【小站教育】新gre阅读理解36套(题目+答案+解析)

新GRE阅读理解36套

GRE–

RC–36

目录

新GRE阅读理解36 套 (1)

提示 (1)

Exercise1 (1)

Exercise2 (7)

Exercise3 (13)

Exercise4 (19)

Exercise5 (24)

Exercise6 (29)

Exercise7 (34)

Exercise8 (40)

Exercise9 (47)

Exercise10 (53)

Exercise11 (59)

Exercise12 (65)

Exercise13 (71)

Exercise14 (78)

Exercise15 (84)

Exercise16 (90)

Exercise17 (96)

Exercise18 (101)

Exercise19 (107)

Exercise20 (113)

Exercise21 (119)

Exercise22 (125)

Exercise23 (130)

Exercise24 (136)

Exercise25 (141)

Exercise26 (147)

Exercise27 (153)

Exercise28 (159)

Exercise29 (165)

Exercise30 (170)

Exercise31 (175)

Exercise32 (181)

Exercise33 (187)

Exercise34 (193)

Exercise35 (199)

Exercise36 (205)

答案 (210)

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Exercise1 Questions1 to 3 arebasedonthefollowing readingpassage.

Immediately relevantto gametheory arethesex ratios in certain parasiticwasp speciesthathavea

large excessof females.In thesespecies, fertilized eggs Line develop into femalesand unfertilized eggs intomales.

5 Afemalestores spermand can determinethesex of each

eggshelaysbyfertilizingitorleavingit unfertilized.

ByFisher‘sgeneticargumentthatthesex ratio

willbefavoredwhichmaximizes thenumberof

descendantsan individualwillhaveand hencethe

10 numberofgenecopies transmitted, itshould paya femaleto

produce equalnumbersofsonsanddaughters. Hamilton,

notingthatthe eggsdevelopwithin their host—

thelarvaofanotherinsect—and thatthenewly emerged

adultwaspsmate immediatelyand disperse,

15 offered aremarkably cogentanalysis.Sinceonlyone

femaleusuallylayseggs in agivenlarva, itwould pay herto produceonemaleonly,becausethisonemale could fertilize allhis sistersonemergence.LikeFisher, Hamilton looked

foranevolutionarilystablestrategy,

20 buthewentastepfurtherin recognizing thathewas

lookingforastrategy.

1.Theauthorsuggests thatthework ofFisherand

Hamiltonwas similarin thatboth scientists

(A)conducted their research atapproximately

thesametime

(B)soughtto manipulatethesex ratiosofsome

ofthe animals theystudied

(C)soughtan explanation ofwhycertain sex

ratiosexistand remain stable

(D)studiedgametheory, therebyprovidingimportant

groundworkforthelaterdevelopmentofstrategy theory

(E)studied reproduction in thesame animalspecies

For the following question, consider each of the choices separately andselectallthatapply

2.Thepassage contains information thatwould

answerwhich ofthefollowingquestionsabout

wasps?

□A Howmanyeggsdoes thefemalewasp

usuallylayin asinglehostlarva?

□B Can somespeciesof wasp determinesex

ratiosamongtheiroffspring?

□C Whatis the approximatesex ratio

amongtheoffspringofparasiticwasps?

3.Which ofthefollowingisNOTtrueofthespeciesof

parasiticwaspsdiscussed in thepassage?

(A) Adultfemalewaspsarecapableofstoringsperm.

(B)Femalewasps laytheireggs in thelarvaeof

otherinsects.

(C)The adultfemalewasp can befertilized byamalethat

washatched in thesamelarvaasherself.

(D)So fewmalewaspsareproduced thatextinction is

almostcertain.

(E)Malewaspsdo notemergefromtheirhostsuntilthey

reach sexualmaturity.

1

Questions4 to 5 arebasedonthefollowing readingpassage.

Tocqueville, apparently,waswrong.Jacksonian Americawasnotafluid, egalitarian society where

individualwealth and povertywereephemeral

Line conditions.Atleastto arguesE. Pessen in his

5 iconoclasticstudyoftheveryrich in theUnited States

between1825 and 1850.

Pessen doespresentaquantityofexamples,together with somerefreshinglyintelligiblestatistics,to establish

the existenceofan inordinately wealthyclass. Though 10 activein commerceortheprofessions,mostofthe

wealthy werenotself-made,buthad inherited family

fortunes. In no sensemercurial, thesegreatfortunes

survived thefinancialpanics thatdestroyed lesserones.

