南丁格尔

Florence Nightingale, ( 12 May 1820 – 13 August 1910) was a celebrated English social reformer and statistician, and the founder of modern nursing. She came to prominence while serving as a nurse during the Crimean War, where she tended to wounded soldiers. She was known as \Lady with the Lamp\

Early 21st century commentators have asserted Nightingale's achievements in the Crimean War had been exaggerated by the media at the time, to satisfy the public's need for a hero, but her later achievements remain widely accepted. In 1860, Nightingale laid the foundation of professional nursing with the establishment of her nursing school at St Thomas' Hospital in London. It was the first secular nursing school in the world, now part of King's College London. The Nightingale Pledge taken by new nurses was named in her honour, and the annual International Nurses Day is celebrated around the world on her birthday. Her social reforms include improving healthcare for all sections of British society, improving healthcare and advocating for better hunger relief in India, helping to abolish laws regulating prostitution that were overly harsh to women, and expanding the acceptable forms of female participation in the workforce. Nightingale was a prodigious and versatile writer. In her lifetime much of her published work was concerned with spreading medical knowledge. Some of her tracts were written in simple English so they could easily be understood by those with poor literary skills. She also helped popularise the graphical presentation of statistical data. Much of her writing, including her extensive work on religion and mysticism, has only been published posthumously.

Florence Nightingale's most famous contribution came during the Crimean War, which became her central focus when reports got back to Britain about the horrific conditions for the wounded. On 21 October 1854, she and the staff of 38 women volunteer nurses that she trained, including her aunt Mai Smith,[9] and fifteen Catholic nuns (mobilised by Henry Edward Manning)[10] were sent (under the authorisation of Sidney Herbert) to the Ottoman Empire. They were deployed about 295 nautical miles (546 km; 339 mi) across the Black Sea from Balaklava in the Crimea, where the main British camp was based.

Nightingale arrived early in November 1854 at Selimiye Barracks in Scutari (modern-day üsküdar in Istanbul). Her team found that poor care for wounded soldiers was being delivered by overworked medical staff in the face of official indifference. Medicines were in short supply, hygiene was being neglected, and mass infections were common, many of them fatal. There was no equipment to process food for the patients.

Nightingale still believed that the death rates were due to poor nutrition, lack of supplies and overworking of the soldiers. After she returned to Britain and began collecting evidence before the Royal Commission on the Health of the Army, she came to believe that most of the soldiers at the hospital were killed by poor living conditions. This experience influenced her later career, when she advocated sanitary living conditions as of great importance. Consequently, she reduced peacetime deaths in the army and turned attention to the sanitary design of hospitals.

弗洛伦斯·南丁格尔，出生在意大利的一个优裕家庭，因在克里米亚进行护理而闻名。她是世界上第一个真正的女护士，开创了护理事业。“5.12\国际护士节设立在南丁格尔的生日这一天，就是为了纪念这位近代护理事业的创始人。

Arthur Asher Miller (October 17, 1915 – February 10, 2005)[1][2] was an American playwright and essayist. He was a prominent figure in American theatre, writing dramas that include plays such as All My Sons (1947), Death of a Salesman (1949), The Crucible (1953) and A View from the Bridge (one-act, 1955; revised two-act, 1956), as well as the film The Misfits (1961).

Miller was often in the public eye, particularly during the late 1940s, 1950s and early 1960s, a period during which he testified before the House Un-American Activities Committee, received the Pulitzer Prize for Drama, and was married to Marilyn Monroe. In 2002 he received the Prince of Asturias Award and in 2003 the Jerusalem Prize.

阿瑟·米勒。

美国最杰出的戏剧大师之一，被誉为“美国戏剧的良心”。

阿瑟·米勒出生于美国纽约一个犹太商人家庭。三十年代初美国经济的大萧条时期，他的父亲破产，家里生计维艰。中学毕业后，米勒一边打工一边在密歇根大学新闻系和英文系学习，并开始创作剧本。

在大学期间他开始创作剧本。《万幸的男人》是他第一部在百老汇公演的剧目，1944年只排演了四场。阿瑟·米勒还出版过几部小说和短篇故事集，也和妻子莫拉斯一起出版了一些游记，讲述他们在俄罗斯和中国的旅行。

是美国半个世纪以来最杰出的剧作家，还写过两部小说。1987年写了回忆录《时间弯曲》，年过古稀时，还写了剧本《踏破摩根山》和《末代美国佬》。他的作品针砭时弊、直言不讳，被誉为20世纪良心的代表。其中《推销员之死》是其最有影响的代表作。

一九四七年，阿瑟·米勒的成名作《都是我的儿子》上演，连演三百二十八场。两年后，《推销员之死》在百老汇连续上演了七百四十二场，一举囊括了托尼奖、普利策奖和纽约剧评界奖，从而使阿瑟·米勒赢得国际声誉。另外，米勒还创作了《萨勒姆女巫》、《桥头眺望》、《美国时钟》等剧，均针砭时弊，对社会现实和戏剧技巧作了深刻的探索，体现了米勒对社会问题的直面追问，以及对人性、理智、社会正义等问题的犀利见解。自传体剧本《堕落之后》记述了他与好莱坞名演员玛丽莲·梦露一段并不成功的婚姻生活，也深刻剖析了左翼知识分子的内心。

一九七八年，米勒来华访问，回国后出版《访问中国》一书。一九八一年，《萨勒姆女巫》在华上演，获得很大成功。一九八三年，米勒再度来华，亲自执导《推销员之死》，次年出版《“推销员”在北京》一书，从此他和中国结下了不解之缘。

主要创作戏剧，也写过小说、剧本等。

阿瑟·米勒 代表作 时间 1947 年 1949 年 1953 年 1955 年 1964 年 1968 年 1980 年 中文名称 戏剧《我的儿子们》 戏剧《推销员之死》 戏剧《萨勒姆的女巫》 戏剧《桥头眺望》 戏剧《维系事件》 戏剧《代价》 戏剧《美国大钟》 英文名称 All my sons Death of a Salesman The Crucible A View from the Bridge Incident at Vichy The Price The American Clock

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