有关施工组织设计 英文译文与原文

英文译文与原文

学 院 工程技术学院 专业、班级 土木工程1011 姓 名 杜军斌 学 号 2010100025 指导老师 刘强 职 称 教授

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第一篇

Civil engineering introduction papers

Abstract: the civil engineering is a huge discipline, but the main one is building, building whether in China or abroad, has a long history, long-term development process. The world is changing every day, but the building also along with the progress of science and development.

Mechanics findings, material of update, ever more scientific technology into the building. But before a room with a tile to cover the top of the house, now for comfort, different ideas, different scientific, promoted the development of civil engineering, making it more perfect.

[key words] : civil engineering; Architecture; Mechanics, Materials.

Civil engineering is build various projects collectively. It was meant to be and \Civil Engineering, mechanical Engineering, electrical Engineering, chemical Engineering belong to to Engineering, because they all have MinYongXing. Later, as the project development of science and technology, mechanical, electrical, chemical has gradually formed independent scientific, to Engineering became Civil Engineering of specialized nouns. So far, in English, to Engineering include water conservancy project, port Engineering, While in our country, water conservancy projects and port projects also become very close and civil engineering relatively independent branch. Civil engineering construction of object, both refers to that built on the ground, underground water engineering facilities, also refers to applied materials equipment and conduct of the

investigation, design and construction, maintenance, repair and other professional technology.

Civil engineering is a kind of with people's food, clothing, shelter and transportation has close relation of the project. Among them with \relationship is directly. Because, to solve the \problem must build various types of buildings. To solve the \food and clothes\problem both direct side, but also a indirect side. \must build railways, roads, Bridges, \must be well drilling water, water conservancy, farm irrigation, drainage water supply for the city, that is direct relation. Indirectly relationship is no matter what you do, manufacturing cars, ships, or spinning and weaving, clothing, or even production steel, launch satellites, conducting scientific research activities are

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inseparable from build various buildings, structures and build all kinds of project facilities.

Civil engineering with the progress of human society and development, yet has evolved into large-scale comprehensive discipline, it has out many branch, such as: architectural engineering, the railway engineering, road engineering, bridge engineering, special engineering structure, water and wastewater engineering, port engineering, hydraulic engineering, environment engineering disciplines. [1] Civil engineering as an important basic disciplines, and has its important attributes of: integrated, sociality, practicality, unity. Civil

engineering for the development of national economy and the improvement of people's life provides an important material and technical basis, for many industrial invigoration played a role in promoting, engineering construction is the formation of a fixed asset basic production process, therefore, construction and real estate become in many countries and regions, economic powerhouses.

Construction project is housing planning, survey, design, construction of the floorboard. Purpose is for human life and production provide places.

Houses will be like a man, it's like a man's life planning environment is responsible by the planners, Its layout and artistic processing, corresponding to the body shape looks and temperament, is responsible by the architect, Its structure is like a person's bones and life expectancy, the structural engineer is responsible, Its water, heating ventilation and electrical facilities such as the human organ and the nerve, is by the equipment engineer is responsible for. Also like nature intact shaped like people, in the city I district planning based on build houses, and is the construction unit, reconnaissance unit, design unit of various design engineers and construction units comprehensive coordination and cooperation process.

After all, but is structural stress body reaction force and the internal stress and how external force balance. Building to tackle, also must solve the problem is mechanical problems. We have to solve the problem of discipline called architectural mechanics. Architectural mechanics have can be divided into: statics, material mechanics and structural mechanics three mechanical system. Architectural mechanics is discussion and research building structure and component in load and other factors affecting the working condition of, also is the building of intensity, stiffness and stability. In load, bear load and load of structure and component can cause the surrounding objects in their function, and the object itself by the load effect and deformation, and there is the possibility of damage, but the structure itself has certain resistance to deformation and destruction of competence, and the bearing capacity of the structure size is and component of materials, cross section, and

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the structural properties of geometry size, working conditions and structure circumstance relevant. While these relationships can be improved by mechanics formula solved through calculation.

Building materials in building and has a pivotal role. Building material is with human society productivity and science and technology improves gradually developed. In ancient times, the human lives, the line USES is the rocks and

Trees. The 4th century BC, 12 ~ has created a tile and brick, humans are only useful synthetic materials made of housing. The 17th century had cast iron and ShouTie later, until the eighteenth century had Portland cement, just make later reinforced concrete engineering get vigorous development. Now all sorts of high-strength structural materials, new decoration materials and waterproof material development, criterion and 20th century since mid organic polymer materials in civil engineering are closely related to the widely application. In all materials, the most main and most popular is steel, concrete, lumber, masonry. In recent years, by using two kinds of material advantage, will make them together, the combination of structure was developed. Now, architecture, engineering quality fit and unfit quality usually adopted materials quality,

performance and using reasonable or not have direct connection, in meet the same technical indicators and quality requirements, under the

precondition of choice of different material is different, use method of engineering cost has direct impact.

In construction process, building construction is and architectural mechanics, building materials also important links. Construction is to the mind of the designer, intention and idea into realistic process, from the ancient hole JuChao place to now skyscrapers, from rural to urban country road elevated road all need through \construction project, including many jobs such as dredging engineering, deep foundation pit bracing engineering, foundation engineering,

reinforced concrete structure engineering, structural lifting project, waterproofing, decorate projects, each type of project has its own rules, all need according to different construction object and construction environment conditions using relevant construction technology, in work-site.whenever while, need and the relevant hydropower and other equipment composition of a whole, each project between reasonable organizing and coordination, better play investment benefit. Civil engineering construction in the benefit, while also issued by the state in strict accordance with the relevant construction technology standard, thus further enhance China's construction level to ensure construction quality, reduce the cost for the project.

