自考《英语二》2012年出版最新讲义第五章

《英语二》

Unit 5 Keeping Your Dreams Alive Text A Life is Difficult

A Famous Quote

You are never too old to set another goal or to dream a new dream.

—— C. S. Lewis 无论年纪多大，都可以有新目标、新梦想。

—— C. S. 刘易斯 New Words

transcend v. to be or go beyond the usual limits of something 超出，超越（通常的界限） incessantly adj. non-stop 不停地；持续不断地

noisily adv. in the way of making a lot of noise 喧闹地

subtly adv. in the way that is not very noticeable or obvious 不易察觉地；不明显地；微妙地

enormity n. the very great size, effect, etc. of something; the fact of something being very serious 巨大；深远影响；严重性

burden n. a duty, responsibility, etc. that causes worry, difficulty or hard work （义务、责任等的）重担，负担

belief n. a strong feeling that something/somebody exists or is true; confidence that something/somebody is good or right 相信；信心

unique adj. being the only one of its kind; very special or unusual 唯一的；独一无二的；独特的 affliction n. pain and suffering or something that causes it 折磨；痛苦 especially adv. more with one person, thing, etc. than with others, or more in particular circumstances than in others 尤其；特别；格外

tribe n. （in developing countries） a group of people of the same race, and with the same customs, language, religion, etc. living in a particular area and often led by a chief 部落

species n. a group into which animals, plants, etc. that are able to breed with each other and produce healthy young are divided, smaller than a genus and identified by a Latin name 种，物种（分类上小于属） discipline n. the ability to control your behaviour or the way you live, work, etc. 自制力；遵守纪律

confront v. to deal with a problem or difficult situation 处理，解决（问题或困境）

evoke v. to bring a feeling, a memory or an image into your mind 引起，唤起（感情、记忆或形象） grief n. a feeling of great sadness, especially when somebody dies （尤指因某人去世引起的）悲伤，悲痛，伤心

guilt n. the unhappy feelings caused by knowing or thinking that you have done something wrong 内疚；悔恨

anxiety n. the state of feeling nervous or worried that something bad is going to happen 焦虑；忧虑

anguish n. severe pain, mental suffering or unhappiness 剧痛；极度痛苦；苦恼 despair n. the feeling of having lost all hope 绝望

uncomfortable adj. anxious, embarrassed or afraid and unable to relax （使）焦虑的，尴尬的，害怕的，不自在的

physical adj. connected with a person's body rather than their mind 身体的；肉体的；躯体的

equal adj. to be as good as something else or do something to the same standard as somebody else 比════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════

《英语二》

得上；敌得过

conflict n. a situation in which people, groups or countries are involved in a serious disagreement or argument 冲突；争执；争论

engender v. to make a feeling or situation exist 产生，引起（某种感觉或情况）

pose v. to create a threat, problem, etc. that has to be dealt with 造成（威胁、问题等）；引起；产生

distinguish v. to recognize the difference between two people or things 区分；辨别；分清

wisdom n. the ability to make sensible decisions and give good advice because of the experience and knowledge that you have 智慧；才智；精明

mentally adv. connected with or happening in the mind 精神上；智力上；思想上

spiritually adv. in the way that is connected with the human spirit, rather than the body or physical things 精神上；心灵上

desire n. to want something; to wish for something 渴望；期望

deliberately adv. done in a way that was planned, not by chance 故意；蓄意；存心 instruct v. to teach somebody something, or show them how to do something 教授；指导

dread v. to be very afraid of something; to fear that something bad is going to happen 非常害怕；极为担心

