英语四级冲刺习题集

《英语冲刺习题集》

简介

《英语冲刺习题集》包括语法、词汇、阅读理解和英汉互译四大部分，习题集的最后一部分是一套模拟考题。本习题集的基本目的是使考生尽快熟悉和把握入学考试的基本题型和考试的难易程度，为考生顺利通过入学考试奠定基础。因此这四大部分的基本内容和考题形式是完全根据我院博士入学英语考试题型设置的，本习题集的难度也与近年来的考题基本一致。博士英语入学考试作为英语综合能力考察的水平考试，考题的基本题型是不变的，考题的难度也是基本稳定的。博士英语入学考试的时间是3个小时，希望本习题的使用者能够将这本习题集作为一种实战演习，根据考题题型和自己的能力合理地安排和分配有限的时间。最后值得特别提醒广大考生的是，希望考生利用本习题集进行最后冲刺，提高综合应试能力，切忌生搬硬背本习题集里的内容。预祝大家复习顺利，考试成功。

第一部分（语法）包括单项选择和语法改错两部分，每部分各150个题目，配有答案和题解。

第二部分（词汇）包括单项选择和同义词替换两部分，每部分各150个题目，配有答案和题解。

第三部分（阅读）包括25篇阅读材料，共150个阅读理解题目，配有答案。

第四部分（翻译）包括中译英和英译中两部分，中译英共48个翻译段落；英译中共18篇文章，包括90个翻译段落。本部分文章内容涉及社会科学的各个领域，并配有参考答案。

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CONTENTS

ⅠGRAMMAR (3)

SECTION 1 (3)

SECTION 2 (19)

ⅡVOCABULARY (34)

SECTION 1 (34)

SECTION 2 (42)

ⅢREADING COMPREHENTION (49)

SECTION 1 (49)

Passage1......................................................................................................... .. (49)

Passage3......................................................................................................... .. (50)

Passage4......................................................................................................... .. (51)

Passage5......................................................................................................... .. (52)

SECTION 2 (54)

Passage2......................................................................................................... .. (54)

Passage3......................................................................................................... .. (55)

Passage5......................................................................................................... .. (56)

SECTION 3 (57)

Passage2......................................................................................................... .. (57)

Passage3......................................................................................................... .. (59)

Passage4......................................................................................................... .. (60)

Passage5......................................................................................................... .. (61)

SECTION 4 (62)

Passage1.........................................................................................................

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(62)

Passage2......................................................................................................... .. (63)

Passage3......................................................................................................... .. (64)

Passage4......................................................................................................... .. (66)

Passage5......................................................................................................... .. (66)

SECTION 5 (68)

Passage1......................................................................................................... .. (68)

Passage2......................................................................................................... .. (69)

Passage3......................................................................................................... .. (70)

Passage5......................................................................................................... .. (71)

I GRAMMAR

Section1

Directions: Choose the answer that best fills in the blank.

1. That definition is very inadequate. It may perhaps be improved upon —but not much; _________, not even of the several mathematical sciences, have we strict definitions.

a. for, after all, of none of the sciences

b. because, on the whole, none of the sciences

c. since not in the case of any sciences

d. for, after all, none of the sciences

2. The principles that a writer chooses to follow may be put forward in two different ways. He may, in the first place, _________.

a. ask that his principles are accepted as demonstrated truth

b. apply his principles to be accepted as demonstrated truth

c. ask that his principles be accepted as demonstrated truths

d. insist on his principle being accepted as demonstrated truths

3. On the other hand, he may state his principles as mere indications of one course that may be followed __________.

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a. as many possible

b. among the many possible

c. from other possibilities

d. by many possibilities

4. That examination is very useful to sociology; for the image of social activity is stamped on the majority of such propositions and theories, and often it is through them alone that we manage to gain some knowledge of the forces _________ of the tendencies and inclinations of human beings.

a. which are at work in society —that is

b. which is, in society —that is

c. which make up a society —that is

d. which exists at work in society —that is

5. Propositions and theories have to be classified at, the very outset, for classification __________ if one would have an adequate grasp of any great number of differing objects.

