英语语法汇总（高中大学必备）

第一章 名 词

一、名词的分类：

名词就其词汇意义可分为专有名词和普通名词。普通名词又可分为可数名词和不可数名词。

专有名词：Beijing Smith the United Nations 可数名词 普通名词：

物质名词：water, coal, rice 不可数名词

抽象名词：surprise, honour, help 二、可数名词的复数形式

1．一般情况，直接加-s。 port（港口）→ ports；technique（技术）—techniques 2．以s, x, ch, sh结尾发[s]、[∫]、[t∫]、[dЗ]音的词，加—es bus—buses, box—boxes, bush—bushes

branch—branches，stomach—stomachs（stomach词尾发k，故复数直接加-s） 3．辅音字母+ y，变y为i，加-es university—universities y前为元音字母，直接加-s boy—boys 4．以O结尾加-es hero—heroes O前为元音字母，及部分外来词直接加-s

zoo—zoos radio—radio piano—pianos photo—photos

5．以f或fe结尾，变f或fe为v，再加-es leaf—leaves wife—wives ※以下f结尾单词直接加-s belief—beliefs（信念） roof—roofs（屋顶） proof—proofs（证据） safe—safes（保险柜） chief—chiefs（首领） gulf—gulfs（海湾） 6．不规则名词

man—men, woman—women, foot—feet, tooth—teeth, goose—geese, mouse—mice, child—children, ox—oxen

注1：有些可数名词的单复数相同，要根据上下文的意义来确定其单数还是复数，例如：

sheep 羊 fish 鱼 deer 鹿

means手段，方法 works工厂，作品 series系列

注2：在些可数名词，只有单数形式，但表示复数意义。如果作主语，谓语动词用复数形式。

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个体名词：man, expert, factory

集合名词：audience（观众），class, family

如：cattle 牛 people 人民 police 警察

注3：集合名词既可看作单数（作为整体），也可看作复数（作为集体的各个成员）。

例如：audience（观众） class（班级） family（家庭） group（小组）

Her family is well-known in the region. 她家在该地区是名门望族。

His family are quarrelling severely about the property. 她的家人正在为分财产激烈地争吵。

改错：1. Every possible means have been tried to cure the boy of his illness. A B C D

2. Fish always sells well in the markets because fish contains rich protein, which can build you up.

A

B

C

D

3. Is it the police who is searching the house for a wanted criminal（罪犯）? A B C D 三、不可数名词

物质名词、抽象名词均属不可数名词。前面不能加不定冠词a / an，词尾也不能加—s。

请牢记下列典型的不可数名词。

news 消息 information 信息 advice 忠告，建议 progress 进步，进展 knowledge 知识 weather天气 fun 乐趣 equipment 设备 English 英语 furniture 家具 wealth 财富 damage 损坏

traffic 交通，车辆及行人 baggage / luggage 行李 clothing 衣服，衣着 word 消息，信息 work 工作 homework 家庭作业 housework 家务 改错：

1．What a fun it is to be bathed in sunlight on the beach in summer. A B C D

2．At the thought of gaining such great wealths by printing works of famous writers, he was full of D

joy.

3．What pleasant surprise it is to bring me such a nice gift ! A B C D

4．I feel it great honour to be invited to give advice on your teaching papers. A B C D 5．Word of his sudden death came as shock to us. A B C D

说明1：部分抽象名词可与a（an）连用，此时词义发生变化，表示某种事或人。这

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※

A B C

些词有：surprise, pleasure, shock, honour, help, success等。

当这类词在句中作表语（例3），作宾补（例4）及在介词as之后，词义发生

变化，通常要加a / an。

说明2：paper表示“纸”不可数。表示“报纸、论文、书面作文、试卷、文件、有

价证券”为可数名词。

四、名词的所有格

名词的所有格通常在名词后加—’s构成，用于表示所属关系。用于以下情况： 1）表示有生命的名词

my brother’s car children’s books（儿童读物） students’ rooms 2）表示国家、城市、地域的名词 China’s population Beijing’s weather 3）表示天体、时间、距离、金钱的名词

the moon’s surface ten years’ hard work 十年的辛劳

today’s newspapers 20 dollars’ worth of a stamp 一张价值20美元的邮票 其他无生命的名词通常用“of + 名词”的短语表示所属关系。 the object of the sentence 句子的宾语 the title of the film 影片的名字 五、名词的作用

1）名词在句中可作主语、宾语、表语、宾语补足语。 Mr. Li holds an important position in the government office. 主语 宾语 We elected him monitor of our class. 宾语 宾补

2）名词还作其他名词的前置定语，用于更准确说明某物的用途，性质，组成材料等。 a tea cup 茶杯 a car number 车牌号 a shoe shop 鞋店 a stone bridge 石桥

※※名词作定语必须用单数。man, woman作定语，用单数还是复数由被修饰的

名词的单复数决定。sport作定语，单复数形式均可。 a man teacher 一个男教师 ten women doctors 十个女医生 a sport（s）shirt 运动衫 the arms race 武器竞赛（特例）

选：It is said that the Air Force about $80 million a year. Really a problem, isn’t it ?

A．bird hit cost B．birds hit costs C．bird hits cost D．bird hit costs 本题题义：空军每年因飞鸟撞击飞机造成的损失达大约八千万美元。考查的是名词作定语。名词作定语必须用单数，故可考虑的答案为A、C。又因一年内鸟击飞机事件多次发生，故选C。

六、学习名词，特别要注意的问题

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1）准确把握词义，重视近义词的辩析 选：One of the advantage of living on the top floor of a high rise is that you can get a

good .（2001年上海高考题）

A．sight B．scene C．view D．look 辩析：sight 1.看见 2.视力 3.视野 4.风景

scene 1.（事件发生的）现场2.场面 ; 情景3.景色 4.（拍电影）场景，（舞台）布置

view 1.眺望2.视野 3.风景，景色。

look 1.看 2.神色,表情 looks =appearance外貌

本句意为：住在高层建筑顶层的优越之一，是能清楚眺望到一切。故本题答案为C。 近年来高考试卷非常重视对名词的考查，是重点热点之一。 2）正确掌握名词前冠词的使用规则

选：1. Summer in ________ south of France are for ________ most part dry and sunny. A. /; a

B. the, /

C. /, /

D. the, the

2． Most animals have little connection with animals of different kind

unless they kill them for food. A．the ；a

B．不填 ；a C．the ；the D．不填 ；the

名词练习

1. He is a man of ________ and he has_______ interesting_______ in his life.

A. much experience; a lot of; experiences B. many experiences; much; experience

C. many experience; much; experience D. many experiences; a lot of; experience

2. Perhaps we need to clear away these books to make _______ for our new

students.

A. place B. area C. room D. space 3. If you are driving to the airport, can you give me a _______?

A. hand B. seat C. drive D. lift

4. Being able to speak another language fluently is a great ______ when you are

looking for a job.

A. chance B. importance C. assistant D. advantage 5. The _______ of building the Great Theater ______ only one year.

A. job; spent B. work; spent C. position, took D. works, took

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6. He had run away from home and gone to _______ when he was 16 years old.

A. the sea B. a sea C. seas D. sea

7. Only one third of the people present at the meeting were _________ the new

rules.

A. in favour of B. in agreement of C. in for D. wit the side of 8. Everybody thinks little of the film. In fact, there is no ______ of it being tried

out in the film festival.

A. sign B. use C. possibility D. doubt 9. Can your ________ with you---- money , jewellery, cameras and so on.

A. gifts B. suitcase C. bags D. valuables 10. Students should be encouraged to finish their homework_______.

A. of themselves B. of their own C. for their own D. on their own 11. When he is angry, his _______ stands up on end.

A. head B. uniform C. hair D. skin

12. His letter was so confusing that I could hardly make any ______ of it.

A. explanation B. meaning C. sense D. guess 13. ---Is Mr Smith in? --- No, he’s asked for _______ leave.

A. a two week’s B. a two-week C. a two-week’s D. a two weeks

14. -----______ car crashed into a tree yesterday. They must have been driving too

fast.

---- Every boy and every girl _____ to drive that fast.

A. Tom and Jane’s; wish B. Tom’s and Jane’s ;wishes C. Tom and Jane’s ; likes D. Tom’s and Jane’s ; want

15. ________ Mr Wang has! He almost never remembers where he leaves his

keys.

A. What a poor memory B. What poor memory C. How good a memory D. How poor memory 16. The _____ change of weather may have some _____ his health.

A. sudden; caused B. sudden; effect on C. suddenly; bad results to D. suddenly; effect on

17. Because prices of food and clothing and almost everything else in that country

have steadily gone up the buying _______ of the dollar has gone down. A. energy B. force C. power D. strength

18. _______ of English is helpful if you are devoted to _______ English literature.

A. A good knowledge; study B. A good knowledge ; studying C. Good knowledge; study D. Good knowledge; studying 19. ---Few children are as bright as he is, and also, he works very hard.

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--- It’s no _______ that he always gets the first place in any examination. A. doubt B. problem C. question D. wonder 20. Mary’s handwriting is better than_______ in her class.

A. anyone else B. anyone else’s C. anyone’s else D. other students 21. It really doesn’t make any _____ whether to buy a laptop computer or a

desktop computer.

A. choice B. decision C. difference D. sense

22. Many students signed up for the _____ race in the sports meeting to be held

next week.

A. 800-meter-long B. 800-meters-long C. 800 meter length D. 800 meters length

23. His behaviour at the party last night seemed rather______. Many of us were

quite surprised.

A. out of practice B. out of place C. out of politeness D. out of pity 24. These football players had no strict ______ until they joined our club.

A. practice B. education C. training D. exercise 25. If it was not an accident, he must have done it ________.

A. on purpose B. in common C. on occasion D. in time 26. We must keep our room clean. Dirt and disease go _______.

A. from time to time B. hand in hand C. step by step D. one after another

27. _____ is known to us all, _____ feed on grass while horses on grain.

A. It , cattle B. This; cattles C. What ; cattles D. As; cattle

28. ______ everyone can hear the speaker there is no______ in turning up the

radio.

A. Now that; point B. Even if; point C. Now that, need D. Even if; need 29. Shelly had prepared carefully for her English examination so that she could be

sure of passing it on her first _______.

A. intention B. attempt C. purpose D. desire 30. No one has yet succeeded in explaining the ______ of how life began.

A. cause B. problem C. reason D. puzzle

31. Jack tried hard to get a gold medal in this Winter Olympic Games but he had

no ______.

A. luck B. time C. fate D. entrance 32. The young man owes his success to many people , his parents _______.

A. after all B. by chance C. on purpose D. in particular 33. I should like to try that coat on, for I don’t know if it is my _______.

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A. shape B. model C. design D. size

34. It is important for us to employ a word or phrase to the _______ in language

studies.

A. situation B. expression C. condition D. translation 35. Flight BA 123 to Vienna is now boarding at _______.

A. Gate 21 B. 21st Gate C. the Gate 21 D. 21 Gate 36. ----Shall we take a walk before dinner?

----- Oh, yes, ______ is my favourite time of a day.

