of goods

[B] record sales on a cash register

[C] call the sales manager

[D] keep track of the goods in stock

58. What is this passage mainly about?

[A] Approaches to the commercial use of computers.

[B] Conveniences brought about by computers in business.

[C] Significance of automation in commercial enterprises.

[D] Advantages of credit cards in business.

Text 3

Exceptional children are different in some significant way from others of the same age. For these children to develop to their full adult potential, their education must be adapted to those differences. Although we focus on the needs of exceptional children, we find ourselves describing their environment as well. While the leading actor on the stage captures our attention, we are aware of the importance of the supporting players and the scenery of the play itself. Both the family and the society in which exceptional children live are often the key to their growth and development. And it is in the public schools that we find the full expression of society‘s understanding -- the knowledge, hopes, and fears that are passed on to the next generation.

Education in any society is a mirror of that society. In that mirror we can see the strengths, the weaknesses, the hopes, the prejudices, and the central values of the culture itself. The great interest in exceptional children shown in public education over the past three decades indicates the strong feeling in our society that all citizens, whatever their special conditions, deserve the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities.

“All men are created equal.‖ We‘ve heard it many times, but it still has importan t meaning for education in a democratic society. Although the phrase was used by this country‘s founders to denote equality before the law, it has also been interpreted to mean equality of opportunity. That concept

1986-2008年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题答案4

implies educational opportunity for all children -- the right of each child to receive help in learning to the limits of his or her capacity, whether that capacity be small or great. Recent court decisions have confirmed the right of all children -- disabled or not -- to an appropriate education, and have ordered that public schools take the necessary steps to provide that education. In response, schools are modifying their programs, adapting instruction to children who are exceptional, to those who cannot profit substantially from regular programs.

59. In Paragraph 2, the author cites the example of the leading actor on the stage to show that

[A] the growth of exceptional children has much to do with their family and the society

[B] exceptional children are more influenced by their families than normal children are

[C] exceptional children are the key interest of the family and society

[D] the needs of the society weigh much heavier than the needs of the exceptional children

60. The reason that the exceptional children receive so much concern in education is that ________.

[A] they are expected to be leaders of the society

[B] they might become a burden of the society

[C] they should fully develop their potentials

[D] disabled children deserve special consideration

61. This passage mainly deals with ________.

[A] the differences of children in their learning capabilities

[B] the definition of exceptional children in modern society

[C] the special educational programs for exceptional children

[D] the necessity of adapting education to exceptional children

62. From this passage we learn that the educational concern for exceptional children ________.

[A] is now enjoying legal support

[B] disagrees with the tradition of the country

[C] was clearly stated by the country‘s founders

[D] will exert great influence over court decisions

Text 4

“I have great confidence that by the end of the decade we‘ll know in vast detail how cancer cells arise,‖ says microbiologist Robert Weinberg, an expert on cancer. ―But,‖ he cautions, ―some people have the idea that once one understands the causes, the cure will rapidly follow. Consider Pasteur, he discovered the causes of many kinds of infections, but it was fifty or sixty years before cures were available.‖

This year, 50 percent of the 910,000 people who suffer from cancer will survive at least five years. In the year 2000, the National Cancer Institute estimates, that figure will be 75 percent. For some skin cancers, the five-year survival rate is as high as 90 percent. But other survival statistics are still discouraging -- 13 percent for lung cancer, and 2 percent for cancer of the pancreas.

With as many as 120 varieties in existence, discovering how cancer works is not easy. The researchers made great progress in the early 1970s, when they discovered that oncogenes, which are cancer-causing genes, are inactive in normal cells. Anything from cosmic rays to radiation to diet may activate a dormant oncogene, but how remains unknown. If several oncogenes are driven into action, the cell, unable to turn them off, becomes cancerous.

The exact mechanisms involved are still mysterious, but the likelihood that many cancers are initiated at the level of genes suggests that we will never prevent all cancers. ―Changes are a normal part of the evolutionary process,‖ says oncologist Wi lliam Hayward. Environmental factors can never be totally

1986-2008年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题答案5

eliminated; as Hayward points out, ―We can‘t prepare a medicine against cosmic rays.‖

The prospects for cure, though still distant, are brighter.

“First, we need to understand how the normal cell controls itself. Second, we have to determine whether there are a limited number of genes in cells which are always responsible for at least part of the trouble. If we can understand how cancer works, we can counteract its action.‖

63. The example of Pasteur in the passage is used to ________.

[A] predict that the secret of cancer will be disclosed in a decade

[B] indicate that the prospects for curing cancer are bright

[C] prove that cancer will be cured in fifty to sixty years

[D] warn that there is still a long way to go before cancer can be conquered

64. The author implies that by the year 2000, ________.

[A] there will be a drastic rise in the five-year survival rate of skin-cancer patients

[B] 90 percent of the skin-cancer patients today will still be living

[C] the survival statistics will be fairly even among patients with various cancers

[D] there won‘ t be a drastic increase of survival rate of all cancer patients

65. Oncogenes are cancer-causing genes ________.

[A] that are always in operation in a healthy person

[B] which remain unharmful so long as they are not activated

[C] that can be driven out of normal cells

[D] which normal cells can‘t turn off

66. The word ―dormant‖ in the third paragraph most probably means ________.

[A] dead

[B] ever-present

[C] inactive

[D] potential

Text 5

Discoveries in science and technology are thought by ―untaught minds‖ to come in blinding flashes or as the result of dramatic accidents. Sir Alexander Fleming did not, as legend would have it, look at the mold on a piece of cheese and get the idea for penicillin there and then. He experimented with antibacterial substances for nine years before he made his discovery. Inventions and innovations almost always come out of laborious trial and error. Innovation is like soccer; even the best players miss the goal and have their shots blocked much more frequently than they score.