a. is first step that is nearly dispensable

b. is the first step that is hardly indispensable

c. is a first step that is almost indispensable

d. is first step that is almost dispensable

6. As usual, this implies that he _________ the rate at which he can substitute one form of wealth for another is equal to the rate at which he is just willing to do so.

a. seek an apportion of his wealth that

b. will seek an apportionment of his wealth such that

c. will seek an apportionment of his wealth that

d. seek an apportion of his wealth such that

7. We can suppose all wealth (except wealth in the form. of the, productive capacity of human beings) to be expressed in terms of monetary units _________.

a. at the prices of the point of time in question

b. at a price of the point of time in question

c. on the prices of the point of time in no question

d. for the price of the point of time in questions

8. But this is clearly not a complete description, because the holding of one form of wealth instead of another involves a difference in the composition of the income stream. And _______ fundamental to the "utility" of a particular structure of wealth.

a. they are essentially these differences that are

b. it is these

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differences essentially being

c. there are these difference that essentially are

d. it is essentially these differences that are

9. If we take the "standard" bond to be a claim to a perpetual income stream of constant nominal amount, then the return to a holder _______ one, the annual sum he receives; the ether, any change in the price of the bond over time, a return which may of course be positive or negative.

a. with the bond can take two forms

b. of the bond can be taken two forms

c. of the bond can take two forms

d. with the bond can be taken two forms

10. _______ rapid inflation, southerners directed their invective against the instrumentality through which the increase in prices occurred.

a. As all people have lived in

b. Since all the people live in

c. Like all the people living through

d. Like all people living through

11. In controversies relating to progress it is asked whether the work of man be fertile or sterile, whether it be lost or preserved; whether history have an end; and _______; whether this end be attainable in time or only in the infinite, …

a. if, what sort

b. if so, what sort

c. if so, of what sort

d. if so, what sort is

12. When these questions have been considered with a little attention we shall see that _______, into three points: the conception of development, that of end; and that of value.

a. they resolve substantially

b. they resolve themselves substantially

c. they substantially resolve

d. they themselves resolve substantially

13. When the ordinary current terminology has been translated into philosophical terms it calls, forth immediately the thesis, antithesis, and synthesis _______ those problems have been thought and solved during the course of philosophy.

a. by means of which

b. in that

c. where

d. because

14. From this point of view one of the conceptions that has had the greatest vogue in historical books, _______, is revealed as an equivocal attempt to issue forth from a double one-sidedness and a falling back into

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it, owing to an equivocation.

a. that of historical circles

b. a historical circle

c. a circle of history

d. which circles history

15. …because either the series or circles is conceived as composed of identical and we have only permanency, or it is conceived as _______ and we have only change.

a. diverse things

b. varieties

c. of things diverse

d. such

16. History should not apply to the deeds and the personages _______ the qualifications of good and evil, as though there really were good and evil fact in the world; people who are good and people who are evil.

a. who are their materials

b. that are its material

c. which are their material

d. that are their material of

17. Their chief aim was to provide institutional _______ individual freedom; and the device in which they placed their faith was the separation of powers.

a. safeguard of

b. safeguards with

c. safeguard with

d. safeguards of

18. Governments everywhere have obtained by constitutional means powers which those men _______ them.

a. were meant to deny

b. have meant to deny

c. had meant to deny

d. had meant denying

19. In these circumstances it seems important to ask what those founders of liberal constitutionalism would do today if, _______ all the experience we have gained in the meantime.

a. pursuing the aims they did, they could command

b. pursuing the aims they did, commanding

c. their pursuing the aims they did, commanding

d. they pursued the aims they did, commanded

20. _______ led me to write another book on the same general theme as the earlier one was the, recognition that the preservation of a society of free men depends on three fundamental insights.

a. That it

b. How it is to

c. What

d. Which

21. Thus if contemporary history springs straight from life, called non-contemporary, for it is evident that only an interest in the life of the present can move one to investigate past fact.