Indeed, in severalcities the wealthiestonepercent

15 constantlyincreased its share untilby1850 itowned

halfofthe community‘swealth.Although these

observationsaretrue,Pessenoverestimates their

importancebyconcludingfromthemthattheundoubted

progress toward inequalityin the late eighteenth century 20 continued in theJacksonianperiod andthattheUnited

Stateswasa class-ridden,plutocraticsocietyeven

beforeindustrialization. (162 words)

4.Accordingto thepassage, Pessen indicates thatallof

thefollowing weretrueofthevery wealthyin theUnited Statesbetween 1825 and 1850 EXCEPT:

(A)Theyformed adistinctupperclass.

(B)Manyofthemwere ableto increasetheirholdings.

(C)Someofthemworked asprofessionalsorin

business.

(D)Mostofthemaccumulated theirown fortunes.

(E)Manyofthemretained theirwealth in spiteof

financialupheavals.

5.Which ofthefollowingbeststates the author‘s

main point?

(A)Pessen‘s studyhasoverturned thepreviously

established viewofthesocialand economic

structureofearlynineteenth-centuryAmerica.

(B)Tocqueville‘sanalysisoftheUnited States

in theJacksonian eraremains thedefinitive

accountofthisperiod.

(C)Pessen‘s studyisvaluableprimarilybecause

itshows the continuityofthesocial systemin

theUnited States throughout

thenineteenth century.

(D)Thesocialpatternsand politicalpowerof the

extremely wealthyin theUnited

Statesbetween 1825 and 1850 arewell

documented.

(E)Pessen challengesaviewofthesocialand

economicsystemin theUnited States

from1825 to 1850, buthedraws

conclusionsthatareincorrect.

2

Anaerobicglycolysis isaprocess in which energyis

produced, withoutoxygen, through thebreakdown of

muscleglycogen into lactic acid and adenosinetri- Line phosphate(A TP), the energyprovider. The amount

5 ofenergythatcan beproduced anaerobicallyisa function

ofthe amountofglycogen present—in all

vertebratesabout0.5 percentoftheirmuscles‘wet weight.

Thus the anaerobicenergyreservesofaverte- brate

areproportionalto thesizeofthe animal.If, for

10 example, somepredatorshad attackeda100-ton

dinosaur, normallytorpid, thedinosaurwould have

been ableto generate almostinstantaneously,via

anaerobicglycolysis, the energyof3,000 humansat

maximumoxidativemetabolic energyproduction.

6.Thepassage‘s suggestionthatthetotalanaerobic

energyreservesofavertebrateareproportionalto the

vertebrate‘s sizeisbased on which ofthefollowing

assumption?

(A)largervertebratesconservemore energy

than smallervertebrates

(B)largervertebratesuselessoxygen perunit

weightthan smallervertebrates

(C)the abilityofavertebrateto consumefood

isafunction ofits size

(D)theamountofmuscletissuein avertebrate

isdirectlyrelated to its size

(E)thesizeofavertebrateisproportionalto

thequantityofenergyitcan utilize

3

Extraordinary creativeactivityhasbeen characterized asrevolutionary, flyingin thefaceofwhatisestablished and producingnotwhatisacceptablebutwhatwill

Line becomeaccepted.Accordingto thisformulation, highly

5 creative activitytranscends thelimitsofan existingform

and establishesanewprincipleoforganization. How- ever,

theideathatextraordinarycreativitytranscends established

limits in misleading when itisapplied to the arts, even

though itmaybevalid forthesciences.

10 Differencebetween highlycreativeartand highlycreative

science arisein partfromadifferencein theirgoals. For

thesciences, anewtheoryis thegoaland end resultofthe

creative act.Innovativescienceproducesnew

propositions in termsofwhich diversephenomena can be 15 related to one another in more coherentways. Such

phenomena asabrilliantdiamond oranestingbird are

relegated to theroleofdata, serving as themeansfor

formulatingortestinganewtheory. Thegoalofhighly

creative artisverydifferent:thephenomenon itself

20 becomes thedirectproductofthe creative act.

Shakespeare‘s Hamlet isnotatractaboutthebehaviorof

indecisiveprincesortheusesofpoliticalpower;noris

Picasso‘spainting Guernica primarilyapropositional

statementabouttheSpanishCivilWarorthe evilsof

25 fascism.Whathighly creativeartistic activityproduces is

notanewgeneralizationthattranscendsestablished limits,

butratheran aestheticparticular. Aestheticparticulars

produced bythehighlycreative artistextend or

exploit, in aninnovativeway, thelimitsofan existing

30 form,ratherthan transcend thatform.