The point is that the players who score most are the ones who take most shots at the goal -- and so it goes with innovation in any field of activity. The prime difference between innovation and others is one of approach. Everybody gets ideas, but innovators work consciously on theirs, and they follow them through until they prove practicable or otherwise. What ordinary people see as fanciful abstractions, professional innovators see as solid possibilities.

“Creative thinking may mean simply the realization that there‘s no particular virtue in doing things the way they have always been done,‖ wrote Rudolph Flesch, a language authority. This accounts for ou r reaction to seemingly simple innovations like plastic garbage bags and suitcases on wheels that make life more convenient: ―How come nobody thought of that before?‖

The creative approach begins with the proposition that nothing is as it appears. Innovators will not accept that there is only one way to do anything. Faced with getting from A to B, the average person will automatically set out on the best-known and apparently simplest route. The innovator will search

1986-2008年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题答案6

for alternate courses, which may prove easier in the long run and are bound to be more interesting and challenging even if they lead to dead ends.

Highly creative inpiduals really do march to a different drummer.

67. What does the author probably mean by ―untaught mind‖ in the first paragraph?

[A] A person ignorant of the hard work involved in experimentation.

[B] A citizen of a society that restricts personal creativity.

[C] A person who has had no education.

[D] An inpidual who often comes up with new ideas by accident.

68. According to the author, what distinguishes innovators from non-innovators?

[A] The variety of ideas they have.

[B] The intelligence they possess.

[C] The way they deal with problems.

[D] The way they present their findings.

69. The author quotes Rudolph Flesch in Paragraph 3 because ________.

[A] Rudolph Flesch is the best-known expert in the study of human creativity

[B] the quotation strengthens the assertion that creative inpiduals look for new ways of doing things

[C] the reader is familiar with Rudolph Flesch‘s poin t of view

[D] the quotation adds a new idea to the information previously presented

70. The phrase ―march to a different drummer‖ (the last line of the passage) suggests that highly creative inpiduals are ________.

[A] diligent in pursuing their goals

[B] reluctant to follow common ways of doing things

[C] devoted to the progress of science

[D] concerned about the advance of society

Section IV: English-Chinese Translation

Directions:

Read the following passage carefully and then translate underlined sentences into Chinese. Your translation must be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)

According to the new school of scientists, technology is an overlooked force in expanding the horizons of scientific knowledge. (71) Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools. (72) ―In short,‖ a leader of the new school contends, ―the scientific revolution, as we call it, was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions.‖ (73) Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science. The modern school that hails technology argues that such masters as Galileo, Newton, Maxwell, Einstein, and inventors such as Edison attached great importance to, and derived great benefit from, craft information and technological devices of different kinds that were usable in scientific experiments.

The centerpiece of the argument of a technology-yes, genius-no advocate was an analysis of Galileo‘s role at the start of the scientific revolution. The wisdom of the day was derived from Ptolemy, an astronomer of the second century, whose elaborate system of the sky put Earth at the center of all heavenly motions. (74) Galileo‘s greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth. But the real hero of the story, according to the new school of scientists, was the long

1986-2008年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题答案7

evolution in the improvement of machinery for making eyeglasses.

Federal policy is necessarily involved in the technology vs. genius dispute. (75) Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.

Section V: Writing

DIRECTIONS:

[A] Title: ON MAKING FRIENDS

[B] TIME LIMIT: 40 minutes

[C] Word limit: 120-150 words (not including the given opening sentence)

[D] Your composition should be based on the OUTLINE below and should start with the given opening sentence: ―As a human being, one can hardly do without a friend.‖

[E] Your composition must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)

OUTLINE:

l. The need for friends

2. True friendship

3. My principle in making friends

1994年参考答案

Section I: Structure and V ocabulary (20 points)

Part A (5 points)

1. [C]

2. [A]

3. [A]

4. [D]

5. [C]

6. [C]

7. [B]

8. [B]

9. [D] 10. [B]

Part B (5 points)

11. [D] even 12. [A] obvious

13. [B] had come 14. [B] that of the earth

15. [C] to have been invented 16. [A] Much as 或Much though

17. [B] make 18. [A] Unless (=if... not)

19. [C] 删去but 或将believing 改为believe 20. [C] a great interest in

Part C (10 points)

21. [C] 22. [A] 23. [D] 24. [B] 25. [D]

26. [C] 27. [A] 28. [B] 29. [B] 30. [B]

31. [C] 32. [A] 33. [B] 34. [D] 35. [C]

36. [C] 37. [D] 38. [A] 39. [A] 40. [B]

Section II: Cloze Test (10 points)

41. [A] 42. [C] 43. [B] 44. [D] 45. [C]

46. [A] 47. [B] 48. [C] 49. [D] 50. [D]

Section III: Reading Comprehension (40 points)

51. [D] 52. [D] 53. [A] 54. [C] 55. [B]

56. [C] 57. [B] 58. [B] 59. [A] 60. [C]

61. [D] 62. [A] 63. [D] 64. [D] 65. [B]

66. [C] 67. [A] 68. [C] 69. [B] 70. [B]

Section IV: English-Chinese Translation (15 points)