Any building built on the surface of the earth all strata, building weight eventually to stratum, have to bear. Formation Support building the rocks were referred to as foundation, and the buildings on the ground and under

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the upper structure of self-respect and liable to load transfer to the foundation of components or component called foundation. Foundation, and the foundation and the superstructure is a building of three inseparable part. According to the function is different, but in load, under the action of them are related to each other, is the interaction of the whole. Foundation can be divided into natural foundation and artificial foundation, basic according to the buried depth is divided into deep foundation and shallow foundation. , foundation and foundation is the guarantee of the quality of the buildings and normal use close button, where buildings foundation in building under loads of both must maintain overall stability and if the settlement of foundation produce in building scope permitted inside, and foundation itself should have sufficient strength, stiffness and durability, also consider repair methods and the necessary foundation soil retaining retaining water and relevant measures. [3]

As people living standard rise ceaselessly, the people to their place of building space has become not only from the number, and put forward higher requirement from quality are put car higher demands that the environment is beautiful, have certain comfort. This needs to decorate a building to be necessary. If architecture major engineering constitutes the skeleton of the building, then after adornment building has become the flesh-and-blood organism, final with rich, perfect appearance in people's in front, the best architecture should fully embody all sorts of adornment material related properties, with existing construction technology, the most effective gimmick, to achieve conception must express effect. Building outfit fix to consider the architectural space use requirement, protect the subject institutions from damage, give a person with beautifulenjoying, satisfy the requirements of fire evacuation,

decorative materials and scheme of rationality, construction technology and economic feasibility, etc. Housing construction development and at the same time, like housing construction as affecting people life of roads, Bridges, tunnels has made great progress.

In general civil engineering is one of the oldest subjects, it has made great achievements, the future of the civil engineering will occupy in people's life more important position. The environment worsening

population increase, people to fight for survival, to strive for a more comfortable living environment, and will pay more attention to civil engineering. In the near future, some major projects extimated to build, insert roller skyscrapers, across the ocean

Bridges, more convenient traffic would not dream. The development of science and technology, and the earth is deteriorating environment will be prompted civil engineering to aerospace and Marine development, provide mankind broader space of living. In recent years, engineering materials mainly is reinforced concrete, lumber and brick materials, in

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the future, the traditional materials will be improved, more suitable for some new building materials market, especially the chemistry materials will promote the construction of towards a higher point. Meanwhile, design method of precision, design work of automation, information and intelligent technology of introducing, will be people have a more comfortable living environment. The word, and the development of the theory and new materials, the emergence of the application of computer, high-tech introduction to wait to will make civil engineering have a new leap.

This is a door needs calm and a great deal of patience and attentive professional. Because hundreds of thousands, even hundreds of thousands of lines to building each place structure clearly reflected. Without a gentle state of mind, do what thing just floating on the surface, to any a building structure, to be engaged in business and could not have had a clear, accurate and profound understanding of, the nature is no good. In this business, probably not burn the midnight oil of courage, not to reach the goal of spirit not to give up, will only be companies eliminated. This is a responsible and caring industry. Should have a single

responsible heart - I one's life in my hand, thousands of life in my hand. Since the civil, should choose dependably shoulder the responsibility. Finally, this is a constant pursuit of perfect industry. Pyramid,

spectacular now: The Great Wall, the majestic... But if no generations of the pursuit of today, we may also use the sort of the oldest way to build this same architecture. Design a building structure is numerous, but this is all experienced centuries of clarification, through

continuous accumulation, keep improving, innovation obtained. And such pursuit, not confined in the past. Just think, if the design of a building can be like calculation one plus one equals two as simple and easy to grasp, that was not for what? Therefore, a civil engineer is in constant of in formation. One of the most simple structure, the least cost, the biggest function. Choose civil, choosing a steadfast diligence, innovation, pursuit of perfect path.

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译文：

土木工程概论

摘要：土木工程是个庞大的学科，但最主要的是建筑，建筑无论是在中国还是在国外，都有着悠久的历史，长期的发展历程。整个世界每天都在改变，而建筑也随科学的进步而发展。力学的发现，材料的更新，不断有更多的科学技术引入建筑中。以前只求一间有瓦盖顶的房屋，现在追求舒适，不同的思想，不同的科学，推动了土木工程的发展，使其更加完美。 [关键词]：土木工程；建筑；力学；材料。

土木工程是建造各种工程的统称。它的原意是与“军事工程”相对应的。在英语中，历史上土木工程、机械工程、电气工程、化工工程都属于Civil Engineering，因为它们都具有民用性。后来，随着工程科学技术的发展，机械、电气、化工都已逐渐形成独立的科学，Civil Engineering就成为土木工程的专门名词。至今，在英语中，Civil Engineering还包括水利工程、港口工程；而在我国，水利工程和港口工程也成为与土木工程十分密切的相对独立分支。土木工程既指建设的对象，即建造在地上，地下，水中的工程设施，也指应用的材料设备和进行的勘测，设计施工，保养，维修等专业技术。

土木工程是一种与人们的衣、食、住、行有着密切关系的工程。其中与“住”的关系是直接的。因为，要解决“住”的问题必须建造各种类型的建筑物。而解决“行、食衣”的问题既有直接的一面，也有间接的一面。要“行”，必须建造铁路、道路、桥梁；要“食”，必须打井取水、兴修水利、进行农田灌溉、城市供水排水等，这是直接关系。而间接关系则不论做什么，制造汽车、轮船也好，纺纱、织布、制衣也好，乃至生产钢铁、发射卫星、开展科学研究活动都离不开建造各种建筑物、构筑物和修建各种工程设施。

土木工程随着人类社会的进步而发展，至今已经演变成为大型综合性的学科，它已经出许多分支，如：建筑工程，铁路工程，道路工程，桥梁工程，特种工程结构，给水排水工程，港口工程，水利工程，环境工程等学科。[1]

土木工程作为一个重要的基础学科，有其重要的属性：综合性，社会性，实践性，统一性。土木工程为国民经济的发展和人民生活的改善提供了重要 的物质技术基础，对众多产业的振兴发挥了促进作用，工程建设是形成固定资产的基本生产过程，因此，建筑业和房地产成为许多国家和地区的经济支柱之一。 建筑工程就是兴建房屋规划，勘测，设计，施工的总称。目的是为人类的生产和生活提供场所。

房屋好比一个人，它的规划就像人生活的环境，是由规划师负责的；它的布局和艺术处理相应于人的体形、容貌、气质，是由建筑师负责的；它的结构好比人的骨骼和寿命，是由结构工程师负责的；它的给排水、供热通风和电气等设施就如人的器官、神经，是由设备工程师负责的。也像自然界完好地塑造人一样，在城

