高中定语从句讲义（教师用）

高考定语从句专题讲解

（一）定义及相关术语

需要理解的概念

定语：定语是用来修饰、限定、说明名词或代词的品质与特征的。 主要有形容词此外还有名词、代词、数词、介词短语、动词不定式（短语）、分词、定语从句或相当于形容词的词、短语或句子都可以作定语。 ①数词作定语相当于形容词

Two boys need two pens.（two修饰名词boy：two修饰名词pen）/两个男孩需要两支钢笔。

②代词或名词所有格作定语

His son needs Tom's pen.（his修饰名词son；Tom’s修饰名词pen）/他的儿子需要Tom的钢笔。

③介词短语作定语

The boy in the classroom needs a pen of yours.（in the classroom 修饰名词boy；of yours修饰名词pen）/教室里的男孩需要你的一支钢笔。

④名词作定语

The boy needs a ball pen.（ball修饰名词pen）/男孩需要一支圆珠笔。 ⑤副词作定语

The boy there needs a pen.（there修饰名词boy）/那儿的男孩需要一支钢笔。

⑥不定式作定语

The boy to write this letter needs a pen.（ to write this letter 修饰名词boy）/写这封信的男孩需要一支钢笔。

⑦分词（短语）作定语

The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother.（ smiling 修饰名词boy；bought by his mother修饰名词pen）/那个微笑的男孩需要一支他妈妈买的钢笔。 ⑧定语从句

The boy who is reading needs the pen which you bought yesterday.（who修饰名词boy；which 修饰名词pen）/那个在阅读的男孩需要你昨天买的钢笔。

定义：在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。引导定语从句的关系代词有who, whom, whose, which, that等；关系副词有where, when, why等。关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中担任句子成分。

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先行词 物 关系词 That，which Whose When、where、why 人 Who、that Whose Whom 人、物、事 That 关系词在从中担任的成分 主语、宾语、表语 定语 状语 主语、宾语、表语 定语 宾语、表语 主语、宾语、表语 注意：关系代词which，as可以指代整个主句，在从句中作主语、宾语、表语。定语从句中关系词的选择依据有两个：一是看先行词是人还是物，二是关系词在从句中担任什么成分。

先行词:指被定语从句修饰的名词、代词。 一般先行词出现在定语从句的前面。

关系词的作用:关系词常有3个作用： ①连接作用，引导定语从句。 ②代替先行词。 ③在定语从句中担当一个成分。

关系词通常有下列三个作用：A、引导定语从句；B、代替先行词；C、在定语从句中担当一个成分。例如：

The man who is shaking hands with my father is a policeman. 该句中，

who is shaking hands with my father 是定语从句，修饰先行词the man， “who”是引导定语从句的关系词，代替先行词the man，在定语从句中作主语。

（二）关系代词引导的定语从句

1．who 指人，在定语从句中作主语或者宾语。

The boys who are playing football are from Class One. 正在踢足球的男孩是一班的。

Those who want to go to the museum must be at the school gate at 7 tomorrow morning. 想去博物馆的人必须在明晨7点到大门口集合。

Yesterday I helped an old man who had lost his way. 昨天我帮助了一位迷路的老人。 That is the teacher who teaches us physics. 那就是教我们物理的老师。

2．whom 指人，在定语从句中做宾语，常可省略。

Mr Liu is the person ( whom ) you talked about on the bus. 刘先生就是你们在公共汽车上谈论的那个人。

Li Ming is just the boy ( whom ) I want to see. 李明正是我想要见的男孩。

The professor ( whom ) you are waiting for has come. 你正在等的教授已经来了。

The girl ( whom ) the teacher often praises is our monitor. 老师经常表扬的那个女孩是我们的班长。

注意：关系代词whom 在口语或非正式文体中常可用who 来代替，也可省略。 The man ( whom / who )you met just now is my old friend.