71. 他们(新学派科学家们)说，科学的发展与其说源于天才伟人的真知灼识，不如说源于改进了的技术和工具等等更为普通的东西。

1986-2008年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题答案8

72. 新学派的一位领袖人物坚持说：“简而言之，我们所称谓的科学革命，主要是指一系列器具的改进、发明和使用，这些改进、发明和使用使科学发展的范围无所不及。”

73. 工具和技术本身作为根本性创新的源泉多年来在很大程度上被科学史学家和科学思想家们忽视了。

74. 伽里略的最光辉的业绩在于他在1609年第一个把新发明的望远镜对准天空，以证实行星是围绕太阳旋转，而不是围绕地球。

75. 政府究竟是以减少对技术的经费投入来增加对纯理论科学的经费投入，还是相反，这往往取决于把哪一方看作是驱动的力量。

Section V: Writing (15 points)

76. 参考范文（略）

1995年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题

Section II: Close Test

For each numbered blank in following passage, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)

Sleep is pided into periods of so-called REM sleep, characterized by rapid eye movements and dreaming, and longer periods of non-REM sleep. __41__ kind of sleep is at all well understood, but REM sleep is __42__ to serve some restorative function of the brain. The purpose of non-REM sleep is even more __43__. The new experiments, such as these __44__ for the first time at a recent meeting of the Society for Sleep Research in Minneapolis, suggest fascinating explanations __45__ of non-REM sleep.

For example, it has long been known that total sleep __46__ is 100 percent fatal to rats, yet, __47__ examination of the dead bodies, the animals look completely normal. A researcher has now __48__ the mystery of why the animals die. The rats __49__ bacterial infections of the blood, __50__ their immune systems -- the self-protecting mechanism against disease -- had crashed.

41. [A] Either [B] Neither [C] Each [D] Any

42. [A] intended [B] required [C] assumed [D] inferred

43. [A] subtle [B] obvious [C] mysterious [D] doubtful

44. [A] maintained [B] described [C] settled [D] afforded

45. [A] in the light [B] by virtue [C] with the exception [D] for the purpose

46. [A] reduction [B] destruction [C] deprivation [D] restriction

47. [A] upon [B] by [C] through [D] with

48. [A] paid attention to [B] caught sight of [C] laid emphasis on [D] cast light on

49. [A] develop [B] produce [C] stimulate [D] induce

50. [A] if [B] as if [C] only if [D] if only

Section III: Reading Comprehension

Directions:

Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (40 points)

Text 1

Money spent on advertising is money spent as well as any I know of. It serves directly to assist a rapid

1986-2008年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题答案9

distribution of goods at reasonable price, thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices. By drawing attention to new ideas it helps enormously to raise standards of living. By helping to increase demand it ensures an increased need for labour, and is therefore an effective way to fight unemployment. It lowers the costs of many services: without advertisements your daily newspaper would cost four times as much, the price of your television license would need to be doubled, and travel by bus or tube would cost 20 per cent more. And perhaps most important of all, advertising provides a guarantee of reasonable value in the products and services you buy. Apart from the fact that twenty-seven acts of Parliament govern the terms of advertising, no regular advertiser dare promote a product that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements. He might fool some people for a little while through misleading advertising. He will not do so for long, for mercifully the public has the good sense not to buy the inferior article more than once. If you see an article consistently advertised, it is the surest proof I know that the article does what is claimed for it, and that it represents good value.

Advertising does more for the material benefit of the community than any other force I can think of. There is one more point I feel I ought to touch on. Recently I heard a well-known television personality declare that he was against advertising because it persuades rather than informs. He was drawing excessively fine distinctions. Of course advertising seeks to persuade.

If its message were confined merely to information -- and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve, for even a detail such as the choice of the colour of a shirt is subtly persuasive -- advertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention. But perhaps that is what the well-known television personality wants.

51. By the first sentence of the passage the author means that ________.

[A] he is fairly familiar with the cost of advertising

[B] everybody knows well that advertising is money consuming

[C] advertising costs money like everything else

[D] it is worthwhile to spend money on advertising

52. In the passage, which of the following is NOT included in the advantages of advertising?

[A] Securing greater fame.

[C] Enhancing living standards.

[B] Providing more jobs.

[D] Reducing newspaper cost.

53. The author deems that the well-known TV personality is ________.

[A] very precise in passing his judgment on advertising

[B] interested in nothing but the buyers‘ attention

[C] correct in telling the difference between persuasion and information

[D] obviously partial in his views on advertising

54. In the author‘s opinion, ________.

[A] advertising can seldom bring material benefit to man by providing information

[B] advertising informs people of new ideas rather than wins them over

[C] there is nothing wrong with advertising in persuading the buyer

[D] the buyer is not interested in getting information from an advertisement

Text 2

There are two basic ways to see growth: one as a product, the other as a process. People have generally viewed personal growth as an external result or product that can easily be identified and measured. The

1986-2008年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题答案10

worker who gets a promotion, the student whose grades improve, the foreigner who learns a new language -- all these are examples of people who have measurable results to show for their efforts.

By contrast, the process of personal growth is much more difficult to determine, since by definition it is a journey and not the specific signposts or landmarks along the way. The process is not the road itself, but rather the attitudes and feelings people have, their caution or courage, as they encounter new experiences and unexpected obstacles. In this process, the journey never really ends; there are always new ways to experience the world, new ideas to try, new challenges to accept.