A. the early evenings B. in the early evening C. the early of the evening D. early evening

37. Being poor, she had to borrow a new _______ so as to attend the party.

A. cloth B. clothes C. clothing D. dress

38. Popular music is liked by many people, but it is not to everyone’s _______.

A. manners B. smell C. taste D. thought

39. Such good ______ should be made of one’s spare time to study another

foreign language. A. chance B. choice C. decision D. use 40. She thought the painting was of little ______ , so she let him have it for only

$15.

A. cost B. important C. price D. value 41. There are three _______ in our clinic.

A. woman doctor B. woman doctors C. women doctor D. women doctors 42. I tried every ______ to make him give up smoking.

A. mean B. ways C. meaning D. means 43. ______ will conquer nature.

A. The man B. Man C. Any man D. The men 44. Yesterday I was invited to the dinner at _______.

A. Turners B. the Turners C. Turners’ D. the Turners’ 45. Jess went to a _______ for some shoes.

A. shoes’ store B. shoe store C. shoe’s store D. shoes store 46. Standing on top of the mountain, you’ll get a wonderful _______.

A. joy B. seeing C. view D. nature 47. He was chosen _____ of the company.

A. manager B. a manager C. the manager D. as a manager 48. ---What can I do for you? --- I’d like to have a ______ of China Daily.

A. piece B. sheet C. lot D. copy 49. ______it is to listen to music!

A. How fun B. How a fun C. What a fun D. What fun

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50. What the expert has said and done will be _______ to the department

managers.

A. value B. benefit C. of valuable D. of benefit

1-5 ACDDD 6-10 DACDD 11-15 CCBCA 16-20 BCBDB 21-25 CABCA 26-30 BDABA 31-35 ADDAA 36-40 DDCDD 41-45 DDBDB 6-50 CADDD

第二章 主谓一致

句子的谓语动词和句子的主语应在数方面保持一致。主谓一致的基本原则是：主语是单数，谓语动词用单数形式；主语是复数，谓语动词用复数形式。句子的主语有以下几种类型：

1．带后置定语型。其谓语动词的形式依主语的单复数而定，与后置定语无关。 （together）with … S +

except / but … besides … rather than … as well as …

V A library together with a lot of books has been given to our school as a gift. Two pilots as well as all the passengers were killed in this plane crash. 两个飞行员连同所有旅客都死于这次空难。

2．部分—整体型。其谓语的单复数，由整体部分决定。 70 percent two-thirds part of the / one’s + n +V half （整体） all the rest 1）About 70% of the surface of the earth is covered by water. 2）Part of the books are worth reading, but the rest（of them）are of no value. ※注：all单独作主语时，All指人谓语用复数。All指物或事情谓语用单数。 ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 1）All are eager to reach an agreement. 所有的人都急于达成协议。 2）All is going well. 一切都进展顺利。

3．定语仅能修饰单数名词型，其谓语动词用单数。 Each / Every Either / Neither Another + n（单数）+ V Many a

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More than one More than one graduate wants to go to work in Western China. 不止一个毕业生要求去中国西部工作。

Many a day has passed since the boy was lost. 那个男孩失踪已有许多天。

4．就近一致型。下列连词连接两个主语时，及there be句型有多个并列主语，谓语应与最靠近的主语保持一致。

A or B 1）Either you or I am to meet them at the station. Either A or B 不是你就是我要去车站接他们。

Neither A nor B 2）Not only the teacher but also his students object to the plan. Not only A but also B 3）There is an air-conditioner and two computers in his office. There be A, B and C 在他办公室有一台空调和二台电脑。 5．需记住的其他规则 Either 1）Neither of + n 作主语，谓语用单数。 Each None of + n（复数）作主语，谓语用单数或复数均可。 None of + n（单数）作主语，谓语用单数。

Either of the answers is right. 两个答案中有一个是对的。 None of the cars was / were damaged. 这些车都没有受损。 None of the food has gone bad. 食物没有变质。 2）a number of + n（复数）作主语，谓语用复数。 the number of + n（复数）作主语，谓语用单数。

A large number of students are from the south. 很多学生是南方人。

The number of students in our school has gone up to 3000. 我校学生数已上升到3000人。

3）关系代词作主语，定语从句谓语动词的形式取决于其先行词的单复数。 He is one of the few persons who have a good knowledge of Italian. 他是精通意大利语的少数人之一。

在以上句子中，persons是who的先行词，从句谓语动词用复数。 （比较）He is the only one of the boys who was given a prize. 他是这些孩子中唯一受到奖励的。

当one之前有the only修饰时，one是who的先行词，从句谓语动词用单数。 4）单个动名词，不定式或主语从句作主语，谓语动词用单数。 两个并列的动名词，不定式或主语从句作主语，谓语动词用复数。 When and where to hold the meeting isn’t decided yet.（一个不定式作主语）

What I say and what I think are none of your business. 我说什么，想什么与你无关。（两个并列主语从句作主语）

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5）each, any, every, no构成的复合代词都当作单数看待。 Someone is asking you on the phone. 有人在打电话找你。

注：复合代词作主语，反意疑问句的主语通常用they，也可用he。 Everyone was present at the meeting, weren’t they / wasn’t he ? Someone has known the news, haven’t they / hasn’t he ?

6）以“s”结尾的书刊名、国名、机构名和学科名作主语，谓语用单数。 The United Nations was set up in 1942. 联合国建于1942年。

The Canterbury Tales was written by Chaucer. 《坎特伯雷故事集》是乔叟写的。 Economics is my major. 经济学是我的主修课程。

7）某些形容词或分词和定冠词the连用表示某类人作主语，谓语用复数。

The sick have been cured and the lost have been found.

病人得到医治，失踪的也已找回来了。

8）由and连接两个单数名词作主语，谓语动词用复数形式。 English and Chinese are quite different languages.

若and并列的主语在意义上指同一个人，同一概念或对立统一的事物，谓语动词用单数。

The manager and secretary is as busy as a bee all day. 那位经理兼秘书整天忙忙碌碌。（两个名词共用一个冠词，指同一个人）

War and peace is a contant theme in history. 战争与和平是历史永恒的主题。（对立统一的一对事物）

9）单复数同形的名词如deer, means；集合名词如family作主语，如何决定谓语动词的单复数，请见第四章冠词。

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Exercise 1 主谓一致

1．I, who your friend, will try my best to help you.

A．be B．am C．is D．are 2．The United States must look out of the rights of citizens. A．its B．their C．ours D．us

3．So far as I know, more than one person connected with the accident. A．is B．has C．are D．have 4．Maths as well as physics always me to much trouble. A．causes B．puts C．cause D．put

5．Not only you and I but Peter, the top student in our grade, not able to solve the problem.

A．are B．were C．is D．am

6．There one or two things that I have to mention.

A．is B．are C．has D．have 7． Either I or my accountant（会计） to blame for the loss ? A．Is B．Are C．Am D．Does

8．So far 70% of the poor in this area out of poverty（贫困）with the help of the local

government.

A．has got B．are getting C．have got D．had got

9．Collecting stamps as a hobby increasingly popular during the past ten years. A．became B．becomes C．has become D．have become

10．Whether or not the new plan will produce any positive（积极的）results to be seen. A．remain B．is remained C．remains D．have remained 11．Too much work and too little rest bad health.

A．lead to B．leads to C．result in D．result from 12．He is the only one of those speakers who ideas perfectly clear. A．make their B．makes his C．express their D．express 13．Every possible means tried, but without much result. A．has been B．have been C．are D．is 14．Ten minutes an hour when one is waiting for a phone call. A．seem B．look C．seems D．looks 15．All we have seen and heard our memory. A．is deeply impressed on B．great impress C．are strongly impressed in D．highly impresses 1-5 BAABC 6-10 AACCC 11-15 BBACA

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第三章 代 词

单 数 人 称 代 词 物 形容词性 主 代 词 Himself 反身代词 myself yourself herself itself ourselves yourselves themselves 名词性 mine yours his hers its ours yours theirs my your his her its our your their 宾格 me you him her it us you them 主格 第 一 人 称 I 第 二 人 称 you 第 三 人 称 he she it 第 一 人 称 we 复 数 第 二 人 称 you 第 三 人 称 they 一、人称代词的用法 1．人称代词的主格在句中作主语

He is always thinking more of others than of himself. 2．人称代词的宾格作动词和介词的宾语 You can’t trust him. Who else wants to go for a picnic besides him ? 注1．主格，宾格均可作表语，在口语中用宾格较多 If I were she, I would act on the doctor’s advice. —— Who is knocking at the door ? —— It’s me. ※注2．作主语的人称代词孤立地使用在无谓语动词的句中，常用宾格 —— I want an apple. —— Me, too. “What ! Me to say sorry to him ? No!”

注3．两个或两个以上的人称代词并列时，其顺序是： 单数按2，3，1人称排列；复数按1，2，3人称排列。 You, she（Mary）and I must attend today’s meeting.

※I and Tom are to blame.该责备的是我和汤姆（在承认错误或自我批评时，说话人一般把自己

放在他人之前讲。）

二、it的用法

1．代替已提到的事物或上文提及的情况 He bought a magazine and lent it to me.

Her mother has died. It is a terrible shock to her. 她母亲死了。这对她打击很大。

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2．用于It+be+n/adj句型中，说明天气、时间、距离等 It is freezing cold today.

It is five minutes’ ride from here to the station.

3．（未指明但谈话双方都明白的）那件事；那种情况。 -------- Do you like it here?

------- Oh, yes. The air, the weather, the way of life. Everything is nice. 4．代替性别尚不明的婴儿和小孩

She was holding a baby in her arms and it was crying.

5．作形式主语或形式宾语，代替作主语或宾语的不定式，动名词或从句 It was kind of you to send me a present.（it作形式主语）

I make it a rule to walk two miles a day.我通常一天步行二英里。（it作形式宾语） I take it that you don’t agree with me.我的理解是，你和我看法不同。（it作形式宾语） ☆注：少数动词，如take（理解），hate，dislike，不能直接带宾语从句，须在动词和宾语从

句之间，加形式宾语it。

5．It is/was … that …. 构成强调句，强调句中某一部分 It was I that/who told him about it.（强调主语I）

三、物主代词

1．形容词性物主代词只能作名词的前置定语，不能单独使用 Those people are my schoolmates. 2．名词性物主代词单独使用，在句中作主语，表语和宾语 作主语 Your bike is black. Mine（Mine = My bike）is red. 作表语 This fault is yours, not hers. 这是你的过错，不是她的错。 作宾语 There is something wrong with my bike. May I use yours ? 3．名词性物主代词与of连用构成双重所有格 1）表示部分概念

Yesterday I came across an old friend of mine（= one of my old friends）in the street. 2）表示强调

We show great interest in this invention of yours（= your invention）

Be sure not to believe that daughter of hers（her daughter）千万别信她的那个女儿。

四、反身代词

1．作动词或介词的宾语

She has been teaching herself English. 她一直在自学英语。 2．作表语

I am not quite myself today. 我今天身体不太好。 3．作主语或宾语的同位语，译“亲自”；“本人，自己”

The mayor himself will look into the matter. 市长将亲自调查这件事。 You’d better ask the patient himself about his trouble. 关于病人的病情，你最好问他自己。 4．反身代词的重要短语

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I gave the room a good cleaning all by myself. by oneself = alone /on my own 独自一人 I will be myself in no time. be oneself 身体或大脑正常 Please make yourself at home. 请不要受拘束 help oneself to sth. 自行取用，随意拿取 Help yourself to apples.