This isnotto denythatahighlycreativeartistsome-

timesestablishesanewprincipleoforganization in the

historyofan artisticfield;the composerMonteverdi, who

createdmusicofthehighestaestheticvalue, comes

35 to mind. Moregenerally, however, whetherornota

composition establishesanewprinciplein thehistoryof

musichas littlebearingon itsaestheticworth. Because

theyembody anewprincipleoforganization, some

musicalworks, such as theoperasoftheFlorentine

40 Camerata,areofsignalhistoricalimportance, butfew

listenersormusicologistswould includetheseamongthe

greatworksofmusic. On theotherhand, Mozart‘s The

MarriageofFigaro issurelyamongthemasterpiecesof music even though itsmodestinnovationsare confined

45 to extendingexisting means.Ithasbeen said of

Beethoven thathetoppled therulesand freedmusic

fromthestiflingconfinesofconvention. Buta close

studyofhiscompositionsreveals thatBeethoven

overturned no fundamentalrules. Rather, hewasan 50incomparablestrategistwho exploited limits—the rules, forms, and conventions thatheinherited from

predecessors such asHaydn and Mozart,Handeland

Bach—in strikinglyoriginalways.

(466words)

4

Forthefollowing question, considereachof the choices separately andselectallthatapply

7.Thepassagesupplies information foransweringwhich

ofthefollowingquestions?

(A)Hasunusualcreative activitybeencharacter-

ized asrevolutionary?

(B) Did Beethovenworkwithin amusicaltradition

thatalsoincluded Handeland Bach?

(C)Who besides Monteverdiwrotemusicthatthe

authorwould considerto embodynewprin-

ciplesoforganization and to beofhigh aes-

theticvalue?

8.Theauthor regards theideathatallhighly creative

artistic activitytranscends limitswith

(A)deep skepticism

(B)strongindignation

(C)marked indifference

(D)moderateamusement

(E)sharp derision

9.Theauthorimplies thatan innovativescientific

contribution isonethat

(A)iscitedwith high frequencyin thepublications

ofotherscientists

(B)isaccepted immediatelybythescientific com-

munity

(C)doesnotrelegateparticularsto theroleofdata

(D)presents thediscoveryofanewscientificfact

(E)introducesanewvalidgeneralization

10.Which ofthefollowingstatementswouldmost

logicallyconcluded thelastparagraph ofthe

passage?

(A)UnlikeBeethoven, however, even thegreatest

ofmodern composers, such asStravinsky, did

nottranscend existing musicalforms.

(B)In similar fashion, existing musicalformswere

even furtherexploited bythenextgeneration

ofgreatEuropeancomposers.

(C) Thus,manyofthegreatcomposersdisplayed

thesamecombination oftalentsexhibited by

Monteverdi.

(D)Bycontrast, theviewthatcreativityin the arts

exploitsbutdoesnottranscend limits issup-

ported in thefield ofliterature.

(E)Actually, Beethoven‘smostoriginalworkswere

largelyunappreciated atthetimethatthey

werefirstperformed.

5

Greatcomicartisnever otherwordly, itdoesnot seek

to mystifyus, and itdoesnotdenyambiguityby

brandingasevilwhateverdiffersfromgood. Great

Line comic artistsassumethattruth maybearalllights,

5 and thus theyseek to accentuate contradictions in

socialaction, notglossoverortranscend themby appeals

to extrasocialsymbolsofdivine ends, cosmic purpose,

orlawsofnature.Themomentof

transcendenceingreatcomicartisasocialmoment,

10 born outofthe conviction thatwearehuman, even

thoughwetryto begods. The comic communityto

which artistsaddress themselves isa communityof

reasoning, loving, joyful, compassionatebeings,who

arewillingto assumethehuman risksofacting

15 rationally.Withoutinvoking godsordemons, great

comicartarousescouragein reason, couragewhich

growsoutoftrustin whathuman beingscan do as

humans.

11. Selectthesentencein thepassagethatsuggests that

greatcomicartcan be characterized asoptimistic about the abilityofhumans toactrationally.

12. Itcan beinferred fromthepassagethatthe

authoradmiresgreatcomic artistsprimarily

fortheir

(A)abilityto understand thefrequentlysubtle

differencesbetweengood and evil

(B)abilityto reconcilethe contradictions in

human behavior

(C)abilityto distinguish between rationaland

irrationalbehavior

(D)insistenceon confrontingthetruth about

thehuman condition

(E)insistenceon condemninghuman faultsand

weaknesses

13.Whichofthefollowingis themostaccurate

description oftheorganization ofthepassage?