In order to grow, to travel new roads, people need to have a willingness to take risks, to confront the unknown, and to accept the possibility that they may ―fail‖ at first. How we see ourselves as we try a new way of being is essential to our ability to grow. Do we perceive ourselves as quick and curious? If so, then we tend to take more chances and to be more open to unfamiliar experiences. Do we think we‘re shy and indecisive? Then our sense of timidity can cause us to hesitate, to move slowly, and not to take a step until we know the ground is safe. Do we think we‘re slow to adapt to change or that we‘re not smart enough to cope with a new challenge? Then we are likely to take a more passive role or not try at all.

These feelings of insecurity and self-doubt are both unavoidable and necessary if we are to change and grow. If we do not confront and overcome these internal fears and doubts, if we protect ourselves too much, then we cease to grow. We become trapped inside a shell of our own making.

55. A person is generally believed to achieve personal growth when ________.

[A] he has given up his smoking habit

[B] he has made great efforts in his work

[C] he is keen on leaning anything new

[D] he has tried to determine where he is on his journey

56. In the author‘s eyes, one who views personal growth as a process would ________.

[A] succeed in climbing up the social ladder

[B] judge his ability to grow from his own achievements

[C] face difficulties and take up challenges

[D] aim high and reach his goal each time

57. When the author says ―a new way of being‖ (line 2~3, Para. 3) he is referring to ________.

[A] a new approach to experiencing the world

[C] a new method of perceiving ourselves

[B] a new way of taking risks

[D] a new system of adaptation to change

58. For personal growth, the author advocates all of the following except ________.

[A] curiosity about more chances

[C] open-mindedness to new experiences

[B] promptness in self-adaptation

[D] avoidance of internal fears and doubts

Text 3

In such a changing, complex society formerly simple solutions to informational needs become complicated. Many of life‘s problems which were solved by asking family members, friends or colleagues are beyond the capability of the extended family to resolve. Where to turn for expert information and how to determine which expert advice to accept are questions facing many people today.

1986-2008年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题答案11

In addition to this, there is the growing mobility of people since World War II. As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable. The almost unconscious flow of information about the simplest aspects of living can be cut off. Thus, things once learned subconsciously through the casual communications of the extended family must be consciously learned.

Adding to societal changes today is an enormous stockpile of information. The inpidual now has more information available than any generation, and the task of finding that one piece of information relevant to his or her specific problem is complicated, time-consuming and sometimes even overwhelming.

Coupled with the growing quantity of information is the development of technologies which enable the storage and delivery of more information with greater speed to more locations than has ever been possible before. Computer technology makes it possible to store vast amounts of data in machine-readable files, and to program computers to locate specific information. Telecommunications developments enable the sending of messages via television, radio, and very shortly, electronic mail to bombard people with multitudes of messages. Satellites have extended the power of communications to report events at the instant of occurrence. Expertise can be shared world wide through teleconferencing, and problems in dispute can be settled without the participants leaving their homes and/or jobs to travel to a distant conference site. Technology has facilitated the sharing of information and the storage and delivery of information, thus making more information available to more people.

In this world of change and complexity, the need for information is of greatest importance. Those people who have accurate, reliable up-to-date information to solve the day-to-day problems, the critical problems of their business, social and family life, will survive and succeed. ―Knowledge is power‖ may well be the truest saying and access to information may be the most critical requirement of all people.

59. The word ―it‖ (line 3, Para. 2) most probably refers to ________.

[A] the lack of stable communities

[B] the breakdown of informal information channels

[C] the increased mobility of families

[D] the growing number of people moving from place to place

60. The main problem people may encounter today arises from the fact that ________.

[A] they have to learn new things consciously

[B] they lack the confidence of securing reliable and trustworthy information

[C] they have difficulty obtaining the needed information readily

[D] they can hardly carry out casual communications with an extended family

61. From the passage we can infer that ________.

[A] electronic mail will soon play a dominant role in transmitting messages

[B] it will become more difficult for people to keep secrets in an information era

[C] people will spend less time holding meetings or conferences

[D] events will be reported on the spot mainly through satellites

62. We can learn from the last paragraph that ________.

[A] it is necessary to obtain as much knowledge as possible

[B] people should make the best use of the information

[C] we should realize the importance of accumulating information

[D] it is of vital importance to acquire needed information efficiently

1986-2008年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题答案12

Text 4

Personality is to a large extent inherent -- A-type parents usually bring about A-type offspring. But the environment must also have a profound effect, since if competition is important to the parents, it is likely to become a major factor in the lives of their children.

One place where children soak up A-characteristics is school, which is, by its very nature, a highly competitive institution. Too many schools adopt the ?win at all costs‘ moral stand ard and measure their success by sporting achievements. The current passion for making children compete against their classmates or against the clock produces a two-layer system, in which competitive A-types seem in some way better than their B-type fellows. Being too keen to win can have dangerous consequences: remember that Pheidippides, the first marathon runner, dropped dead seconds after saying: ―Rejoice, we conquer!‖

By far the worst form of competition in schools is the disproportionate emphasis on examinations. It is a rare school that allows pupils to concentrate on those things they do well. The merits of competition by examination are somewhat questionable, but competition in the certain knowledge of failure is positively harmful.

Obviously, it is neither practical nor desirable that all A-youngsters change into B‘s. The world needs A types, and schools have an important duty to try to fit a child‘s personality to his possible future employment. It is top management.