a. so too does that history which is

b. too, that, history so does,

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which

c. so does that history too

d. that history does so too, which is

22. History, separated from the living document and turned into chronicle, is no longer a spiritual act, but a thing, _________.

a. some complex sounds and other signs

b. a complex of sounds and of other signs

c. some complex sounds and signs

d. a complex of a sound and sign

23. History, chronicle, and philology, _________, are series of mental forms, which, although distinct from one another, roust all of them be looked upon as physiological — that is to say, true and rational.

a. from which we have seen the original

b. from which we see the origin

c. of which we have seen the origin

d. of which we can see the original

24. There are two ways of looking at the pattern of human activities which lead to very different conclusions concerning both _________ and the possibilities of deliberately _________.

a. their explanations ... altering them

b. their explanation and altering them

c. its explanations ...altering them

d. its explanation ...altering it

25. In the collected body of wiring we call literature, there may be distinguished two separated groupings, capable of _________ for reciprocal repulsion.

a. blending, but also fitted

b. blended, but also fitted

c. blending, but also fitting

d. blended, but: fitting

26. Founded around 1075, the Acoma pueblo is considered _________ settlement in the United States.

a. the oldest continuously occupied

b. the continuously oldest occupied

c. the oldest occupied continuously

d. the continuously occupied oldest

27. Experts seem to agree that when _________ developing specific muscles, there is a benefit from the fatigue one feels as one reaches and pushes capacity.

a. it comes to

b. it comes on c .we come on d. coming on

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28. Almost without being aware of their great achievement; they fashioned a nearly perfect instrument of government, and I have studied it for nearly 70 years _________ growing admiration for its utility and astonishment at its capacity to change with a changing world.

a. without

b. within

c. with

d. from with

29. With his wartime rank restored by Congress, Eisenhower returned to private life and the role of elder statesmen, _________ a heart attack, an ileitis operation, and a mild stroke suffered while in office.

a. hardly with his vigor impaired by

b. with his vigor impaired with hardly

c. with his vigor hardly impaired by

d. with his vigor hardly impaired with

30. The essential functions of the UN are to maintain international peace and security, to develop friendly relations among nations, to cooperate internationally in solving international economic, social, cultural and human problems, promoting respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms ______ a center for coordinating the actions of nations in attaining these common ends.

a. and try to be

b. and to be

c. and trying to be

d. and being

31. Such a close examination revealed "all sorts of things that had never been seen before," he said, including hidden pencil marks suggesting the instrument _________ a model that _________ measured for copying, rather than a copy itself.

a. were, were

b. was, was

c. being, being

d. to be, to be

32. Working closely with local Indonesian authorities in North Sulawesi and less populated eastern Indonesia, where most of the country's intact reefs are located, they have succeeded in _________ destructive fishing practices and coral mining _________ overwhelming the reefs.

a. preventing, by

b. preventing, from

c. stopping, by

d. stopping, with

33. More than any government program, more than any aid agency of any international bank the rapid spread of free trade, free markets and investment across borders by private companies and individual investors-a phenomenon economists are calling "globalization"—_________ proving to be an effective weapon against poverty in many nations around the world and, in some places, arguably the most effective anti-poverty measure ever known:

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a. is

b. are

c. being

d. to be

34. As a graduate student, she had identified and labeled the plant's ten distinctive chromosomes, thus enabling researchers to make the careful comparisons _________ chromosomes _________ several generations that are necessary to genetic research.

a. of, with

b. over, of

c. with, of

d. of, over

35. Anyone with half an eye on the unemployment figures knew that the assertion about _________ was untrue.

a. economical recovery being just around the corner

b. economical recovery being just in the comer

c. economic recovery being just around the corner

d. economic recovery being just in the comer

36. Greater expense does not always equal better gift. I would much rather receive a gift that was unique _________ that I knew my friend had put some thought into rather than something that cost a lot of money _________ that I didn't need or want.

a. or, or

b. but , but c: or , but d: but, or

37. One of the most incongruous sights in the world is an elegant house _________ costly furniture, paintings of the masters, imported tapestries, statuary, costly carpets, extravagant frescoes; and yet _________ scarcely a standard work in the library.