3．Which 指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语，做宾语时常可省略。

Football is a game which is liked by most boys. 足球是大多数男孩所喜欢的运动。

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The factory which makes computers is far away from here. 制造计算机的那家公司离这儿很远。 He likes to read books which are written by foreign writers. 他喜欢外国作家写的书。 The house which is by the lake looks nice. 湖边的那幢房子看上去很漂亮。 This is the pen ( which ) he bought yesterday. 这是他昨天买的钢笔。

The film ( which ) they went to see last night was not interesting at all. 他们昨晚看的电影一点意思也没有。

4．That 指人时，相当于who 或whom；指物时，相当于which.。在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时常可省略。

The number of people that / who come to visit this city each year reaches one million. 每年来参观这座城市的人数达一百万。

Where is the man that / whom I saw this morning? 我今天早上看到的那个人在哪儿？ The person that /whom you introduced to me is very kind. 你介绍给我的那个人很友好。 The season that / which comes after spring is summer. 春天以后的季节是夏季。

Yesterday I received a letter that / which came from Australia. 昨天我收到了一封来自澳大利亚的信。

5．Whose 通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语。

I visited a scientist whose name is known all over the country. 我拜访了一个全国知名的科学家。 He has a friend whose father is a doctor. 他有一个爸爸当医生的朋友。

I once lived in the house whose roof has fallen in. 我曾经住在那幢屋顶已经倒塌了的房子里。

注意：指物时，常用下列结构来代替：词序是（the+名词+of+which）或（of which+the+名词） The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.

The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired. Do you like the book whose cover is yellow?

Do you like the book the cover of which is yellow?

（三）“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句

关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时，从句常常由“介词+关系代词”引出。 The school (which / that) he once studied in is very famous.

The school in which he once studied is very famous. 他曾经就读过的学校很出名。 Tomorrow I’ll bring here the magazine (which / that) you asked for.

Tomorrow I’ll bring here the magazine for which you asked.明天我将把你要的杂志带来。 This is the boy (whom / who / that) I played tennis with yesterday.

This is the boy with whom I played tennis with yesterday. 这是我昨天跟他打台球的男孩。 We’ll go to hear the famous singer (whom / who / that) we have often talked about.

We’ll go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked.我们将去听那位我们经常谈论的著名歌唱家演唱。

The manager whose company I work in pays much attention to improving our working conditions. The manager in whose company I work pays much attention to improving our working conditions. 我工作的那家公司的经理十分注意改善我们的工作条件。

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注意：１． 含有介词的短语动词一般不拆开，介词仍放在短语动词的后面。如：look for, look after, take care of 等。

This is the watch (which / that) I am looking for. (正) 这是我正在找的手表。 This is the watch for which I am looking . (误)

The babies (whom / who / that) the nurse is looking after are very healthy. (正) 那个保姆照看的小宝宝们都很健康。

The babies after whom the nurse is looking are very healthy. （误）

２．若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时只可用whom，不可用who, that；关系代词指物时只可用which，不可用that。关系代词是所有格时用whose。

The man with whom you talked just now is my neighbour. (正) 你刚才跟他谈话的那个人是我的邻居。

The man with that / who you talked just now is my neighbour. (误)

The plane in which we flew to Canada was really comfortable. (正)我们去加拿大所乘坐的飞机实在很舒服。

The plane in that we flew to Canada was really comfortable. (误)

1.(2012上海卷)35.Have you sent thank-you notes to the relatives from _ _ you received gifts?

A. which B. them C. that D. whom

2.(2012四川卷)13.In our class there are 46 students, _____ half wear glasses. A. in whom B. in them C. of whom D. of them 【答案】C

【解析】考查定语从句。前后两句话之间无连词，故不能用人称代词them；而应用关系

代词whom引导定语从句；在46个学生当中，表所属，应用of。故答案选C。

３．“介词+关系代词”前还可有some, any, none, all, both, neither, many, most, each, few等代词或者数词。如：

He loves his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him. 他深深地爱着他的父母，他们俩待他都很好。

In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad. 篮子里有好些苹果，有些已经坏了。

There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities. 我们班总共有４０个学生，大多数来自大城市。

Up to now, he has written ten stories, three of which are about country life. 迄今为止，他写了１０部小说，其中３部是关于农村生活的。

3.(2012湖南卷) 34.Care of the soul is a gradual process _____even the small details of life should be considered.