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市我地区规划基础上建造房屋，是建设单位，勘察单位、设计单位的各种设计工程师和施工单位全面协调合作的过程。

结构说穿了，不过就是受力体的反力与内部应力如何与外力达到平衡。建筑首先要解决，也是必须要解决的问题就是受力的问题。我们把解决 这个问题的学科称为建筑力学。建筑力学有可以分为：静力学，材料力学和结构力学三大力学体系。建筑力学是讨论和研究建筑结构及构件在荷载和其他因素影响的 工作状况，也就是建筑的强度，刚度，稳定性。在载荷作用下，承受载荷和传递载荷的建筑结构和构件会引起周围的物体对它们的作用，同时物件本身受载荷作用而 产生变形，并且存在着被破坏的可能性，但是结构本身就具有一定的抵抗变形和破坏的能力，而结构的承载能力的大小是与构件的材料，截面的几何尺寸，受力性质，工作条件和构造情况有关。而这些关系都可以由力学关系式通过计算而得以解决。

建筑材料在建筑中也有着举足轻重的作用。建筑材料是随着人类社会生产力和科学技术的提高而逐步发展起来的。远古时代，人类的住、行采用的是石块和 树木。公元前12～4世纪先后创制了瓦和砖，人类才有用人造材料做成的住房。17世纪有了生铁和熟铁以后，直到18世纪有了波特兰水泥，才使后来的钢筋混凝土工程得到蓬勃发展。如今各种高强度结构材料、新型装饰材料和防水材料的开发，则和20世纪中期以来高分子有机材料在土木工程中的广泛应用密切相关。在所有材料中，最为主要和最为大众的是钢材、混凝土、木材、砌体。近年来，采用两种材料的优点，将它们组合在一起，做成的组合结构得到很快发展。现在的建筑中，工程质量的优劣通常与所采用材料的优劣，性能及使用的合理与否有直接的联系，在满足相同技术指标和质量要求的前提下，选择不同的材料不同的使用方法，都对工程的造价有直接的影响。[2]

在建筑过程中，建筑工程施工是和与建筑力学，建筑材料同样重要的一个环节。建筑施工是将设计者的思想，意图及构思转化为现实的过程，从古代的穴居巢处到现在的摩天大楼，从农村的乡间小道到城市的高架道路都需要通过“施工”的手段来实现。一个工程的施工包括许多工种工程，诸如土石方工程，深基坑支护工程，基础工程，钢筋混凝土结构工程，结构吊装工程，防水工程，装饰工程等，各个工种工程都有自己的规律，都需要根据不同的施工对象及施工环境条件采用相应的施工技术，在土建施工的同时，需要与有关的水电及其它设备组成一个整体，各工程之间合理的组织与协调，更好的发挥投资的效益。土木工程施工在发挥效益的同时，还要严格按照国家颁发的有关施工技术规范，从而进一步提高我国的施工水平，保证施工质量，降低工程成本。

任何建筑无不修建在地球表面的地层上，建筑的重量最后都会传给地层，有地层来承受。支撑建筑的地层被统称为地基，建筑物在地面以下并将上部 结构的自重与所承担的载荷传递到地基上的构件或部分构件称为基础。地基，基础和上部结构是建筑物的三个不可分割的部分。三者的功能不同，但在载荷的作用下， 它们彼此相关，是共同作用的整体。地基可分为天然地基和人工地基，基础根据埋深分为深基础和浅基础。，基础和地基的质量是保证建筑物的安全和正常使用的关 键所在，建筑物的地基在建筑物的载荷作用下既要保持整体的稳定性又要是地基产生的沉降在建筑物许可范围内，而地基本身应有足够的强度，刚度和耐久性，同时还要考虑修基础的方法和必要的挡土挡水及相关措施。 [3] 随着人们生活的水平的不断提高，人们对自己所处的建筑空间已经不仅仅单纯从数量上提出更高的要求，而且从质量上也提车了更高的要求，要求环境的美

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观，有一定的舒适度。这就需要对建筑进行必要的装修。如果说建筑主体工程构成了建筑的骨架，那么装饰后的建筑则成了有血有肉的有机体，最终以丰富的，完善的面貌出现在人们的面前，最佳的建筑应该充分体现各种装饰材料的有关特性，结合现有的施工技术，最有效的手法，来达到构思所要表达的效果。建筑装 修要考虑建筑空间的使用要求，保护主体机构免受损害，给人以美的享受，满足消防疏散的要求，装饰材料和方案的合理性，施工技术和经济的可行性等。房屋建筑发展的同时，像房屋建筑一样影响着人们生活的道路，桥梁，隧道等也取得了长足的发展。

总的来说土木工程是一门古老的学科，它已经取得了巨大的成就，未来的土木工程将在人们的生活中占据更重要的地位。地球环境的日益恶化，人口的不断增加，人们为了争取生存，为了争取更舒适的生存环境，必将更加重视土木工程。在不久的将来，一些重大项目将会陆续兴建，插入云霄的摩天大楼，横跨大洋的 桥梁，更加方便的交通将不是梦想。科技的发展，以及地球不断恶化的环境必将促使土木工程向太空和海洋发展，为人类提供更广阔的生存空间。近年来，工程 材料主要是钢筋，混凝土，木材和砖材，在未来，传统材料将得到改观，一些全新的更加适合建筑的材料将问世，尤其是化学合成材料将推动建筑走向更高点。同时，设计方法的精确化，设计工作的自动化，信息和智能化技术的全面引入，将会是人们有一个更加舒适的居住环境。一句话，理论的发展，新材料的出现，计算机的应用，高新技术的引入等都将使土木工程有一个新的飞跃。

这是一门需要心平气和和极大的耐心和细心的专业。因为成千上万，甚至几十万根线条要把建筑物的每一处结构清楚的反映出来。没有一个平和的心态，做什么事情都只是浮在表面上，对任何一幢建筑的结构，对要从事的事业便不可能有一个清晰、准确和深刻的认识，这自然是不行的。从事这个行业，可能没有挑灯夜战的勇气，没有不达目的不罢休的精神，只会被同行所淘汰。