(A)Asequenceofobservations leadingto aprediction

(B)Alistofinferencesdrawn fromfacts stated atthe

beginningofthepassage

(C)Aseriesofassertionsrelated to onegeneralsubject

(D)Astatementofthemajoridea, followed by

specific examples

(E)Asuccession ofideasmovingfromspecificto

general

6

Exercise2

By1950, theresultsofattempts to relatebrain processes

tomentalexperience appeared rather

discouraging.Herringsuggested thatdifferentmodesof

Line sensation, such aspain, taste, and color, mightbe

5 correlatedwith thedischargeofspecifickindsofnervous

energy.However, subsequentlydevelopedmethodsof

recording and analyzingnervepotentialsfailed to reveal

anysuch qualitativediversity.Although qualitative

varianceamongnerve energieswasneverrigidly

10 disproved, thedoctrinewasgenerallyabandoned in favor

oftheopposing view, namely, thatnerveimpulsesare

essentiallyhomogeneous in qualityand aretransmitted as

―common currency‖throughoutthenervous system.

Accordingto this theory, itisnotthequalityofthe

15 sensorynerveimpulses thatdetermines thediverse conscious

sensationstheyproduce, butratherthedifferent

areasofthebrain into which theydischarge, and thereis

someevidenceforthisview.In one experiment,when an

electricstimuluswasapplied to agiven sensoryfield of

20 the cerebralcortex ofa conscioushuman subject, it

produced asensation ofthe appropriatemodalityforthat

particularlocus, thatis, avisualsensation fromthevisual

cortex, an auditorysensation fromthe auditorycortex,

and so on.However, corticallocus, in itself, turned outto 25 havelittle explanatory value.

1.Theauthormentions―common currency‖in line 13

primarilyin orderto emphasizethe

(A)lack ofdifferentiation amongnerveimpulses in

human beings

(B)similarityofthesensations thatallhuman

beingsexperience

(C)similarities in theviewsofscientistswho have

studied thehuman nervoussystem

(D)continuouspassageofnerveimpulses through

thenervous system

(E) recurrentquestioningbyscientistsofan

accepted explanation aboutthenervous

system

2.Thedescriptionofan experimentin whichelectric

stimuliwere applied to differentsensoryfieldsofthe

cerebralcortex tends to supportthetheorythat

(A)thesimplepresenceofdifferentcorticalareas

cannotaccountforthediversityofmental

experience

(B)variation in spatiotemporalpatterningofnerve

impulsescorrelateswithvariation in

subjective experience

(C)nerveimpulsesare essentiallyhomogeneous

and arerelativelyunaffected as theytravel

through thenervous system

(D)thementalexperiencesproduced bysensory

nerveimpulsesaredetermined bythe

corticalarea activated

(E)variation in neuron typesaffects thequalityof

nerveimpulses

3.Which ofthefollowingbestsummarizes the

author‘sopinion ofthesuggestion thatdifferent

areasofthebrain determineperceptionsproduced

bysensorynerveimpulses?

(A)Itisaplausible explanation, butithasnotbeen

completelyproved.

(B)Itis thebestexplanation ofbrain processes

currentlyavailable.

(C)Itisdisproved bythefactthatthevariousareas

ofthebrain arephysiologically verysimilar.

(D)Thereis someevidenceto supportit, butitfails to

explainthediversityofmentalexperience.

(E)Thereisexperimentalevidencethatconfirms its

correctness.

7

AMarxistsociologisthasargued thatracismstems

fromthe class strugglethatisuniqueto the capitalist

system—thatracialprejudiceisgenerated bycapitalists Line asameansofcontrollingworkers.His thesisworks

5 relatively wellwhen applied to discrimination against

Blacks in theUnited States, buthisdefinition of racial

prejudice as―racially-based negativeprejudgments

againstagroupgenerallyaccepted asaracein any

givenregion ofethnic competiti on,‖can beinterpreted

10 asalso includinghostilitytoward such ethnicgroupsas

theChineseinCalifornia and theJews in medieval Europe.

However, sinceprejudiceagainsttheselatter

peopleswasnotinspired bycapitalists, hehas to reason

thatsuch antagonismswerenotreallybased on race.

15 Hedisposes thusly(albeitunconvincingly)ofboth the

intolerancefaced byJewsbeforetheriseofcapitalism and

the earlytwentieth-centurydiscrimination against

Orientalpeoplein California, which, inconveniently,

was instigated by workers.

4.Thepassagesupplies information thatwould

answerwhich ofthefollowingquestionsEXCEPT?

□A Whatconditionscaused thediscrimination

againstOrientalpeoplein Californiain the

earlytwentieth century?

□B Whatevidencedid theMarxistsociologist

provideto supporthisthesis?

□C Whatexplanation did theMarxistsociologist

giveforthe existenceofracialprejudice?