Phrases and Expressions

moan about to complain about something in a way that other people find annoying 抱怨

a series of several events or things of a similar kind that happen one after the other 一系列；连续

because of for the reason of 因为

as well as in addition to somebody/something; too 除?之外

cutting edge the newest, most advanced stage in the development of something （处于某事物发展的）尖端，最前沿，领先阶段

call forth to produce a particular reaction 引起；使产生 重点词汇

transcend v. to be or go beyond the usual limits of something 超出，超越（通常的界限）

eg: Such matters transcend man's knowledge, i.e. we cannot know about them. 这些问题人类是无法了解的。 衍生

transcendent adj. extremely great; supreme 卓越的；至高无上的 eg: a writer of transcendent genius 杰出的天才作家

burden n. a duty, responsibility, etc. that causes worry, difficulty or hard work （义务、责任等的）重担，负担

eg: bear/carry/shoulder a heavy burden 负有/负起/肩负/重担

affliction n. pain and suffering or something that causes it 折磨；痛苦 eg: help people in affliction 帮助受苦的人 衍生

afflict v. [usu. passive 通常用於被动语态]

~ sb./sth. （with sth.） cause trouble, pain or distress to sb./sth. 使某人/某物苦恼﹑ 疼痛或悲痛 eg: She is afflicted with （i.e. suffers from） arthritis. 她患关节炎。 Severe drought has afflicted the countryside. 严重的干旱使乡村深受其害。 构词

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《英语二》

词根 flict = to strike 打击 afflict v. 折磨 affliction n. 痛苦 conflict n. 冲突 inflict v. 使遭受 infliction n. 痛苦

species n. a group into which animals, plants, etc. that are able to breed with each other and produce healthy young are divided, smaller than a genus and identified by a Latin name 种，物种（分类上小于属） eg: pandas and other endangered species 熊猫和其他濒危物种

confront v. to deal with a problem or difficult situation 处理，解决（问题或困境） be confronted with sth.

eg: Customers are confronted with a bewildering amount of choice. 顾客面临众多选择。 衍生

confrontation n. （instance of） angry opposition 对抗；对抗的事物

eg: a confrontation between the government and the unions 政府与工会之间的对抗

instruct v. to teach somebody something, or show them how to do something 教授；指导 ~ sb. （in sth.）

eg: instruct a class （in history） 教某班级（历史） 衍生

instructor n. person who instructs; trainer 教员；教练；指导员 eg: a driving instructor 驾驶教练

instruction n. ~ （in sth.） process of teaching; knowledge or teaching given （对知识的）教授，传授；（传授的）知识；教导

eg: In this course, students receive instruction in basic engineering. 在本课程中，学生能学到基础工程学的知识。 构词

词根 struct = to build 建造，建立 structure n. 构造，结构 construct v. 建设 construction n. 建设 destruction n. 毁灭

destructive adj. 有破坏力的 instruct v. 指导 instruction n. 教导

superstructure n. 上层建筑 Life Is Difficult P1

Life is difficult.

This is a great truth, one of the greatest truths. It is a great truth because once we truly see this truth we transcend it. Once we truly know that life is difficult — once we truly understand and accept it — then life is no longer difficult. Because once it is accepted, the fact that life is difficult no longer matters. P2

Most people do not fully see this truth that life is difficult.

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《英语二》

P3

Instead they moan more or less incessantly, noisily or subtly, about the enormity of their problems, their burdens, and their difficulties as if life were generally easy, as if life should be easy. They voice their belief, noisily or subtly, that their difficulties represent a unique kind of affliction that should not be and that has somehow been especially visited upon them, or else upon their families, their tribe, their class, their nation, their race, or even their species, and not upon others. I know about this moaning because I have done my share. P4

Life is a series of problems. Do we want to moan about them or solve them? Do we want to teach our children to solve them? P5

Discipline is the basic set of tools we require to solve life's problems. Without discipline we can solve nothing. With only some discipline we can solve only some problems. With total discipline we can solve all problems. P6

What makes life difficult is that the process of confronting and solving problems is a painful one. Problems, depending upon their nature, evoke in us frustration of grief, sadness, loneliness, guilt, regret, anger, fear, anxiety, anguish, or despair. These are uncomfortable feelings, often very uncomfortable, often as painful as any kind of physical pain, sometimes equaling the very worst kind of physical pain. Indeed, it is because of the pain that events or conflicts engender in us all that we can call them problems. And since life poses an endless series of problems, life is always difficult and is full of pain as well as joy. P7