这是一个需要责任感和爱心的行业。要有一颗负责的心——我一人之命在我手，千万人之命在我手。既然选择了土木，就应该踏踏实实的肩负起这个责任。 最后，这是一个不断追求完美的行业。金字塔，壮观吧；长城，雄伟吧......但如果没有一代又一代人的不断追求，今天的我们或许还用那种最古老的办法来造这同样的建筑。设计一幢建筑的结构是很繁，但是这都是经历了数个世纪的涤荡，经过不断的积累，不断改良，不断创新所得到的。而且这样的追求，绝不局限于过去。试想，如果设计一幢建筑能够像计算一加一等于二一样简单而易于掌握，那何了而不为呢？因此，土木工程师总是在不断的求索中。一个最简单的结构，最少的耗费，最大的功用。选择土木，选择了一条踏实勤奋，不断创新，追求完美的道路。

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第二篇

Importance of construction organization design

Summary:

Construction work in the construction process, the construction organization scheme will not only directly affect project quality, duration and safety also has an important impact in the construction process. Construction organization projects and mentoring in

construction of key technical and economic documents. Can regulate the construction people, machines, materials, environment, technology, equipment, construction, installation, management, production and other conflicts , monitoring and control of the construction organization design , scientific and reasonable assurance the completion of project of high quality, low cost, low energy consumption. Key words:

Project management construction management programme the importance Construction organization design is the idea of the whole construction process of engineering construction project ideas and specific

arrangements, organization and management of construction work is the heart and soul. Its aim is to enable high speed, high quality, efficiency. Engineering-best results when working in construction as a whole. 1． Because of the importance of preparation of construction organization design

Architectural engineering and construction with a fixed and liquidity, diversity and one-piece, form a large and long construction period the three characteristics. Therefore, each construction engineering

construction organization design of construction must be carried out. This is because other general industrial products have their own fixed, long-term application factories. Building construction is characterized by mobility, impossible to build such a plant, only when each of the construction, and establishing an appropriate, provisional, as factory construction site preparation, namely, site. Construction

characteristics and construction of single pieces of mobility features, decided to select appropriate equipment for each construction and labor organizations. Construction technology of construction method of

selecting, developing programmes and labour organizations and equipment configuration, collectively known as operation capacity configuration. Construction cycle features determines the labour supply of many material, equipment and technology is a long time, which raises the total progress

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plan of construction material that is appropriate for the construction organization design of technology content. It can be seen that is of considerable importance in construction organization design in project management.

2 .Importance of construction organization design

Construction products as a commodity and engineering quality in project management plays a vital role in the entire construction process. Construction organization design and engineering cost of construction projects has a close relationship. Construction organization design of basic content: project overview and analysis of construction conditions, implementation plan, construction technology, construction progress plan and general plan of construction. Further economic analysis and

construction preparation plans. , Scheme and construction technology in construction of more important , such as : levels of selection, selection of transport method of construction machinery, earth-moving construction method and construction method and construction technology of main structure of choice and so on , are directly affecting the estimated project price changes. In ensuring project quality and meet the owners subject to the requirements and duration requirements , optimizing construction scheme and construction technology are important measures to control investment and reduce project cost and means.

2.1 Construction organization scheme is to a large extent affect project quality, reasonable construction programme is not only to ensure that the basis for successful completion of the construction, safety basis. Construction organization design is an important part of construction design documents, is the main basis for preparation of the project investment budget and preparation of tender documents, the main frame of reference. Therefore, good job in construction organization design, correctly determine project cost, reduce engineering investment, thus enabling to control project cost would have a very important role. 2.2 Construction organization plan of construction activities is an important means of implementing scientific management, it has the dual role of strategic deployment and tactical arrangements. It reflects the requirements of implementing the capital master plan and design provides all phases of construction preparation, coordination of construction during the construction project, the construction trade, the relationship between voluntary. Construction organization scheme must be according to the product's characteristics and requirements, based on existing and possible securing construction conditions, realistic, determine how the basic combination of various factors of production, does not solve problems, it is impossible for any production.

3 Construction design calculation and analysis of indicators

Construction organization design should be to establish which indicators are not unified, calculation or specification. Because it is the

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evaluation of construction organization design of the overall assessment of the effectiveness and the status of implementation, as well as project construction units ( project ) production and management levels and to test the effectiveness of the basis. Must be given to, and made the following comments.

3 .1 Index system. Sets as far as possible reflect the construction organization design of index system of the target level of, and to facilitate the evaluation, examination, implementation.

3 .2 Index calculation. (1) construction preparation phase. Starting from site preparation to the official project for all time. (2) project duration. Arranged by unit engineering construction progress plan of construction. (3) labour imbalance coefficient. During peak and the average ratio of the number of. (4) reduce the cost amount. Technical measures to reduce the cost of results. (5) reduce the cost rate. Cost reduction percentage of total contract costs. (6) construction mechanization. Mechanical construction completed production and

engineering contract cost ratio. (7) the level of industrial construction. Precast factory ( sand excavation, quarries ) completed production and engineering contract cost ratio. (8) the investment proportion of temporary works. All temporary works investment and engineering contracts cost ratio. (9) cost of temporary works. All temporary works cost recovery fees and contract cost reduction ratio.

3.3 Indicator analysis. Construction organization design of indicators as compared to similar projects historical actual levels, can assess the impact construction organization design; different indicators of construction organization design in contrast to optimum programme; analysis of the weighted numerical indicator of previous similar projects could serve as a reference for future bidding again. 4 Management of construction organization design

With the establishment of the Socialist market economy , building increasingly fierce market competition , objective conditions on the construction enterprise requirements getting higher and higher. Not only in terms of technical equipment, quality of personnel, organizer of construction put forward higher requirements, but also in engineering economics and management work engineering budget and settlement also faces new challenges. Strict construction market situation, some

construction companies do not have a positive response , had no update on staff expertise and training. Science and technology management level quite backward. And for the preparation of construction organization design of audit did not attract enough attention. Therefore, there will be several common scenarios:

4.1 Before commencement of construction organization design of auditing has not been prepared: not to engage in the construction of floor plans , materials of rubble lying around. Earthwork out of transport,

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machinery and equipment, quality of labor demand planning, engineering, construction without guarantees of security. Caused the serious waste of idling , lower levels of management.