5.Accordingto thepassage, theMarxistsociologist‘s

chain of reasoningrequired himto assertthat

prejudicetoward Orientalpeoplein Californiawas

(A)directed primarilyagainsttheChinese

(B)similarin origin to prejudiceagainsttheJews

(C)understood byOrientalpeople asethnic

competition

(D)provoked by workers

(E)nonracialin character

8

Itwould bewonderfulto observeasingularity(an infinitelydense concentration ofmatter)and

obtain directevidenceoftheundoubtedlybizarre phenomenathatoccurnearone.Unfortunately, in mostcasesadistantobservercannotseethe singularity;outgoinglightraysaredragged back by gravityso forcefullythateven ifthey could startout within a fewkilometersofthesingularity, they would end up in thesingularityitself.

6.Whichofthefollowingsentenceswould most

probablyfollowthelastsentenceofthepassage?

(A)Thus, aphysicistinterested in studying

phenomenanearsingularitieswould

necessarilyhopeto find asingularity

with ameasurablegravitationalfield.

(B)Accordingly, physicists to datehave

been unableto observedirectly any

singularity.

(C)Itis specificallythis startlingphenomenon

thathasallowed us to codifythescant

information currentlyavailable about

singularities.

(D)Moreover, the existenceofthisextra-

ordinaryphenomenon isimplied in the

extensivereportsofseveralphysicists.

(E)Although unanticipated, phenomenasuch as

these are consistentwith thestructure

ofasingularity.

9

Theevolution ofintelligenceamongearlylarge

mammalsofthegrasslandswasdueingreatmeasureto

theinteraction between twoecologicallysynchronized

Line groupsofthese animals, thehuntingcarnivoresand the

5 herbivoresthattheyhunted.Theinteraction resulting

fromthedifferencesbetween predatorand preyled toa

generalimprovementin brain functions;however, certain

componentsofintelligencewere improved farmorethan

others.

10 Thekind ofintelligencefavored bythe interplayof

increasinglysmartercatchersandincreasinglykeener

escapers isdefined byattention—thataspectofmind

carryingconsciousnessforward fromonemomentto the

next. Itrangesfromapassive, free-floatingawareness to

15 ahighlyfocused, activefixation.Therangethrough these

states ismediated bythe arousalsystem, anetwork of

tractsconvergingfromsensorysystems to integrating

centersin thebrain stem. Fromthemorerelaxed to the

morevigorous levels, sensitivityto noveltyisincreased.

20 Theorganismismore awake,morevigilant;this

increasedvigilanceresults in theapprehension ofever

moresubtlesignalsas the organismbecomesmore sensitiveto its surroundings.Theprocessesofarousaland concentration

give attention itsdirection.Arousalisat

25 firstgeneral,with afloodingofimpulses in the brain stem; then

graduallythe activation ischanneled.Thusbegins

concentration, theholdingofconsistentimages. One

meaningofintelligenceis thewayin which theseimages and

otheralertlysearched information areused inthe

30 contextofpreviousexperience. Consciousnesslinkspast

attention tothepresentand permits the integration of

detailswith perceived endsandpurposes.

The elementsofintelligenceand consciousnesscome togethermarvelouslyto producedifferentstyles in

35 predatorand prey.Herbivoresand carnivoresdevelop

differentkindsofattention related to escapingorchasing.

Although inboth kindsofanimal, arousalstimulates the

production ofadrenaline and norepinephrinebythe

adrenalglands, the effectin herbivores isprimarilyfear,

40 whereas in carnivores theeffectisprimarily aggression.

Forboth, arousalattunesthe animaltowhatisahead. Perhaps

itdoesnotexperienceforethoughtasweknowit,

buttheanimaldoesexperiencesomethinglikeit.The

predatoris searchinglyaggressive, inner-directed, tuned

45 bythenervous systemand the adrenalhormones, but

awarein asense closerto humanconsciousness than, say,

ahungrylizard‘s instinctivesnap atapassingbeetle.

Usingpasteventsasaframework, thelargemammal

predatorisworkingoutarelationship between

50movementand food, sensitiveto possibilities in cold trailsand distantsounds—and yesterday‘sunforgotten

lessons.Theherbivorepreyisofadifferentmind. Its mood ofwarinessratherthan searchingand itsattitude

ofgeneralexpectancyinstead of anticipatingare

55silk-thin veilsoftranquilityover an explosive endocrine system.

10

7.Theauthor refers to ahungrylizard (line47)

primarilyin orderto

(A)demonstratethesimilaritybetween the

hunting methodsofmammalsand those

ofnonmammals

(B)broaden the application ofhisargumentby

includingan insectivoreasan example

(C)makeadistinctionbetween higherand

lowerlevelsofconsciousness

(D)provide an additionalillustration ofthe

brutalitycharacteristicofpredators

(E)offeran objection to suggestions thatall

animals lack consciousness

8. Itcan beinferredfromthepassagethatin

animals less intelligentthan themammals

discussed inthepassage

(A)pastexperienceis lesshelpfulin ensuringsurvival

(B)attentionismorehighlyfocused

(C)muscularcoordination is lesshighlydeveloped

(D)thereis lessneed forcompetition amongspecies

(E)environmentismoreimportantin establishing

theproper ratio ofpreytopredator

9.Theauthorprovides information thatwould

answerwhich ofthefollowingquestions?