If the preoccupation of schools with academic work was lessened, more time might be spent teaching children surer values. Perhaps selection for the caring professions, especially medicine, could be made less by good grades in chemistry and more by such considerations as sensitivity and sympathy. It is surely a mistake to choose our doctors exclusively from A-type stock. B‘s are important and should be encouraged.

63. According to the passage, A-type inpiduals are usually ________.

[A] impatient

[B] considerate

[C] aggressive

[D] agreeable

64. The author is strongly opposed to the practice of examinations at schools because ________.

[A] the pressure is too great on the students

[B] some students are bound to fail

[C] failure rates are too high

[D] the results of exanimations are doubtful

65. The selection of medical professionals is currently based on ________.

[A] candidates‘ sensitivity

[B] academic achievements

[C] competitive spirit

[D] surer values

66. From the passage we can draw the conclusion that ________.

[A] the personality of a child is well established at birth

[B] family influence dominates the shaping of one‘s characteristics

[C] the development of one‘s personality is due to multiple factors

[D] B-type characteristics can find no place in competitive society

Text 5

1986-2008年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题答案13

That experiences influence subsequent behaviour is evidence of an obvious but nevertheless remarkable activity called remembering. Learning could not occur without the function popularly named memory. Constant practice has such as effect on memory as to lead to skillful performance on the piano, to recitation of a poem, and even to reading and understanding these words. So-called intelligent behaviour demands memory, remembering being a primary requirement for reasoning. The ability to solve any problem or even to recognize that a problem exists depends on memory. Typically, the decision to cross a street is based on remembering many earlier experiences.

Practice (or review) tends to build and maintain memory for a task or for any learned material. Over a period of no practice what has been learned tends to be forgotten; and the adaptive consequences may not seem obvious. Yet, dramatic instances of sudden forgetting can be seen to be adaptive. In this sense, the ability to forget can be interpreted to have survived through a process of natural selection in animals. Indeed, when one‘s memory of an emotionally painful experience leads to serious anxiety, forgetting may produce relief. Nevertheless, an evolutionary interpretation might make it difficult to understand how the commonly gradual process of forgetting survived natural selection.

In thinking about the evolution of memory together with all its possible aspects, it is helpful to consider what would happen if memories failed to fade. Forgetting clearly aids orientation in time, since old memories weaken and the new tend to stand out, providing clues for inferring duration. Without forgetting, adaptive ability would suffer, for example, learned behaviour that might have been correct a decade ago may no longer be. Cases are recorded of people who (by ordinary standards) forgot so little that their everyday activities were full of confusion. This forgetting seems to serve that survival of the inpidual and the species.

Another line of thought assumes a memory storage system of limited capacity that provides adaptive flexibility specifically through forgetting. In this view, continual adjustments are made between learning or memory storage (input) and forgetting (output). Indeed, there is evidence that the rate at which inpiduals forget is directly related to how much they have learned. Such data offers gross support of contemporary models of memory that assume an input-output balance.

67. From the evolutionary point of view, ________.

[A] forgetting for lack of practice tends to be obviously inadaptive

[B] if a person gets very forgetful all of a sudden he must be very adaptive

[C] the gradual process of forgetting is an indication of an inpidual‘s adaptability

[D] sudden forgetting may bring about adaptive consequences

68. According to the passage, if a person never forgot, ________.

[A] he would survive best

[B] he would have a lot of trouble

[C] his ability to learn would be enhanced

[D] the evolution of memory would stop

69. From the last paragraph we know that ________.

[A] forgetfulness is a response to learning

[B] the memory storage system is an exactly balanced input-output system

[C] memory is a compensation for forgetting

[D] the capacity of a memory storage system is limited because forgetting occurs

70. In this article, the author tries to interpret the function of ________.

[A] remembering

[B] forgetting

1986-2008年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题答案14

[C] adapting

[D] experiencing

Section IV: English-Chinese Translation

Directions:

Read the following passage carefully and then translate underlined sentences into Chinese. Your translation must be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)

The standardized educational or psychological test that are widely used to aid in selecting, classifying, assigning, or promoting students, employees, and military personnel have been the target of recent attacks in books, magazines, the daily press, and even in congress. 71) The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics pert attention from the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users. The tests themselves are merely tools, with characteristics that can be measured with reasonable precision under specified conditions. Whether the results will be valuable, meaningless, or even misleading depends partly upon the tool itself but largely upon the user.

All informed predictions of future performance are based upon some knowledge of relevant past performance: school grades, research productivity, sales records, or whatever is appropriate. 72) How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted. Anyone who keeps careful score knows that the information available is always incomplete and that the predictions are always subject to error.

Standardized tests should be considered in this context. They provide a quick, objective method of getting some kinds of information about what a person learned, the skills he has developed, or the kind of person he is. The information so obtained has, qualitatively, the same advantages and shortcomings as other kinds of information. 73) Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.

74) In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted cannot be well defined. Properly used, they provide a rapid means of getting comparable information about many people. Sometimes they identify students whose high potential has not been previously recognized, but there are many things they do not do. 75) For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.

