雅思阅读教师25小时授课大纲-雅思阅读剑桥4-8 - 图文

H1 I. 雅思阅读简介 i. 答题时间（包括涂答题卡）为1小时，三篇文章，每篇文章字数一般在1，000单词左右，13-14道题目，

总计40道题目，相当于要求考生每1.5分钟答完一道题目； ii. 雅思阅读文章一般来源于以下报刊杂志：New Scientist, The Economist, American Scientist, National

Geographic；

iii.

得分计算方法

iv. 雅思阅读要求考生的应试能力：词汇量，英文逻辑思维能力，总结文章主旨能力，迅速定位细节能力。 II. 体裁 i. 雅思阅读文章以说明文为主，有时会有夹叙夹议的情况； ii. 科学：生物/建筑/医疗保健/自然环境/化学/其他

现象

雅思阅读（说明文+夹叙夹议） 人文：语言文化/历史文明/城市交通/语言/教育学习/经济管理/

其他

实验

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III. 题型介绍 2011年出现频率排名 1 2 3 4 5 6

IV. 2011年雅思阅读总结

大陆考试47场，考查文章共计141篇，其中30%，即44篇文章为新文章，剩下的70%，即97篇为之前08，09，10年考过的旧文章，其中73篇为旧文旧题。文章内容以科技类为主，人文类为辅。 V. True/False/Not Given OR Yes/No/Not Given题型简介与解题技巧

简介： i. 题目之间具有题文同序的特点； ii. 同一套题内，True/Yes, False/No, Not Given一般都存在，按照几率统计，True/Yes情况最多，其次是

False/No, Not Given最少。 解题技巧： i. 分析题目，划出定位词；定位词：视觉上比较明显，可以利用其回到原文定位出题位置的词汇，常用的有

年代，地点，姓名等专有词汇或者特殊符号，如果没有这些视觉上明显的词汇，那么定位词首选名词，其次是动词和形容词；题目中的定位词很多时候不是原封不动出现在原文中，需要进行同义或者同类词替换。 ii. 划出考点词；考点词：即在此题型中比较容易成为考点的关系，例如：比较关系，肯否关系，时间关系，

以及一些修饰关系，包括：程度，频率，范围等等。

iii. 利用定位词去原文找出题位置，在其附件检验题目的考点是否与原文一致。 iv. 没有明显定位词的题目可以利用题文同序最后完成。 v. TRUE/YES：①原文的同义表达；②根据原文的一句或多句话做出的合理推论或者总结； vi. FALSE/NO：①与原文直接相反；②原文中有多于一个并列条件，但是题目中只列出一个条件或者忽略全

部条件；③原文是人们关于事物的一种理论（theory)或者感觉（feeling), 题目变成了关于该事物的客观事实(fact)；④绝对化词汇一般都是错误的，例如：all, always, perfect, unique, never, impossible, only, solely, completely, fully, absolutely以及最高级词汇；⑤对于原文中表示范围，频率，可能性的夸大也是错误的，例如：sometimes vs. often/ usually

vii. NOT GIVEN：①原文中没有提及(定位词或者考点词）；②题目中出现将来时态的判断句一般为NG；③原

文是人们的目标，目的，愿望，或者誓言等，题目将其写成了事实，一般为NG；④原文中没有两个事物的比较，但是题目中出现了比较，一般为NG；⑤题目中涉及的范围要比原文的范围小，一般为NG，例如：原文为Printers in this area are cheap;题目为：Color printers in this area are cheap.

VI. 操练真题一：Cambridge 8，Test 2, Passage 1，‘Sheet Glass Manufacture: the Float Process’：Questions 9-13

题型 True/False/Not Given Multiple Choice Summary Matching List of Headings 得分 做题技巧+做题速度 定位+技巧 定位能力+同义转换能力+语法 定位能力+词汇量+同义转换能力 雅思惯用文章结构+技巧 Sentence Completion, Short-Answer Questions, 难度低，出现频率少，因此尽量Diagram Label Completion, Flow-Chart Diagram, Table 达到出现了就能答对，主要考察Completion 定位+语法

步骤一：分析题目，划出定位次（红色）和考点词（绿色）；

9 The metal used in the float process had to have specific properties. 10 Pilkington invested some of his own money in his float plant.

11 Pilkington’s first full-scale plant was an instant commercial success.

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12 The process invented by Pilkington has now been improved. 13 Computers are better than humans at detecting faults in glass.

