词法

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词 法

一. 词的分类:英语中词的分类可以根据词义,句法作用和形式特征分为十大词类:

名词,形容词,副词,数词,代词,动词,冠词,介词,连词,感叹词; *前六种词类可以在句子中独立担任句子成分,成为实义词;冠词,介词和连词不能在句子中独立做句子成分,称为虚词;感叹词属于特殊的一类。

*在英语学习中要注意词的“兼类”现象:

单词 water plan long fine favorite wrong

动 词 浇水,淋 种植 形容词 长的 好的 形容词 最喜爱的 错的 名 词 水 植物 动词 渴望 罚款 名词 至爱,偏好 错事 名 词

一. 名词的分类:

*名词分为:专有名词和普通名词两大类:

*普通名词包括:个体名词,集体名词;物质名词,抽象名词。 *专有名词---指某个人(某些人)、地方、机构等专有名称,例如:Tom, Beijing, the United Nation.

*个体名词---表示某类人或东西的个体,如:gun, apple, student. *集体名词---表示若干个体组成的集合体,如:committee, people. *物质名词---表示无法分为个体的事物,如:cotton, tea, air, water. *抽象名词---表示动作,状态,品质,感情等抽象概念的名词,如:work,

disappointment, kindness, happiness.

*个体名词,集体名词由于可以用数目来计算,所以是可数名词。 *物质名词,抽象名词无法用数目计算,是不可数名词。

**但在学习中要注意有的名词在不同场合下,有时属于不同的一类,例如:

物质名词 个体名词 glass 玻璃 玻璃杯 iron 铁 电烫斗 paper 纸 报纸,论文 抽象名词 个体名词 youth 青春 青年

beauty 美 美人

堂上小测试

1.指出下面的名词各属于哪一种名词:

picture orange sand stone bread cake hair fire knowledge practice police cattle information butter fun job work fan rice progress news money family policeman leaf radio homework plate steel furniture grain wealth flour baggage labour sadness surprise 2.下面的名词哪些是典型的不可数名词?哪些经常转成可数名词? news information advice progress knowledge weather fun equipment furniture jewellery wealth damage traffic baggage/luggage clothing

work homework surprise, shock pleasure, rise decline honour, help, success failure tea coffee fruit drink beer

二.可数名词的复数形式的构成 (一)规则变化 其方法如下: 1.一般情况直接加s:

girls, books, bananas+

2. 以s, x, ch, sh结尾的词加 es: buses, boxes, brushes, matches 3.以辅音字母加y结尾的词,先把 y变成i,再加es: city—cities, country—countries 4. 以o结尾的词(在中学里除了hero, negro, potato, tomato, dingo加es外),加s:

bamboos, radios, photos, pianos 5.以f或 fe结尾的词:

(1)多数的词把f或fe变成v, 再加es:

leaf—leaves, life—lives (2)少数的词加s:

roofs, proofs, chiefs, gulfs, beliefs, safes(保险箱) *handkerchief有两种形式 (二)不规则变化:

man–men woman—women tooth—teeth foot—feet mouse—mice ox—oxen goose—geese thesis—theses

basis—bases analysis—analyses crisis—crises

(三) 个别名词的单复数同形: Chinese Japanese aircraft sheep

deer means(方法) series(一系列,套)

*fish指条数时,单复数同形,指种类时加es

*由汉语拼音表示量度衡,货币制等单位的名词如mu, jin, fen, yuan等,没有复数形式。

(四)合成名词一般是将主体名词变复数:

lookers-on runners-up sons-in-law grandchildren

*如果没有主体名词就在最后一个词加上复数词尾:

go-betweens grown-ups

*由man, woman构成的合成词,各个都变复数: men-servants

women doctors

*但它们构成的派生词则不是: firemen

** 另外,有些名词经常以复数形式出现:

1)表示由两部分构成的东西的名词: scissors trousers pants compasses glasses scales 2)有些以ing结尾的名词:

belongings doings savings findings earnings surroundings 3). 另外一些名词:

manners goods arms remains thanks

(五)缩写,数字,字母的复数形式通常是加’s: Ph.D.’s three A’s 三.不可数名词

不可数名词在使用时若要表示多少,常要用“量词”:

a piece/ an item of news/ information a piece/ loaf of bread a piece/ sheet of paper a length of cloth a cake of soap

a tube of tooth-paste a grain of rice a sum of money a drop of water a pair of a set of