a. without, with b: without, without c. with, with d. with, without

38. Detection of unauthorized access _________ or use _________ computer systems can be facilitated by such technologies _________ artificial intelligence and neural networking, which can identify, anomalous patterns of use according to time of day, and keystroke patterns.

a, to, in, as b. to, of, as c. in, to, to d. of, to, to,

39. These great masses will have turned _________ the grave insult to human dignity which described some as masters and others as servants, and transformed each into a predator whose survival depended on the destruction of the other.

a. their backs on

b. the backs on

c. their backs to

d. the backs to

40. The children must, at last, play, in the open wild, no longer tortured by the pangs of hunger ____ ravaged by disease of threatened with the scourge of ignorance, molestation and abuse, ____ no longer required to

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engage in deeds whose gravity exceeds the demands of; their tender years.

a. and, and

b. or, or

c. and, or

d. or, and

41. I am also here today as a representative of the millions of people across the globe; the anti-apartheid movement, the governments and organizations that joined with us, _________ fight, against South Africa as a country or any of its peoples, _________ oppose an inhuman system and sue for a speedy end to the apartheid crime against humanity.

a. to; to

b. not to, not to

c. not to, but to

d. but to, but to

42. Still unknown is whether screening someone for prostate cancer with blood tests that look for prostate-specific antigen (PSA) _________ the risk of death from prostate cancer.

a. reducing

b. being reduced

c. reduces

d. to be reduced

43. To be sure, great wealth in the United States has often been a net national asset during periods when it avoids grasping for political domination and when business _________ good jobs, and better things for better living, _________ an old TV commercial.

a. emphasizes, in the words of

b. emphasized; in the words of

c. emphasis, to the words of

d. emphasizing, to the words of

44. The story centers an upright young man who becomes the head of his newly impoverished family after his father's untimely death.

a. to

b. on

c. in

d. with

45. While women's place in the class system is increasingly determined by their ability to afford childcare, the declining social status of stay-at-home mums may be accentuated by the break-up of local communities, _________, a product of increased social mobility.

a. itself is partly

b. itself partly

c. itself be partly

d. be partly

46. Confirming what students and their parents already knew —and certain to fuel the growing national outcry over college costs —an influential education _________ _________ says that states are passing along their budget woes to public university students and their families.

a. thinks tank

b. think tank

c. thinks tanks

d. think tanks

47. In both domestic and international adoptions, specialists caution that _________ parents should be clear about what they can accept in terms of

a child's race, disabilities, and medically _________ conditions.

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a. prospective, correctable

b. prospectable, corrective

c. prospective, corrective

d. prospectable, correctable

48. These are mental agonies, but they are _____ than the physical, and I am convinced that learning to live with and transcend physical pain can give one the strength to conquer the mental variety.

a. less real

b. no less real

c. less the real

d. no less the real

49. What we do suggest is that the human race might easily permit _________ to drift into a position of such dependence on the machines that _________ would have no practical choice but to accept all of the machines' decisions.

a. itself, /

b. itself, they

c. themselves, /

d. itself, it

50. _________ character and integrity are familiar topics in US politics, _________ the ambition of institutionalizing and popularizing ethical behaviors is unprecedented in South Africa.

a. While, /

b. While, as

c. As, /

d. While, but

51. The inaccuracies habitually indulged in by Japan-hashers, however, _________ the selectivity of their complaints.

a. are in a sense less disturbing than

b. is in a sense less disturbing than

c. are in a sense more disturbing that

d. is in a sense less disturbing which

52. When the nations of Western Europe run a trade surplus with the United States, as they did last - did last year, eminent Americans do not reflexively recall _________ and thereby tar all Europeans with ingratitude.

a. that it was Marshall Plan aid which put Europe on its foot

b. that it was Marshall Plan aid that put Europe on its feet

c. that it was Marshall Plan aid that puts Europe on their feet

d. that it was Marshall Plan aid which put Europe on its foot

53. In, one clever legislative ruse, Congressmen from dairy states attached clauses _________ more aid for dairy farmers to an appropriations bill to meet the extra military costs of the Gulf War.