步骤二：开始按照题目顺序做题，由于第12题没有明显定位词，因此可以在做完11和13题目之后，回头在原文中11和13题出题位置之间寻找第12题答案。

9 The metal used in the float process had to have specific properties. 利用metal定位到正文第三段，开始扫读，考点出现在绿色部分：

‘...Pilkington had been experimenting with improving the melting process, and in 1952 he had the idea of using a bed of molten metal to form the flat glass, eliminating altogether the need for rollers within the float bath. The metal has to melt at a temperature less than the hardening point of glass (about 600°C), but could not boil at a temperature below the temperature of the molten glass (about 1500°C)...’ 题目是原文的同义改写，因此是TRUE.

10 Pilkington invested some of his own money in his float plant.

带着money这个定位词，在原文中从第9题出题位置后开始扫读，至第五段：

‘Pilkington built a pilot plant in 1953 and by 1955 had had convinced his company to build a full-scale plant. However, it took 14 months of non-stop production, costing the company ￡100,000 a month, before the plant produced any usable glass.’ 原文中的￡100,000是money的另一种表达形式，但是原文中没有提到Pilkington是否有没有将自己一部分钱投资到了工厂中，因此为Not Given。

11 Pilkington’s first full-scale plant was an instant commercial success.

在做第10题时，考生应该同时注意到第11题的定位词first full-scale也出现在了第10题定位区间内，应此定位应该没有问题，那么接下来扫读，绿色部分为验证考点的部分。

‘Pilkington built a pilot plant in 1953 and by 1955 had had convinced his company to build a full-scale plant. However, it took 14 months of non-stop production, costing the company ￡100,000 a month, before the plant produced any usable glass. Furthermore, once they succeeded in making marketable flat glass, the machine was turned off for a service to prepare it for years of continuous production. When it started up again it took another four months to get the process right again. They finally succeeded in 1959 and there are now float plants all over the world, with each able to produce around 1000 tons of glass every day, non-stop for around 15 years.’ 截止到1955年Pilkington建立了大规模的工厂，但是到了1959年历经波折才取得成功，因此不是instance success, 此题为False。

13 Computers are better than humans at detecting faults in glass.

因为鉴于之前对题目的分析，第12题没有明显定位词，因此现着手做13题。带着定位词computers去原文中第11题后的区间进行定位，computers没有原词出现，但是同类词automated on-line以及technology出现，因此题目区间在倒数第2段，接下来扫读，绿色部分用来判断考点。

‘...Automated on-line inspection does two things. Firstly, it reveals process faults upstream that can be corrected. Inspection technology allows more than 100 million measurements a second to be made across the ribbon, locating flaws the unaided eye would be unable to see...’ 原文同义改写，虽然部分词汇变动较大，例如：computers≈ inspection technology, unaided eye≈human，因此此题为True。

12 The process invented by Pilkington has now been improved.

第11和13题分别在原文第5段和第7段找到，因此第13题出题区间应在在第6段至第7段’...Occasionally, a bubble is not removed during refining, a sand grain refuses to melt, a tremor in the tin puts ripples into the glass ribbon.’之间的区间内。经过定位和扫读，第6段即可判断出题目正确与否。

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‘Float plants today make glass of near optical quality. Several processes-melting, refining, homogenizing-take place simultaneously in the 2000 tones of molten glass in the furnace...’ 经过判断和推断，可以得出题目中的结论，因此本题为True.

VII. 操练真题二：Cambridge 4, Test 2, Passage 2，’Alternative Medicine in Australia’ ：Questions 16-23

步骤一：分析题目，划出定位次（红色）和考点词（绿色）；

16 Australians have been turning to alternative therapies in increasing numbers over the past

20 years.

17 Between 1983 and 1990 the numbers of patients visiting alternative therapists rose to

include a further 8% of the population.

18 The 1990 survey related to 550,000 consultations with alternative therapists. 19 In the past, Australians had a higher opinion of doctors than they do today. 20 Some Australian doctors are retraining in alternative therapists. 21 Alternative therapists earn higher salaries than doctors. 22 The 1993 Sydney survey involved 289 patients who visited alternative therapists for

acupuncture treatment.

23 All the patients in the 1993 Sydney survey had long-term medical complaints.

步骤二：开始按照题目顺序做题,由于第19和21题没有明显定位词，因此建议按照题目顺序做其他题目，最后在原文中18和20题出题位置区间寻找第19题答案，在20题和22题之间出题位置区间寻找第21题答案。

16 Australians have been turning to alternative therapies in increasing numbers over the past

20 years. 利用past 20 years作为定位词，并定位于正文第二段：

‘Disenchantment with orthodox medicine has seen the popularity of alternative therapies in Australia climb steadily during the past 20 years.’ 题目是原文的同义转述，因此为Yes.