4.2 Is the professional preparation of construction organization design: to cope with higher authorities and supervision units, the customer shall check and construction construction organization design for information or addendum. Because the information simply don't know about now, construction management and leadership has recently arranged, had to make up indiscriminately to deal with.

4.3 Low levels of construction organization design preparation: some construction units, do not understand the importance of construction organization in the construction process, write about the construction process, draw a floor plan, project schedule , is considered to be construction organization plan.

4.4 Abandoned technology economy: a considerable number of units at the time of preparation of construction organization design in construction enterprise. Only importance to the construction of the project of technical measures. Content does not take into account economic indicators , leading to projects completion settlement of disputes continue , causing economic losses.

Therefore, the management of construction organization design: (1) the introduction of dynamic management

Construction process, inevitably will encounter unexpected problems, such as impact, natural factors such as design changes, change field programmes of each stage of the construction process adjustments must therefore be based on dynamic management of engineering field, not suitable for construction organization design section must be modified, supplemented, optimization, to reach the established goal. (2) Implementation of hierarchical management

Project law construction of introduced, management layer and job layer separation, and fixed workers gradually reduced of situation, will leads total contract and points package of phenomenon, bid units from past of directly management, and directly technology low-down, becomes indirect management, and indirect technology low-down, therefore should according to construction organization design for tiered management, clear total package and points package units, and management layer and job layer of technology permission, and duties and work program. 5 ． Closing remarks

In the construction of the project, be sure to oversight and control of the construction organization design to ensure project construction in order to prevent construction organization design of formality. Progress of the construction organization design of project quality, security, strong measures of protection. In conditions of considerable resources

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to achieve economic benefit of the project and achieve the win-win purpose construction and economic benefit.

译文：

施工组织设计的重要性

摘要：

建筑工程在施工过程中，施工组织方案的优劣不仅直接影响工程的质量，对工期及施工过程中的人员安全也有重要影响。施工组织是项目建设和指导工程施工的重要技术经济文件。能调节施工中人员、机器、原料、环境、工艺、设备、土建、安装、管理、生产等矛盾,要对施工组织设计进行监督和控制,才能科学合理的保证工程项目高质量、低成本、少耗能的完成。 关键词：

项目管理 施工组织 方案 重要性

施工组织设计就是对工程建设项目整个施工过程的构思设想和具体安排，是施工组织管理工作的核心和灵魂。其目的是使工程速度快、质量好、效益高。使整个工程在施工中获得相对的最优效果。 1．编制施工组织设计重要性的原因

建筑工程及其施工具有固定性与流动性、多样性与单件性、形体庞大与施工周期长这三对特点。所以，每一建筑工程的施工都必须进行施工组织设计。这是因为：其它一般工业产品的生产都有着自己固定的、长期适用的工厂。而建筑施工具有流动性的特点，不可能建立这样的工厂，只能是当每一个建筑工程施工时，建立一个相应的、临时性的，如同工厂作用性质的施工现场准备，即工地。施工单件性特点与施工流动性特点，决定了每一建筑工程施工都要选择相应的机具和劳动力组织。选择施工方法、拟定施工技术方案及其劳动力组织和机具配置，统称为施工作业能力配置。施工周期的特点，决定了各种劳动力、机具和众多材料物资技术的供应时间也比较长，这就产生了与施工总进度计划相适应的物资技术的施工组织设计内容。由此可见，施工组织设计在项目管理中是相当重要的。 2．施工组织设计方案的重要性

建筑产品作为一种商品， 在项目管理中工程质量在整个施工过程中起着极其重要的作用。工程建设项目的施工组织设计与其工程造价有着密切的关系。施工组织设计基本的内容有：工程概况和施工条件的分析、施工方案、施工工艺、施工进度计划、施工总平面图。还有经济分析和施工准备工作计划。其中,施工方案及施工工艺的确定更为重要,如:施工机械的选择、水平运输方法的选择、土方的施工方法及主体结构的施工方法和施工工艺的选择等等,均直接影响着工程预算价格的变化。在保证工程质量和满足业主使用要求及工期要求的前提下,优化施工方案及施工工艺是控制投资和降低工程项目造价的重要措施和手段。

2.1施工组织方案在很大程度上影响着工程质量，因此合理的施工组织方案不仅是确保工程顺利完成的基础，也是工程安全的依据。施工组织设计是建筑工程设计文件的重要组成部分，是编制工程投资概预算的主要依据和编制招投标文件的

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主要参考依据。因此，认真做好施工组织设计，对于正确确定工程造价、降低工程投资，从而有利控制工程造价将有十分重要的作用。

2.2施工组织方案是对施工活动实行科学管理的重要手段，它具有战略部署和战术安排的双重作用。它体现了实现基本建设计划和设计的要求，提供了各阶段的施工准备工作内容，协调施工过程中各施工工区，各施工工种，各项自愿之间的相互关系。施工组织方案必须能够根据工程产品的特点和要求，根据现有的和可能争取到的施工条件，从实际出发，决定各种生产要素的基本结合方式，不切实解决问题，就不可能进行任何生产。 3．施工组织设计的指标计算和分析

目前施工组织设计应建立哪些指标还不统一，计算方法也不规范。由于它是评价施工组织设计整体效果和评价执行状况的尺度，也是对承建工程施工的单位(项目部)生产经营管理水平和效果进行考核的依据。应予重视，提出如下意见。 3．1 指标体系。指标体系的设置要尽量反映施工组织设计目标达到的水平，为评价、考核、执行提供方便。

3．2 指标计算。(1)施工准备期。从现场准备开始到正式工程开工的全部时间。(2)单位工程工期。由单位工程施工进度计划安排的施工期。(3)劳动力不均衡系数。施工期高峰人数与平均人数之比。(4)降低成本额。技术组织措施降低成本的价格成果。(5)降低成本率。降低成本额占承包成本的百分比。(6)施工机械化程度。机械施工完成产值与工程承包造价之比。(7)工厂化施工程度。预制厂(采砂场、采石场)完成的产值与工程承包造价之比。(8)临时工程投资比例。全部临时工程投资与工程承包造价之比。(9)临时工程费用比例。全部临时工程消耗费用减回收费与工程承包造价之比。