Yet it is in this whole process of meeting and solving problems that life has its meaning. Problems are the cutting edge that distinguishes between success and failure. Problems call forth our courage and our wisdom; indeed, they create our courage and our wisdom. It is only because of problems that we grow mentally and spiritually. When we desire to encourage the growth of the human spirit, we challenge and encourage the human capacity to solve problems, just as in school we deliberately set problems for our children to solve. It is through the pain of confronting and resolving that we learn. As Benjamin Franklin said, \actually to welcome problems and actually to welcome the pain of problems. 链接

Hold fast to dream ---Langston Hughes

Hold fast to dreams 紧紧抓住梦想 For if dreams die 梦想若是消亡

Life is a broken-winged bird 生命就象鸟儿折了翅膀 That can never fly 再也不能飞翔 Hold fast to dreams 紧紧抓住梦想 For when dreams go 梦想若是消丧

Life is a barren field 生命就象贫瘠的荒野 Frozen only with snow 雪覆冰封，万物不再生长 语法点睛

（一）名词从句

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《英语二》

1. 本质：句子（S + V） 分别充当主语、宾语、表语、同位语，便构成了主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。这四种从句本质都有名词的性质，所以统称名词性从句。

2. 经研究发现，名词从句就是用三种句子（陈述句、一般疑问句、特殊疑问句）来分别充当另外一个句子的四种句子成分，但做了一定的调整。演化如下： 1）陈述句做成分，在其前加引导词that。

陈述句 English is important. That English is important is an undoubted fact. I know that English is important. My idea is that English is important. I hold the opinion that English is important. 2）一般疑问句做成分，在其加引导词whether, 并变倒装语序为正装语序。 一般疑问句 Will he come to my party? Whether he will come to my party makes no difference to me. I don't know whether/if he will come to my party. My question is whether he will come to my party. I have a question whether he will come to my party. 3）特殊疑问句做成分，倒装变正装即可。 特殊疑问句 What should we do? What we should do is to work hard at English. I don't know what we should do To hold our dream is what we should do. There is a question what we should do. 主语从句 宾语从句 表语从句 同位语从句 主语从句 宾语从句 表语从句 同位语从句 主语从句 宾语从句 表语从句 同位语从句 3.课文里出现的名词从句

1）Once we truly know that life is difficult — once we truly understand and accept it — then life is no longer difficult.

2）Because once it is accepted, the fact that life is difficult no longer matters. 3）Most people do not fully see this truth that life is difficult.

4）They voice their belief, noisily or subtly, that their difficulties represent a unique kind of affliction that should not be and that has somehow been especially visited upon them, or else upon their families, their tribe, their class, their nation, their race, or even their species, and not upon others. I know about this moaning because I have done my share.

5）What makes life difficult is that the process of confronting and solving problems is a painful one.

（二）强调句

1.结构： It is + 被强调的部分 + that + 句子的其他部分

\

\ \ 2.课文里出现的强调句

1）Yet it is in this whole process of meeting and solving problems that life has its meaning. Problems are the cutting edge that distinguishes between success and failure.

2）It is only because of problems that we grow mentally and spiritually.

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《英语二》

friends are facing some seemingly insurmountable challenges in their lives.近来，似乎我的朋友中有越来越多的人面临着他们生活中貌似无法逾越的挑战。答案为Y。

（ ） 2.It is desperation that causes the author's friends to turn to him for advice. [答疑编号506430050402]

【正确答案】N

【答案解析】第二段第一句I don't know if it is desperation that causes them to turn to me for advice.我不知道是否是绝望促使他们过来找我寻求建议。而题干的描述与文意相反。答案为N。

（ ） 3.It is very easy to offer words of hope to people who feel hopeless. [答疑编号506430050403]

【正确答案】N

【答案解析】第二段第二句But it is difficult, to say the least, to offer words of hope when all they feel is hopelessness.但是当他们感到很无望的时候，至少，说些点燃他们希望的话都很难。题干说法与文章相反。答案为N。

（ ） 4.The author felt very empty when offered some cheerful words. [答疑编号506430050404]