17 Between 1983 and 1990 the numbers of patients visiting alternative therapists rose to

include a further 8% of the population. 利用1983和1990两个年代做定位，并且从上一题出题点之后，即正文第二段第二句开始：

‘...In a 1983 national health survey, 1.9% of people said they had contacted a chiropractor, naturopath, osteopath, acupuncturist or herbalist in the two weeks prior to the survey. By 1990, this figure had risen to 2.6% of the population. The 550,000 consultations with alternative therapists reported in the 1990 survey represented about an eighth of the total number of consultations with medically qualified personnel covered by the survey, according to Dr Laver and colleagues writing in the Australian Journal of Public Health in 1993...’ 根据原文，题目将数值与后面的定语相混淆，因此为No。

18 The 1990 survey related to 550,000 consultations with alternative therapists. 虽然根据分析，related to 550,000 consultations是考点词，但550，000同时也可以被用作定位词，做过第17题后会很自然定位到正文第2段第四句话：

‘...The 550,000 consultations with alternative therapists reported in the 1990 survey....’ 题目含义与原文一致，因此为Yes。

20 Some Australian doctors are retraining in alternative therapists. 由于第19题没有明显定位词，为节约时间，直接做20题，用doctors和retraining作为定位词，扫读第18题在原文中出题之后的区间，在正文第二段结尾，和第三段可以定位本题出题位置：

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‘....The high standing of professionals, including doctors, has been eroded as a consequence.’

‘Rather than resisting or criticizing this trend, increasing numbers of Australian doctors, particularly younger ones, are forming group practices with alternative therapists or taking courses themselves, particularly in acupuncture and herbalism.’ 题目为原文的同义表达，因此为Yes。

19 In the past, Australians had a higher opinion of doctors than they do today.

做20题的时候，定位的第一句The high standing of professionals, including doctors, has been eroded as a consequence 即与第18题相关，因此回头做18题，并且多看几句上下文，即：

‘A better educated and less accepting public has become disillusioned with the experts in general, and increasingly skeptical about science and empirically based knowledge, they said. The high standing of professionals, including doctors, has been eroded as a consequence.’ 经过上下文验证，此题为Yes。

22 The 1993 Sydney survey involved 289 patients who visited alternative therapists for

acupuncture treatment. 做之前的题目时，the 1993 Sydney survey就已经作为定位词用过了，因此在做此题是，借助的主要定位词是289，1993为辅，定位到文章第四段：

‘In 1993, Dr Laver and his colleagues published a survey of 289 Sydney people who attended eight alternative therapists’ practices in Sydney. These practices offered a wide range of alternative therapies from 25 therapists...’ 原文的意思是289个人参加了由25位技师提供的8种治疗，而题目的意思是289人来就医的目的就是做针灸，因此为No。

23 All the patients in the 1993 Sydney survey had long-term medical complaints.

做完第22题后，会发现23题其实和第22题讨论的是同一个survey里的同一批人，因此从第22题在原文中的出题点后扫读进行定位即可，定位在第22题出题点后一句：

‘...Those surveyed had experienced chronic illnesses, for which orthodox medicine had been able to provide little relief...’ 虽然原文中没有出现与all对应的绝对化词汇，但是those surveyed就代表了那参与的289人，所以与原文意思一致，long-term是chronic的近义替换，因此本题为Yes。

21 Alternative therapists earn higher salaries than doctors. 按照题文同序原则，第21题定位区间应该在第20和22题之间，即：

‘Part of the incentive was financial, Dr Laver said. The bottom line is that most general practitioners are business people. If they see potential clientele going elsewhere, they might want to be able to offer a similar service.’ 此区间唯一提到钱的地方就是part of the incentive was financial，后面的文字解释了具体原因，即没有任何一处提到alternative therapists与doctors之间工资的对比，所以本题为Not Given。

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H2 I. 操练真题一：Cambridge 6，Test 2, Passage 1，’Advantages of Public Transport’：Questions 6-10 步骤一：分析题目，划出定位次（红色）和考点词（绿色）；

6 The ISTP study examined public and private systems in every city of the world. 7 Efficient cities can improve the quality of life for their inhabitants. 8 An inner-city tram network is dangerous for car drivers. 9 In Melbourne, people prefer to live in the outer suburbs.

10 Cities with high levels of bicycle usage can be efficient even when public transport is only

averagely good.