3．3 指标分析。施工组织设计指标与同类工程历史实际水平相比，可以评价施工组织设计效果；不同施工组织设计方案的指标对比，可以优选方案；分析以往历次同类工程的各项指标的加权数值，可以作为今后再次投标的参考依据。 4．施工组织设计的管理

随着社会主义市场经济的建立,建筑市场的竞争日趋激烈,客观形势对施工企业的要求越来越高。不仅在技术装备、人员素质、施工组织者方面提出较高的要求，而且工程经济管理工作中有关工程预结算也面临新的挑战。严谨建筑市场形势下，有些施工企业没有积极采取应对措施,对员工的专业技术没有更新、培训。科学技术管理水平相当落后。加上对编制审核施工组织设计没有引起足够的重视。因此就会出现以下几种常见的情况：

4.1开工前没有编制审核施工组织设计：不搞施工平面布置图,材料乱堆乱放。土方运出运进、机械设备、劳动力需求无计划、工程质量、安全施工无保证措施。造成窝工浪费现象严重,管理水平较低。

4.2是否是专业人员编制施工组织设计：为应付上级部门及监理单位、甲方检查而给施工员或资料员代编施工组织设计。因为资料根本对现在的施工管理不了解而又是领导最近安排的，不得不胡乱编造，应付了事。

4.3施工组织设计编制水平低：有的施工单位，不明白施工组织在施工过程中的重要性，写一写各分项施工工艺、画张平面布置图、工程进度计划表,便认为是施工组织设计了。

4.4要技术弃经济：相当多的施工企业单位在编制施工组织设计时。只重视施工组织当中的各分项工程的技术措施。没有考虑分项工程经济指标方面内容,导致工程竣工结算时纠纷不断,蒙受经济损失。

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因此，要对施工组织设计进行管理： （1）实行动态管理

工程施工过程中，不可避免地会遇到意想不到的各种问题，如设计变更、自然因素等影响，各阶段施工进程的变化造成现场方案的调整，因此必须根据变化了的现场实际进行动态管理，对施工组织设计中不适宜部分进行必须的修改、补充、优化，以达到既定的建设目标。 （2）实行分层管理

项目法施工的推行，管理层与作业层分离，以及固定工人逐步减少的情况，势必引出总承包与分包的现象，中标单位从过去的直接管理、直接技术交底，变为间接管理、间接技术交底，因此应根据施工组织设计进行分层管理，明确总包与分包单位、管理层与作业层的技术权限、职责与工作程序。 5．结语

在项目的施工中，一定要对施工组织设计进行监督和控制，确保项目的施工有序，防止施工组织设计流于形式。施工组织设计是工程质量、安全、进度的保障有力措施。在一定的资源条件下实现工程的技术经济效益，达到施工效益与经济效益双赢的目的。

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第三篇

The construction organization design optimization

[Abstract]: the construction organization design for the guidance of scientific and orderly construction has very important significance. In this paper, according to the characteristics of the construction organization and design, combined with the engineering example, respectively analyzes the optimization of several aspects of the construction organization design.

Key words: construction organization design; Scheme optimization than choose; management

1 prepare the structure and optimizing the staff

Construction organization and design of the first should be leaders, led by technical director, production, economy, and charge at the same time to participate in the scheme, not only by technical personnel to be involved in programming, so that the construction organization design is a comprehensive specific, focused, and comprehensive balance, the construction site is more easy to perform. Has a strong technical and comprehensive construction organization design. Preparation of construction organization design is engineering and technical personnel through their mental work, on all material for machining process, engineering and technical personnel for many years of accumulated construction technology and management experience, especially the intellectual resources, give full play to and applied instead of blind imitation copy materials and specifications. Therefore, quality of construction organization and design, mainly depends on the staff personal qualities: whether has a solid theoretical foundation and rich experience; Whether is good at draw lessons from the advanced experience and achievements of others, and so on.

2 construction scheme optimization

Choice of the reasonable construction scheme is the core of the construction organization design, directly affect the site construction organization and time limit for a project.

Optimization of construction scheme comparison, on the one hand,

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qualitative analysis, can be carried out with the abundant construction experience and management experience, to judge the merits of the construction schemes, such as: the time limit for a project is appropriate, is technically feasible, complexity of construction, safety and reliability, labor and machinery and equipment can meet the requirements, whether to give full play to the role of the existing machinery and equipment, reliable quality assurance measures are perfect, how about seasonal construction, the use of construction site is reasonable; On the other hand, quantitative analysis can be carried out, using the time limit for a project, cost, reduce the cost of unit building area, investment and so on the technical and economic indicators for quantitative analysis. In determining the construction scheme, the scheme comparison method should be adopted, equipment selection, sort, analyze the comparison of various options, use can not only ensure the engineering quality, time limit for a project, and to achieve the best benefit of construction plan [1].

n zhengzhou SONY unit (3 x 200 mw) of power plant flue gas desulfurization absorption tower shell production installation engineering as an example, the project has two absorption tower to Ann, two tower construction in turn. The tower body specifications for 14500 mm x 38000 mm (1) and 10000 mm x 38000 mm (2); The tower body material is Q235 - B.

2.1 construction method optimization

Construction methods are applied to the tower body is two kinds of method, inversion method. After segmentation and inflatable jack-up method, water float, volume method, the short mast lifting method, hydraulic lifting method, using the tower crane shard is acceptable, and so on. If the positive method, safety coefficient is higher, but no matter by subsection group to the group or one by one to make, all need a lot of used cranes, scaffolding full inside and outside, from the consideration on the cost, is acceptable not optimal method; If using the inversion method, can reduce the aerial work, improve group, welding work conditions, cost savings, but require high security measures. Integrated the advantages of both, we adopt the tower under the section of the inversion method, the upper tower construction plan is acceptable, such as well as two tower construction organization flow operation (i.e. no. 1 tower cylinder inversion after the construction, demolition to 2 tower construction), and can ensure the construction progress of fast and good economy. And inversion method of hydraulic lifting method need professional lifting machinery, and short mast lifting method only using the short derrick made by the site and provide the chain enough to ascend; The method with simplified construction method, construction materials province, starting early, short cycle, fast moving, as well as good quality. The end of the tower under the inversion method we choose short mast lifting

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method.