a. to be providing

b. to provide

c. being provided

d. providing

54. Rather than play down his age and relative lack of experience Fordice _________.

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a put it to work for himself as assets

b. put them to work for themselves as assets

c. put them to work for himself as assets

d. put them work for himself as assets

55. The shortage has created significant cost pressures for health service providers, which are forced to spend considerable money recruiting nurses, pay higher salaries to retain them, and ________.

a. to use expensive temporary nursing

b. used expensive temporary nursing

c. being used expensive temporary nursing

d. use expensive temporary nursing

56. In my travels to the ramparts of the drug war, I have seen nothing to support the arguments _________.

a. which lower drug prices would reduce crime

b. that lower drug prices would reduce crime

c. what lower drug price would reduce crimes

d. all lower drug price would reduce crime

57. During the same week in the House, members authorize the Agriculture Department _________ sterile screwworms for sale overseas, change the name of a lake in Kansas and vote yet another national education study, the umpteenth such survey in recent years.

a. to produce

b. producing

c. produced

d. be producing

58. Those consequences involve the intrinsically destructive nature of drugs and the toll they a pact from our society in hundreds of thousands of lost and broken lives.... _________ time stolen from families and jobs ... precious spiritual and economic resources squandered.

a, human potential never realized b. human potential never realizing

c. human potential be never realized

d. human being never realizes

59. Those who deflect sexual advances risk _________ by some men as lesbians, a threat that can cost her military career.

a. to be labeled

b. labeling

c. being labeled

d. labeled

60. Such is the backdrop against which women in the US armed forces must determine whether it is _________ when a male colleague steps out of line.

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a. worthy registering complaints

b. worth registering a complaint

c. worthwhile registering a complaint

d. worth to register a complaints

61. If the Vietnam experience prevented the United States from asserting _________, then this diminishes that reluctance.

a. it of issues in high moral purpose

b. itself of issues with high moral purposes

c. themselves in issues in high moral purpose

d. itself in issues of high moral purpose

62. There are many valuable services which the public are willing to pay for, but _________ in money to the community.

a. which do not bring a return

b. which does not bring returns

c. which does not bring a return

d. that do not bring a return

63. Large-scale hydroelectric power stations have been playing a more and more important part _________ today.

a. to supply great quantities of electricity consuming

b. in supplying great quantities of electricity consumed

c. in supplying great number of electricity consumed

d. with supplying great quantities of electricity consuming

64. Insurance may be defined more formally as a system _________ for a consideration, promises to reimburse the insured or to render services to the insured in the event that certain accidental occurrences result in losses during a given period.

a. under which the insurer

b. which the insurer

c. from which the insurer

d. by which the insurer

65. The main reason behind the general loss in interest among potential candidates to pursue a career in nursing, which has a common perception of being underpaid and under appreciated, _________.

a. has been the tight labor market

b. have been the tight labor markets

c. are the tight labor market

d. was the tight labor markets

66. There is nothing in Kalahari or Bedouin life _________ there is needed

a special vocabulary or conceptual apparatus called economics.

a. for which

b. in which

c. which

d. with which

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67. He supervised while living in the community by a probation officer and possibly agrees to comply with _________.

a. as other requirements as the court may think appropriate

b. so other requirements that the court may think appropriately

c. such other requirement as the court may think appropriate

d. such other requirement as the court think appropriately

68. His science is of a special kind for it deals not with minute details hidden from ordinary view —electrons circling atomic nucleus or a chain of nucleotides in DNA —_________, space and time.

a. but the vastness of the universe

b. and the vastness the universes as well

c. with the vastness as the universe

d. but with the vastness of the universe

69. When only one among several alternative solutions is correct, even if a group-requires mom time, it has a _________.

a. it has a higher probability of identifying the right one as an individual alone

b. it has a high probability of identified the right one from an individual one i

c. it has a higher probability of identifying the right one than an individual alone

d. it has a more high probability of identifying the right one than an individual alone