步骤二：开始按照题目顺序做题:

6 The ISTP study examined public and private systems in every city of the world.

用专有名词ISTP作为定位词(文章中括号里文字必须不能漏掉)，从文章开头定位，找到第一段第二行，即： ‘A new study conducted for the World Bank by Murdoch University’s Institute for Science and Technology Policy (ISTP) has demonstrated that public transport is more efficient than cars. The study compared the proportion of wealth poured into transport by thirty-seven cities around the world. This included both public and private costs of building, maintaining and using a transport system.’ 题目与原文有两处不符，1：题目中提到的是public and private systems但是没有说明是什么系统，而原文指名是transport system; 2：原文中说明该研究只调查了全球37个城市，而题目使用了绝对化词汇every；因此本题为False。

7 Efficient cities can improve the quality of life for their inhabitants.

用efficient cities作为定位词从第6题定位区间之后向下扫读，定位在第二段：

‘...Professor Peter Newman, ISTP Director, pointed out that these more efficient cites were able to put the difference into attracting industry and jobs or creating a better place to live.’ 虽然原文用的是比较级，但是题目没有改变原文的中心思想，属于同义转述，因此为True。

8 An inner-city tram network is dangerous for car drivers. 此题中的tram是相对出现率低的词汇，因此用它来进行定位，在第三段中间部分：

‘...Melbourne’s large tram network has made car use in the inner city much lower, but the outer suburbs have the same car-based structure as most other Australian cities...’ tram在原文中只出现了一次，但是没有提过它对机动车司机是否造成威胁，因此此题为Not Given。

9 In Melbourne, people prefer to live in the outer suburbs.

同时用Melbourne和suburbs作为定位词进行定位，在第8题出题点后一句即是,但是只读这一句明显信息不够判断此题正确与否，因此需要扫读本段：

‘According to Professor Newman, the larger Australian city of Melbourne is a rather unusual city in this sort of comparison. He describes it as two cities: A European city surrounded by a car-dependent one. Melbourne’s large tram network has made car use in the inner city much lower, but the outer suburbs have the same car-based structure as most other Australian cities The explosion in demand for accommodation in the inner suburbs of Melbourne suggests a recent change in many people’s preferences as to where they live.’ 原文首先说墨尔本与其他城市不同，更像是两个城市，内城被一个依赖私家车的外城环绕，内城的私家车使用量低的原因是因为有了tram network，既然人们对内城的交通设施需求如此大，反应了他们更喜欢住在内城的需求，因此题目与原文相悖，False。

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10 Cities with high levels of bicycle usage can be efficient even when public transport is only

averagely good. 利用bicycle进行定位到文章第五段：

‘Bicycle use was not included in the study but Newman noted that the two most bicycle friendly cities considered-Amsterdam and Copenhagen-were every efficient, even though their public transport systems were reasonable but not special.’ 题目为原文同义改写，因此为True。

II. 操练真题二：Cambridge 4，Test 4, Passage 1，’How Much Higher? How Much Faster?’：Questions 1-6

步骤一：分析题目，划出定位次（红色）和考点词（绿色）；

1 Modern official athletic records date from about 1900.

2 There was little improvement in athletic performance before the twentieth century.

3 Performance has improved most greatly in events requiring an intensive burst of energy. 4 Improvements in athletic performance can be fully explained by genetics. 5 The parents of top athletes have often been successful athletes themselves.

6 The growing international importance of athletics means that gifted athletes can be

recognized at a younger age.

步骤二：开始按照题目顺序做题:

1 Modern official athletic records date from about 1900.

同时利用records和1900进行定位，records在文章第一段第4行出现，1900没有在附近出现，但是题目中说的是about 1900, 因此在时间上与原文正文第一句的early years of the twentieth century相吻合; ‘Since the early years of the twentieth century, when the International Athletic Federation began keeping records, there has been a steady improvement in how fast athletes run, how high they jump and how far they are able to hurl massive objects, themselves included, though space.’ 题目为原文的同义转述，因此为True。

2 There was little improvement in athletic performance before the twentieth century. 通过做第1题可判断第2题的出题位置与第1题基本一致，第1题限制的时间是在二十世纪之后，扫读下文发现时间上没有出现二十世纪之前的时间，因此无法判断出二十世纪之前的一切论述，故Not Given。

3 Performance has improved most greatly in events requiring an intensive burst of energy. 从第2题之后开始利用events和burst of energy进行定位，出现在第一段第三句和第四句：

‘...For the so-called power events-that require a relatively brief, explosive release of energy, like the 100-metre sprint and the long jump-times and distances have improved ten to twenty per cent. In the endurance events the results have been more dramatic...’ 既然endurance events的进步比power events的进步更加明显，即可证明most greatly是错误的，因此为False。

4 Improvements in athletic performance can be fully explained by genetics.

利用genetics进行定位至原文第二段：

‘No one theory can explain improvements in performance, but the most important factor has been genetics...’ 原文只说genetics是最重要的因素，而非唯一的，因此题目中的fully是与原文意思相悖的，故False.