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A. what B. in what C. which D. in which 【答案】D

【解析】考查定语从句。句意：心灵的护理是一个逐渐的过程，在这个过程中，甚至生活中那些微小的细节都应该加以考虑。in which引导非限制性定语从句，which代前面的process。

4.(2012山东卷)23.Maria has written two novels, both of ________ have been made into television series. A. them B. that C. which D. what 【答案】C

【解析】考查 “介词+关系代词”引导的非限制性定语从句。句中的先行词是two novels，

而且后面是一个非限制性定语从句，因此用both of which引导。That不能引导非限制性定语从句，也不能跟在介词后面；如果选them，则后面需要有并列连词and或者是独立主格结构，即both of them made into...。

（四）关系副词引导的定语从句

1． when 指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语，它所修饰的先行词有time，day, morning, night, week, year等。

I still remember the day when I first came to this school. 我仍然记得我第一次来到这所学校的那一天。

The time when we got together finally arrived. 我们团聚的时刻终于到了。

October 1, 1949 was the day when the People’s Republic of China was founded. 1949年10月1日是中华人民共和国成立的日子。

Do you remember the years when he lived in the countryside with his grandparents. 你还记得在农村和你祖父母一起生活的那些年吗？

5.(2012浙江卷)9.We live in an age ________ more information is available with great ease than ever before.

A. why B. when C. to whom D. on which 【解析】考查定语从句。when引导定语从句，在从句中做时间状语，修饰先行词an age（时代）。此处的when=at which。句意：我们生活在这样的一个时代，在这个时代我们比以前更容易得到更多的信息。

2． where 指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语，它修饰的先行词有place, spot, street, room, city, country等。

Shanghai is the city where I was born. 上海是我出生的城市。

The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down. 我十年前住的房子已经被拆掉了。 I visited the farm where a lot of cows were raised . 我参观了那个饲养了许多奶牛的农场。 Is this the place where they fought the enemy? 这是他们当初打敌人的地方吗？

当先行词是situatoin, point, case, instance等词时关系词在定语从句中作状语是用where,作主语或宾语时用which/that

6.(2012重庆卷)29.Sales director is a position ______ communication ability is just as important as sales

A. which B. that C. when D. where

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【答案】D

【解析】考查定语从句。“position”为先行词，后面是其定语从句，关系词在从句中作的是地点状语，因此，应该使用关系副词“where”来引导定语从句。句意：销售经理是一个职位，在这个职位上，交流能力和销售能力一样重要。

3． why 指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语，常用作reason 后面。

Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane. 请告诉我你误机的原因。

The reason why he was punished is unknown to us. 他受惩罚的原因我们都不知道。

I don’t know the reason why he looks unhappy today. 我不知道他今天为什么看上去不愉快。 注意：关系副词引导的定语从句经常可以用“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句来表示。如： From the years when / in which he was going to primary school in the country he had known what he wanted to be when he grew up. 自从他在农村读小学时，他就已经知道长大后要做什么。

Great changes are taking place in the city where / in which they live. 他们生活的城市正发生巨大的变化。

The reason why / for which he refused the invitation is quite clear. 他为什么拒绝接受邀请的原因是十分明了的。

4.使用关系副词应该注意下列几点：

①当先行词是表示时间、地点、原因的名词时，一定要注意分析从句的结构，如果缺少时间状语、地点状语或原因状语时，用关系副词when/ where 或why，如果定语从句缺少主语或宾语时，应该用关系代词which或that。

I’ll never forget the day(which/that) we spent together last summer.我将永远不会忘记去年夏天我们共同度过的那段时光。（关系代词作spent的宾语）

I’ll never forget the day when my hometown was liberated.我将永远不会忘记我的家乡解放的那段时光。（关系副词作状语）

7.(2012大纲卷)8.That evening ,_________ I will tell you more about later ,I ended up working very late.