2.2 optimization of the machinery

Construction machinery is generally according to the characteristics of the engineering combined with security, load, convenient operation, and cost optimization. Such as crane, it need to be determined according to the site conditions and engineering characteristics is to use crawler crane, or mobile crane or tower crane. Chosen the crane species, and then according to the performance parameters of the optimization of the crane to crane model.

Applications for some of the more traditional, ever more successful construction methods used by the construction machines and tools, to come from two aspects of qualitative and quantitative optimization. As this example USES the inversion method, according to the previous construction experience and use convenient, mast general selection! 219 mm x 14 mm long and 4.5 m of seamless steel tube, chain generally choose 20 t, combined with the quantitative calculation can be set to use the number of mast. Construction plan in order to improve the economic efficiency, simplify the construction process for the principle, the use of advanced construction technology as far as possible, efforts to improve the level of standardization, mechanization, factory construction, attention to each link, take measures from various aspects, obtain economic benefits.

3 construction progress plan optimization

Schedule can be expressed in horizontal way figure, also can use the network diagram. Crossing figure general simple, express image intuitive, arrange orderly flow operation, clear, but there is a clear planning and subjectivity, it is difficult to show the whole picture of large complex, not explicitly pointed out that the key work, said time, motor optimization co., LTD.

Network planning biggest superiority is time parameter expression patterns are more abundant than crossing, work through the calculation of time parameters of the first time, the earliest start time and end at the earliest time, find out the key work, non-critical work, clearly the focus of the tight tight after work before, to non-critical work to time, to resources, transferring time and resources to the key work, to find a place can be optimized.

4 construction layout optimization

Construction layout can reflect the features of the construction unit, safe and civilized construction site, will win the good social reputation, good construction layout can make a beautiful and clean, the coast is clear, the materials are placed orderly, construction in an orderly way, security, fire control, security can get effective guarantee.

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On the basis of a variety of temporary facilities on site planning site, layout, construction civilization required, safe and orderly, clean, not a nuisance, not harm the public interests, conform to the requirements of the occupational safety and health. A variety of temporary buildings set up to facilitate management, solid and reliable, considering wind, thunder, the rainy season, and other disasters, and health requirements, comply with the provisions of the fire alarm and related laws and regulations. In addition,

Still need to pay attention to optimize the layout in the following aspects:

4.1 the arrangement of construction equipment

According to the characteristics and nature of different equipment specification is decorated, fully consider steel truck, concrete transportation, crawler cranes and other large vehicles maneuvering problem, to prevent causing inconvenience, such as: concrete pump put the position is not reasonable cause pipeline layout is unreasonable; Tower crane to decorate the serious study of buildings and grounds, not considering building external wall ever post, cantilever, and so on and so forth, only by a layer of positioning, cause tower crane installation position are insufficient or not since the fall; Put in the balcony, the hoisting frame window location, such as external walls caused by too many holes.

Pay attention to the construction equipment arrangement and the material yard and the order of transportation road layout of such as: a vertical mechanical construction site, should decorate a hoist, yard and transport routes to decorate material, not the other way round.

4.2 temporary facilities layout

Temporary facilities should be compact, covers an area of province, less as far as possible to build temporary facilities. According to the size of the project, the construction period, construction method, etc., based on the principle of cost savings. For all kinds of temporary facilities, temporary electricity utilization, temporary water, fire control facilities, such as comprehensive planning, to determine the distribution box, cable, wires, thermal power construction reasonable holder lines, pipelines, etc, to ensure the whole plane reasonable arrangement and construction safety.

The construction site should be unblocked drainage systems. Living area dormitory fire prevention spacing must be considered, prevent place temporary accommodation on high pressure line, lest leave serious security hidden danger.

4.3 environmental protection

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To prevent paint, solvents and other organic volatile construction sites and bulk cement tank under the direction of the wind, pollution caused by the downwind effect and the security of person. Asbestos products, and similar asbestos and harmfulness of toxic materials such as mineral fibre, should avoid a lot of storage on site. Using low noise of air compressors, generators and other equipment, and in a place less affected, when necessary, in isolation. Location Settings specified in the construction site waste tank, production dustbin, living garbage, waste classification and collection. Avoid street kitchen decorate, chimney in the upper hand, cause pollution and the influence of city appearance.

4.4 health security

Construction site worker dormitory, unfavorable setting must be set should be separated from construction site as far as possible, take some medicine should be set up and first aid. In the operating point of welding, paint workplaces, etc., should be equipped with corresponding fire control facilities. Site road should be convenient and fire. Easy happening in the fire area construction and equipment storage and use of flammable and explosive, exclusion zone should be set up. The site should be smoking, fire escape, emergency evacuation passageway and emergency meeting point.

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译文：

施工组织设计优化

摘要:施工组织设计对于科学有序地指导工程施工具有非常重要的意义。本文根据施工组织设计编制的特点, 结合工程实例, 分别分析了优化施工组织设计的几个方面。

关键词:施工组织设计;方案优化比选;管理

1 编制组织和编制人员优化

施工组织设计的编制首先应得到企业领导者重视, 由技术负责人牵头, 生产、经济、分管负责人同时参加方案的编制, 而不是只由技术人员参与编写, 这样产生的施工组织设计才会全面具体, 重点突出, 且能综合平衡, 施工现场也更容易执行。

施工组织设计具有很强的技术性和综合性。编制施工组织设计是工程技术人员通过自己的脑力劳动,对各方素材进行加工的过程, 是工程技术人员多年积累的施工技术及管理经验, 特别是其智力资源得到充分发挥和应用的体现, 而不是生搬硬套照抄教材和规范。因此, 施工组织设计编制质量的高低, 主要取决于编制人员个人素质: 是否具有坚实的理论基础和丰富的经验; 是否善于借鉴他人的先进经验和成果等。 2 施工方案优化