□A Whyisan aroused herbivoreusually fearful?

□B Whataresomeofthedegreesofattention in large

mammals?

□C Whatoccurswhen thestimulus thatcausesarousalof amammalisremoved?

10.Accordingto thepassage, as theprocessof

arousalin an organismcontinues, allofthe

following mayoccurEXCEPT

(A)theproduction ofadrenaline

(B)theproduction ofnorepinephrine

(C)aheighteningofsensitivityto stimuli

(D)an increasein selectivity with respectto stimuli

(E)an expansion oftherangeofstatesmediated

bythebrain stem

11

Gutman‘sexamination of theslaves‘extended kinship systemproducesimportantfindings.Gutman discovers

thatcousinsrarely married, an exogamous tendencythat Line contrasted sharplywith the endogamy practiced bythe

5 plantationowners. Thispreferenceforexogamy,Gutman

suggests,mayhavederived fromWestAfricanrules

governing marriage,which, though theydiffered from

onetribalgroup to another, allinvolved somekind of

prohibition againstunionswith closekin.This taboo

10 againstcousins‘marryingisimportant, arguesGutman,

becauseitisoneofmanyindicationsofastrong

awarenessamongslavesofan extended kinshipnetwork.

Thefactthatdistantlyrelated kinwould careforchildren

separated fromtheir familiesalso suggests this

15 awareness.When blood relationshipswerefew, as in

newlycreated plantations in theSouthwest, ―fictive‖

kinship arrangements took theirplaceuntilanewpattern

ofconsanguinitydeveloped.Gutman presentsconvincing

evidencethatthisextended kinship structure—which he 20 believesdeveloped bythemid-to-late eighteenth

century—provided thefoundationsforthestrong

communalconsciousness thatexisted amongslaves.

11.Accordingto thepassage, allofthefollowing

aretrueoftheWestAfrican rulesgoverning

marriage:

□A Therulesforbademarriagesbetween

closekin.

□B Theruleswerenotuniformin allrespects

fromone WestAfrican tribeto another.

□C Theruleshavebeen considered to bea

possiblesourceofslaves‘marriage

preferences.

12.Which ofthefollowingstatementsconcerning

themarriagepracticesofplantation owners

duringtheperiod ofBlack slaveryin theUnited

Statescanmostlogicallybeinferred fromthe

information in thepassage.

(A)Thesepracticesbegan to altersometime

around themid-eighteenth century.

(B)Thesepracticesvariedmarkedlyfromone

region ofthe countryto another.

(C)Plantation ownersusuallybased their

choiceofmarriagepartnerson economic

considerations.

(D)Plantation ownersoften marriedearlier

than slaves.

(E)Plantation ownersoften married their

cousins.

13. Selectthesentencein thepassagethatthe author

introducesadditionalsupportfor the existenceofthe

awarenessofkinship amongtheslavesofan extended

kinshipnetwork.

12

Exercise3

Thedark regions in thestarrynightskyarenot pockets in theuniversethataredevoid ofstarsas

had longbeen thought. Rather, theyaredark because Line ofinterstellardustthathides thestarsbehind it.

5 Although itsvisualeffectis so pronounced, dustis

onlyaminorconstituentofthematerial, extremely

lowin density, thatliesbetween thestars.The average

densityofinterstellarmaterialin thevicinityofourSun is 1,000to 10,000 times less than thebestterrestrial

10 laboratoryvacuum.Itisonlybecauseofthe enormous

interstellardistances thatsolittlematerialperunitof

volumebecomes so significant. Opticalastronomy

ismostdirectly affected, foralthough interstellargas

isperfectlytransparent, thedustisnot.(125 words)

1.Accordingto thepassage,which ofthefollowing

isadirectperceptualconsequenceofinterstellar

dustEXCEPT?

□A Somestarsarerendered invisibleto observerson Earth.

□B Many visiblestarsaremadeto seembrighterthan theyreallyare.

□C Thedustisconspicuouslyvisibleagainsta

background ofbrightstars.