No one was there, so she helped herself to all the money on the table. He came to himself a few minutes later. come to oneself 苏醒 It is better to think for yourself. think for onself 独立思考，自己作出决定

I’d be grateful (thankful) if you keep this information to yourself. keep sth. to oneself 不把某事告诉别人

五、相互代词

each other一般指两者；one another一般指三者或三者以上。但现在可以通用，不加区别。在

句中仅作宾语，不能作主语。

We should care for each other and help each other.

They often stay at one another’s houses. 他们经常住在彼此的家里。

六、不定代词

1．some和any

some及复合代词someone, something用于肯定句。 any及复合代词用于否定句、疑问句和条件句。 Some of the milk has gone bad. I haven’t any money on me.

If anything unusual happens, let me know. 若发生异常情况，请告诉我。 注1．若表示请求，建议，尽管是疑问句，用some，不用any。 Would you like some more coffee ? Shall I bring some food to the party ?

注2．any及复合代词也可用于肯定句，表示三者或三者以上中任何一个。 ．．．．．． I think any of his movies would interest you. —— Which would you like, tea, coffee or wine ? —— Any will do. 随便哪一个都行。 2．each和every

each用于强调两个或两个以上的人或事物中每一个。既可作定语，也可作主语和宾语。 ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． Each of the boys has his strong and weak points. There is a bookstore on each side of the street.

every（形容词）用于表示三个或三个以上的人或事物中每一个。在句中只能作定语。 ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． I have read every book he lent me.

请注意以下不定代词的特殊用法或固定搭配 ① I have read it in some magazine. some修饰单数可数名词，相当于a certain

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② She is something like his mother. 她有点像她的母亲。

③ He is something of an expert at computers. 他是一个出色的电脑专家。 ④ She is nothing but a dancer. 她只不过是一个跳舞的。 （nothing but = only）

⑤ He was anything but pleased at the news.听到这个消息他一点不高兴。 （anything but = not … at all）

3．both, either, neither和all, any, none

both两者，双方；neither（两者）都不，（两者中）无一；either（两者之中）任何一个； all（三者或三者以上）全体人员，所有东西。none（三者或三者以上）都不。any（三者或三者以上中）任何一个。 作用：1）作主语

Both of his students are from Beijing. Either of the teams has the chance of winning. Neither of his novels is satisfactory. None of us have（has）ever been abroad. None of the money was paid to me. 2）作名词的定语 He spent all his money. Both sides are eager to reach an agreement. There is a post office on either side of the street. Neither seat is occupied. 两个位子都空着。

3）both, all, each作主语同位语，位于be动词 / 助动词和行为动词中间。 作宾语同位语，置于宾语之后。 They are both（all）tired of reading. We each have different opinions about it. I will invite you both = I will invite both of you. 选择：—— Have you any money ? I need some badly. —— Sorry. at all.

A. Nothing B. No one C. None D. A little 注 1.指带没有上文中提到的人或物， 用none.

2.none 不能做定语。下句是典型病句:

Luckily, none passengers were injured in the car accident.

3. no one 仅指人； no one, nothing 等不定代词不能接 “of + n.”结构 Everyone of us likes it.

判断下列句子是否正确。如果有错，请改正。

1．The Parkers bought a new house, but they will need a lot of decoration before they move in. A B C D 2．Some people make more money than we teachers, but few gain as much satisfaction from

A

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B C

his work.

D

3．Between you and I, we have nothing in common. A B C D

4．You have to hurry up if you want to buy something cheap because there is hardly something A B C

left. D

5．The men and women who pushed the frontier（边境）Westward across America probably A

never thought of them as brave pioneers.

B C D

A B C D

a solid bank account. 7．There are two buses to Baihai Park. You can take each of them. A B C D

8．Believe it or not. There is such no thing which will happen here. A B C D 9．His refusal came as none surprise. I expected it. A B C D

10．When each the pop star stepped into the hall, all the people present burst into cheers. A B C D 另外，替代上述之事用that, this, it；替代下文要说的事，用this： Her mother was ill. That / This is why she couldn’t come. The problem is this：he is suffering from cancer. 4．one和that

1）one替代上文提到的同种类的人或事物，但非同一个人或物。 one = a + 单数名词。

—— What do you think of the watches ?

—— Excellent. I’m going to buy one. = I going to buy a watch like them.

其复数形式为ones。The white coats match the hat than the blue ones. 白色上衣比蓝色上衣更配这顶帽子。

one只能替代可数名词。若其有形容修饰，需加“a”；若其后有限制性后置定语，需加“the”。 ．．．．．．．．．．． 例1：This hat is too small for me. Can you change it for a bigger one ? 例2：This picture is the one my mother wants to have very much. 2）that替代上文提到的同种类的事物。 that = the + 单数名词，常用that of …结构。

例1：My seat was next to that of the mayor.（that = the seat）

例2：The air of a suburb is clearer than that of a city. 郊外的空气比都市的干净。

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6．My wife and I reached the agreement that everything is more important for us than building

that可替代可数名词（例1），也可替代不可数名词（例2）。其复数形式为those。 Our rules are quite different from those of other organizations. one和that作“替代”的用法，是高考的一个重点热点。 5．疑问代词who, what, which

1）which既可指人，也可指物。表示在一定范围内“哪一个”。 Which of these ideas costs the least ? 在这些办法中，哪一个花费最小？ Which do you prefer, classical music or popular music ? 2）who（谁），what（什么）则用于无选择范围的情况。 Who are you talking about ?

What is your hobby ? 你的业余爱好是什么？ 6．部分否定

1）everyone, everything可用于肯定句、否定句和疑问句。 —— Is everyone here ? —— Yes, except Li Ming.

2）not与both, all, everyone, everything及副词always, entirely / wholly（全部地）连用，表示部分否定，译“并非…都是”

Not everyone is kind. = Everyone is not kind. 并非所有人都善良。 All your answers are not correct.

I don’t wholly agree with you. 我并不完全同意你的看法。

选择：I agree with most of what you said, but I don’t agree with . A. everything B. anything C. something D. nothing 答案A 7．other, the other, the others, the rest, another

1）other (adj) 其他的，仅作定语，修饰复数名词。no / some / any / many other可修饰单数或复数名词

Can we settle this problem in other ways ? You have no other choice but to wait. I have many other questions to ask. Please come to my home some other time. 2）another同类中另一个

Would you like another cup of tea ? Give me another chance, please.

I need another three dollars = I need three more dollars. 我还需要三美元。

3）others泛指其他人，别人或其他东西，常与some对照使用，表示“有的…有的…” It is like her to think of others. Some people believe in God; others don’t. 4）the other 表示两者的另一个。

He has two sons. One is thin and the other is fat.

5）the others / the rest 表示除去一部分其余的人或物。the others代替可数名词；the rest可代替可数或不可数名词。

Some of the boys went swimming, while the others lay on the beach, bathed in sunlight. 一些男孩去游泳，其余的躺在沙滩上沐日光浴。

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用other, the other, the others, the rest, another填空：

1）I don’t know pop music. So I can hardly tell one song from . 2）You might as well paint side of the wall white. 3）Perhaps he came here for reasons.

4）Some of the equipment is made in China; is introduced from Japan.

5）We must try to meet the needs of .

Exercise 代 词

1. Shanghai is really a fascinating city and we’ve decided to stay for ______ two weeks.

A. another B. other C. the other D. other’s 2. ---Do you like ______ here?

---Oh, yes, the air, the weather, the way of life. Everything is so nice. A. this B. these C. that D. it 3. I like _____ in the autumn when the climate is clear and bright.

A．it B．that C．this D．one

4. We considered _____ logical（符合逻辑的）that not all plans can be put into practice. A．that B．quite C．it D．very 5. --- Are the new rules working ? --- Yes, ______ books are stolen.

A．Few B．Some C．Less D．None 6. --- Have you any money with you ? I need some badly --- Sorry, but _____ .

A．not B．nothing C．none D．quite a little 7. --- How much tea is left in the pot ? --- ______.

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A．None B．Nothing C．Not some D．No one 8. ---You have no difficulty finding the answer to the question? ---_______.

A. Not a little B. No problem C. None at all D. Neither 9. --- Do you have_____ ready for tonight’s party ?

--- No. I still have to send all the letters of invitation.

A．anything B．something C．everything D．nothing 10. --- Do you mind if Peter join you in your work ? --- Yes, I do. I will be glad to work with _____ Peter.

A．anyone but B．no one except C．all besides D．everyone and 11. --- Where do you think I should put this pot of flowers ? --- Put it on _____ side of the meeting hall.

A．every B．any C．each D．either

12. As is expected, cities like Cario and Jakarta probably would _____ have a population of

20 million by 2010.

A．both B．each C．every D．either

13. You should learn to think for yourself; nothing taught by others can have the same

effect on you as ______ learned by yourself.

A．what B．it C．that D．the one 14. --- Why don’t we take a little break ? --- Didn’t we just have _____ .

A．it B．that C．one D．this 15. If this dictionary isn’t yours, ______ can it be ?

A．what else B．who else C．which elses’ D．who else’s

16. New English-Chinese dictionary has been republished many times, more up to date

than the last edition.

A．every B．either C．each D．any

17. They couldn’t have dinner in a restaurant because_____ of them ____ money. A．all, didn’t have B．everyone, had no C．none, had any D．no one, had any

18. Most of the equipment is made in China; _____ imported from Japan. A．others B．the others C．the rest D．the other

19. It is one thing to enjoy listening to good music, but it is quite _____ to perform

skillfully yourself.

A．another B．other thing C．others D．the other 20．The man is so familiar to me. I must have met him one day _____ .

A．or the other B．or another C．or else D．or something 21. One of the sides of the board should be painted yellow, and _____ . A．the other is white B．another white

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C．the other white D．the rest white

22. I intended to compare notes with a friend, but unfortunately _____ couldn’t spare even

one minute.

A. they B. one C. who D. it

23. I read about it in some book or other. Does it matter _____ it was ? A．where B．what C．how D．which

24．There is _____ thing _____ private ownership（私有制）of land in China today. A．no such a, as B．no such, as C．such no, as D．no such, like 25. --- Is David a man with good manners.

--- I don’t think so. As a matter of fact, he is ______ but polite.

A. something B. everything C. nothing D. anything

26. Meeting my uncle after all these years was an unforgettable moment, _____ I will

always treasure.

A. that B. one C. it D. what 27. --- Can I help you?

--- I’d like to buy a present for my father’s birthday,__ ___ at a proper price and of

great use.

A. one B. it C. that D. those

28. The Parkers bought a new house but _____ will need a lot of work before they can

move in.