Section V: Writing

DIRECTIONS:

[A] Title: THE ―PROJECT HOPE‖

[B] Time limit: 40 minutes

[C] Word limit: 120-150 words (not including the given opening sentence)

[D] Your composition should be based on the OUTLINE below and should start with the given opening sentence: ―Education plays a very important role in the modernization of our country.‖

[E] Your composition must be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)

OUTLINE:

1. Present situation

2. Necessity of the project

3. My suggestion

1986-2008年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题答案15

1995年参考答案

Section I: Structure and V ocabulary (20 points)

Part A (5 points)

1. [D]

2. [A]

3. [B]

4. [D]

5. [B]

6. [C]

7. [A]

8. [D]

9. [A] 10. [C]

Part B (5 points)

11. [A] reflect 12. [D] if

13. [B] to which 14. [D] being

15. [C] writing about或who write about 16. [D] affected

17. [C] whose 18. [C] as

19. [C] do much 20. [B] each time

Part C (10 points)

21. [B] 22. [D] 23. [C] 24. [C] 25. [A]

26. [B] 27. [D] 28. [C] 29. [A] 30. [A]

31. [D] 32. [B] 33. [A] 34. [C] 35. [B]

36. [A] 37. [D] 38. [D] 39. [A] 40. [B]

Section II: Cloze Test (10 points)

41. [B] 42. [C] 43. [C] 44. [B] 45. [D]

46. [C] 47. [A] 48. [D] 49. [A] 50. [B]

Section III: Reading Comprehension (40 points)

51. [D] 52. [A] 53. [D] 54. [C] 55. [A]

56. [C] 57. [A] 58. [D] 59. [B] 60. [C]

61. [A] 62. [D] 63. [C] 64. [B] 65. [B]

66. [C] 67. [D] 68. [B] 69. [A] 70. [B]

Section IV: English-Chinese Translation (15 points)

71. 把标准化测试作为抨击目标是错误的，因为在抨击这类测试时，批评者不考虑其弊病来自人们对测试不甚了解或使用不当。

72. 这些预测在多大程度上为后来的表现所证实，这取决于所采用信息的数量、可靠性和适宜性，以及解释这些信息的技能和才智。

73. 因此，在某一特定情况下，究竟是采用测试还是其他种类的信息，或是两者同时使用，须凭有关相对效度的经验依据而定，也取决于诸如费用和有无来源等因素。

74. 一般地说，当所要测定的特征能很精确地界定时，测试最为有效；而当所要测定或预测的东西不能明确地界定时，测试的效果则最差。

75. 例如，测试并不弥补明显的社会不公；因此，它们不能说明一个物质条件差的年轻人，如果在较好的环境下成长的话，会有多大才干。

Section V: Writing (15 points)

76. 参考范文（略）

1996年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题

Section II: Close Test

For each numbered blank in following passage, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)

1986-2008年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题答案16

Vitamins are organic compounds necessary in small amounts in the diet for the normal growth and maintenance of life of animals, including man.

They do not provide energy, __41__ do they construct or build any part of the body. They are needed for __42__ foods into energy and body maintenance. There are thirteen or more of them, and if __43__ is missing a deficiency disease becomes __44__.

Vitamins are similar because they are made of the same elements -- usually carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and __45__ nitrogen. They are different __46__ their elements are arranged differently, and each vitamin __47__ one or more specific functions in the body.

__48__ enough vitamins is essential to life, although the body has no nutritional use for __49__ vitamins. Many pe ople, __50__, believe in being on the ―safe side‖ and thus take extra vitamins. However, a well-balanced diet will usually meet all the body‘s vitamin needs.

41. [A] either [B] so [C] nor [D] never

42. [A] shifting [B] transferring [C] altering [D] transforming

43. [A] any [B] some [C] anything [D] something

44. [A] serious [B] apparent [C] severe [D] fatal

45. [A] mostly [B] partially [C] sometimes [D] rarely

46. [A] in that [B] so that [C] such that [D] except that

47. [A] undertakes [B] holds [C] plays [D] performs

48. [A] Supplying [B] Getting [C] Providing [D] Furnishing

49. [A] exceptional [B] exceeding [C] excess [D] external

50. [A] nevertheless [B] therefore [C] moreover [D] meanwhile

Section III: Reading Comprehension

Directions:

Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (40 points)

Text l

Tight-lipped elders used to say, ―It‘s not what you want in this world, but what you get.‖

Psychology teaches that you do get what you want if you know what you want and want the right things.

You can make a mental blueprint of a desire as you would make a blueprint of a house, and each of us is continually making these blueprints in the general routine of everyday living. If we intend to have friends to dinner, we plan the menu, make a shopping list, decide which food to cook first, and such planning is an essential for any type of meal to be served.

Likewise, if you want to find a job, take a sheet of paper, and write a brief account of yourself. In making a blueprint for a job, begin with yourself, for when you know exactly what you have to offer, you can intelligently plan where to sell your services.

This account of yourself is actually a sketch of your working life and should include education, experience and references. Such an account is valuable. It can be referred to in filling out standard application blanks and is extremely helpful in personal interviews. While talking to you, your could-be employer is deciding whether your ―wares‖ and abilities must be d isplayed in an orderly and reasonably connected manner.

When you have carefully prepared a blueprint of your abilities and desires, you have something

1986-2008年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题答案17

tangible to sell. Then you are ready to hunt for a job. Get all the possible information about your could-be job. Make inquiries as to the details regarding the job and the firm. Keep your eyes and ears open, and use your own judgment. Spend a certain amount of time each day seeking the employment you wish for, and keep in mind: Securing a job is your job now.

51. What do the elders mean when they say, ―It‘s not what you want in this world, but what you get.‖?

[A] You‘ll certainly get what you want.

[B] It‘s no use dreaming.

[C] You should be dissatisfied with what you have.

[D] It‘s essential to set a goal fo r yourself.

52. [A] blueprint made before inviting a friend to dinner is used in this passage as ________.