2. Itcan beinferred fromthepassagethatitis

becausespaceis sovastthat

(A)littleoftheinterstellarmaterialin itseems substantial

(B)normalunitsofvolumeseemfutileformeasurements

ofdensity

(C)starscan befarenough fromEarth to beobscured

even by verysparselydistributedmatter

(D)interstellargasescan, forallpracticalpurposes, be

regarded as transparent

(E)opticalastronomy would beoflittleuseeven ifno

interstellardustexisted

13

InHardy‘snovels,various impulsesweresacrificed to each otherinevitablyand often.Inevitably, becauseHardy did notcareinthewaythatnovelists such as

Line FlaubertorJamescared, and thereforetook pathsofleast

5 resistance. Thus, oneimpulseoften surrenderedto a

fresherone and, unfortunately, instead ofexactinga

compromise, simplydisappeared.Adesireto throwover

realityalightthatneverwasmightgivewayabruptlyto

thedesireon thepartofwhatwemightconsidera

10 novelist-scientistto record exactlyand concretelythe

structure and textureofaflower.In thisinstance, thenew

impulsewasatleastan energeticone, and thus its

indulgencedid notresultin arelaxed style. Buton other

occasionsHardy abandoned aperilous, risky, and highly

15 energizingimpulsein favorofwhatwasforhimthe

fatallyrelaxingimpulseto classifyand schematize

abstractly. When arelaxingimpulsewas indulged, the

style—thatsureindex ofanauthor‘s literary worth—was

certain to becomeverbose.(167words)

3.Which ofthefollowing wordscould bestbe

substituted for―relaxe d‖(line 13)without

substantiallychangingthe author‘smeaning?

(A)informal

(B)confined

(C) risky

(D)wordy

(E)metaphoric 4.Thepassagesupplies information to suggestthat

itsauthorwould bemostlikelyto agreewith which

ofthefollowingstatementsaboutthe

novelistsFlaubertand James?

(A)Theyindulgedmoreimpulses in their

novels than did Hardyin hisnovels.

(B)Theyhaveelicited agreaterdegreeof

favorableresponsefrommostliterary

critics than hasHardy.

(C)In thewritingoftheirnovels, theyoften took

pains to effecta compromiseamong

theirvariousnovelisticimpulses.

(D)Regardingnovelistic construction, they

caredmore abouttheopinionsofother

novelists than abouttheopinionsof

ordinaryreaders.

(E)They wrotenovels in which theimpulse

toward realismand theimpulseaway

fromrealismwereevidentin equal

measure.

5.Which ofthefollowingstatementsbestdescribes

theorganization ofthepassage (―Thus…abstractly‖)?

(A)The authormakesadisapproving observation

and then presents two cases, oneofwhich

leads to aqualification of

hisdisapprovaland theotherofwhich

doesnot.

(B)Theauthordrawsa conclusion froma previous

statement, explainshis conclusionin detail,

and then givesa seriesofexamples

thathavethe effectof resolvingan

inconsistency.

(C)Theauthorconcedesapointand then makesa

counterargument, usingan extended

comparison and contrastthat

qualifieshisoriginalconcession.

(D)The authormakesajudgment, pointsout an

exception to hisjudgment, and then

contradictshisoriginalassertion.

(E)The authorsummarizesand explainsan

argumentand then advancesabrief

historyofopposingarguments.

14

Amysteriousphenomenon is the abilityofover-water migrants to travelon course. Birds, bees, and other

speciescan keep track oftimewithoutanysensorycues

Line fromtheoutsideworld, and such―biologicalclocks‖

5 clearlycontributeto their―compass sense.‖Forexample,

theycan usetheposition oftheSun orstars, alongwith

thetimeofday, to find north. Butcompass sense alone

cannotexplain howbirdsnavigatetheocean:afteraflock

travelingeastisblown farsouth by astorm, itwill

10 assumethepropernortheasterlycourseto compensate.

Perhaps, somescientists thought, migrantsdetermine

theirgeographicposition on Earth bycelestialnavigation, almostashuman navigatorsusestarsand planets, butthis would demand ofthe animalsa fantasticmap sense.

15 Researchersnowknowthatsomespecieshaveamagnetic

sense, whichmightallowmigrants to determinetheir

geographiclocation bydetecting variations in thestrength

oftheEarth‘smagneticfield. (157 words)

6.Themain ideaofthepassageis that

(A)migration overland requiresasimpler

explanation than migration overwater

does

(B)themeansby which animalsmigrateover

waterarecomplex and onlypartly

understood

(C)the abilityofmigrantanimals to keep track

oftimeisrelated to theirmagneticsense

(D)knowledgeofgeographiclocation is

essentialto migrantswith littleorno

compass sense

(E)explanationsofhowanimalsmigratetend to

replace, ratherthan build on, one

another

7. Itcan beinferred fromthepassagethatifthe

flock ofbirdsdescribed in lines8-9 were

navigatingbycompasssensealone,theywould,after

thestorm, fly

(A)east (B)north (C)northwest

(D)south (E)southeast

8. Ofthefollowingdescriptionsofmigrating animals,

whichmoststronglysuggests thatthe

animalsaredependingonmagnetic cues to orient

themselves?