A. that B. which C. what D. when

8.(2012江西卷)By 16:30, was almost closing time, nearly all the paintings had been sold.

A. which B.when C.what D.that

（五）限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句 限制性定语从句

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形式上：不用逗号“，”与主句隔开。

意义上：是先行词不可缺少的定语，如删除，主句则失去意义或意思表达不完整。 译法上：译成先行词的定语：“．．．的”

关系词的使用上：A．作宾语时可省略 B．可用that C．可用who 代替whom

非限制性定语从句

形式上：用逗号“，”与主句隔开。

意义上：只是对先行词的补充说明，如删除，主句仍能表达完整的意思。 译法上：通常译成主句的并列句。

关系词的使用上：A．不可省略 B．不用that C．不可用who 代替whom 限制性定语从句举例：

The teacher told me that Tom was the only person that I could depend on. 老师告诉我说汤姆是我唯一的可以依靠的人。

China is a country which has a long history. 中国是一个历史悠久的国家。

In the street I saw a man who was from Africa. 在街上我看到一个来自非洲的人。 非限制性定语从句举例 ：

His mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him. 他妈妈十分地爱他，对他要求很严格。

China, which was founded in 1949, is becoming more and more powerful. 中国是1949年成立的， 现在正变得越来越强大。

Last summer I visited the People’s Great Hall, in which many important meetings are held every year. 去年夏天，我参观了人民大会堂，在那儿每年都要举行许多重要会议。 9.(2012浙江卷)17.Ellen was a painter of birds and nature, _______, for some reason , had withdrawn from all human society. A. which B. who C. where D. whom

10.(2012江苏卷)22.After the flooding, people were suffering in that area,_______ urgently needed clean water, medicine and shelter to survive. A. which B. who C. where D. what 【答案】B

【解析】考查定语从句。指人的先行词people在非限制性定语从句中充当主语，所以用关系代词who引导。故选B项。句意：洪水过后，那个地区的人们忍受着巨大的痛苦，人们迫切需要清洁的水，药品栖身的临时住所。

11.(2012北京卷)26.When deeply absorbed in work, ______ he often was, he would forget all about eating or sleeping.

A. that B. which C. where D. when

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12.(2012天津卷)7.I wish to thank Professor Smith, without _______help I would never have got this far.

A. who B. whose C. whom D. which 【答案】B

【解析】考查定语从句。without whose help=and without his help。whose引导的是非限制性定语从句，在句中作“help”的定语，其先行词为“Professor Smith”。句意：我真得感谢史密斯教授。如果没有他的帮助，我就永远不会（在学术上）走得这么远的。

13.(2012安徽卷)29.Ａlot of language learning, has been discovered, is happening in the first year of life, so parents should talk much to their children during that period. A. as B. it C. which D. this

14.(2012福建卷)23.The air quality in the city, ______ is shown in the report, has improved over the past two months. A. that B. it C. as D. what

15.(2012陕西卷) it is the third time that she has won the race, has surprised us all. A.that B.where C.which D.what

（一）限制性定语从句中只能用that 引导定语从句的情况

1．当先行词是everything, anything, nothing (something 除外), all, none, few, little, some等不定代词时，或当先行词受every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等代词修饰时。如： Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li said? 李老师讲的你都记下来了吗？

There seems to be nothing that is impossible to him in the world. 对他来说似乎世界上没有什么不可能的事。

All that can be done has been done. 所有能做的都做好了。 There is little that I can do for you. 我不能为你干什么。