[A] an illustration of how to write an application for a job

[B] an indication of how to secure a good job

[C] a guideline for job description

[D] a principle for job evaluation

53. According to the passage, one must write an account of himself before starting to find a job because ________.

[A] that is the first step to please the employer

[B] that is the requirement of the employer

[C] it enables him to know when to sell his services

[D] it forces him to become clearly aware of himself

54. When you have carefully prepared a blueprint of your abilities and desires, you have something ________.

[A] definite to offer

[B] imaginary to provide

[C] practical to supply

[D] desirable to present

Text 2

With the start of BBC World Service Television, millions of viewers in Asia and America can now watch the Corporation‘s news coverage, as well as listen to it. And of course in Britain listeners and viewers can tune in to two BBC television channels, five BBC national radio services and dozens of local radio station. They are brought sport, comedy, drama, music, news and current affairs, education, religion, parliamentary coverage, children‘s programmes and films for an annual license fee of 83 pounds per household.

It is a remarkable record, stretching back over 70 years -- yet the BBC‘s future is now in doubt. The Corporation will survive as a publicly-funded broadcasting organization, at least for the time being, but its role, its size and its programmes are now the subject of a nation-wide debate in Britain.

The debate was launched by the Government, which invited anyone with an opinion of the BBC -- including ordinary listeners and viewers -- to say what was good or bad about the Corporation, and even whether they thought it was worth keeping. The reason for its inquiry is that the BBC‘s royal charter runs out in 1996 and it must decide whether to keep the organization as it is, or to make changes.

Defenders of the Corporation -- of whom there are many -- are fond of quoting the American slogan ―If it ain‘t broke, don‘t fix it.‖ The BBC ―ain‘t broke,‖ they say, by which they mean it is not broken (as

1986-2008年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题答案18

distinct from the word ?broke‘, meaning having no money), so wh y bother to change it?

Yet the BBC will have to change, because the broadcasting world around it is changing. The commercial TV channels -- TV and Channel 4 -- were required by the Thatcher Government‘s Broadcasting Act to become more commercial, competing with each other for advertisers, and cutting costs and jobs. But it is the arrival of new satellite channels -- funded partly by advertising and partly by viewers‘ subscriptions -- which will bring about the biggest changes in the long term.

55. The world famous BBC now faces ________.

[A] the problem of new coverage

[B] an uncertain prospect

[C] inquiries by the general public

[D] shrinkage of audience

56. In the passage, which of the following about the BBC is NOT mentioned as the key issue?

[A] Extension of its TV service to Far East.

[B] Programmes as the subject of a nation-wide debate.

[C] Potentials for further international co-operations.

[D] Its existence as a broadcasting organization.

57. The BBC‘s ―royal charter‖ (Line 4, Paragraph 3) stands for ________.

[A] the financial support from the royal family

[B] the privileges granted by the Queen

[C] a contract with the Queen

[D] a unique relationship with the royal family

58. The foremost reason why the BBC has to readjust itself is no other than ________.

[A] the emergence of commercial TV channels

[B] the enforcement of Broadcasting Act by the government

[C] the urgent necessity to reduce costs and jobs

[D] the challenge of new satellite channels

Text 3

In the last half of the nineteenth century ―capital‖ and ―labour‖ were enlarging and perfecting their rival organizations on modern lines. Many an old firm was replaced by a limited liability company with a bureaucracy of salaried managers. The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large professional element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders. It was moreover a step away from inpidual initiative, towards collectivism and municipal and state-owned business. The railway companies, though still private business managed for the benefit of shareholders, were very unlike old family business. At the same time the great municipalities went into business to supply lighting, trams and other services to the taxpayers.

The growth of the limited liability company and municipal business had important consequences. Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business. All through the nineteenth century, America, Africa, India, Australia and parts of Europe were being developed by British capital, and British shareholders were thus enriched by the world‘s movement towards industrialization. Towns like Bournemouth and Eastbourne sprang up to house large ―comfortable‖ classes who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the

1986-2008年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题答案19

community except that of drawing pidends and occasionally attending a shareholders‘ meeting to dictate their orders to the management. On the other hand ―shareholding‖ meant leisure and freedom which was used by many of the later Victorians for the highest purpose of a great civilization.

The ―shareholders‖ as such had no knowledge of the lives, thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the company in which he held shares, and his influence on the relations of capital and labour was not good. The paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relation with the men and their demands, but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away. Indeed the mere size of operations and the numbers of workmen involved rendered such personal relations impossible. Fortunately, however, the increasing power and organization of the trade unions, at least in all skilled trades, enabled the workmen to meet on equal terms the managers of the companies who employed them. The cruel discipline of the strike and lockout taught the two parties to res pect each other‘s strength and understand the value of fair negotiation.

59. It‘s true of the old family firms that ________.

[A] they were spoiled by the younger generations

[B] they failed for lack of inpidual initiative

[C] they lacked efficiency compared with modern companies

[D] they could supply adequate services to the taxpayers

60. The growth of limited liability companies resulted in ________.

[A] the separation of capital from management

[B] the ownership of capital by managers

[C] the emergence of capital and labour as two classes

[D] the participation of shareholders in municipal business

61. According to the passage, all of the following are true except that ________.

[A] the shareholders were unaware of the needs of the workers

[B] the old firm owners hand a better understanding of their workers

[C] the limited liability companies were too large to run smoothly

[D] the trade unions seemed to play a positive role

62. The author is most critical of ________.

[A] family film owners

[B] landowners

[C] managers

[D] shareholders

Text 4

What accounts for the great outburst of major inventions in early America -- breakthroughs such as the telegraph, the steamboat and the weaving machine?