(A)Pigeonscan properlyreadjusttheircourse

evenwhen flyinglongdistances through

exceedinglydensefogs.

(B)Bison are ableto reach theirdestination by

passingthrough alandscapethathas

been partiallyaltered byarecentfire.

(C)Elephantsare ableto find grounds that

somemembersoftheherd haveneverseen

before.

(D)Swallowsare ableto return to agiven spot

atthesametimeeveryyear.

(E)Monarch butterfliescomingfromdifferent

partsof NorthAmerica areableto arrive

atthesamelocation eachwinter.

15

Startingfromthepremisethatmythology and legend

preserve atleastanucleusofhistoricalfact, Bachofen

argued thatwomenweredominantin many ancient

Line societies. Hisworkwasbased on a comprehensivesurvey 5 of references in the ancientsources toAmazonian and

othersocietieswithmatrilinealcustoms—societies in which descentand propertyrightsaretraced through the

femaleline. Somesupportforhis theorycan befound in

evidencesuch as thatdrawn fromHerodotus, theGreek

10 ―historian‖ofthefifth centuryB. C.Nonetheless, this

assumption thatthefirstrecordersofancientmythshave

preserved facts isproblematic.AncientGreek

descriptionsofthose societiesweremeantnotso much to

representobserved historicalfact—realAmazonian

15 societies—butratherto offer―morallessons‖on the

supposed outcomeofwomen‘srulein theirown society.

TheAmazonswereoften characterized, forexample, as

theequivalentsofgiantsand centaurs, enemies to beslain by Greek heroes;thus,theircustomswerepresented not

20 as thoseofarespectablesociety, butas thevery antitheses

ofordinary Greek practices. (179 words)

9.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageis to

(A)compare competingnewapproaches to

understandingtheroleofwomen in ancient

societies

(B)investigatetheramificationsofBachofen‘s

theoryaboutthedominanceofwomen in

ancientsocieties

(C)explain theburgeoninginterestamong

historiansin determiningthe actualstatusof

women invarious societies

(D)analyzethenatureof Amazonian society

and uncoversimilaritiesbetween itand the

Greekworld

(E)criticizethevalueof ancientmyths in

determiningthestatusofwomen in ancient

societies

10. Selectthesentencein thepassagethatispresented

asevidencesupportingthe author‘sviewofthe

ancientGreeks‘d escriptionsoftheAmazons.

11.Theauthor‘sattitudetoward Bachofen‘s treatiseis

bestdescribed asoneof

(A)qualified approval

(B)profound ambivalence

(C)studied neutrality

(D)pointed disagreement

(E)unmitigated hostility

16

Visualrecognitioninvolvesstoringandretrieving memories.

Neuralactivity, triggered bytheeye, formsan imagein

thebrain‘smemorysystemthatconstitutesan

Line internalrepresentation oftheviewed object. When an

5 objectisencountered again, itismatchedwith its internal

representation and therebyrecognized. Controversy

surroundsthequestion ofwhetherrecognitionisaparallel,

one-step processoraserial, step-by-step one.

PsychologistsoftheGestaltschoolmaintainthatobjects

10 arerecognized aswholes in aparallelprocedure:the

internalrepresentationismatched with theretinalimagein

asingleoperation. Otherpsychologistshaveproposedthat

internalrepresentationfeaturesarematched seriallywith

an object‘sfeatures.Although some experiments show

15 that, asanobjectbecomesfamiliar, itsinternal representation

becomesmoreholisticandtherecognition

processcorrespondingly moreparallel, theweightof

evidenceseems to supporttheserialhypothesis, atleast

forobjects thatarenotnotablysimple and familiar.

(151 words)

12.Theauthorisprimarilyconcernedwith

(A)explaininghowthebrain receivesimages

(B)synthesizinghypothesesofvisualrecognition

(C)examiningtheevidencesupportingtheserial-

recognition hypothesis

(D)discussing visualrecognition and some

hypothesesproposed to explain it

(E) reportingon recentexperimentsdealing with

memorysystemsand their relationship to

neuralactivity

For the following question, consider each of the choices separately andselectallthatapply

13.Accordingto thepassage,Gestaltpsychologists

makewhich ofthefollowingsuppositionsabout

visualrecognition?

□A Aretinalimageis in exactlythesameformsas its

internalrepresentation.

□B An objectisrecognized asawholewithoutanyneed

foranalysis intocomponentparts.

□C Thematchingofan objectwith its internal

representation occurs in onlyonestep.

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