A. they B. it C. one D. which 29. --- What do you think of her idea?

--- I was not in the least surprised for I had fully expected ______. A. that much B. as much C. very much D. so much 30. --- What an amazing film. It’s the most interesting film I’ve ever seen.

--- But I’m sure it won’t interest _______.

A. somebody B. anybody C. everybody D. nobody 31. He seems to have little, if ______,to do with it.

A. so B. any C. some D. anything 32. In that case, it was ______ she could do not to cry.

A. something B. anything C. all D. nothing

33. If your daughter can make what her teachers teach ______, she will make rapid

progress.

A. it B. that C. herself D. hers

34. Due to lack of fund and equipment, we have ______ choice than to give up the

experiments.

A. some other B. other C. another D. no other 35. --- Who on earth could it be?

--- It was ______ other than Clint Eastwood.

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A. nobody B. none C. nothing D. not 36. --- Is Jissica a diligent student?

--- No, but she is a lazy one, if ______.

A. something B. everything C. anything D. nothing

1-5 ADACA 6-10 CACCA 11-15 BBCCD 16-20 CCCAB 21-25 CADBD 26-30 BABBC 31-36DCDDBC

第四章 冠 词

一、冠词的种类

冠词可分成不定冠词a，an和定冠词the。

二、泛指和特指的定义

1．泛指：一般提及人或事物，不作具体说明叫泛指。下列两种情况为泛指 a）未明确交待的人或事物

I met her in a coffee shop near the station. 我在车站附近的一家咖啡馆遇到她的。 b）表明数量“一”

He asked for a book and two magazines. 他要一本书和两本杂志。

2．特指：具体指明人或物叫特指，其基本意思是“这，那”。下列三种情况为特指。 1）上文提到过的人或物

I bought a book yesterday. The book is of great value. 昨天我买了一本书，这本书很有价值。 2）说话人或听话人心中都有数的人或事物 —— When will the meeting be held? —— At 2:00 o’clock in the afternoon. 3）带有限制性的后置定语

The movie directed by Mr. Zhang Yimou was a great hit. 张艺谋执导的那部电影极为叫座。

三、冠词使用的基本规则

1．可数名词 单数可数名词 复数可数名词 泛指 a book books 特指 the book the books 表示泛指，单数可数名词用不定冠词a（an），复数名词不用冠词。 表示特指，可数单数名词和复数可数名词，均用定冠词the。 2．物质名词和抽象名词 物质名词和抽象名词不用冠词。 Blood is thicker than water. 血浓于水。 Wisdom is better than strength. 智慧胜于力量。

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特指的物质名词和抽象名词，用定冠词the。

The snow in front of the house is beginning to melt. 房前的雪开始融化了。 a(n) 与物质名词连用，可表示种类或一杯之量。 Maotai is an excellent wine. Bring me a coffee, will you?

选择：The warmth of sweater will of course be determined by the sort of wool used. A．the ；the B．the ；不填 C．不填 ；the D．不填 ；不填 四、需要用定冠词的其他几种情况 1．用于表示世界上独一无二的事物名词之前。 the sun, the moon, the earth, the world, the sky

2．用于表示方位名词，序数词和形容词最高级之前。 sail to the east turn to the right This is the most expensive of all the clothes. This is the third time that he has been elected chairman of the Student Union. 3．与某些形容词或分词连用，代表一类人或事物。

I was brought up to respect the old. 我从小就接受教育，要敬爱老人。 The beautiful can never die. 美是永恒的。

4．用在表示江河、海洋、山脉、群岛、海峡、沙漠，建筑物等名词之前。 the Pacific（Ocean）太平洋 the South-China sea 南中国海

the Sahara 哈拉沙漠 the Persian Gulf 波斯湾 the Beijing Station 北京车站 5．用于姓氏的复数形式之前，表示“夫妇”或“一家人”。

The Turners are sitting at lunch table. 特纳一家正吃午饭。 6. 由普通名词构成的专有名词（如国家，党派等）前。 例：the United States; the Communist Party of China 7. 用在表示发明物的单数名词前。 The telephone was invented by Bell. 8．用在某些固定短语中：

on the spot 当场 on the whole 总的来说

for the most part 多半，在多数情况下 out of the question 不可能

五、不用冠词的其他几种情况

1． 物质名词，抽象名词（见第三章），人名，地名等专有名词前。 Air is important to us. Beijing is the capital of China.

2．表示季节、月份、周日、节假日（中国传统节例外）名词之前。 I like spring most. I’m going to return to England at Christmas Day. 若具体指明哪一年的季节，应有定冠词。 The war broke out on the spring of 1942. 3．表示学科、球类、棋类和三餐名词之前 He is good at maths. I like playing football. I often go to school without breakfast.

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注：强调一顿饭或特指某顿饭可用冠词。 Mother cooked me a nice dinner this morning. The dinner cooked by my mother tastes delicious. 4．表示正式的或独一无二的职位、头衔的名词，在句中作宾补或同位语。 He has been elected chairman of the student union. Mandela, president of South Africa, was awarded the Nobel prize for peace in 1997. 南非总统曼德拉于1997年获得诺贝尔和平奖。

5. 在与by 连用的交通工具名称之前。 例:by taxi, by bike, by boat

但注意：get into a taxi, take a bus, on the train 等表达形式。 6．某些固定短语中，要求不用冠词。

at present 目前 take part in 参加 in peace 平安，平静 by chance 碰巧 注意：有些词组中有无冠词含义不同。 at table

在进餐

in hospital 住院

in the hospital 在医院工作或参观等 out of question 不成问题 out of the question根本不可能

at the table 坐在桌子旁 be in charge of 负责? by day在白天 by the day按天计算 7．高考中冠词考查热点

选择：Summers in south of France are for most part dry and sunny.（2000年春季高考）

A．the ；不填 B．不填 ；the C．不填 ；不填 D．the ；the

答案为D。分析：方位名词要用定冠词the，故可考虑的选项为A、D。for the most part为固定短语，故答案为D。近几年来，高考试卷对冠词的命题方式大多数情况是，一空考冠词的基本用法，一空考固定短语中冠词使用。因此在我们学习固定短语中，一定要留神并准确记忆固定短语中名词前使用的冠词。

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be in the charge of 由?负责

冠词练习

1. ______on-going division between English-speaking Canadians and French-speaking Canadians is ______ major concern of the country. 2. ---Where is my blue shirt?

--- It’s in the washing machine. You have to wear _____ different one. A. any B. the C. a D other

3. The sign reads “ In case of _____ fire, break the glass and push _____ red button”. A. / , a B. / , the C. the, the D. a , a 4. There is ______ dictionary on ______ desk by your side. A. a, the B. a, a C. the, a D. the, the

5. Jumping out of _______ airplane at ten thousand feet is quite ______ exciting experience. A. /, the B. / , an C. an , an D. the, the

6. One way to understand thousands of new words is to gain _____ good knowledge of basic word formation.

7. The cakes are delicious. He’d like to have _____ third one because _____ one is rather too small. A. a, a B. the, the C. the, a D. a , the

8. The warmth of ______ sweater will of course be determined by the sort of _____wool used. A. the, the B. /, the C. the, / D. / , /

9. Mr Smith, there is a man at _______ front door who says he has ______news for you of great importance.

A. the, / B. the, the C. / , / D. / , the 10. A bullet hit the soldier and he was wounded in ______ leg. A. a B. one C. the D. his

11. Paper money was in ______ use in China when Marco Polo visited the country in _____

thirteenth century.

A. the, / B. The, the C. /, the D. / , /

12. It is not rare in ______ that people in ______ fifties are going to university for further

education.

A. 90s, their B. the 90s, / C. 90s, the D. the 90s, their

13. People regard the wheel as _____ invention of the first importance in _____ human history. A. an , the B. an; / C. the, the D. the, /

14. Young as he is , David has gained ______ rich experience in _____society. A. /, / B. the, the C. a, / D. /, the

15. The party last night was _____ success. We sang and danced until it came to ______ end at twelve.

A. a , the B. the, an C. a , an D. / , an

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16. She is usually on _____duty in her office every _____ days.

A. the, a B. / , / C. / , a D. a , /

17. The two rooms are of _____ size. But another two rooms are twice _____ size of them.

A. the, the B. a, a C. the, a D. a , the 18. Cleaning women in big cities usually get paid by ______ hour.

A. the B. a C. an D. / 19. ----He wants to have ______ word with you.

---- I know ______ word has come that I am the next person he wants to talk to. A. / , the B. a , the C. a , / D. the, a

20. Mr Smith told us that _____ gold medal his son had got was considered _____ great honour to

the whole family.

A. the, / B. a, a C. the, a D. a, the

21. Who do you think will take_____ office next month and become ______ of that country?

A. a, the B. / , the C. the, / D. / , a

22. --- Do you think an advertisement is ______help when you look for a new job?

--- Well, it all depends. Anyway, it gives me more of ____ chance to try. A. a , a B. / , / C. the, the D. a , the

23. Although he knew ______little about _____ large amount of work done in the field, he

succeeded where more well-informed experimenters failed. A. a, the B. the, a C. a, / D. / , the

24.I got ____ bad toothache yesterday, which kept me awake ______ whole night.

A. a, the B. / , a C. the, a D. a , /

25. ______ person like him won’t be simply satisfied with ______ little progress that has been

made.

A. The, a B. The, / C. A, / D. A , the

26. I smoke out of ______ habit, not for ____ pleasure; for I have been in the habit for 20 years.

A. a, the B. the, a C. / , the D / , /

27. Many people are still in ______ habit of writing silly things in ______ places.

A. the, the B. /, / C. the, / D. / , the

28. I wonder what it feels like to become one of _____ really rich. The Jenkins already have two

Roll Royces and now they are buying _____ third! A. the, a B. the, the C. / , a D. / , the

29. In the face of _____ failure, it is the most important to keep up ______ good state of mind.

A. / , a B. a , / C. the, / D. / , the 30. --- What drinks shall I order?

--- _____ large coffee for me. Oh, you may as well bring me _____ hot chocolate too. A. / , the B. A, / C. A , a D. / , / 31. I hear that ______ apple juice is _____ healthy drink .

A. / , a B. / , / C. an , a D. the, /

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32. All these changes will lead to ______ strong and powerful China, _____ country that can

surprise and enrich our planet.

A. a , a B. the, a C. the, the D. a , the

33. When it comes to bringing up children , some people say ______ discipline produces _____

happy, well-behaved child.