【正确答案】Y

【答案解析】第三段第二句后半句??I remember how empty I felt after someone cheerfully offered words like \your chin up\我记得每当别人兴高采烈地说些“别泄气！”，“事情会好起来的！”，“坚持住！”，“?? 总是黑暗的”等等诸如此类的话之后，我的感觉是多么的空虚。答案为Y。

（ ） 5.All life challenges bring about an ending — and the chance for a beginning. [答疑编号506430050405]

【正确答案】Y

【答案解析】倒数第四段第一句All life challenges bring about an ending — and the chance for a beginning.所有生命中的挑战最终都要归为结束——即新希望的开始。答案为Y。

（ ） 6.\ [答疑编号506430050406]

【正确答案】Y

【答案解析】从第七段开始，作者一直用“begin again”来回答别人的提问。文章最后再一次写到if you are a person of faith, even death does not mean it's over.It means, \begin again.” 如果你是一个有信仰的人，甚至死亡对你来说都不意味着结束，而是意味着“重新开始”。由此看出“begin again”是作者给出的最重要的建议，答案为Y。

Ⅱ Building Your Vocabulary Section A

Directions: Complete each of the following sentences with the correct choice of the words given in ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════

《英语二》

the brackets.

1.You'd better not let your ________ run away with you.（imagine, imagination） [答疑编号506430050407]

【正确答案】imagination

【答案解析】先判断your后需要一个名词。imagine动词，意为“想象”；imagination名词，意为“想象力”。本句可理解为“最好不要让你的想象力像脱绥的野马”。答案为imagination。

2.Don't ever ________ me again or I will seek ultimate justice.（threat, threaten） [答疑编号506430050408]

【正确答案】threaten

【答案解析】祈使句，这里Don't后需要一个动词。threat名词，意为“威胁、恐吓”；threaten动词，意为“威胁、恐吓”。答案为threaten。

3.He is seriously ill and unlikely to ________.（recover, recovery） [答疑编号506430050409]

【正确答案】recover

【答案解析】be unlikely to do sth.固定搭配，意为“不可能做某事”，后面接动词原形。recover动词，意为“恢复”；recovery名词，意为“恢复”。句意是“他的病太严重了，不可能恢复了”。答案为recover。

4.We're trying to ________ him with confidence.（inspire, inspiration） [答疑编号506430050410]

【正确答案】inspire

【答案解析】be trying to do sth.意为“尝试做某事”，to后面接动词原形。inspire动词，意为“激动”；inspiration名词，意为“激励”。答案为inspire。

5.The book provides ________ information on recent trends.（value, valuable） [答疑编号506430050411]

【正确答案】valuable

【答案解析】此处information前需要一个形容词来修饰。value 做名词时，意为“价值”；做动词时，意为“评价、估计”。valuable 形容词，意为“有价值的”。句意是“这本书对目前的趋势提供了有价值的信息。”答案为valuable。

6.The writer illustrates his point by ________ from a number of sources.（quote, quotation） [答疑编号506430050412]

【正确答案】quotation

【答案解析】介词by后需要填写名词形式。quote可用作动词和名词，有“引用”的意思。quotation是名词，有“引用语、语录”的意思。本句句意是“这个作家引用了许多资料来说明他的观点。”根据文意应该选quotation。答案为quotation。

Section B

Directions: Fill in the blanks with the words given below.Change the form where necessary.

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《英语二》

challenge inspire value contact desperate cheerful uncaring battle 1.One of the most ________ aspects of coping with illness is the unpredictable nature of many conditions and the uncertainty.

[答疑编号506430050413]

【正确答案】desperate

【答案解析】the most desperate是形容词的最高级，因此这里填形容词。句意是“对抗疾病最悲观的一点是，各种情况的不可预知性和不确定性。”答案为desperate。

2.As she repeated the same message over and over, she could hear the growing ________ in her voice, but she could do nothing to control it. [答疑编号506430050414]

【正确答案】challenge

【答案解析】本空缺少名词作宾语，challenge意为“挑战”，本句可译为“当她不断地重复念这个消息的时候，她可以听到自己声音里的不断增长的挑战意味，但是她无法控制。”答案为challenge。

3.People are more alert, focused, and even ________ after chewing gum, according to a study from Cardiff University in Wales.