5 The parents of top athletes have often been successful athletes themselves. 用parents作为定位词定位到：

‘...The athlete must choose his parents carefully, says Jesus Dapena, a sports scientist at Indiana

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University, invoking an oft-cited adage...’ 全文唯一提到parents的地方，没有涉及运动员父母本身的职业，因此为Not Given。

6 The growing international importance of athletics means that gifted athletes can be

recognized at a younger age. 在定位时，此题的定位词原封不动出现在原文中的情况较少，基本为近义词同义替换，如：growing≈increasing, international≈global, gifted≈the unique complement of genes for athletic performance, 定位区间即为第5题后一句：

‘...Over the past century, the composition of the human gene pool has not changed appreciably, but with increasing global participation in athletics-and greater rewards to tempt athletes-it is more likely that individuals possessing the unique complement of genes for athletic performance can be identified early...’ 题目为原文的同义转述，故True。

III. 操练真题二：Cambridge 7，Test 3, Passage 3，’Forest Policy Making’：Questions 27-33

步骤一：分析题目，划出定位次（红色）和考点词（绿色）；

27 Forest problems of Mediterranean countries are to be discussed at the next meeting of

experts.

28 Problems in Nordic countries were excluded because they are outside the European

Economic Community.

29 Forests are a renewable source of raw material.

30 The biological functions of forests were recognized only in the twentieth century. 31 Natural forests still exist in parts of Europe.

32 Forest policy should be limited by national boundaries.

33 The Strasbourg conference decided that a forest policy must allow for the possibility of

change. 步骤二：开始按照题目顺序做题，第31题由于定位词不明显，因此利用题文同序的原则，做完30题直接做32题，然后在回头在30和32题之间的区间搜索31题答案：

27 Forest problems of Mediterranean countries are to be discussed at the next meeting of

experts.

28 Problems in Nordic countries were excluded because they are outside the European

Economic Community. 第27题和28题的定位词Mediterranean和Nordic距离很近，因此在做27题时一定会看到28题，定位至第一段倒数第二句话：

‘...Those confined to particular geographical areas, such as countries bordering the Mediterranean or the Nordic countries therefore had to be discarded...’ 原文明确说明会议没有讨论Mediterranean和Nordic国际是因为地理原因，并说本次会议没有讨论这些地区不意味今后还会忽视它们，因此第27题为Not Given，第28题为False。

29 Forests are a renewable source of raw material. 带着定位词raw material在原文中定位至第二段中间部分：

‘...At the same time, forests provide raw materials for human activities through their constantly renewed production of wood...’ 题目是原文的同义转述，因此是True。

30 The biological functions of forests were recognized only in the twentieth century.

带着twentieth century从第29题出题点接下去扫读，定位至：

‘As a whole, European countries see forests as performing a triple function: biological, economic and

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recreational....Finally, they offer those condemned to spend five days a week in an urban environment an unrivalled area of freedom to unwind and take part in a range of leisure activities, such as hunting, riding and hiking. The economic importance of forests has been understood since the dawn of man-wood was the first fuel. The other aspects have been recognized only for a few centuries but they are becoming more and more important...’ 本段开头便指出森林资源的三个功能：生物，经济和休闲。后面说经济价值是人类自从懂得木材可以当作燃料被认可的，而其他方面都是最近几个世纪人们开始认识到的，其他方面因此可以推论出包括生物和休闲，因此本题为False。

32 Forest policy should be limited by national boundaries. Policy作为定位词出现在文章第三段第三句话：

‘...This means that a forest policy is vital, that it must transcend national frontiers and generations of people, and that it must allow for the inevitable changes that take place in the forests, in needs, and hence in policy...’ 题目是与原文思想相悖的，因此为False。

33 The Strasbourg conference decided that a forest policy must allow for the possibility of

change. 利用Strasbourg Conference定位至第32题出题点后一句，但是读到such，便可知是指代前面的内容，因此两题出题位置部分重合;

‘...This means that a forest policy is vital, that it must transcend national frontiers and generations of people, and that it must allow for the inevitable changes that take place in the forests, in needs, and hence in policy. The Strasbourg conference was one of the first events on such a scale to reach this conclusion...’ 题目为原文的同义转述，因此为True。

31 Natural forests still exist in parts of Europe.

之所以说第31题没有明显定位词是因为文章开篇就开始说欧洲的森林资源，因此再用Europe去定位意义不大，而forests也是通篇都在讨论的话题，因此将31题放在最后去做是比较省时和明智的选择，在第30和32题在原文中出题点之间的区间进行细读，搜索答案;

‘...Hence, there is a real concern throughout Europe about the damage to the forest environment which threatens these three basic roles.