70. Some countries allow courts to disqualify from driving those offenders who have used, motor vehicles in commission of the crime for which they are being sentenced, with the aim _________ further such offenses.

a. of hindering the offender from committing

b. to hindering the offender to commit

c. for hindering the offender to commit

d. of hindering the offender from being committed

71. The distinctions are further blurred by modem couples' living together, either before marriage _________.

a. nor with intention of ever marrying

b. or with intention of ever marriage

c. or with no intention of never marriage

d. or with no intention of ever marrying

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72. The Chelsea area of the West 20s, with its tenements, renovated brownstones, and huge cooperatives built by labor unions, _________ the East Village and Soho derived from "south of Houston Street".

a. which have a more sedate pace than

b. has a more sedate pace than

c. have as more sedate pace as

d. where it has a more sedate pace than

73. In Inwood _________, and on open recreation areas the Irish deep alive their national sports of hurling and Gaelic football.

a. lying Manhattan's few remaining forested acre

b. lies Manhattan's a few remained forested acres

c. lies Manhattan's few remaining forested acre

d. lie Manhattan's few remaining forested acres

74. As such, the book transcends time and space to announce, to expound, and _________.

a. to preserve and transmit knowledge

b. preserving or transmitting knowledge

c. to preserve and transmitting knowledge

d. preserve and to transmit knowledge

75. Changes in the environment occur as the surroundings and contacts of

a totally dependent infant become _________.

a. that of a progressively more independent children

b. those of a progressively more independent child and adolescent

c. which of a progressively more independent adolescent

d. that of a more progressively independent child and adolescent

77. He proposes the recognition of a new form of English which almost by definition rules out the possibility that English would fragment into mutually unintelligible languages _________.

a. like Latin did once

b. as Latin once did

c. as did Latin once

d. so as Latin did once

78. Such assimilation is problematic in any event, the _________ distinguishing physical characteristics that often set minority group members apart from most whites, _________ and whites react.

a. giving, to which

b. giving, which

c. giving, in which

d. given, to which

79. A store clerk in an all-white neighborhood follows after the occasional

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minority group member who comes to shop and makes it clear the person is being watched. _________ the rationale _________ such shoppers are probably there to steal.

a. under, which

b. /, under that

c. under, that

d. /, under which

80. If one begins by examining why ancients refer to Amazons, it becomes clear that ancient Greek descriptions of such societies were meant _________ observed historical fact _________ "moral lessons" on the supposed outcome of women's rule in their own society.

a. not so much to represent, but rather to offer

b. not represent so much, rather than

c. not so much to represent, rather than

d. not represent so much, other than

81. Hence the dualism of man and nature, _________ is conceived as a separate substance, each possessing properties exclusively within itself. a. which of each b. each of that c. which of that d. each of which

82. We need a philosophy that centrally recognizes those differences and seeks a harmonious pluralism; intellectual attempts to deny, impose on, or transcend this plurality are no longer innocuous, _________.

a. as it were

b. if they ever were

c. were they not ever

d. as if they ever were

83.Air pollution from motor vehicles imposes external costs on all those exposed to it, in the form of soiling, materials damage, and disease, these externalities result from failure to place a price on air, thus _________ it a free good common to all.

a. make

b. makes

c. making

d. to make

84. Political conditions _________ a certain anti-intellectual bias, prepared Americans and the American media to better receive Friedan's deradicalized and highly pragmatic The Feminine Mystique, published in 1963, _________ Beauvoir's theoretical reading of women's situation in The Second Sex.

a. as well as, than

b. as much as, rather than

c. as of, more than

d. as for, better than

85. _________, it remains for individuals to construct goods as a deliberately collaborative process, where plans of action are a consequence of communication and willingness to contribute.