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He stayed in the library and looked up any information that they needed. 他呆在图书馆查找所需的资料。

注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可用关系代词who，如：

Any man that / who has a sense of duty won’t do such a thing. 任何有责任感的人都不会做这样的事。

All the guests that / who were invited to her wedding were important people. 所有应邀来参加她婚礼的客人都是重要人物。

2．当先行词被序数词修饰时。如：

The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben. 在伦敦他们参观的第一个地方是大本钟。

3．当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时。如：

This is the best film that I have ever seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影。

4．当先行词被the very, the only修饰时。如：

This is the very dictionary that I want to buy. 这正是我要买的词典。

After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owns. 家里发生了火灾过后，那辆旧车成了他的唯一拥有。

注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可用关系代词who。如：

Wang Hua is the only person in our school who will attend the meeting. 王华是我校唯一出席会议的人。

5．当先行词前面有who, which等疑问代词时。如：

Who is the man that is standing by the gate? 站在门口的那个人是谁？ Which is the T-shirt that fits me most? 哪件T恤衫最合我的身？

6．当先行词为人与动物或人与物时。如：

They talked about the persons and things that they remembered at school 他们谈论着他们所能记起的在校时的人和事。

Look at the man and his donkey that are walking up the street. 瞧瞧那个沿街走来的人和他的 毛驴。

（二）关系代词as和which 引导的定语从句

as 和which 引导非限制性定语从句时， 其用法有相同之处，也有不同之处。具体情况是： 1. as 和which都可以在定语从句中做主语或宾语，代表前面整个句子。如： He married her, as / which was natural. 他跟她结婚了，这是很自然的事。 He is honest, as / which we can see. 他很诚实， 这一点我们看得出来。

2. as 引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句之前、主句之后，甚至还可以分割主

句。 which 引导的非限制性定语从句只可放在主句之后。另外，as 常常有“正如、正像”的含义。如：

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As is known to all, China is a developing country. 众所周知，中国是发展中国家。

He is from the south, as we can know from his accent. 他是南方人，这一点我们从他的口音可以知道。

John, as you know, is a famous writer. 正如你所知， 约翰是个著名作家。

Zhang Hua has been to Paris more than ten times, which I don’t believe. 张华已去过巴黎十多次了，这一点我不相信。

注意：当主句和从句之间存在着逻辑上的因果关系时，关系词往往只用which。如：

Tom was late for school again and again, which made his teacher very angry. 汤姆老是迟到，这使得老师很恼火。

These tables are made of metal, which made them very heavy. 这些桌子是金属的，这使得这些桌子很重。

1. 当先行词受such, the same 修饰时，关系词常用as。 如：

I’ve never heard such stories as he tells. 我从未听过象他讲的这样的故事。 He is not such a fool as he looks. 他可不象他看上去的那样傻。

This is the same dictionary as I lost last week. 这部词典跟我上星期丢失的一样。

注意：当先行词受the same 修饰时，偶尔也用 that引导定语从句，但与as引导的定语从句意思有区别。如：

She wore the same dress that she wore at Mary’s wedding. 她穿着她在玛丽婚礼上穿过的同一条连衣裙。

She wore the same dress as her younger sister wore. 她穿着跟她妹妹所穿的一样的连衣裙。

(三) 以the way为先行词的限制性定语从句通常由in which或that引导，而且通常可以省略。如：

The way (that / in which ) he answered the questions was surprising. 他回答这些问题的方式令人惊奇。

I don’t like the way (that / in which) you laugh at her. 我不喜欢你冲她的样子。

第一种情况：这是

the way 作先行词的特殊定语从句，特殊规定。I like the way （that/in which/省略）he主语 teach 谓语us English双宾语.从句不缺主语或宾语。

第二种情况：这是一般定语从句的分析方法。I mastered the way (that/ which/省略)he told me.