选择合理的施工方案是施工组织设计的核心, 直接影响到现场的施工组织和工期。

施工方案的优化比选, 一方面可进行定性分析, 凭借丰富的施工经验和管理经验,判断施工方案的优劣,如:工期是否适当,技术上是否可行,施工复杂程度,安全可靠性如何,劳动力和机械设备能否满足要求,是否充分发挥了现有机械设备的作用, 保证质量的措施是否完善可靠,季节性施工情况怎样, 施工场地的利用是否合理;另一方面, 可进行定量分析,运用工期指标、单位建筑面积造价、降低成本指标、投资额等各项技术经济指标作定量分析。在确定施工方案时,应采用方案比较法、排序法、设备选用法进行各种方案的比较,采用既能保证工程质量、工期,又能取得最佳效益的施工方案[1]。

以郑州新力电厂(3×200MW) 机组烟气脱硫工程吸收塔壳体制作安装工程为例: 该工程共有两台吸收塔需制安, 两塔可依次施工。塔体规格为14500mm×38000mm(1号) 和10000mm×38000mm(2号); 塔体材料为Q235- B。 2.1施工方法优选

塔体施工方法有正装法、倒装法两种。细分后又有充气顶升法、水浮法、卷装法、

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内短桅杆提升法、液压提升法、利用塔吊分片正装法等等。若采用正装法, 安全系数较高,但不管采用分段组对或逐片组对制作,均需要大量使用吊车,内外满脚手架,从成本上考虑,正装法不是最优的方法;若采用倒装法,可减少高空作业,改善组对、焊接劳动条件,节约成本,但安全保证措施要求高。综合二者的优点, 我们采用的是塔下段倒装法、塔上部正装法的施工方案,这样既可组织两塔施工流水作业(即1号塔筒体倒装施工完后,拆除至2号塔施工),又能保证较快的施工进度和良好的经济性。

另外倒装法的液压提升法需要专业提升机械,而短桅杆提升法仅需采用现场自制的短抱杆和配备足够的倒链来提升;该方法具有施工手段简化、施工用料省、开工早、周期短、移步快、质量好等优点。最后塔下段的倒装法我们选短桅杆提升法。

2.2 施工机具优选

施工机械一般是根据工程的特点结合安全、负荷、操作方便以及成本来优选。比如吊车,就需要根据现场条件及工程特点确定是用履带吊,还是汽车吊或者是塔吊。选好了吊车种类,再根据各吊车的性能参数优选吊车型号。

对于一些比较传统、以往应用比较成功的施工方法所使用的施工机具,要从定性和定量两方面来进行优选。如本例所采用的倒装法,按以往的施工经验和使用的方便来考虑,桅杆一般选用!219mm×14mm长4.5m的无缝钢管,倒链一般选20t,结合定量的计算可确定要使用的桅杆数量。

施工方案以提高经济效益、简化施工工序为原则,尽量采用先进的施工技术, 努力提高标准化、机械化、工厂化施工水平,重视每一个技术环节,从各方面采取措施,获取经济效益。 3 施工进度计划的优化

进度计划可以用横道图表示,也可以用网络图表示。横道图通用简便,表达形象直观,流水作业排列整齐有序,表达清楚,但有明显的计划性和主观性,难以表现大型复杂的全貌,不能明确指出关键工作,表示不出机动时间,优化有限。

网络计划最大优越性是时间参数的表达比横道图更加丰富,通过时间参数计算工作最早时间、最早开始时间、最早结束时间,找出关键工作、非关键工作,明确紧前紧后工作的重点,向非关键工作要时间,要资源,将时间和资源转移到关键工作中去,找出可优化的地方。 4 施工平面布置优化

施工平面布置能反映出施工单位的面貌,安全文明的施工现场,会赢得良好的社会声誉,良好的施工平面布置能使场容美观整洁, 道路畅通,材料放置有序, 施工有条不紊,安全、消防、保安均能得到有效保障。

规划场地、对现场各种临时设施进行布置时,要求施工文明、安全有序、整洁卫生、不扰民、不损害公众利益,符合职业安全卫生要求。各种临时建筑设置要便于管理,牢固可靠,考虑风、雷、雨季及其他灾害和卫生要求,符合防火防盗及相关法律法规的规定。除此之外,

还需注意在以下几方面进行优化布置: 4.1 施工设备的布置

根据不同设备器具的特点和性质规范布置,充分考虑钢筋运输车,混凝土运输,履带吊等大型车辆的回旋问题,防止造成施工不便, 如:混凝土泵摆放位置不合理造成输送管道布置不合理;塔吊布置前未认真研究建筑物及场地,未考虑建筑物外墙有否壁柱、悬挑等情况,仅按一层定位,造成塔吊支撑安装位置不足或无法自

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降;将提升架放于非阳台、窗口等位置,造成内外墙留洞太多。

注意施工设备布置与材料堆场及运输道路布置的先后顺序, 比如:有垂直提升机械的施工现场,应先布置提升机,再布置材料堆场和运输道路,而不是相反。 4.2 临时设施布置

临时设施布置应紧凑、占地省,尽量少建临时设施。依照工程项目的规模、工期、施工方法等,本着成本节约的原则进行设置。对各类临时设施、临时用电、临时用水、消防设施等进行综合规划,以确定变配电箱、施工电缆、电线、火电焊把线、管线等的合理走向,保证整个平面的合理布局和施工安全。

施工现场应有畅通的排水系统。生活区宿舍须考虑防火间距,防止将临时宿舍置于高压线下,以免留下严重安全隐患。 4.3 环保问题

防止油漆、溶剂等有机挥发物的施工场所及散装水泥罐置于上风向,造成污染及影响下风处人员的人身安全。石棉制品以及类似石棉危害性的矿物纤维等有毒性的物质,应避免大量堆存于工地。使用低噪声的空压机、发电机等设备,并置于影响较小的地方,必要时,进行隔离。在施工现场指定位置设置废料箱、生产垃圾箱、生活垃圾箱,以利垃圾分类收集处理。避免厨房临街布置,烟囱置于上风, 造成污染及影响市容。 4.4 卫生安保

施工现场不宜设置职工宿舍,必须设置时应尽量和建筑现场分开,应设置取药点和急救点。在焊接作业点、喷漆作业场所等,应配备相应的消防设施。现场道路应方便消防。在火灾易发生地区施工或储存、使用易燃易爆器材,应设置隔离区。现场应设吸烟区、消防通道、紧急疏散通道和紧急集合点。

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