The myth of the natural forest has survived, yet there are effectively no remaining primary forests in Europe. All European forests are artificial, having been adapted and exploited by man for thousands of years...’ 因此题目与原文思想相悖，为False。

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H3 I. Matching题型简介与解题技巧 简介： i. Matching题型包括以下几个subtypes: 人名与观点/发现，属性与特点，段落信息搭配，长句子搭配； ii. Matching题目在原文中的出题点均是乱序的，与之前的True/False/Not Given题文同序的特点相反； iii. 其中，长句子搭配出题率较低，段落信息搭配是相对最难的。 ‘人名与观点’解题技巧： i. 在原文中划出所有提到的人名以及相关代词（he, she, they）； ii. 划出这些人名以及代词前后表达观点的内容（直接引语以及间接引语）； iii. 分析题目中的观点或发现，划出定位词回到原文中已经划出的观点中一一比对，找出正确答案。 ‘属性与特点’解题技巧： i. 选择利用选项集合还是题目集合回到原文定位（以Non-Paraphrase项来定位）; ii. 处理剩余集合中的每一项; iii. 带着核心词到原文中寻找对应属性并选择正确的选项。

II. 操练真题一：Cambridge 4，Test 2, Passage 3，’Play is a Serious Business’：Questions 36-40 步骤一：在原文中划出所有提到的人名以及相关代词以及这些人名以及代词前后表达观点的内容： 段落 A B 出现的人名及其观点 ...’Even two or three per cent is huge,’ says John Byers of Idaho University. ‘You just don’t find animals wasting energy like that,’ he adds... NA ... [38-E] But Byers points out that the benefits of increased exercise disappear rapidly after training stops, so any improvement in endurance resulting from juvenile play would be lost by adulthood. ‘If the function of play was to get into shape,’ says Byers, ‘the optimum time for playing would depend on when it was most advantageous for the young of a particular species to do so. But it doesn’t work like that.’... ...In one study, behavioral ecologist Tim Caro...He found that the way the cats played had no significant effect on their hunting prowess in later life. [39-D] Earlier this year, Sergio Pellis of Lethbridge University, Canada, reported that there is a strong positive link between brain size and playfulness among mammals in general. Comparing measurements for fifteen orders of mammal, he and his team found larger brains (for a given body size) are linked to greater playfulness. [36-B] The converse was also found to be true. Robert Barton of Durham University believes that, they require more play to help mound them for adulthood. ‘I concluded it’s to do with learning, and with the importance of environmental data to the brain during development,’ he says. According to Byers, the timing of the playful stage in young animals provides an important clue to what’s going on... ‘People have not paid enough attention to the amount of the brain activated by play,’ says Marc Bekoff, from Colorado University. Bekoff studies coyote pups at play and found that the kind of behavior involved was markedly more variable and unpredictable than that of adults. Such behavior activates many different parts of the brain, he reasons. [37-G] Bekoff likens it to a behavioral kaleidoscope, with animals at play jumping rapidly between activities. ‘They use behavior from a lot of different contexts-predation, aggression, reproduction,’ he says. ‘Their developing brain is getting all sorts of stimulation.’ 15 | Page

C D E F G

H ...’There’s enormous cognitive involvement in play,’ says Bekoff. He points out that play often involves complex assessments of playmates, ideas of reciprocity and the use of specialized signals and rules. He believes that play creates a brain that has greater behavioral flexibility and improved potential for learning later in life. [40-A] The idea is backed up by the work of Stephen Siviy of Gettysburg College. Siviy studies how bouts of play affected the brain’s levels of a particular chemical associated with the stimulation and growth of nerve cells. He was surprised by the extent of the activation. ‘Play just lights everything up,’ he says... NA I 步骤二：分析题目中的观点或发现，划出定位词回到原文中已经划出的观点中一一比对，找出正确答案：

List of Findings

A. There is a link between a specific substance in the brain and playing.

B. Play provides input concerning physical surroundings.

C. Varieties of play can be matched to different stages of evolutionary

history.