[答疑编号506430050415]

【正确答案】cheerful

【答案解析】此处more alert, focused 是形容词的比较级，因此and后应填入和前边对应的、意思相近的形容词形式。句意是“根据威尔士卡迪夫大学的研究报告，人们在嚼口香糖后会变得更警觉、注意力更集中，甚至更快乐。”答案为cheerful。

4.Now, too frequently, style and technique seem to be ________ over powerful story telling in TV production.

[答疑编号506430050416]

【正确答案】valuable

【答案解析】seem to be 固定搭配，意思是“似乎”。其后直接接名词或形容词形式。value 的形容词为valuable，意为“宝贵的”。句意是“现在，在电视节目制作过程里，风格与技术似乎比有力量的故事更有价值。”答案为valuable。

5.The website allows people to ________ me directly about my editing and mentoring services. [答疑编号506430050417]

【正确答案】contact

【答案解析】allow sb.to do.sth.意思是“允许某人做某事”。to后直接跟动词原形。句意是“人们可以通过网络就我的写作和职业辅导方案进行直接沟通。”答案为contact。

6.It is so ________ that so many people feel moved to come out and express themselves. [答疑编号506430050418]

【正确答案】inspiring

【答案解析】表示“某事令某人怎样”时用动词ing形式，动词ing形式可做句子的表语。句

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《英语二》

意是“它如此令人鼓舞，以至于很多人都走了出来，并展示了自己。”答案为inspiring。

考试题型：标题配对和补全句子（试卷第三题）

第三部分：概括段落大意和补全句子（第16~25题，每题1分，共10分）

阅读下面短文，请完成短文后的2项测试任务：（1）从第16~20题后所给的6个选项中为第①～⑤段每段选择1个正确的小标题；（2）从第21~25题后所给的6个选项中选择 5个正确选项，分别完成每个句子。 Five Reasons to Celebrate Mistakes（教材P186） P1

Mistakes have a way of focusing our attention and putting crucial problems right in our face.Mistakes light a path for us.When we own up to our mistakes, we often know exactly what's not working and what we can do to fix it. P2

There is one sure way to avoid mistakes and that's to avoid life.The writer who never finishes a book will never have to worry about getting negative reviews.The comedian who never performs in front of an audience is sure to avoid telling jokes that fall flat.When we are comfortable with making mistakes, we're more likely to take risks and tackle projects.Celebrating mistakes involves wisdom.Effective people don't set goals with the idea of making mistakes.Instead, they aim to reach those goals while accepting the risk of error. P3

Imagine working at a company that has no standards — where mistakes are not distinguished from successes and no one is held accountable for errors.We could turn in the most careless and the crudest pieces of work we'd ever done, and they would get treated, the same as our best work.We'd never be able to count on having the supplies we needed because no one would complain when vendors failed to

deliver.Projects could go permanently unfinished and no one would say anything.In an atmosphere where there's no difference between failure and success, the word \can happen only when people are truly committed to making things work. P4

The word \mistakes reminds us of what we really want to have, do, and be.Mistakes offer us an opportunity to practice truth telling.With this act come the rewards of honesty and frankness, including self-knowledge and the capacity for change.As we tell the truth about our mistakes, we can benefit by releasing shame and blame.Fixing mistakes and preventing them from happening again are key goals. P5

Mistakes are usually more instructive than successes — and often far more interesting.The lessons we learn from making mistakes often stick with us for a lifetime.We can translate those lessons into new values and behaviors that make a profound difference.With all these potential benefits from mistakes, we have plenty of reasons to celebrate them. Task 1 A.Mistakes encourage taking risks B.Mistakes practice telling truth C.Mistakes make powerful teachers D.Mistakes are as important as successes E.Mistakes focus our attention ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════

《英语二》

F.Mistakes make things work 16.Paragraph 1 __________________________ [答疑编号506430050419]

【正确答案】E

【答案解析】第一段首句给出I我们相关的信息， Mistakes have ,a way of focusing our attention a时?in our face，即错误会给我们一种集中精力和直面关键问题的方法。综合来看，只有E项中出现了关键词focus our attention。答案为E。