**在使用时,某些不可数名词有时用复数形式,是为了: 1)表示若干类: teas fruits 2) 表示数量多:

The rising waters did a lot of harm

to the crops. 堂上小测试 给出下面的名词的复数形式: grocery play piano foot tomato knife computer table map fox key bush embassy branch saleswoman loss policy

bunch(串,束) ox tyre patch stomach bacterium(细菌) bench clinic mailbox stove coach chef medium gentleman policeman German sister-in-law valley agency lamp phenomenon inch loaf chief

四.名词所有格

名词的格分为普通格(即名词本身)和所有格两种(一)名词所有格的构

成:

1.一般的在名词后加’s:

She is Tom’s sister’s husband’s mother.

2.如果名词有复数词尾,只加“,”: the teachers’ reading-room

3.以s结尾的专有名词可以加 ’s也可以加“,”:

Engel’s/ Engel’ works (二)名词所有格的使用

1.主要用于表示有生命的东西的名词:

Li Ping’s books

2.用于表示时间的名词:

Where is today’s People’s Daily? 3.用于表示由人组成的集体名词: my family’s income

4. 用于表示某些机构的名词以及国家,城市等地方的名词:

Beijing’s finest park

** 不能用所有格的名词就用of表示所有关系: the leg of the desk the cover of the book **双重所有格:

some friends of my brother’s 5.所有格中名词的省略:

1) 所有格后面的名词,如果前面已出现,后面的则可以省去: This is not my bike, but Peter’s.

2).表示店铺或某人的家时,所有格后面的名词常省去: the tailor’s the barber’s We can meet at John’s.

五.名词的性

英语中,少数名词有阴性和阳性之分 阳性 阴性 god goddess king queen prince princess actor actress host hostess waiter waitress hero herine 1.主语和宾语

The students in our class are all fond of the film. 2. 表语

He is head of our team. 3. 构成复合结构(补语)

We all elected him president of the corporation. 4. 同位语

Mr. Wang, headmaster of our school has been away on business. 5. 定语

1)说明被修饰的名词的用途、材料、类别、内容:

coffee cup book case stone bridge paper money water pollution health problem weather reports home news 2) 表示身份、时间地点、方式手段: Party member boy student afternoon tea morning paper country music village people radio program pen friend telephone interview 6)状语

The meeting lasted 3 hours.

They walked 10 kilometers within 2 hours.

堂上小测试 单项选择题:

1. ----Would you like _____,sir? ----No,thanks. I have had much. A. some more oranges B. any more oranges C. some more orange D. any more orange

2. The _____ is just around the

corner and you won’t miss it. A. bicycle’s shop B.bicycle shop C.bicycles shop D.bicycles’ shop 3. Miss Smith is a friend of ______. A. Mary’s mother’s B. Mary’s mother C. mother’s of Mary D. Mary mother’s

4. _____ room, which is big and

bright, is on the second floor. A. Lucy and Lily B. Lucy’s and Lily’s

C. Lucy and Lily’s D. Lucy’s and Lily 5. I don’t like _____ .

A. that new secretary of his B. that his new secretary C. that new secretary of him D. that secretary of his new 6. ----Where to?

---- I am going to the _____.

A. barber shop B. barber’s C. barbers’ D. barbers 7. What do you think of the ____? A. sport car B. sports car C. sports’ car D. sport’s car 8. The ____ is polite to customers. A. sales girl B. sale girl C. women assistant D. sellgirl

9. ____ knowledge of space develops

rapidly.

A. Man’s B. Men’s

C. A man’s D. The mans’ 10. Do you know the ____ of the

saying I quoted just now? A. source B. resource C. course D. cause

11. You can’t judge a man only by his

___ .

A. look B. appearance C. looking D. face

12. We should use a word orcording

to the _____.

A. contact B. contract C. contest D. context

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