D. There is a tendency for mammals with smaller brains to play less.

E. Play is not a form of fitness training for the future.

F. Some species of larger-brained birds engage in play.

G. A wide range of activities are combined during in play.

H. Play is a method of teaching survival techniques.

III. 操练真题二：Cambridge 8，Test 1, Passage 1，’A Chronicle of Timekeeping’：Questions 5-8

步骤一：首先利用选项集合（包括选项中单词的其他形式，例如English-England）去原文中进行大范围的定位，再划出题目集合中每一道题目的定位词回到原文定位：

5 They devised a civil calendar in which the months were equal in length. 6 They divided the day into two equal halves.

7... They developed a new cabinet shape for a type of timekeeper.

8....They created a calendar to organize public events and work schedules. 段落 A B 出现的国家或国籍 ‘... [8-A] the Babylonians began to measure time, introducing calendars to co-ordinate communal activities, to plan the shipment of goods and, in particular, to regulate planting and harvesting. They based their calendars on...’ NA ‘[5-B] Centuries before the Roman Empire, the Egyptians had formulated a municipal calendar having 12 months of 30 days, with five days added to approximate the solar year...The cosmic significance the Egyptians placed in the 12 decans led them to develop a system in which each interval of darkness...Temporal hours, which were first adopted by the Greeks and then the Romans, who discussed them through Europe, remained in use for more than 2,500 years.’ NA ‘...Italian hours began sunset, Babylonian hours at sunrise, astronomical hours at midday and great clock hours, used for some large public clocks in Germany at midnight. [6-F] 16 | Page

C D E Eventually these were superseded by small clock, or French hours, which split the day into two 12-hour periods commencing at midnight.’ F NA ‘[7-D] To address this, variation on the original escapement was invented in 1670, in England...Moreover, this invention allowed the use of a long pendulum which could beat once a second and thus led to the development of a new floor-standing case design, which became known as the grandfather clock.’ NA G H

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H4 I.

操练真题一：Cambridge 7，Test 2, Passage 1，’Why Pagodas Don't Fall Down’：Questions 5-10 步骤一：遇到这种有两个主体，判断其各自或共有的特点的题型，事先对文章的结构有大概的了解会事半功倍，建议教师和学员简单将文章脉络捋顺之后再着手做题：

? Paragraph 1, 2, 3: 通过种种现象抛出文章所要探讨的问题，相当于对题目’Why pagodas don’t fall

down’的一个详细的描述；

? Paragraph 4, 5: 追溯历史，说明pagodas的历史渊源，谈到了中国和日本在塔的建设方面的异同之处； ? Paragraph 6: 承上启下，为下文详细说明日本宝塔的三个显著特点；

? Paragraph 7, 8, 9: 分别描述日本宝塔建筑上的三个特点：shinbashira, no pillar and unconnected

storeys, extra-wide eaves。

分析文章结构和脉络之后，可以确定本题的答案应该着重从第4，5段中搜索。

步骤二：由于选项结合中的Japanese/Japan一次在文章中出现次数较多，不利于定位，因此建议分析题目，划出定位词，回到优先考虑的第4，5段中寻找特点的归属者：

5 easy interior access to top 6 tiles on eaves

7... use as observation post

8....size of eaves up to half the width of the building 9 original religious purpose

10 floors fitting loosely over each other

Paragraph 4 & 5: The multi-storey pagoda came to Japan from China in the sixth century. [9-A] As in China, they were first introduced with Buddhism and were attached to important temples. The Chinese built their pagodas in brick or stone, [5-B] with inner staircases, and [7-B] used them in later centuries mainly as watchtowers. When the pagoda reached Japan, however, its architecture was freely adapted to local conditions-they were built less high, typically five rather than nine storeys, made mainly of wood and the staircase was dispensed with because the Japanese pagoda did not have any practical use but became more of an art object. Because of the typhoons that batter Japan in the summer, Japanese builders learned to extend the eaves of buildings further beyond the walls. This prevents rainwater gushing down the walls. Pagodas in China and Korea have nothing like the overhang that is found on pagodas in Japan.

[8-C] The roof of a Japanese temple building can be made to overhang the sides of the structure by fifty per cent or more of the building’s overall width. For the same reason, the builders of Japanese pagodas seem to have further increased their weight by choosing to [6-A] cover these extended eaves not with the porcelain tiles of many Chinese pagodas but with much heavier earthenware tiles. Paragraph 8: ... [10-C] More surprising is the fact that the individual storeys of a Japanese pagoda, unlike their counterparts elsewhere, are not actually connected to each other. They are simply stacked one on top of another like a pile of hats...