Among the many shaping factors, I would single out the country‘s excellent elementary schools; a labor force that welcomed the new technology; the practice of giving premiums to inventors; and above all the American genius for nonverbal, ―spatial‖ thinking about things technological.

Why mention the elementary schools? Because thanks to these schools our early mechanics, especially in the New England and Middle Atlantic states, were generally literate and at home in arithmetic and in some aspects of geometry and trigonometry.

Acute foreign observers related American adaptiveness and inventiveness to this educational advantage. As a member of a British commission visiting here in 1853 reported, ―With a mind prepared by

1986-2008年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题答案20

thorough school discipline, the American boy develops rapidly into the skilled workman.‖

A further stimul us to invention came from the ―premium‖ system, which preceded our patent system and for years ran parallel with it. This approach, originated abroad, offered inventors medals, cash prizes and other incentives.

In the United States, multitudes of premiums for new devices were awarded at country fairs and at the industrial fairs in major cities. Americans flocked to these fairs to admire the new machines and thus to renew their faith in the beneficence of technological advance.

Given this optimistic approach to technological innovation, the American worker took readily to that special kind of nonverbal thinking required in mechanical technology. As Eugene Ferguson has pointed out, ―A technologist thinks about objects that cannot be reduced to unambiguous verb al descriptions; they are dealt with in his mind by a visual, nonverbal process... The designer and the inventor... are able to assemble and manipulate in their minds devices that as yet do not exist.‖

This nonverbal ―spatial‖ thinking can be just as creat ive as painting and writing. Robert Fulton once wrote, ―The mechanic should sit down among levers, screws, wedges, wheels, etc., like a poet among the letters of the alphabet, considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts, in which a new arrangement tr ansmits a new idea.‖

When all these shaping forces -- schools, open attitudes, the premium system, a genius for spatial thinking -- interacted with one another on the rich U.S. mainland, they produced that American characteristic, emulation. Today that word implies mere imitation. But in earlier times it meant a friendly but competitive striving for fame and excellence.

63. According to the author, the great outburst of major inventions in early America was in a large part due to ________.

[A] elementary schools

[B] enthusiastic workers

[C] the attractive premium system

[D] a special way of thinking

64. It is implied that adaptiveness and inventiveness of the early American mechanics ________.

[A] benefited a lot from their mathematical knowledge

[B] shed light on disciplined school management

[C] was brought about by privileged home training

[D] owed a lot to the technological development

65. A technologist can be compared to an artist because ________.

[A] they are both winners of awards

[B] they are both experts in spatial thinking

[C] they both abandon verbal description

[D] they both use various instruments

66. The best title for this passage might be ________.

[A] Inventive Mind

[B] Effective Schooling

[B] Ways of Thinking

[D] Outpouring of Inventions

Text 5

Rumor has it that more than 20 books on creationism/evolution are in the publisher‘s pipelines. A few have already appeared. The goal of all will be to try to explain to a confused and often unenlightened

1986-2008年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题答案21

citizenry that there are not two equally valid scientific theories for the origin and evolution of universe and life. Cosmology, geology, and biology have provided a consistent, unified, and constantly improving account of what happened. ―Scientific‖ creationism, which is being pushed by some for ―equal time‖ in the classrooms whenever the scientific accounts of evolution are given, is based on religion, not science. Virtually all scientists and the majority of nonfundamentalist religious leaders have come to regard ―scientific‖ creationism as bad scie nce and bad religion.

The first four chapters of Kitcher‘s book give a very brief introduction to evolution. At appropriate places, he introduces the criticisms of the creationists and provides answers. In the last three chapters, he takes off his gloves and gives the creationists a good beating. He describes their programmes and tactics, and, for those unfamiliar with the ways of creationists, the extent of their deception and distortion may come as an unpleasant surprise. When their basic motivation is religious, one might have expected more Christian behavior.

Kitcher is a philosopher, and this may account, in part, for the clarity and effectiveness of his arguments. The non-specialist will be able to obtain at least a notion of the sorts of data and argument that support evolutionary theory. The final chapter on the creationists will be extremely clear to all. On the dust jacket of this fine book, Stephen Jay Gould says: ―This book stands for reason itself.‖ And so it does -- and all would be well were reason the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate.

67. ―Creationism‖ in the passage refers to ________.

[A] evolution in its true sense as to the origin of the universe

[B] a notion of the creation of religion

[C] the scientific explanation of the earth formation

[D] the deceptive theory about the origin of the universe

68. Kitcher‘s book is intended to ________.

[A] recommend the views of the evolutionists

[B] expose the true features of creationists

[C] curse bitterly at this opponents

[D] launch a surprise attack on creationists

69. From the passage we can infer that ________.

[A] reasoning has played a decisive role in the debate

[B] creationists do not base their argument on reasoning

[C] evolutionary theory is too difficult for non-specialists

[D] creationism is supported by scientific findings

70. This passage appears to be a digest of ________.

[A] a book review

[B] a scientific paper

[C] a magazine feature

[D] a newspaper editorial

Section IV: English-Chinese Translation

Directions:

Read the following passage carefully and then translate underlined sentences into Chinese. Your translation must be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)

The differences in relative growth of various areas of scientific research have several causes. 71) Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating. Some, however, are less

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