A. a , the B. / , a C. a , a D. / , the

34. The growing crime rate has become ______ major problem of _____ society.

A. the, the B. a , / C. / , the D. / , /

35. Don’t worry too much about ____ mistakes. They are ____ natural part of learning.

A. / , a B. the, a C. the, / D. the , the

1-5 ACBAC 6-10 ADCAC 11-15 CDBAC 16-20 BDACC 21-25 BADAD 26-30 DCAAC 31-35 AABB

第五章 形容词和副词

第一节 形容词和副词的作用

1．形容词的作用

1） 作定语

The present markets have taken a new look. 目前市场一派新气象。 2） 作系动词的表语

Their performance was excellent. He looks upset. This text seems difficult. He is said to have gone mad. 3） 作宾语补足语

Who left the door open ? 谁没有关门？

Something must be done to make the waste water clean. 4） 作伴随状况

He waited outside, cold and hungry. His son returned home, safe and sound.（安然无恙） 2．形容词作定语的位置

1）形容词作定语通常放在被修饰的名词之前。若出现多个形容词，排列顺序为： a）冠词——序数词——数量词——描绘性形容词 I spent the last few sunny days at the seaside.

b）描绘性形容词——大小——长短——新旧——国籍——材料 build a fine new stone bridge He is a famous American writer. 2）下列三种情况定语后置

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a）短语 He was the only person awake at the moment. b）修饰不定代词 If anything unusual happens, let me know. c）“a”开头的形容词 He is the greatest artist alive today. 他是在世最伟大的艺术家。 Time alone will show who was right.(time alone=only time) 只有时间能证明到底谁正确。 3．副词的作用 主要用

作状语，修饰动词，形容词，副词，介词短语和整个句子

I simply can’t accept your presents.（修饰动词） 我无论如何不能接受你的礼物。

I’m terribly sorry to interrupt you. The cars are running at much the same speed.（修饰形容词） This article is translated quite well.（修饰副词） She looks exactly like her mother.（修饰介词短语） Luckily, I escaped being killed by a passing car.（修饰全句） 改错 1）—— How did you find his lecture ? A B —— Very well. It couldn’t be any better. C D

2）How different the people there speak English from us！ A B C D

3）The vast majority of people were strong against the decision. A B C D

4）It is too a hot day today. I can’t stand the burning air. A B C D

1）C well → good well表示“好”是副词，当形容词用时表示“健康” 2）B different → differently,它修饰动词speak

3）B strong → strongly,它修饰介词 短语against the decision

4）B a hot → hot a too通常修饰形容词和副词。too也可修饰单数可数名词，表达方

式：too + adj. + a +n。类似词有as, so和how。 He is so good a boy that we all like him. How good a boy he is!

请注意关于too的一些特殊表达： 1．can not?too? 再? 也不为过

2．only too = very 非常

You can’t too careful when crossing the street. 横越马路后，越小心越好。

I’m only too pleased to be able to go home. 能回到家，我真高兴。 3．too 可以有以下程度状语

1）You speak a bit/ a little/ rather too fast.你讲话有点快。 2）These shoes are far/ much too big for me.这双鞋我穿太大了。 几组副词的比较：

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1. very, much

二者均为程度副词，very 修饰形容词或副词；much修饰“a”开头的形容词，过去分词或非谓语动词。例如：

very good/ exciting/ limited.（以习惯上被用作形容词的过去分词） He was (very) much afraid. I enjoyed the film (very) much. 2. already, yet, still

already 用在肯定句，表示某事已经发生；yet用于否定句和疑问句中，表示期待某事发生；still表示某事还在进行。例如： I have already finished my work. He hasn’t come back yet. Has she fallen asleep yet?

译：1）Keep still when I take a picture. 2) It is raining hard; still, we must go out. 3．almost, nearly

1)almost 比nearly 更接近某状况。例如： It’s almost 12 o’clock. (11:55) It’s nearly 12 o’clock. (11:45)

2)almost 多与nobody, nothing, no, none, never 连用。例如： I almost never see him.

not nearly为固定用法，含义为“远非”。例如： It’s not nearly easy. 4．quite, rather, fairly

1)quite 和rather 修饰名词时在a 之前。而fairly 在a 之后。例如： We had quite a party. It’s a fairly interesting film.

但如果有形容词和rather 一起修饰名词时，放在a 的前后均可，例如： They are rather a strong (a rather strong) team.

2)rather 通常修饰贬义词和不喜欢的词，而fairly通常修饰褒义词或喜好的词。 例如：

The question is rather difficult. The city is fairly clean.

第二节 形容词和副词的比较结构

英语中的形容词和副词可以划分为三个等级：原级，比较级和最高级。 原级 比较级 最高级 young younger youngest excellent more excellent most excellent 形容词和副词比较级和最高级的构成方法

1）单音节词及以“er”，“le”，“ow”，“辅音字母+y”收尾的双音节词，在词尾加er或est构

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成比较级和最高级

quick → quicker → quickest large → larger → largest thin → thinner →thinnest clever → cleverer → cleverest simple → simpler → simplest narrow → narrower → narrowest happy → happier → happiest

2）其他双音节词及多音节词，在词加more或most构成比较级和最高级 famous → more famous → most famous beautiful → more beautiful → most beautiful

3）英语中有一部分形容词和副词的比较级和最高级是不规则的，如下表所示： 原级 far good, well bad badly, ill many, much little old 比较级 farther further better worse more less older elder 最高级 farthest furthest best worst most lest oldest eldest 注：1）farther, further均可表示距离上“更远”；但表示程度上“进一步”，用further。 I’m too tired to go any farther / further.

We must look into the matter further. 我们必须进一步调查此事。 I have nothing further to say. 我再没什么可说的了。 注：2）elder / eldest指家庭成员的长幼关系，作前置定语。 older / oldest 表示年龄大小关系，可作定语也可作表语。 My eldest sister is going to get married. 我大姐要结婚了。

My elder sister is ten years older than my younger brother. 我姐姐比我弟弟大十岁。 He is the oldest teacher of us. 我是我们中最年长的老师。

第三节 形容词和副词的比较结构

1．表示A与B一样

肯定形式 1）S + V + as adj / adv（原级）as 2）S + V + as adj + a + n（单数） as 3）S + V + as many / much / few / little + n + 其他成份 as This river is as long as that one = The river is the length of that one. Peter is as lovely a boy as Tom. = Peter is a boy as lovely as Tom. I will offer you as much help as I can. Try to make as few mistakes as possible. 否定形式 not as / so ? as This movie was not so good as I had expected.

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I haven’t seen as old a car as this for years.

以上结构中，第二as为连词，连接比较的一方。第一个as为副词，可在其前加上多种程度

状语。

English is not nearly as easy as I imaged.

英语远没有我当初想象的那么容易。（not nearly远非）

We have produced 70% / twice as much cotton this year as we did last year. 今年我们生产的棉花是去年的70% / 两倍多。 2．表示A超过B

表达形式 S + V adj / adv（比较级）than This text is more difficult to understand than that one.

Work means more to me than anything. 对我来说，工作比任何东西都重要。 It is raining more heavily than ever. 雨下得比以往任何时间都大。 比较级前可加上多种程度状语

（多得多）much / far / a lot / a great deal （更）even / still I spend（一点）a bit / a little / rather / slightly more time on English than before. （两倍）twice （半小时）half an hour ※在否定句和疑问句中，比较级程度状语用any

Are you feeling any better ? I am so tired that I can’t go any farther. ※注：两者比较，形容词比较级前面不用冠词“the”，但句中带有“of + 比较范围”这一结

构，则要在比较前加“the”

He is the cleverer of us two. Which is the cheaper of the two ? 3．表示越?越?

表达形式 1）the adj / adv（比较级）S + V 2）the adj（比较级）+ n S + V The sooner, the better. 越早越好。

The less she worried, the better she worked. 她越不担忧，工作效果越好。 The harder you study, the greater progress you will make. 4．表示“最”

三者或三者以上的人或事物之间进行比较，用形容词或副词最高级 表达形式：S + V + adj / adv（最高级）+ 比较范围

He is the best student in our class.(在某一范围或区域内比较用in)

He did the experiment (the) most carefully of / among all of us.(在与主语同类的人或物中比较用

of 或among)

（副词最高级前the ，可省略）

This is the most beautiful city that I have ever visited. 注：most作“非常”解时，其前不用the, 但可用a。 This city is most beautiful. He is a most skilled driver.

表示“最”的概念还有以下方式

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1) adj./ adv.(比较级)+than any other +单数名词/the others 2）?否定词（never, nothing等）+ 比较级 3）?否定词? + so ? as She speaks English more fluently than any other student in our class. No other country in Europe went through more wars than England. = England went through the most war in Europe.

在欧洲没有一个国家比英国经历的战争多。

It can’t be worse. = It is the worst thing I have ever known.

China has never been so powerful as it is today.中国从来没有象今天这样强大。 5．需了解的几种特殊表达方式

1）A no + adj / adv 比较级 than B A、B与形容词或副词性质相反 You are no more stupid than he. = You are as clever as he.

The dish tastes no worse than I expected. = The dish tastes as good as I expected.

这道菜的味道和我当初估计的一样好。 2）as much + 名词 as 表示双方在程度上一样 He has as much interest in politics as in art. 他对政治与艺术同样感兴趣。 选择：It is generally believed that teaching is it is a science. A．an art much as B．much an art as C．as an art much as D．as much an art as （答案D，本题为句型（2）的具体运用） 3）not so much A as B = more B than A A、B同结构，译“与其说A不如说B”

He is not so much a novelist as a critic. 与其说他是小说家，不如说他是评论家。 She was more sad than angry when her son lied again. 当他儿子再次说谎时，与其他说愤怒不如说他悲伤。

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形容词与副词练习

1.Allen had to call a taxi because the box was _______ to carry all the way home. A. much too heavy B. too much heavy C. heavy too much D. too heavy much 2. —I’m very _______ with my own cooking. It looks nice and smells delicious. —Mm, it does have a ______ smell.

A. pleasant; pleased B. pleased; pleased C. pleasant; pleasant A. a high

B. a higher

D. pleased; pleasant

D. the highest

3.Boris has brains. In face, I doubt whether anyone in the class has _______ IQ.

C. the higher

4．_______to take this adventure course will certainly learn a lot of useful skills. A. Brave enough students C. Students brave enough A. fairly

B. Enough brave students D. Students enough brave C. nearly

D. seldom

5. I must be getting fat------- I can _______ do my trousers up.

B. hardly

6. He did it _____ it took me.

A. one-third a time B. one-third time C. the one-third time D. one-third the time 7. Come and see me whenever _______. A. you are convenient

B. you will be convenient

C. it is convenient to you

D. it will be convenient to you

8. ---- I was riding along the street and all of a sudden, a car cut in and knocked me down. ---- You can never be _______ careful in the street. A. much

B. very

C. so

D. too

9. We are in _______ when we left that we forgot the airline tickets. A. a rush so anxious C. so an anxious rush A. the best

B. a such so anxious rush

D. such an anxious rush

D. the most

10. Professor White has written some short stories, but he is ______known for his plays.

B. more

C. better

11. The _______ means of getting form place to place in the city is the bus. A. most commonly useful public C. public used more commonly A. late; sound A. quite

B. most commonly public sued D. most commonly used public

D. far; late D. much

12. My brother was still studying _______ into the night while I was _______ awake.

B. lately; wide B. very

C. deeply; far

C. too

13. It was _______ possible for her to get the 9 o’clock train. I know she got up at 9:15. 14. ---- What does the model plane look like?

---- Well, the wings of the plane are ________ of its body. A. more than the length twice C. more than twice the length

B. twice more than the length D. more twice than the length

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15. ---- Wait until we get a satisfactory reply, will you?