II. 操练真题二：Cambridge 7，Test 4, Passage 3, ‘Effects on Noise’：Questions 35-40

步骤一：利用选项集合中的人名回到原文中进行定位，划出文章中所有的人名;

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步骤二：分析题目，划出题目中的定位词：

35 Subjects exposed to noise find it difficult at first to concentrate on problem-solving tasks. 36 Long-term exposure to noise can produce changes in behavior which can still be observed

a year later.

37 The problems associated with exposure to noise do not arise if the subject knows they can

make it stop.

38 Exposure to high-pitched noise results in more errors than exposure to low-pitched noise. 39 Subjects find it difficult to perform three tasks at the same time when exposed to noise. 40 Noise affects a subject’s capacity to repeat numbers while carrying out another task.

步骤三：按照题目顺序，回到原文划出的人名附近需找对应人名所做的工作，一一进行判断： 段落 人员及其工作内容 ‘... [35-A] For example, Glass and Singer (1972) exposed people to short bursts to very loud noise and then measured their ability to work out problems and their physiological reactions to the noise. The noise was quite disruptive at first, but after about four minutes the subjects were doing just as well on their tasks as control subjects who were not exposed to noise. Their physiological arousal also declined quickly to the same levels as those of the control subjects.’ ‘... [39-B] For example, high noise levels interfered with the performance of subjects who were required to monitor three dials at a time, a task not unlike that of an aeroplane pilot or an air-traffic controller (Broadbent, 1957). [40-C] Similarly, noise did not affect a subject’s ability to track a moving line with a steering wheel, but it did interfere with the subject’s ability to repeat numbers while tracking (Frankelman and Glass, 1970).’ NA NA ‘... [37-A] Another is control. If the individual knows that he or she can control the noise, this seems to eliminate both its negative effects at the time and its after-effects. This is true even if the individual never actually exercises his or her option to turn the noise off (Glass and Singer, 1972). Just the knowledge that one has control is sufficient.’ ‘[36-D] The studies discussed so far exposed people to noise for only short periods and only transient effects were studied. But the major worry about noise environments is that living day after day with chronic noise may produce serious, lasting effects. One study, suggesting that worry is a realistic one, compared elementary school pupils who attended schools near Los Angeles’s busiest airport with students who attended schools in quiet neighborhoods (Cohen et al., 1980). It was found that children from the noisy schools had higher blood pressure and were more easily distracted they became. The effects also seem to be long lasting. A follow-up study showed that children who were moved to less noisy classrooms still showed greater distractibility one year later than students who had always been in the quiet schools (Cohen et al., 1981). It should be noted that the two groups of children had been carefully matched by the investigators so that they were comparable in age, ethnicity, race, and social class.’ 第一段 第二段 第三段 第四段 第五段 第六段 III. 操练真题三：Cambridge 6，Test 3, Passage 2，’Motivating Employees under Adverse Conditions’：

Questions 25-27

步骤一：比较选项集合和题目结合，从文字在文章中的出现频率方面来看，哪个集合都没有明显优势，因此从

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数量上考虑，题目集合只有三个，而选项集合有五个，其中有两个是用不上的，因此选择题目集合先回原文定位，之后再用题目集合来细致比对； 段落 THE CHALLENGE 不同工作人员及其特质 NA ‘...For example, if the job is running a small business or an autonomous unit within a larger business, high achievers should be sought...Accordingly, high achievers should not be put into jobs that are inconsistent with their needs. High achievers will do best when the job provides moderately challenging goals and where there is independence and feedback...’ ‘... [25-B] For those with high achievement need, typically a minority in an organization, and the existence of external goals is less important because high achievers are already internally motivated...’ NA NA NA ‘...For instance, a study comparing clerical and production workers identified nearly twenty inputs and outcomes. [26-C] The clerical workers considered factors such as quality of work performed and hob knowledge near the top of their list, but these were at the bottom of the production workers’ list...For example. [27-A] production workers rated advancement very highly...’ KEY POINT ONE KEY POINT TWO KEY POINT THREE KEY POINT FOUR KEY POINT FIVE KEY POINT SIX

List of Descriptions A. B. C. D. E. They judge promotions to be important. They have less need of external goals. They think that the quality of their work is important. They resist goals which are imposed. They have limited job options. VIII. 长句子搭配题型做法 i. 选择利用选项集合还是题目集合回到原文定位（比较长短项） ii. 处理剩余集合中的每一项 iii. 带着核心词到原文中寻找对应属性（具有顺序性）

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