17.Paragraph 2__________________________ [答疑编号506430050420]

【正确答案】A

【答案解析】第二段通过事例讲到人应该不惧怕犯错误，才能改正错误，让自己进步。A项中的关键词encourage taking risks符合本段语境。答案为A。

18.Paragraph 3__________________________ [答疑编号506430050421]

【正确答案】F

【答案解析】第三段通过在公司工作的情况，展现出没有正确与错误标准的公司不会有任何的进步和进展。所以结尾总结出只有在人们推动事情有所进展的时候，错误才会出现。与F项中含义相符。答案为F。

19.Paragraph 4__________________________ [答疑编号506430050422]

【正确答案】B

【答案解析】第四段是对“错误”的意义的论述，承认错误可以让我们知道自己真正所想，可以给我们机会来说出真相。这样的话我们就会得到诚恳和坦率，自身知识的提高和改变的能力。又讲到了说出错误的种种好处。因此B项中的关键词telling truth 符合本段主旨。答案为B。

20.Paragraph 5___________________________ [答疑编号506430050423]

【正确答案】C

【答案解析】第五段通过mistake与success的比较，阐述出错误的重要性。所以可以判断出错误与成功一样，都具有很重要的教育意义。答案为C。

Task 2

A.stick with us for a lifetime D.accepting the risk of error B.what we can do to fix it E.worry about being criticized C.committed to making things work F.committed to making things work 21.We often know through mistakes what's going wrong and________ . [答疑编号506430050424]

【正确答案】B

【答案解析】第一段最后指出当我们完全供认自己的错误的时候，我们才会清楚地知道到底哪里出了问题以及如何来弥补（When we own up?to fix it）, 所以B项最符合本空。答案为

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《英语二》

B。

22.If a writer never finishes his book, he will never have to__________ . [答疑编号506430050425]

【正确答案】E

【答案解析】第二段第二句指出一个从来不写作的作家，永远不用担心得到负面的评论（The writer who never?negative reviews）, criticized与negative reviews语义一致。答案为E。

23.Effective people aim to reach their goals while _________. [答疑编号506430050426]

【正确答案】D

【答案解析】第二段最后两句讲到有效率的人从来不制定有错误的目标，相反，他们接受在达到目标时出现错误的风险（Effective people don't set?the risk of error.）。因此D项符合本空含义。答案为D。

24.People can make mistakes only when they are truly___________. [答疑编号506430050427]

【正确答案】C/F

【答案解析】第三段最后一句指出只有人们在真正投入到工作中让事情有所进展的时候，错误才会发生（Mistakes can happen only when?making things work），答案为C/F。

25.We can learn some lessons from making mistakes, which often__________. [答疑编号506430050428]

【正确答案】A

【答案解析】最后一段第二句指出，我们从错误中得到的教训会伴随我们终生（The lessons we learn?for a lifetime） 。因此只有A项符合。答案为A。

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《英语二》

B。

22.If a writer never finishes his book, he will never have to__________ . [答疑编号506430050425]

【正确答案】E

【答案解析】第二段第二句指出一个从来不写作的作家，永远不用担心得到负面的评论（The writer who never?negative reviews）, criticized与negative reviews语义一致。答案为E。

23.Effective people aim to reach their goals while _________. [答疑编号506430050426]

【正确答案】D

【答案解析】第二段最后两句讲到有效率的人从来不制定有错误的目标，相反，他们接受在达到目标时出现错误的风险（Effective people don't set?the risk of error.）。因此D项符合本空含义。答案为D。

24.People can make mistakes only when they are truly___________. [答疑编号506430050427]

【正确答案】C/F

【答案解析】第三段最后一句指出只有人们在真正投入到工作中让事情有所进展的时候，错误才会发生（Mistakes can happen only when?making things work），答案为C/F。

25.We can learn some lessons from making mistakes, which often__________. [答疑编号506430050428]

【正确答案】A

【答案解析】最后一段第二句指出，我们从错误中得到的教训会伴随我们终生（The lessons we learn?for a lifetime） 。因此只有A项符合。答案为A。

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