---- I couldn’t agree ______. The idea sounds great to me. A. much

B. worse

C. more

D. at all

16. I think this exhibition is_______ of the two. I have never seen _______ exhibition. A. by far better; the better C. by far the better; a better A. out

B. to

B. far better; a better

D. far the better; a better C. on

D. away D. extensively D. were; deep

17. Crowds of people were turned ________ for lack of room.

18. Broadly speaking, I would agree with Shirley, though not _______. A. widely

B. thoroughly

C. entirely

19. Qualities of precious jewelry _______ found buried _______ in the earth. A. was; deeply

B. were; deeply

C. was; deep

20. For some people, traveling abroad is the thing they enjoy most in life; for others, ______, cultural differences make them feel uncomfortable. A. fortunately

B. even worse

C. what’s more D. though

21. ----Do you really want to go out?

---- It may rain. ________ , I shall go out; I don’t mind the rain. A. anyway

B. otherwise

C. now that

D. or else

22. ---- How do you like the film?

---- There was nothing special---- it was only_______. A. average

B. usual

C. normal

D. common

23. Management theories are ________ but the method of doing business is different. A. the same pretty much C. the same much pretty

B. much pretty the same D. pretty much the same

24.---- Tom is very stupid. He fails in every exam. ---- In my opinion, he is ________ than stupid. A. lazier

B. no lazier

C. more lazy

D. lazier rather

25. ---- Do you play football after work?

---- Yes, ________. Playing football is not my favorite sport. A. more or less A. right

B. once in a while C. time and again B. pleasant B. However B. so much

C. well

D. sooner or later

D. good D. Generally D. very much D. highly; high

26. The doctor was pleased to see how ________ she looked after her recent illness.

27.Our bodies are strengthened by taking exercise. _____, our minds are developed by learning. A. Probably A. much too

C. Similarly C. too much C. high; highly

28. The examination I took yesterday wasn’t difficult, but it was _______ long. 29. I think that a person should aim ________ and never speak ________ of himself. A. high; high

B. highly; highly

30. Exercise is ________ as any other to lose unwanted weight. A. so useful a way B. as a useful way C. as useful a way

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D. such a useful way

1-5 ADBCB 6-10 DCDDC 11-15 DAACC 16-20 CDCDD 21-25 AADCB 26-30 CCACC

第六章 动词时态

在英语中，通过不同的时态，表示或区别在不同时间发生的动作或出现的情况，要准确地使用不同的时态，关键要弄清各种时态的定义和用法。在近年英语高考命题中对时态的考查是一个重点，所考查的主要是一般过去时，现在完成时，现在进行时，过去进行时。

一、一般现在时

基本用法：

1．表示包括现在时刻在内整个阶段经常性和习惯性动作 The bank opens at 8:00 a.m. on weekdays. However busy I am, I write to my mother regularly. 2．表示人或物基本特征，特性及目前的状态 Now I am busy; I can’t spare time for a holiday. That street is in bad condition, and smells terrible.

3．表示客观真理，科学事实，格言及没有时限的客观存在 Knowledge is strength. Light travels faster than sound. Japan lies to the east of China.

选择：1．I ping-pong quite well, but I haven’t had time to play since the new year. A．will play B．have played C．played D．play 2．—— Can I help you, sir ?

—— Yes, I bought this radio here yesterday, but it .

A．didn’t work B．won’t work C．can’t work D．doesn’t work

1. 答案为D。乒乓球打得出色是一个的基本能力和特征，因此要用一般现在时。 2. 答案为D。收音机不响，反应的是收音机目前的工作状况，故用一般现在时。 改错： 1．Make sure that you will pick me up after work. 2．I’ll see to it that I will return the reference book on time. 答案：1）will pick → pick 2）will return → return

在see to it that? 和make sure that?句型中，从句动词用一般时，表示将来时。

二、一般过去时

基本用法：

1．表示在一个特定的过去时间，发生的事件或人或物的客观情况。该时态常跟一个表示过去

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时间的状语连用。如：yesterday, the night before（前天晚上），once（曾经）， the other day = a few days ago, just now = a moment ago（刚才） I got to know him two years ago. He was seriously ill last week.

2．也可表示过去经常性或重复发生的动作或情况。 As a child, I would go to sea along with my father. China is different from what it used to be.

情态动词would do可表示过去习惯性动作；used to be / do可表示过去习惯性动作或状态。 选择：1．—— Your telephone number again ? I quite catch it. —— It’s 9568422.

A．didn’t B．couldn’t C．don’t D．can’t 2．—— We could have walked to the station, it was so near. —— Yes. A taxi at all necessary.

A．wasn’t B．hadn’t been C．wouldn’t D．won’t 3．—— Come on it, Peter. I want to show you something.

—— Oh, how nice of you ! I you to bring me a gift. A．never think ；are going B．never thought ；were going C．didn’t think ；were going D．hadn’t thought ；were going

简析：1. 答案A。“没听清楚”发生在对方当时报电话号码那个过去时刻，故用一般过去时。

2. 答案A。根据对话的情景可知，甲乙双方都在谈论过去发生的事情。甲方用虚拟语气，责备自己当时未能步行去车站，乙方强调当时乘出租车没有必要，故用一般过去时。

3. 答案B。思维动词think, know, expect等，时态使用的原则是：表示现在的看法、知晓用一般现在时；表示过去的看法、知晓，而这种思维活动现在已不复存在，用一般过去时。根据对话可知，乙方没想到‘“甲方会给他带来礼物”，发生在未见到礼物之前。一旦见到礼物，这种想法即刻消失，故think应用一般过去时。答案B比C语气强，更符合对话的情景，因此B为最佳选项。

在以下句型中，必须用一般过去时表示将来发生的动作： 1．It is（high / about）time（that）you went bed. 你该去睡觉了。 2．I would rather they came tomorrow. 我倒希望他们明天来。

三、现在完成时

1．表达形式：主动语态have / has done ；被动语态have / has been done 2．基本用法：

1）表示动作或过程发生在说话之前某个过去时刻，到说话时已完成，并与现在的情况有联系。 I have turned on the electric heater（电热器）in the room.

（I turned on the electric heater, and the room is getting warm now.） He has taken away my reference book.

（He took away my reference book, and now I can’t use it.） 选择：The price , but I doubt whether it will remain so.

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A．went down B．will go down C．has gone down D．was going down

答案为C。作者对今后物价是否能继续走低，心怀疑虑，而他此时的心态是由物价下跌这一

动作引发的，故用现在进行时。

2）表示动作或状态从过去某一时刻开始，一直延续到现在。可能刚结束，也可能继续下去。

· · 起点 Now He has been in Beijing for two years.

We have had plenty of rain here since we parted last month. 自上个月我们分手以来，这里下了很多雨。

表示动作或状态从过去某一时刻持续到现在的时间状语还有in the past（last）few years, ever

since, so far, up to the present（直到现在），until now, in recent years等。 选择：—— How are you today ?

—— Oh, I as ill as I do now for a long time.

A．didn’t feel B．wasn’t feeling C．don’t feel D．haven’t felt

答案为D。译：我很长时间没有象今天这样周身不适。本句的实质是：今天我身体状况最差，

而这以前情况基本正常，即not feel ill。这种正常身体状况从过去延续到今天截止。故应用现在完成时。

关于现在完成时，请注意以下三点：

1）现在完成时与一般过去时的区别：现在完成时表示的动作或状态或与在有联系，它强调的

是对现在的影响。一般过去时表示的动作或状态已成为历史，不复存在，与现在无关系。 He has worked in Paris for two years. （现在人仍在巴黎。） He worked in Paris for two years. （现在人已不在巴黎。）

2）可用句型It is +（一段时间）+ since（主语）+（动词的过去时），解决瞬间动词不能与一

段时间连用的矛盾。如： It is ten years since he left Shanghai.

It is about two years since I got married to Jane. 3）下列句型的分句中动词用现在完成时。如：

It is the first（序数词）time（that）I have visited China. 我是我第一次访问中国。

This is the most beautiful（形容词最高级）city that I have ever seen. 这是我见过的最美丽的城

市。

四、过去完成时

1．表达形式 主动语态had done ；被动语态had been done 2．基本用法

1）在过去某一时间或某一动作之前已完成的动作。 had done

37 · · · Now 例：He said that he had arrived three days before.

2）动作或状态在过去某一时间之前已经开始，一直延续到这一过去时间。 例：By the time he came we had worked for two hours. had done

· · · Now 例1：—— Mary came back yesterday. —— Where she ? A．had; been B．did; go C．has; been D．had; gone

答案为A。乙方要问的是“在昨天之前，她去过哪里”，属过去的过去。故应用过去完成时。 例2：Until then, his family from him for two months.

A．didn’t hear B．hasn’t heard C．hadn’t heard D．heard nothing 译：到那个时候，他家人已有两个月没有收到他的来信。

答案为C。“未收到来信”这种情况持续到那个时候，而不是现在。根据过去完成时的第二种

用法，应用过去完成时。 例3：用正确时态填空

I （mean）to go on Monday, but I have stayed at their request.

答案为had meant。动词hope, wish, intend, mean, want, expect等，其过去完成时可表示“过去

未曾实现的希望，打算或意图”。

五、现在进行时

1．表达形式：主动形式：am / is / are doing 被动形式am / is / are being done 2．基本用法

表示此刻或现阶段正在进行的动作。

The students are preparing for the entrance exam at present. 表示目前的变化、发展和进展过程，需要用现在进行时。

Selecting a mobile phone for perponal use is no easy task because technology is changing so

rapidly.

请注意以下两点：

1．现在进行时与一般现在时的区别：一般现在时表示的动作，其特征为经常性；现在进行时

表示的动作，其特征具有暂时性。经常性与暂时性是区分这两种时态的主要尺度。 例：—— Is this raincoat yours ?

—— No, mine there behind the door.

A．is hanging B．has hung C．hangs D．hung

答案为A。这段对话大多发生在下班，会议或社交活动结束后，人们各自找自己的雨具这样

的场合。“雨衣挂在门后”是临时性的，故用现在进行时。

2．进行时与always, continually, constantly, forever等副词连用，作为一种修辞手段，用于表

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达赞扬、不满、抱怨等情绪。

He is always thinking of others. 他总是为别人着想。（赞扬）

At school he was constantly playing trick on others. 在校读书时，他老是捉弄人。（厌恶）

六、过去进行时

1．表达形式 主动态：was / were doing ；被动形式：was / were being done 2．基本用法

用于表示在过去某一时刻或过去某一阶段正在进行的动作。 I was making a long-distance call to my near relative before you arrived. In those years we were having a hard time. 例：1.—— Hey, look where you are going ! —— Oh, I’m terribly sorry. . A．I’m not noticing B．I wasn’t noticing C．I haven’t noticed D．I don’t notice 2.Tom into the house when no one . A．slipped; was looking B．had slipped; looked C．slipped; had looked D．was slipped; looked

1. 答案为B。“走路时心不在焉，不注意前进方向”，发生在甲方责备他之前那段已过去的时间里。故应用过去进行时。

2.译文：汤姆乘着没有人注意，溜进房屋。答案为A。when, while, as引导的时间状语从句，若主句动作与从句动作同时进行，且一长一短。那么持续时间长的动作用进行时，持续短的动作用一般时。本题中“溜slip”发生在没有人注视这一过程中，“溜slip”为短动作，故用一般过去时，而watch“注视”持续时间长，应用过去进行时。

七、一般将来时

1．基本用法 表示将来或即将发生的动作

2．表达形式 主动形式：shall / will do ；shall / will be doing 被动形式：shall / will be done shall用于第一人称，will用于所有人称 I won’t be free tonight.