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a. There being no immutable norms of conduct

b. Being no immutable norms of conduct there

c. Not having immutable norms of conduct

d. Having been no immutable norms of conduct there 4

86. _________ from the preceding examples, institutional racism may, but need not always, involve acts or policies that directly or intentionally discriminate against people of color.

a. As can be seen

b. As being seen

c. As it seen

d. As to see

87. Asian-American households are more affluent than are any other racial or ethnic group including Whites. Asian Americans also have' an enviable record of educational achievement, _________ college graduates.

a. with the national average almost twice more

b. almost twice as much the national average of

c. the national average is almost twice of

d. with almost twice the national average of

88. But _________ their high educational level, they receive lower returns to their education than do white women, while the disparity between their returns and those of white men is even greater.

a. despite that

b. despite from

c. despite of

d. despite

89. The latter takes a stand on important ethical questions and can be refuted _________ his evidence prove insufficient.

a. that

b. whereas

c. should

d. unless

90. If too little valued for this, they are almost sure to overthrow, as soon as the head of the government, or any party leader who can muster a force for a coup de main, _________ willing to run some small risk for absolute power.

a. being

b. is

c. /

d. to be

91. _________ of teaching Hispanic children English, far more is at stake in this debate than effective pedagogy.

a. The task is as important

b. It is an important task

c. Important as is the task

d. Important the task is as

92. Paradoxical as it may seem in light _________ America's grip on popular culture throughout the world, the barriers _________ cultural assimilation within the United States are more formidable today than at practically any other time in American history.

a. with, of

b. of, to

c. to, for

d. for; in

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93. Even more scandalous is the Department of Education's insistence on bilingual education despite a complete absence of empirical evidence showing that _________ at all.

a. does it do any good

b. any good it does

c. it does any good

d. it does not do any good

94. For its part, the Church of England regarded its Puritan critics as dangerous heretics, _________ by any means necessary, including torture and execution.

a. being suppressed

b. to be suppressed

c. suppressing

d. having suppressed

95. If the Puritans neither embraced nor practiced democracy as we know it, they _________ paved the way for it.

a. nonetheless

b. lest

c. furthermore

d. therefore

96. Such a policy is attended _________ serious risks, however; for people will break the law, at; least so long as we are characterized by our limited goodwill toward others and our situation, is one of competition with others for scarce goods.

a. with

b. to

c. as

d. for

97. _________ our societies continue to fall short of the ideals of liberal theory, as they currently do, and so are characterized by gross inequalities of wealth and inequalities and other forms of social injustice, the risk that some will choose to engage in criminal activities will be even higher.

a. So long as

b. Insofar as

c. So as to

d. As it were

98. Indeed, there does not have to be an individual victim for _________.

a. there a crime to be

b. a crime to be there

c. a crime there to be

d. there to be a crime

99. That motion, formerly known as a "motion for a directed verdict," now referred to as a "motion for judgment as a matter of law," is similar to a motion for summary judgment; it resolves the legal issue in favor of the defendant based upon the evidence presented at trial; _________ the motion for summary judgment is decided based on the evidence presented before trial.

a. thereafter

b. whereby

c. whereas

d. therefore 100. But do not the challenge and the excitement of the critical problem as such _________ in that ambivalence of attitude which allows us to recognize the intelligence and even the splendor of Meredith's work, while, at the same time, we experience a lack of sympathy, a failure of any

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enthusiasm of response?

a. to lie

b. lied

c. lie

d. lying

101. Anthropology is a science _________ anthropologists use a rigorous set of methods and techniques to document observations that can be checked by others.

a. in that

b. that in

c. that

d. in

102. Robespierre, the French politician, _________.

a. had great faith in Rousseau, the philosopher, and he was a clever lawyer from Arras.

b. came from Arras, having great faith in the philosopher Rousseau who was a clever lawyer

c. not only was a clever lawyer coming from Arras, but he had great faith in the philosopher Rousseau

d. was a clever lawyer from Arras who had great faith in the philosopher Rousseau.