tell sb. sth. 从句中缺宾语sth. 所以用关系代词，因为缺宾语，关系词也可以省略。

（四）关系代词与关系副词的选择

用关系代词还是关系副词引导定语从句主要看关系词在定语从句中的作用（即所担当的成分）。试比较：

A. I know a place where we can have a picnic. 我知道一个我们可以野炊的地方。

I know a place which / that is famous for its beautiful natural scenery. 我知道一个以自然景 色优美而闻名的地方。

B. I will never forget the days when we spent our holidays together. 我永远忘不了我们一起

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度假的日子。

I will never forget the days that / which we spent together. 我永远忘不了我们一起度过的日子。

C. This is the reason why he was dismissed. 这就是他被解雇的原因。

This is the reason that / which he explained to me for his not attending the meeting. 这就是他向我解释的他没有参加会议的原因。

（五）but 有时也用作关系词引导定语从句。如：

There are very few but admire his talents. 很少有人不赞赏他的才干的。（but = who don’t）

（六）定语从句与同位语从句的区别

1．从意义上讲：定语从句修饰限定先行词，它与先行词是修饰关系；同位语从句说明先行词的具体内容，它与先行词是同位关系。

The plane that has just taken off is for Paris. （定语从句） 刚刚起飞的那架飞机是开往巴黎的。

The fact that he has already died is quite clear. （同位语从句） 他已经去世了，这个事实很明了。

2．从结构上讲：定语从句由关系代词或关系副词引导，关系词在从句中担当相应的句子成分，关系代词在从句中作宾语时经常可省略。同位语从句主要由连词that 引导，在从句中一般不担当成分；有时也由where, when, how, who, whether, what 等连词引导，这些连词则在从句中担当成分。

The news that he told me is true. （定语从句） 他告诉我的消息是真的。

The news that he has just died is true. （同位语从句） 他刚刚去世了，这个消息是真的。 The problem that we are facing now is how we can collect so much money. (定语从句) 我们现在面临的问题是如何筹集这么多资金。

The problem how we can collect so much money is difficult to solve. （同位语从句） 我们如何筹集这么多资金，这个问题很难解决。

The question that he raised puzzled all of us. （定语从句） 他提出的问题让我们很为难。 The question whether he is sure to win the game is hard to answer. （同位语从句） 他是否一定会赢得那场比赛，这个问题很难回答。

3.从内涵上讲：同位语从句所说明的名词与从句没有逻辑关系，定语从句所选限定的名词是从句逻辑上的主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语等。 The news that they won the match is true(同位语从句) The news that you told us yesterday is true.(定语从句)

The order when we should return hasn't reached us .(同位语从句)

The day when New China was founded will never be forgotten.(定语从句)

4. 另外：同位语从句与先行词一般可以用动词be发展成一个完整的句子, 而定语从句则不能。如：

A. The idea that he we could ask the teacher for advice is wonderful. （同位语从句）我们可以向老师请教，这个主意不错。

The idea was that we could ask the teacher for advice.

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B. The fact that the earth moves around the sun is known to all. （同位语从句） 地球围绕太阳转，这个事实人人皆知。

The fact is that the earth moves around the sun.

C. Pay attention to the problem how we can protect the wild animals. （同位语从句） 请注意如何保护野生动物这个问题。

The problem is how we can protect the wild animals. 5、所修饰的先行词不同，同位语从句前的名词数量有限，常用的有message, news, fact, hope, desire,problem, idea, suggestion, advice, question, order, belief, doubt, fear, truth等。而定语从句修饰的先行词则不受限制。

七、when、where、why引导的定语从句与状语从句的区别

When， where， why引导定语从句时，在句中作状语，其前面有相应的表示时间、地点或原因的先行词；when，where，why引导状语从句时，是从属连词，其引导的从句修饰主句的谓语动词或整个句子，而且前面没有表示时间、地点或原因的先行词。 Go back to the place where you came from.回到你来的地方。（定语从句） Go back where you came from.回到你来的地方。（状语从句）

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