I will be waiting for you outside after school. 一般将来时其他表达形式如下： 1）am / is / are going to do

用于表示a）预先打算做某事。b）有迹象表明即将发生的动作。 We are going to visit the Great Wall at weekends.

Listen to the loud crash of thunder. It’s going to rain. 听那震耳的雷声，天就要下雨了。 2）am / is / are to do

用于表示按计划、安排要进行的动作 The meeting is to be held tomorrow.

注1： 该结构也可当情态动词用，表示“命令”、“可能”

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You are to be back by 9 o’clock at the latest. 你必须最迟在9点之前回家。

This kind of book is nowhere to be bought. = This kind of book can’t be bought anywhere. 注2：用在if 条件句中，表示“想”。If we are to be there in time, we’ll have to hurry up. 3）be about to do

用于表达某动作马上要发生

Be quick ! Flight No. 302 to Tokyo is about to take off.

改错：Allention please ! The concert is about to start in five minutes. 删去in five minutes。 be about to do不能与具体时间状语连用。

4）转移动词go, come, start, leave, arrive, return, sail等以及win, lose, die可用进行时表示将来

时。

The ship is sailing for Shanghai tomorrow. It seems to me that our team is losing.

八、过去将来时

1．基本用法

表示在过去某一时刻尚未发生的动作或存在的状态。 2．表达形式

主动语态：should / would do 被动语态：should / would be done I never imagined that he would become a doctor.

I promised my boss that I would finish this work by the end of this month. 一般将来时的其他表达形式，也适用于过去将来时 I felt that something terrible was about to happen. 请注意：

①when, once, until, as soon as等引导的时间状语从句 ②if, unless, so long as等引导的条件状语从句

③even if, though, whenever, whether?or（不管?还是?）等引导的让步状语从句 若从句动作未发生，应用一般时表示将来时。 I will let you know if he comes back. He said that he wouldn’t lose heart even if he failed. Whatever happens, do be calm. 九、被动语态

1．定义：若主语是谓语动作的承受者，即主谓语为被动关系，则谓语动词应用被动形式。 The question is being discussed at the meeting.

Full time should be made use of to speed up socialist construction. 必须充分利用时间加速社会

主义建设。

①下列情况不能用被动语态：

a．不及物动词及不及物性的短语动词，如happen, appear, disappear, break out, take

place等

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b．状态动词或系动词。

例：There is no doubt that Taiwan is belonged to China.（错） His head is felt hot.（错）

This plan was proved practical.（错） ②下列情况用主动形式表示被动意义：

a．表示事物的名词作主语，谓语表示该事物的特征。 例：This book sells well. This cloth washes well. b．动词前有情态动词won’t, wouldn’t，表示该动作难以实现。 例：The door won’t open. 这扇门就是关不起来。

The engine wouldn’t start this morning. 今天上午这马达怎么也发动不起来。

动词时态练习

一、经典高考考题重现。 (04全国卷)

1. My mind wasn’t on what he was saying so I' m afraid I ______ half of it. A. was missing B. had missed C. will miss D. missed (04浙江卷)

2. The discussion ____ alive when an interesting topic was brought in.

A. was coming B. had come C. has come D. came (04福建卷)

3. She has set a new record ,that is ,the sales of her latest book ________ 50 million.

A．have reached

B．has reached C．are reaching D．had reached

(04江苏卷)

4. More patients ___________ in hospital this year than last year.

A. treated B. have treated C. had been treated D. have been treated (04湖北卷)

5. He kept looking at her , wondering whether he her somewhere .

A．saw B．has seen

C．sees D．had seen

(04浙江卷)

6. Because the shop _____, all the T-shirts are sold at half price. A. has closed down B. closed down （04北京春季）

7. －Sorry to have interrupted you. Please go on. －Where was I?

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C. is closing down D. had closed down

－You ______ you didn’t like your father’s job. A. had said (04湖南卷)

8. Turn on the television or open a magazine and you advertisements showing happy families. A. will often see B. often see C. are often seeing D. have often seen (04北京卷)

9. Now that she is out of a job, Lucy _____ going back to school, but she hasn’t decided yet. A. had considered B. has been considering C. considered D. is going to consider (04北京卷)

10.The mayor of Beijing says that all construction work for the Beijing Olympics __ by 2006. A. has been completed 1-5 DDADD 6-10 CCABC 二、提高练习。

1. ---I thought you were proud of the work I . ---I’m afraid not. You’d better change it for another. A．do B．had done C．did D．would 2. ---Sorry, Joe, I didn’t mean to…

---Don’t call me “Joe”. I’m Mr. Parker to you, and ______ you forget it! A. do B. didn’t C. did D. don’t

3. Nobody could have guessed, 20 years ago, the important place in Chinese history that Shenzhen______.

A. was having B. was to have C. had had D. had

4. The plane over the landing field for twenty minutes when the pilot was told that he should use the Eastside Field.

A．had been circling B．is circling C．was circling D．had circled 5. ---What about the situation there?

---Oh, it ________ as serious as it does now for a long time.

A. didn’t look B. wasn’t looking C. doesn’t look D. hasn’t looked 6. ---Why! Where’s my passport? Maybe I left it on the plane. ---My Goodness! You ______ things behind!

A. had never left B. didn’t leave C. never left D. haven’t left

7. Doctors and medical supplies to the scene of the accident after the train crash. A．had been rushed B．were rushed C．were rushing D．rushed

8. All morning as she waited for the medical report from the doctor, her nervousness_____. A. has grown B. is growing C. grew D. had grown

9. ---The former president was caught at last. ---Really? Where himself? A．had he hidden B．has he hidden C．was he hidden D．has he been hiding

10. After a tsunami hit Southeast and South Asia last month, up to150,000 ________ and thousands more _________ .

A. were killed; are still unknown B. have been killed; were still unknown

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B. said C. were saying D. had been saying

B. has completed

C. will have been completed D. will have completed

C. are killed; are still unknown D. had been killed; were still unknown

11. Why don’t you put the meat in the fridge? It will fresh for several days.

A．be stayed B．stay C．be staying D．have stayed 12. You ____ things about. Look, what a mess in your room!

A. always throw B. have always thrown

C. are always throwing D. have always been throwing 13. Plant more trees in this area, otherwise we ______ from sandstorms.

A. often suffer B. will often suffer C. is often suffer D. will often be suffered 14. ---Henry, the phone is ringing. Do you want me to go…? ---No, sit still. ________. A. I'll get it B. I am to get it C. I' m getting it D. I am going to get it. 15. The article suggests that when a person ______ under unusual stress he should be especially careful to have a well—balanced diet.

A. be B. is C. were D. was

16. The prices of agricultural products while those of industrial products only a little.

A. are going up; have been brought down B. have gone up; are being brought down C. are being gone up; has brought down D. have been gone up; are bringing down 17. ---I thought you might have got drunk. ---Yes, I ______. A． have B．had C．did do D．might have 18. We plan to reach the North Pole in mid-July, and by then we for six weeks. A．are walking B．have been walking C．will be walking D．will have been walking 19. How can you possibly miss the news? It ______ on TV all day long.

A. has been B. had been C. was D. will be

20. I don’t understand how you got a ticket. I always you a careful driver. A．think?are B．am thinking?are C．thought?were D．think?were 21. ---Why did you come by taxi?

---My bike broke down last night and I ________ it repaired.

A. didn't have B. don't have C. won't have D. haven't had 22. ---Do you mean we have to break off the experiment for dinner? ---Yes, it in the dining room; no waiting after the set time. A．is served B．serves C．is being served D．will serve 23. --- Fined $20! You know you ______ 100 km an hour, don’t you? ---No, officer! I can’t have been. This car doesn’t do 80.

A. are driving B. have driven C. drove D. were driving 24. ---Do you regret having left your first job?

---Why should I? I ______ as much, but I enjoy more of my present job.

A. didn’t earn B. don’t earn C. hadn’t earned D. haven’t earned

25. It seems oil _____ from this pipe for some time. We will have to take the machine apart to put it right. A. has leaked B. is leaking C. leaked D. has been leaking 26. Once a programme put into a computer, it accordingly. A. is; acts B. is being; is acting C. has been; will act D. will be; acts 27. ---Could you lend me that book you me about when I telephoned you?

---No, I am sorry. I can’t. I gave it to a friend.

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A．were telling B．would tell C．had told D．had been telling 28. --- How huge these tomatoes! You must have applied much fertilizer(肥料) to them. --- Yes, I _________ . They ought to be ripe enough to pick by next Tuesday. A. do B. must C. have D. did

29. ---Peter, you _____ the car down at once. ---Ok! Oh! The car ______ gone. A. wash, is B. will wash, is C. wash, was D. will wash, has 30. ---The possibility of a flood was just reported over the radio.

--- I know. I heard about it. The river ______ the top of its bank.

A. has reached B. reaching C. had been reached D. had reached 1-5ADBAD 6-10CBCAA 11-15BCBAB 16-20ACDA 21-25DCDBD 26-30CACAD

第七章 情态动词

情态动词具有一定的词义，没有人称和数的变化，不能单独充当谓语。它和谓语动词连用，表示“请求，愿望，建议，推测”等意义。

第一节 交际

1．表示“请求”，请别人做事。用will, would, can , could。

句型：（1）Will / Would you（please）do ? ？ （2）Can / Could you do ? ? 在这两个句型中would, could比will, can更正式、客气。 Will / Would you please explain the text once again ? Can / Could you tell me what time Flight 312 arrives? 2．询问是否“许可”。用can / could，may / might

句型：（1）May / Might I do ? ? （2）Can / Could I do??

在这两个句型中could, might比can, may更正式、客气。 — Could I use your car ?

— Yes, of course, you can ?（回答必须用can） — Might I have a look at your new computer ?

— Yes, you may（回答必须用may）或Please go ahead.

3．自己想做，要求对方做决定, 即征询对方意见。用shall，用于第一人称和第三人称。 句型：Shall I（we, he, she it, they）? ？译“要不要?？”

— The room is so dirty. Shall we clean it? — Of course. （03全国春季）

Shall these goods be sent over to you at once ? 要不要把这些货物马上送给你？ 4．表示规劝，建议

1）正面的规劝，表示“最好”，“应该”，或“必须”做某事。

①表示“最好”，用had better，may / might as well或It is better / best to do sth.