103.The language of sounds, ________ of infants and animals, and the language of facial expression and body pose, _________ been termed "phatic communion" by Bronislaw Malinowski.

a. like in the cases, have

b. like in the case, has

c. as in the case, has

d. as in the cases, have 104. Korzybski has pointed out that signal reactions, instantaneous and unmediated, if undifferentiated according to the appropriateness of the situation, reflect immature, impulsive personalities, _________ the development of the ability to delay response will permit modified, thoughtful symbol behavior, ________ of the mature person.

a. where, a characteristics

b. what, a characteristic

c. while, a characteristic

d. while, a characteristics 105. Clinicians at a recent psychoanalytic conference brought forth interesting evidence _________ guilt, far from being the psychic impediment generally conceived has the potential to inspire creativity, and _________ sensitivity.

a. of, enhance

b. of, to enhance

c. that, to enhance

d. that, enhance

106. Although in the past many psychoanalysts, joined by a recent spate of authors seem to _________ the sense of guilt, some clinicians _________ that guilt is the necessary price of socialization.

a. have been dedicated to eliminate, hold

b. have been

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dedicated to eliminating, hold

c. have been dedicated to eliminating, held

d. have dedicated to eliminating, held

107. In 1921, leading investigators in the field of intelligence, _________ in a symposium, "Intelligence and Its Measurement", sponsored by the Journal of Educational Psychology; defined the title concept, _________ many definitions as there were definers, but reached no consensus.

a. participated, producing almost as

b. participated, producing almost so

c. participating, producing almost as

d. participating, produced almost so

108. The dominant approach followed by researchers _________ to define intelligence has been factor analysis, a statistical method that examines mental ability test scores with an eye to discerning constellations of test scores _________ are closely related to each other.

a. attempting, what

b. attempted, what

c. attempted, that

d. attempting, that

109. Factor analysis has listed many discrete mental abilities and produced models that show _________ they combine, but it has not suggested how these abilities work, _________ in dealing with adaptational ability or practical problem solving.

a. how, and it has been productive

b. how, nor has it been productive

c. what, nor has it been productive

d. what, and it has been productive

110. A more recent approach is process analysis or information processing, _________ thrust is to analyze the processes of test performance _________ the products of test performance.

a. which, more than

b. which, rather than

c. whose, rather than

d. whose, more than

111. While progress toward maturity is positively correlated _________ differentiation between motivation and cognition, tension will, even in the mature adult, militate towards as} narrowing of the range of perception and _________ the lessening of the objectivity of perception.

a. to, towards

b. with, towards

c. with, in

d. to, in

112. Just as the trained artist can separate the values of color, composition, and technique, _________, so, too, the mature person brings his cognitive learning strengths to bear in appraising a situation.

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a. while taken in and evaluated the whole work .

b. while taking in and evaluating the whole work

c. as taken in and evaluated the whole work

d. as taking in and evaluating the whole work

113. _________ that cognition is separate from action, his reactions are only minimally guided from conditioning, and _________ into consideration anticipatable events.

a. Understanding, takes

b. Understanding, take

c. Understood, takes

d. Understood, take

114. Sending or receiving messages, from primitive warning of danger _________ creative or reflective thinking, this aspect of cognitive development _________ the needs and aspirations of society.

a. to explain, is also firmly linked with

b. to explain, is also firmly linked to

c. to explaining, is also firmly linked to

d. to explaining, are also firmly linked to

115. To learn a new word, a child must associate sound and meaning; surprisingly, the concept may take _________ time to master than the mechanics of recognizing and _________ the word.

a. less, producing

b. fewer, producing

c. less, produce

d. fewer, produce

116. Vocabulary study through word lists and dictionaries, as practiced in school, poses new problems, primarily because of the mechanics of dictionary study ______ with responsive adults.

a. as is opposed to interaction

b. as is opposed to interacting

c. as opposed to interaction

d. as opposed to interacting 117. Adult fears that adolescents will escape their control, with the concomitant anxiety about unplanned change and disorderliness, _________ efforts to restrain young people through familial and societal regulation.

a. leading to determine

b. leads to determined

c. to lead to determining

d. lead to determined 118. The youth who searches for and attains what his parents had yearned for and then denied themselves, _________ the most vulnerable facet of the adult personality — the fragile self-esteem.

a. attacked

b. had attacked

c. attacks

d.

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