You might just as well tell the manufacturer that male customers may not like the design of the

furniture. （04上海春季）

If you are planning to spend your money having fun this week, better forget it—you’ve got some

big bills coming. （04广东卷）（better forget it相当于You had better forget it.）

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②表示“有义务或有必要”，用should或ought to。 即“应该”。 If you see anything unusual, you should call the police. ③用must 译：“必须”。

The guide required that all passengers must wear seat belts. 导游要求所有旅客必须系安全带。

2）反面的规劝，表示“不必”，“不应当”，或“不许”做某事。

①表示“不必”，用needn’t 或 don’t have to 。 --- I don't mind telling you what I know.

--- You needn’t. I'm not asking you for it. (04江苏卷)

You needn’t return / don’t have to return the book now. You can keep it till next week.

②表示“不应该”，用shouldn’t 或 oughtn’t to。

We shouldn’t throw cold water on them. 我们不应当给他们泼冷水。 ③表示“不许”,用mustn’t。

You mustn’t smoke in class. 上课时不准吸烟。

needn’t / don’t have to → shouldn’t → mustn’t 语气逐步加强 5．须区别或注意的情态动词 1）can, could与be able to的区别

a）表示能力时can和be able to可以互换使用

I can / am able to speak English. She could / was able to read novels at ten.

b）表示在过去某一特定场合下，一次性表现出来的能力，只能用was / were able to。 The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone get out.

A．had to B．would C．could D．was able to（答案D）（97全国） 2）shall用在主语是第二、第三人称的陈述句中，表示说话人给对方的许诺或命令。 Work hard and you shall be paid. 好好干，你会得到报酬的。（许诺）

You shall leave here at once. = You must leave here at once. （命令）

shall也用于法律、法令或规章等正式文件中，表示义务或规定。译“应，必须”。 The fine shall be paid in cash. 罚款应以现金交纳。 3）need和dare的用法。 改错：

1）To become a member of this club, one need attend three meeting and pay his fees regularly. A B C D 2）We do need masses of young people who dare accept all kinds of challenges. A B C D

a）need（需要），dare（敢于）可作行为动词用，句型need to do, dare to do。也可作情态动词，但不能用在肯定句。在肯定句中只能作行为动词使用，故第一题B错，need → needs to；第二题C错，accept → to accept

b）need,作情态动词用时，无人称变化。need用于否定句和疑问句中；dare用于否定句、疑问句和条件句中。

You needn’t work so hard. → You don’t need to work so hard.

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— Need I go at once.

— Yes, you must. / No, you needn’t.

Mary dare not touch the snake. → Mary doesn’t dare（to）touch the snake. Dare you walk through the forest at night ?

If the enemy dare enter our country, we will fight against them to the end. 如果敌人胆敢进入我国，我们就和他们战斗到底。 4）should的用法。

should除表示“应该”外，还可用于表示情感、意志等句中的that从句。译“竟然、居然”。例如：

You can’t imagine that a well-behaved gentleman _____ be so rude to a lady.

A. might B. need C. should D. would （答案C）（01上海）

第二节 推测

1．根据某一事实、现象推测可能发生的情况。用must, may, might。下表比较了三者表示推测肯定程度的差别，以及对不同情况推测的表达方式。 大 可 能 性 小 对当前情况的推测 must be be doing may be be doing might be be doing 对已发生情况推测 must have done may have done 对将来可能发生的情况 不能 may do might have done might do 例：You must be tired. Go home and have a good rest. （对目前的推测）

The light is on in the lab. Mr Li must still be doing experiments. （对目前的推测） Sorry I'm late. I might have turned off the alarm clock and gone back to sleep again.

（对过去的推测）（2000北京春季）

注：1）must表示推测仅用于对当前和已发生的情况，不能用于推测将来可能发生的事情。must表示推测仅用于肯定句。在否定句和疑问句中，必须用can / could取代must。 Mr Li can’t still be doing experiments at present.

My English-Chinese dictionary has disappeared．Who ___________ have taken it？

A．should B．must C．could D．would 答案C （03上海春季）

2）may / might可以用于推测将来可能发生的情况，既可用于肯定句，也可用于否定句，但不能用于疑问句。在疑问句中，同样使用can / could。 例：1. —Is John coming by train?

— He should, but he________not. He likes driving his car.

A. must B. can

C. need D. may 答案D （02全国）

2. — Your son may return to Nanjing tomorrow by way of Hong Kong. — Wonderful! But how can he come, by air or sea?

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2．根据经验或惯例对某一情况进行推测，用should或ought to，常译成“按理应该?”或“可能会??”。

It’s nearly seven o’clock. Jack should be here at any moment. 时间已将近7点了，按理Jack该回来了。

第三节 反思

1．表示“当时本应该做，而实际上没有做”，用： ①should have done或ought to have done ②could have done或might have done

句型①责备的语气强于句型②

例：1. Mr. White should have arrived at 8:30 for the meeting, but he didn’t’ show up.

(04广西卷)

2.He might have given you more help, even though he was busy.

2．表示“当时没有必要”做某事

①needn’t have done 当时做了某事，但事实上没有必要 You needn’t have told him the news; he knew it already.

didn’t have to do 通常指当时某事没有必要做且没有做。 She told me that she had a daughter and didn’t have to have another baby.

第四节 虚拟语气

虚拟语气是指所说的话只是一个与事实相反的主观愿望或假想。虚拟语气可用于条件状语从句、名词从句以及其他结构中。 一、if引导的非真实条件中的虚拟语气。 1、三种形式。具体情况见下表： 假设类型 与现在事实相反 与过去事实相反 将来不可能发生 if条件句谓语动词形式 主句谓语动词形式 形) had done were to do或should do would / could / might have done would / could / might + do(动词原形) 例：1. If there were no gravity, we would not be able to walk on the earth.

假如没有引力，我们就不可能在地球上行走。

2. We would have succeeded if we had made enough preparations. 当初要是作了充分的准备，我们就有可能成功。

3. This kind of boiler is very safe. If it were to go wrong, the controlling system would cut off the fuel oil supply automatically.

这种锅炉很安全。万一锅炉发生故障，控制系统会自动切断燃油的供给。

2、if虚拟条件句的省略。

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动词用过去时形式（be用were） would / could / might + do(动词原若虚拟条件从句中有were, had, should, 可把if省略，而把were, had, should提到主语前面，成为倒装结构。

例：1.If I were you, I would accept the challenge. → Were I you, I would accept the challenge. 2. If you had informed me earlier, I wouldn’t have signed the contract.

→Had you informed me earlier, I wouldn’t have signed the contract.

当初你要早点告诉我，我是不会签那个合同的。 3、错综时间条件句。

在这种虚拟条件句中，从句动作和主举动作发生的时间不一致，因此，从句和主句的谓语动词要根据各自所指的不同时间选择适当的动词形式。

例：1. If I were you, I would have taken that job. （从句指现在，主句指过去）

你错过了这么好的机会。我要是你，我当时就接受那份工作。

2. Had her husband not been killed in the war, she would not be helping others with housework

now. （从句指过去，主句指现在）

如果她的丈夫那时没有死与战争的话，她现在不会帮人做家务了。 4、含蓄虚拟条件句。

有时假设的情况并不以条件从句表示出来，而是以其他形式表现出来。

1）介词短语but for 或 without。译：“要不是，要是没有”。

例：1. But for electricity (= If it were not for electricity), there would be no modern industry. 要是没有电，就不会有现代化工业。

2. Without your help (If it had not been for your help), we could not have succeeded. 当初没有您的帮助，我们不可能成功。

2）or 或otherwise。句型：did(过去时)，or / otherwise would have done. 例：I ran all the way to school, otherwise I would have been late. 我一路跑到学校，否则，我就会迟到了。

3）but句型：（1）would do but do (一般现在时)

（2）would have done but did (一般过去时)

My daughter would gain weight but she doesn’t eat enough. ---- Why didn’t you help him out? ---- I would have but I didn’t have money.

5、wish后的宾语从句和if only引导的感叹句中的虚拟语气。

wish后的宾语从句和if only引导的感叹句表达的是与客观事实相反的愿望，需用虚拟语气。

wish that从句 = if only + 从句 译：“要是??就好了” 或 “但愿??”。 1）愿望与事实相反。从句谓语动词用：were或did (过去时形式)

I wish I knew the answer to the question. = If only I knew the answer to the question. 我要能知道那个问题的答案就好了。

2）愿望与过去事实相反。从句谓语动词用：had done (过去完成时形式)

---- We had a great time last night.

---- I wish that I had not been ill yesterday. = If only I had not been ill yesterday. 昨天我要是不生病那该多好啊！

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3）愿望将来不大可能发生。从句谓语动词用：would / could / might do

I wish that it would be fine tomorrow. = If only it would be fine tomorrow. 但愿明天是个好天气。

6、“(should) + 动词原形 ”的形式在名词从句中的运用。 在这些从句中should可以省略，具体运用在以下三种情况下。

1）用在谓语动词为suggest（建议），insist（坚持），adivse（建议），order（命令）， desire（希望），demand（require， request）（要求、请求） 的宾语从句中。

2）suggestion, advice（忠告）, order, demand, desire（愿望）等名词后的同位语从句或表语从

句中。

3）在固定句型中：

It is important / necessary (essential) (必要的)/ desirable (希望) that (should) do

例：1. I suggest that our manager (should) go there by sea. 我建议我们的经理由海路去那里。

2. Our desire is that we (should) get a rise in salary as soon as possible. 我的愿望是能尽快涨工资。

3. It is essential that you (should) win the voter’s hearts. 赢得选民的心是绝对必要的。

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提高练习：

一、考题重现。 (04天津卷)

1. ---- Who is the girl standing over there ? ---- Well, if you know, her name is Mabel.

A. may B. can C. must D. shall （03全国卷）

2. A left luggage office is a place where bags be left for a short time, especially at a railway station. (04浙江卷)

3. I ____ pay Tracy a visit, but I am not sure whether I will have time this Sunday.

A. should

B. might

C. would D. could

(04江苏卷)

4. --- I don't mind telling you what I know.

--- You . I'm not asking you for it.

A. mustn't B. may not C. can't D. needn’t （04上海春季）

5. You might just as well tell the manufacturer that male customers ________ not like the design of the

furniture.

A. must B. shall C. may D. need (04全国卷)

6. ---- Isn’t that Ann's husband over there?

-----No, it _______ be him. I'm sure he doesn't wear glasses.

A. can't B. must not C. won't D. may not (04福建卷)

7. ----I’ll tell Mary about her new job tomorrow. ----You________ her last week.

A．ought to tell B．would have told

C．must tell

D．should have told

(04重庆卷)

8. “The interest be divided into five parts, according to the agreement made by both sides,”

declared the judge. A. may （98全国）

9. ----When can I come for the photos? I need them tomorrow afternoon. ---- They_____ be ready by 12:00. （03上海春季）

A. can B. should C. might D. need 10. Look at the trouble I am in！If only I ___________ your advice．

A．followed B．would follow C．had followed D．should follow 1-5 CBADC 6-10 ADDBC

B. should

C. must

D. shall

A．should B．can C．must D．will

二．自我测评.

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